Transcript
VBLM =2 Coibt`vcs
Msbc fb acs pmj`bktbs9 omýc y fujdm5 pmutms fb d`n`bkb Mprbkfbr ams tàjk`jms jcrrbjtms pmrm rbma`zmr am d`n`bkb y msbc fba pmj`bktb
bf`tcr`ma } jbp
=. MZBC FB ACZ XMJ@B XMJ@BKVBZ9 KVBZ9 OMÝC P FRJDM5 XMRVM XMRVMZ Z FB D@N@BKB Kctm Bxjbpj`ckmalbktb Bxjbpj`ckmalbk tb ba jbamfcr pubfb pubfb amvmr y msbmr msbmr m acs bkgbrlcs bkgbrlcs lmsjua`kcs bkjmlmfcs c qub qub kc pubfmk rbma`zmrac rbma`zmrac pcr sì l`slcs, mtbkf`bkfc mtbkf`bkfc m ams `kf`jmj`ckbs fb ams supbrv`scrms fb pamktm c sbrv`j`c c pbrsckms qub ams sust`tuymk abnmalbktb abnmalbktb bk sus musbkj`ms.
=.= Mspbjtcs nbkbrmabs fb am d`n`bkb Am d`n`bkb pbrsckma bs ba jckiuktc fb mjt`v`fmfbs fbst`kmfms m jcksbrvmr a`lp`cs y prbsbrvmr am `ktbnr`fmf fb am p`ba, jmobaacs, btj. Fbktrc fb uk jbktrc smk`tmr`c, àstm bs ukm fb ams mjt`v`fmfbs qub gmj`a`tm am cosbrvmj`úk y v`n`amkj`m fba bstmfc fba pmj`bktb y, mfblís, pbrl`tb bstmoabjbr ukm rbamj`úk jcrf`ma jck ba pmj`bktb. Jck am d`n`bkb sb gmvcrbjb am jcksbrvmj`úk fb am `ktbnr`fmf fb am p`ba, sb bv`tmk acs lmacs cacrbs, sb bv`tm am prca`gbrmj`úk omjtbr`mkm pcr ba mjùluac fb sbjrbj`ckbs, sb bst`luam am j`rjuamj`úk lbf`mktb am gr`jj`úk y, bk fbg`k`t`vm, ba msbc y am d`n`bkb jcktr`ouybk m lbicrmr am mutcbst`lm fba pmj`bktb. Xcr ctrc amfc, jumkfc ba pmj`bktb sb s`bktb suj`c pcrqub t`bkb cacr c sufcr, pcrqub kc jcktrcam ams sbjrbj`ckbs, btj., sb s`bktb lma. Ba bstmr a`lp`c y msbmfc ab dmrí sbkt`rsb lís júlcfc y lbkcs v`cabktc. Bk ba jubrpc sb fbpcs`tm moukfmktb suj`bfmf m ac amrnc fba fìm, fbo`fc ma9 - Zufcr9 cr`n`km cacr fbsmnrmfmoab bk ba jubrpc. - Jàauams lubrtms9 sb fbsjmlmk jckt`kumlbktb pmrm rbkcvmrsb. - Nrmsm9 cr`n`kmfm bk acs gcaìjuacs sboíjbcs fb am fbrl`s. - Xcavc y rbs`fucs súa`fcs9 sb fbpcs`tmk bk am supbrg`j`b fba jubrpc m ac amrnc fba fìm, bk lmycr c lbkcr lbf`fm, sbnùk jck quà lmtbr`mabs bktrblcs bk jcktmjtc.
Rkm gmatm fb d`n`bkb prcvcjm suj`bfmf bk ba jubrpc fba bkgbrlc, ukm suj`bfmf qub bs gubktb fb `kgbjj`ckbs y qub pubfb prcvcjmr bkgbrlbfmfbs.
=.? D`n`bkb y msbc jcrpcrma M. Ba omýc y am fujdm9 Jubst`ckbs jclukbs Ba omýc c fujdm fbob rbma`zmrsb ma lbkcs ukm vbz ma fìm. Jumkfc ba bkgbrlc kc pubfm vmabrsb pcr sì l`slc, ba VJMB fbobrí myufmr ma pmj`bktb m msbmrsb c omýmrab àa.
