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Bentor, Sheena Estrella S. BS in Management IV January 23, 2013 P.I. 100 1 st long Exam Part 1 1. Illustrate (draw a diagram) and discuss about the ancient Philippine political institutions. The unit of social organization with broader political, economic, and religious features than the family was the barangay, headed by the native chieftain called datu or rajah. Early Filipino settlements varied in population sizes. Some were inhabited by thousands of people while others were small, composed of some few scattered family members. In the Ancient political institution we have the datus, babaylans, and the panday/bagani. The datu is the head or the chieftain of the community. It is the executive and legislative body (making and execution of laws.) The community would serve the datu in times of war, travel, farming, harvesting and fishing. Laws of the barangay may be written or unwritten. Also, there is the council of leaders. In making the laws, the datu recommends a law while the council of elders reviews and agrees while the umalahokan announces to the barangay the agreed law. The datu are the political leaders of the barangay. Next, we have the Babaylans. They are female priest and is said that they can communicate with the gods. The babaylans are the religious leader that is equivalent to the modern day priests. People always ask for wisdom from the babaylans. Lastly, the Panday/Bagani are the warriors and of military body. 2. Illustrate (draw a diagram) and discuss about political institutions in the Philippines under Spanish rule. In 1565-1821, Captaincy-General was administered by the Spanish King through the viceroyalty of Nueva Espana and the Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias are the administrator overseeing the colonies of the Spanish empire. This is all what we call the Spanish Crown. Bureaucracy in the colonial Philippines may be divided into different levels of administration: Central or national level, provincial, city, municipal and barrio. The central or national level is governed by the gobernador- general. He is the commander-in-chief of the army and the navy, the President of the Supreme Court and the Vice-real patron who has the power over ecclesiastical appointments in the church and the right to supervise mission work. The Alcalde Mayor / Provincial Governor governed the pacified provinces and districts while the Corregidors governs corregimiento/unpacipied military zones. They exercise executive and judicial powers and have the special privilege of engaging in the trade through the indulto de comercio (privilege the alcaldes enjoyed between 1751-1844 before being abolished.) The ayuntamiento or the city government was formed in 1889. In 1894, there were 8 ayuntamientos: Manila, Iloilo, Cebu, Jaro, Batangas, Albay, Nueva Caceres, and Vigan. Ayuntamientos are composed of, for example Manila Cabildo, two alcaldes ordinaries, a number of regidores, an alguacil mayor and escribano. Datu Babaylans Panday/Bagani Spanish Crown Governor General Alcalde Mayor Ayuntamiento Gobernadorcillo Cabeza de Barangay In the municipal level, it is headed by the gobernadorcillo or “little governor.” This is the highest position that a Filipino could achieve during that time. If you are any Filipino or Chinese mestizo, 25 yrs. old, literate in oral or written Spanish and is a former cabeza de barangay for 4 years, you could be a gobernadorcillo. He is then assisted by 3 supernumeraries or inspectors in supervising matters such as boundaries of cultivated fields, branding livestock, police and constables. Also, assisting are 4 tenientes segundos. Lastly, we have the barrio governed by the cabeza de barangay which acts as the tax and contribution collector for the gobernadorcillo. When you are a cabeza de barangay you are exempted from taxation, and with your 25 years of service, you will be exempted from forced labor. To be able to hold this position, you should have literacy in Spanish, has good moral character and has property ownership. 3. Analyze and compare the changes of the ancient Philippine political institutions and the Hispanized Philippine political system and government. Long before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the natives had a civilization of their own, a civilization that partly came from the Malay settlers and partly to the response to the new environment. Since a datu rule a barangay and the word barangay srcinated from the word balangay (boat),Fr. Juan de Plasencia speculated that the datu arose from the captain of a boat migrating to the Philippines with his family, relatives and servants. During the pre-colonial period, trading was one of the reasons why there are immigrants here in the Philippines that later on became the datu/raja. The datus/raja were those wealthy and of high status immigrants from the neighboring places like Indonesia and Borneo. The factors that influenced the creation of such pre-colonial political institutions are trading that brought the rajas/datus in the Philippines and some other chieftains, religion which is visible during that time, and the war wherein you will see the warrior class. In pre-colonial