Advanced Drilling Engineering Final Toc

Transcript

Samuel_fm.qxd 4/10/09 9:28 AM Page iii Advanced Drilling Engineering Principles and Designs G. Robello Samuel, Ph.D. Xiushan Liu, Ph.D. Houston, Texas Samuel_fm.qxd 4/10/09 9:28 AM Page vi Samuel_fm.qxd 4/10/09 9:28 AM Page vii Contents Preface Chapter 1 xv Acknowledgments xvii About the Authors xix General Introduction Summary and Organization Overview, Concepts, and Definitions Tangent-Normal-Binormal (TNB) Frame Frenet-Serret Formulas Curvature and Torsion 1 4 8 9 10 Curvature 10 Torsion 11 Classification 12 Rotational Vector 13 Rotation Index 13 Path versus Trajectory 14 Transition Curves 14 Covariance and Covariance Matrix 14 Splines Chapter 2 1 15 Supplementary Problems 16 References 18 Geodesy 19 Ellipsoid and Geoid 19 Types of Coordinates 24 Easting and Northing 27 vii Samuel_fm.qxd 4/10/09 9:28 AM Page viii viii Contents Families of Map Projections Principal Types of Projections 27 Cylindrical Projections 29 Mercator Projection 29 Transverse Mercator Projection 30 Universal Transverse Mercator Projection 31 Conic Projection 31 Lambert Conformal Conic (LCC) Projection 31 Azimuthal (Planar) Projection 31 Datum Chapter 3 27 33 Geodetic Transformation 35 Grid North and True North 36 Magnetic Reference and Interference 36 Projection Calculations 40 Transverse Mercator Projection 40 Universal Transverse Mercator Projection 41 Lambert Conformal Conic Projection 42 Polar Azimuthal Equidistant Projection 44 Supplementary Problems 45 References 48 Well Path Trajectory Basic Definitions 49 50 Inclination Angle 50 Azimuth Angle 50 Measured Depth 50 True Vertical Depth 51 Kick-Off Point 51 Turn-Off Point 51 Build-Rate Angle 51 Drop-Rate Angle 51 Turn-Rate Angle 51 Lead Angle (LA) 51 Survey Station 52 Departure 52 Closure 52 Samuel_fm.qxd 4/10/09 9:28 AM Page ix Contents ix Closure Azimuth 52 Course Length 52 Tie-In Points 52 Toolface Angle Plots and Coordinate Systems Graphical Representation of a Well Path 54 Well Trajectory Coordinate Systems 62 Borehole Curvature and Torsion 65 Moving Frame 66 Borehole Bending 71 Average Curvature 76 Borehole Turning 78 Torsion Angle 78 Models for Well Path Trajectories Chapter 4 54 54 82 2D Mechanical Models 82 2D Mathematical Models 90 3D Well Path Models 97 Supplementary Problems 114 References 119 Well Path Planning—2D 123 Directional Wells 124 Horizontal Wells 132 Horizontal Arch Design 133 Horizontal Ladder (Staircase) Design 135 Planning the Well Path Just Before Targets Slight-Build Transition Well Path 141 146 Case of Uncertainty in the Position of the Reservoir Top 151 Extended-Reach Wells 151 Catenary Profile 155 Parabolic Profile 158 Clothoid Profile 161 Supplementary Problems 164 References 170 Samuel_fm.qxd 4/10/09 9:28 AM Page x x Contents Chapter 5 Well Path Planning—3D Multilateral Wells 174 Conventional Model 174 Azimuth or Azimuth/Inclination Correction 174 Toolface Angle Calculation 184 Complex Models Cubic-Type Wells 187 200 Sidetracking Wells 210 Wells Bypassing Obstructions 219 Bit-Walk Wells 238 243 Supplementary Problems 243 References 247 Well Trajectory Monitoring Azimuth Conversion 249 249 Geomagnetic Field and Declination 250 Azimuth Conversion Methods 256 Well Survey Calculations 258 Data Processing 258 Typical Calculation Methods 260 Summary of Methods 272 The Real Shape of a Well Trajectory Curve Structure Method Accurate Calculation Method Trajectory Deviation Chapter 7 187 Spline-in-Tension–Type Wells Clothoid-Inserted 3D Wells Chapter 6 173 273 279 282 288 Projection Plot Method 289 Normal Plane Scanning 292 Off-Target Distance 295 Target Distinction 302 Supplementary Problems 303 References 