=8
Vblm =2
bf`tcr`ma } jbp
Bk ba omýc fba pmj`bktb ba VJMB trmtmrí ma pmj`bktb jck sulc ju`fmfc, jck fba`jmfbzm, fb lmkbrm sumvb y rbma`zmrí ba msbc fb gcrlm ríp`fm pmrm qub ba pmj`bktb kc sb bkgrìb. Bk tcfc lclbktc fbobrí bv`tmr dbr`r su pufcr. Ba VJMB kukjm fbob fbimr ma pmj`bktb súac bk ba omýc, pmrm bv`tmr qub sb prcfuzjmk mjj`fbktbs (rbsomackbs, jmìfms...). Bk pr`lbr aunmr, ba VJMB f`spckfrí y prbpmrmrí tcfc ac kbjbsmr`c pmrm ba omýc c fujdm. Xmrm baac
fbobrí9
- Jbrrmr ams vbktmkms fba omýc. - Jclprcomr qub am dmo`tmj`úk tbknm tbknm oubkm tblpbrmturm c bk su fbgbjtc prcjurmr qub am tbknm. - Jcnbr fb am dmo`tmj`úk fba pmj`bktb9 ukm tcmaam fb omýc, ukm tcmaam pbqubým, uk jml`súk c uk p`imlm, ukm pmst`aam fb imoúk, ukm bspckim, ukm lufm. - Jcacjmrí tcfm am rcpm bk bk ukm s`aam ma amfc fb am omýbrm. - Xckfrí am tcmaam pbqubým bk ba subac jclc gbapufc. Acs f`gbrbktbs t`pcs fb omýc sck acs s`nu`bktbs9 - Omýc kcrlma (bk am omýbrm). - Fujdm - Omýc bk am jmlm. Ba omýc bs rbamimktb l`bktrms qub am fujdm mjt`vm am j`rjuamj`úk.
O. Msbc bk am fujdm Ba pmj`bktb kbjbs`tmrí ukm myufm lìk`lm, pubstc qub pmrm msbmrsb bk am fujdm su bkgbrlbfmf kc fbob sbr luy `kvma`fmktb. Xubfb gmj`a`tmrsb ma pmj`bktb uk tmourbtb pmrm qub sb fujdb sbktmfc, bk ba jmsc fb qub kc pubfm lmktbkbrsb bstmoab bk pcs`j`úk fb o`pbfbstmj`úk (fb p`b) furmktb bsb t`blpc. Zb jcacjmrí bk ba subac fb am fujdm ukm magclor`aam fb omýc mkt`fbsa`zmktb pmrm bv`tmr rbsomackbs y jmìfms, tmlo`àk fbob bx`st`r ukm mnmrrmfbrm bk am pmrbf pmrm gmvcrbjbr am bstmo`a`fmf fba pmj`bktb bk o`pbfbstmj`úk. Acs pmscs m sbnu`r pmrm ukm fujdm jcrrbjtm sck acs s`nu`bktbs9 - Lcimr ba jubrpc jubrpc jck mnum jma`bktb pmrm mor`r acs pcrcs. - Bkimockmr am p`ba jck imoúk fb XD kbutrc. - Grctmr ams pmrtbs fba jubrpc jubrpc fckfb sb mfd`brb mfd`brb lís am suj`bfmf, jck ukm bspckim sumvb. sumvb. - Mjamrmr jck moukfmktb mnum. - Vbrl`kmr jck jck uk jdcrrc jdcrrc fb mnum tblpamfm pmrm tck`g`jmr ba jubrpc y mjt`vmr am j`rjuamj`úk. Ba VJMB myufmrí m bkimockmr ba jubrpc fba pmj`bktb, s` àstb ac prbj`sm, y trms ba msbc, ab myufmrí m sma`r fb am fujdm, m sbjmrsb y m vbst`rsb. G`kma`zmfc ba prcjbsc, prcjbfbrí m rbjcnbr ba omýc y mv`smrí ma Zbrv`j`c fb A`lp`bzm pmrm qub a`lp`b y gr`bnub ba jumrtc fb msbc.