times, people strongly believed in diwatas, anito and some other entity. This is the reason why there are babaylan (lady priest), because they are believed to have the ability to talk to the higher beings and can grant your wishes with the use of rituals. Moreover, at this point in time, war is already present between the barangays, caused by the death of someone belonging to one barangay without just reasons, having the warriors as one of its political institution. On the other hand, during the Spanish rule, there was another set of institution that was imposed. The datus that were once the chieftains of the barangay and enjoying high priveleges were undressed of this royalty and roles. The datu’s once hereditary position became subject to Spanish appointment. Now, the basis for these political institutions is according to the colonizers, considering the Spanish to be the o nes to rule the natives or the indios. Indio’s were limited to gobernadorcillo as the highest position that they can attain. The institutions were the result of dividing the regions by the Spaniards into areas based on their bureaucratic structures. In such institutions, education or being well conversed with Spanish, the goals of the royal crown and its functions, is of much importance. This serves as the basis in attaining your post within these institutions. With these differences and changes in the political institutions, the natives and the datus/raja learn to adapt and grab the opportunities that are present in order to survive and still live with some of the privileges that they have before. 4. Illustrate (draw a diagram) and discuss about the ancient Filipino social stratification. The ancient Filipino social stratification was divided into three classes: the nobles, the freemen, and the dependents . The nobles , consisting of the chiefs or the datus and their families, they are the ruling class which had started to accumulate land that it owned privately or administered in the name of the clan or community. They wielded tremendous influence in the barangay and enjoyed certain rights that were not usually enjoyed by the other members of the society. Next, we have the intermediate class of freemen called the maharlika. This social class was composed of free men and dependents who had earned their freedom, but they are bound to follow the chief to war. Also, they pay no taxes. Moreover, the nobles the freemen the dependents occupying the lowest stratum were the dependents or oripuns and known as alipin among the Tagalogs. There were two kinds of alipin, the aliping namamahay and the aliping sagigilid. The aliping namamahay had his own family and house and only serve his mater during planting and harvest season, helped in the construction of his house and served visitors. The sagigilid, on the other hand, owns no property, lives with the master and could not marry without the latters consent. 5. Illustrate (draw a diagram) and discuss about Hispanized Filipino social straticifation. The Peninsulares which included the Spanish friars are the highest class in the Hispanized Filipino social stratification. They are the pure blooded Spaniards born in Spain (the Iberian peninsula). These Peninsulares are considered the wealthiest and most politically powerful among the social classes. Moreover, they have the highest positions in the government and are referred to as Kastilas. Next in the stratum are the Insulares . They are of Spanish ancestry but born in the Philippines. The clase media or middle class consisted of four subclasses: the Spanish mestizos (mestizos de Espanol); the principales; ilustrados; and the Chinese mestizos (mestizos de Sangley). The mestizos or half breed, which initially referred only to those of Spanish-native descent, had an indio parent and a Spanish or Chinese parent. Mestizos, in general, constituted no more than 2% of the population. In addition to, a principales is someone that is a previous datu/raja during the pre-hispanic period, the rich plantation owners, and the local officials or ex-officials such as the gobernadorcillo. During the colonization, the Spaniards bought the loyalty of the datus and collaborated with the elite. The Ilustrados (Spanish for “erudite,” “learned” or “enlightened ones”), constituted the wealthy Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19 th century. It is said that they were the middle class educated in Spanish and exposed to Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals. Lowest in the social classes were indios . They are all native Filipino, born in the Philippines with both indio parents. 