304 Anti-Collision and Error Analysis 307 Anti-Collision 308 Collision Avoidance 314 Samuel_fm.qxd 4/10/09 9:28 AM Page xi Contents xi Rule-Based Collision Avoidance 314 Separation Factor Collision Avoidance 315 Risk-Based Collision Avoidance 318 Pedal Curve 326 Normal Probability Distribution for Risk Level 326 Anti-Collision Plots 329 Tortuosity Methods for Applying Continuous Tortuosity to a Well Path 331 Calibration of Tortuosity Factors 336 Absolute and Relative Tortuosity 337 Discussion of Multiple Hits 338 Bias-Type Errors Chapter 8 331 340 Modeling Uncertainty 340 Determining the Size and Shape 341 Covariance Matrix 344 Collision Risk 347 Supplementary Problems 348 References 349 Well Path Optimization 351 Derivative Analysis 351 Optimization of Total Strain Energy of the Well Path 353 Length Optimization for Horizontal Wells 354 Horizontal Well Length 354 Placement and Length of Horizontal Section 358 Completion Design 359 Number of Wells 360 Length and Direction of Horizontal Section 361 General Utility Planning Methods 365 Universal Arc Profile 365 Characteristic Parameters and Constraint Equations 367 Universal Method for Planning Various Well Paths 368 Samuel_fm.qxd 4/10/09 9:28 AM Page xii xii Contents Numerical Design Method 369 Analytical Design Method 370 Smoothening the Path Chapter 9 Clothoid Curve 376 Curvature Bridging 379 Well Path Optimization with Cubic Function 380 Well Path Optimization with SiT Method 384 Bit-Walk Unit Partition Based on Rock Strata 384 Supplementary Problems 387 References 388 Measurement Tools Survey Tools 391 391 Classification of Survey Tools 392 Magnetic Survey Tools 392 Gyro Survey Tools 395 MWD Tools 404 Telemetry System 406 Through-Bit Logging 411 Rotary Steerable Tools Hollow Whipstock Chapter 10 374 412 414 Downhole Deflection Tools 415 Supplementary Problem 416 References 417 Solid Expansion Technology in Complex Well Construction 419 Expansion Technology 420 The Expansion Process 420 Expansion Force and Pressures 423 Expansion Effects on Material Properties 424 Expandable Connectors 426 Expansion Techniques 427 Hydroforming Expansion 427 Cone Expansion 427 Compliant Rotary Expansion 429 Expansion Direction 429 Samuel_fm.qxd 4/10/09 9:28 AM Page xiii Contents xiii Expansion Systems Solid Expandable Systems for the Cased Hole 431 Solid Expandable Systems for the Open Hole 433 Using Expansion Technology 437 Conditions Mitigated with Expansion Technology 437 Increasing Production 439 Drilling Longer Wells 440 Traversing Depleted Formations to Reach New Horizons 440 Downsizing Wells or Preserving Hole Size While Addressing Drilling Hazards 441 Casing Exit from an Existing Completion 442 Advantages of Solid Expansion Technology 442 Solid Expandable System Limitations 443 Application of Solid Expandables to Complex Wells Chapter 11 431 444 Complex Wells in Tight Economic Environments 445 Subsalt Rubble Zones 451 Extended-Reach Drilling Wells 456 Multiple and Added Contingencies 457 Tight Drilling Margins 463 Supplementary Problems 466 Bibliography 467 Directional, Horizontal, and Multilateral Well Economics 469 Well Planning Considerations 469 Time Value of Money 470 Economic Parameters 471 Price Elasticity 475 Ranges of Elasticity 476 Risk Analysis in Directional, Horizontal, and Multilateral Well Developments 476 Capital Expenditure Reductions 479 Reserves Additions 481 Real-Options Valuation 481 Other Methods of Cost Estimation 483 Samuel_fm.qxd 4/10/09 9:28 AM Page xiv xiv Contents Neural Network–Based Cost Estimation 484 Support-Vector Machine–Based Cost Estimation 487 Econometrics 491 References Appendix Index Useful Conversion Factors 491 493 497