Msbc fb acs pmj`bktbs
==
bf`tcr`ma } jbp
J. Msbc bk am omýbrm Ba pmj`bktb kbjbs`tmrí uk nrmfc fb myufm fbtbrl`kmfc fbpbkf`bkfc fb su bstmfc y fb am bkgbrlbfmf qub pmfbzjm. Bs `lpcrtmktb v`n`amr am tblpbrmturm fba mnum fba omýc pmrm bv`tmr jclpa`jmj`ckbs5 pcr biblpac, ba mnum m ukm tblpbrmturm babvmfm pubfb prcfuj`r jmìfms fb am tbks`úk mrtbr`ma pcr vmscf`amtmj`úk pbr`gàr`jm y bk pmj`bktbs jck matbrmj`ckbs fb am sbks`o`a`fmf pubfb prcfuj`r qublmfurms. Fb am l`slm lmkbrm qub bk ba jmsc mktbr`cr, sb pubfb gmj`a`tmr ma pmj`bktb uk tmourbtb, ukm magclor`aam mkt`fbsa`zmktb y mnmrrmfbrms bk acs amtbrmabs fb am omýbrm pmrm bv`tmr mjj`fbktbs. Vrms acs prbpmrmt`vcs jclukbs, ba VJMB aabkmrí am omýbrm prcjurmkfc qub bstà m ukm tblpbrmturm mnrmfmoab. Rkm vbz prbpmrmfc ba omýc, ba VJMB myufmrí ma pmj`bktb m abvmktmrsb fb am jmlm y pckbrsb ams zmpmt`aams, ab mjclpmýmrí ma omýc y ab myufmrí m qu`tmrsb am rcpm y m `ktrcfuj`rsb bk am omýbrm. Vrms ba msbc, ab myufmrí m sbjmrsb y vbst`rsb y sb rbjcnbrí y a`lp`mrí ba jumrtc fb omýc.
F. D`n`bkb fba pmj`bktb bkjmlmfc Jumkfc ba pmj`bktb bstí bkjmlmfc, ba msbc sb ab rbma`zmrí bk am jmlm. Bstb msbc prcp`j`m ukm v`n`amkj`m y cosbrvmj`úk lís f`rbjtm fba pmj`bktb y pbrl`tb rbma`zmr lcv`a`zmj`ckbs y jmlo`cs pcsturmabs qub f`sl`kuymk ba r`bsnc fb mpmr`j`úk fb ùajbrms fb fbjùo`tc. Ba omýc ma pmj`bktb bkjmlmfc ac rbma`zmrí ba VJMB omic am supbrv`s`úk fb am bkgbrlbrm. Ba prcjbf`l`bktc m sbnu`r pcr ba VJMB pmrm uk omýc jcrrbjtc bs ba s`nu`bktb9 - Bxpa`jmr ma pmj`bktb ac qub sb vm m dmjbr. - Xrbpmrmr ba lmtbr`ma lmtbr`ma kbjbsmr`c kbjbsmr`c y jclprcomr jclprcomr am tblpbrmturm tblpbrmturm fba mnum. - Jcacjmr ba lmtbr`ma ma amfc fb am jmlm. - Xckbrsb numktbs. - Msbnurmrsb fb qub am tblpbrmturm fb am dmo`tmj`úk bs mfbjumfm y qub kc dmy jcrr`bktbs jcrr`bktbs fb m`rb. - Zb prcjurmrí prcjurmrí am líx`lm `kt`l`fmf pcs`oab fba fba pmj`bktb, s` àstb kc bstí scac bk am dmo`tmj`úk, jcacjmkfc o`clocs bktrb ams jmlms, jcrr`bkfc ams jcrt`kms qub ams sbpmrmk (s` bx`stbk) c juor`bkfc ma pmj`bktb bk tcfc lclbktc jck ukm tcmaam nrmkfb c ukm síomkm. - _bt`rmr am rcpm fb am jmlm y jcacjmr ukm lmktm fb omýc (`lpbrlbmoab) pmrm kc lcimr ba jcajdúk. - Fbskufmr ma pmj`bktb pmj`bktb (qu`tmrab am rcpm, pbrc s`k fbimrab tctmalbktb fbstmpmfc). - Zca`j`tmr ma pmj`bktb qub sb jcacqub bk fbjùo`tc sup`kc (s` kc dmy jcktrm`kf`jmj`úk). - _bma`zmr ba msbc bk ba s`nu`bktb crfbk9
=?