6. Analyze and compare the changes between the ancient Philippine social stratification and the Hispanized Filipino social stratification. The ancient Philippine social stratification as I have observed, is that it is based on whether they have descended from the ruling class or the datus, the intermediary class wherein they have not acquired debts that will subject them to slavery and/or slaves or the dependents that were freed from their indebtedness. This social stratification follows a simple structure, and belonging to a lower class is the result of indebtedness, caught during the baranganic wars and if you were born with parents from the lower stratum. On the other hand, during the Spanish rule, the social stratification was based on the nationality or the place of your srcin (place of birth) and genetic make-up. If you are a pure blooded Spanish and were born in Spain, you belong to the highest class in the social stratification. Belonging to the ruling class during the pre-colonial period gives you a higher rank than the ordinary masses but lower than those with Spanish blood or mestizos. Test II. 1. What is political socialization theory? Discuss how it can be utilized in the study of the life and works or Jose Rizal. Peninsulares Insulares Mestizos Ilustrados Principales Indios According to the discussion of Prof. Pernia, p olitical socialization is “ the process by which individuals in a given society become acquainted with the political system and which to a significant degree determines their perceptions of politics and their reactions to political phenomena”(Lawson). Also, according to Fred Greenstein, we use past events as foundations in our understanding with the present and a springboard for the future. So in the study of the life and works of Jose Rizal we can use the three levels of analysis: personal level that refers to the events in one’s personal life, nation -state or domestic level indicating the immediate environment, and global or world system levels that influenced his works greatly. To further understand the life and works of Rizal, we can take a look at the agents of socialization. First, we have the institutions. It consists of the educational system, mass media and military (conscription). We can dig into what type of educational system or institutions were so directly linked that contributed to Rizal’s knowledge and intellect. Second, peer groups are those people who share a level of social standing and age (school or work). Who were the individuals influential to Rizal? Third, we have the primary groups. These are the groups where people have close and informal relationships and share same values. Who and what constitutes Rizal’s family and immediate friends? As a child, who was the most in fluential to him and served as his first teacher? We all know, probably, that Rizal’s mother was the most influential person to him during his childhood and she was his first teacher. Lastly, we have the secondary groups. These are groups where people have formal and impersonal relationships (church, parties, unions). Upon growing, we may ask, who were Rizal’s immediate association outside his family? Who were those friends and circles lose and influential to him and in what sense? When Rizal was growing up and was sent to study abroad, he joined some unions wherein he gained connections that helped him in his endeavors for his country. Thus, with these guidelines, we will be able to see and evaluate the story behind the big picture of the life and works of Jose Rizal. It will help us in understanding the situations or the era where Rizal belongs. 2. What is your stand regarding the debate between Jose Rizal’s reformation movement and Andres Bonifacio’s nationalist revolutionary struggle? Who do you think sh ould be the Philippine National Hero? What do you think constitutes being a hero? I stand for the reformation movement of Jose Rizal. Why? Because claiming for the Philippine independence is not an easy step and bloodshed will not guarantee the well-being of our motherland and its inhabitants. Reform is needed because the people governing the country including the friars are abusing the powers that were given to them that resulted to the sufferings of the natives. If we can have reform, we can be properly represented in the Spanish Congress so that they will know the exact and factual situations that are happening in the Philippines. Another is that the natives will be given the opportunity to learn the Spanish language and to remove the friars that are very abusive of their powers. In my point of view, during those times, the Philippine is not yet ready for complete independence because no one is still capable of handling and giving a structure to the complex archipelagic situation of the Philippines. I also believe in 1 Rizal’s political view that a conquered country like the Philippines should not be taken advantage of but rather should be developed, civilized, educated and trained in the science of self governance. I think Rizal should be the Philippine National Hero because even though he did not approved of the revolution and bloodshed, he inspired a lot of people and triggered their desire for independence and reform. He was the one who made them see the realities of the Philippines. For me, what constitutes a hero is that, a hero is someone who died fighting for his own principle, independent thinker and is nationalistic. 3. Enumerate the economic and socio-cultural institutions in the Philippines under Spanish rule and discuss its effect on the dev elopment of Jose Rizal’s ideas and writings. The economic and socio-cultural institutions in the Philippines under the Spanish rule are Taxation without representation, Polo y Servicio, Encomienda: Royal and Private, Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade, Royal