Vblm =2
bf`tcr`ma } jbp
¾
Mgb`tmfc (mv`smr ma pbauqubrc s` bs prbj`sc)
¾
Cics (fba íknuac `ktbrkc ma bxtbrkc)
¾
Jmrm
¾
Jubaac y dclorcs
¾
Ormzcs, lmkcs y mx`ams
¾
Vúrmx y lmlms
¾
Mofclbk
¾
X`brkms y p`bs
¾
Bspmafm y kmanms
- _bn`úk nbk`tma - Ùk`jmlbktb sb fbimrí bxpubstm bxpubstm am zckm qub sb bstà amvmkfc, pmrm jcksbrvmr jcksbrvmr ba pufcr fba pmj`bktb y bv`tmr qub sb bkgrìb. - Zb usmrí imoúk bk tcfms ams zckms fba jubrpc bxjbptc bk am jmrm y cics. - Dmy qub `ks`st`r `ks`st`r bk ba ba msbc fb acs pa`bnubs jutíkbcs jutíkbcs (`knabs, mx`ams, bspmj`cs bspmj`cs `ktbrf`n`tmabs), `ktbrf`n`tmabs), pubs bs bs fckfb sb mjuluam lís suj`bfmf. - Xmrm amvmr am bspmafm y ams kmanms, jcacjmr jcacjmr ma pmj`bktb bk fbjùo`tc amtbrma, amtbrma, y ukm vbz a`lp`ms fmr lmsmib jck jrblm d`frmtmktb. (jumkfc sbqublcs am zckm kukjm fboblcs gr`jj`ckmr). - Bk ba msbc fb am rbn`úk nbk`tma, sb a`lp`mrí fb am zckm lís a`lp`m m am lís suj`m, bs fbj`r, fbsfb acs nbk`tmabs dmj`m ba mkc. Bk ams luibrbs `ks`st`r bk acs amo`cs lmycrbs y lbkcrbs, sbpmríkfcacs pmrm a`lp`mr am dbkf`furm vuavmr y ba mkc. Bk ba vmrúk sb rbtrmbrí ba prbpuj`c pmrm a`lp`mr ba namkfb. - Vrms ba amvmfc fba pmj`bktb, sb dmrí uk lmsmib lmsmib jck jrblm d`frmtmktb, d`frmtmktb, majcdca c jcack`m grbsjm pmrm bst`luamr am j`rjuamj`úk smknuìkbm. - Rkm vbz tbrl`kmfc ba msbc, vbst`r ma pmj`bktb. - Jmlo`mr c rbdmjbr am jmlm jmlm y mjclcfmr ma pmj`bktb. pmj`bktb. - _bjcnbr ba lmtbr`ma y crfbkmr am dmo`tmj`úk. - Amvmrsb ams lmkcs ma g`kma`zmr am tmrbm. Rkm vbz qub sb dm tbrl`kmfc fb amvmr ma bkgbrlc, sb ab pckfrí ba p`imlm c ba jml`súk a`lp`c, sb ab pb`kmrí y sb ab amvmrí am ocjm s` kc puf`brm dmjbrac pcr sì l`slc. G`kma`zmfc tcfc ba prcjbsc, ba VJMB jmlo`mrí am rcpm fb am jmlm y rbjcnbrí tcfcs acs utbks`a`cs. Xr`lbrc acs a`lp`mrí y m jckt`kumj`úk prcjbfbrí m jcacjmracs bk su s`t`c. Ba lmtbr`ma kbjbsmr`c jclprbkfbrí9
Msbc fb acs pmj`bktbs
=:
bf`tcr`ma } jbp
LMVB_@MA KBJBZM_@C XM_M BA OMÝC FBA XMJ@BKVB BKJMLMFCJM_MJVB_ÌZV@JMZ Imoúk aìqu`fc Bspckims Fcs pmamknmkms (ukm pmrm ba mnum imockcsm y ctrm jck mnum pmrm mjamrmr) Acj`úk d`frmtmktb Jcack`m _cpm fb omýc (tcmaams) Lmktm fb omýc (pmrm jcacjmr fbomic fba pmj`bktb y kc lcimr ba jcajdúk) _cpm a`lp`m fb jmlm _cpm a`lp`m pmrm ba pmj`bktb _cpm pmrm ba VJMB (omtm y numktbs)
=.: D`n`bkb fb am p`ba Am d`n`bkb bs kbjbsmr`c rbma`zmram jck ams lbf`fms prbvbkt`vms cpcrtukms pmrm prbvbk`r am mpmr`j`úk fb ùajbrms pcr prbs`úk qub sck pmrílbtrcs luy rbprbsbktmt`vcs fb am jma`fmf fb ju`fmfcs fmfcs ma `kf`v`fuc bk ba lbf`c dcsp`tmamr`c. Acs obkbg`j`cs fb ukm jcrrbjtm d`n`bkb sck9 - Am a`lp`bzm fb am p`ba fba bxjbsc fb nrmsm, nrmsm, suj`bfmf y pcavc fba mlo`bktb. - Gmj`a`tmr ams gukj`ckbs fb kcrlma`fmf fb am p`ba. - Bv`tmr am prca`gbrmj`úk omjtbr`mkm. - Ba`l`kmj`úk fb jàauams (fbsjmlmj`úk). Jumkfc sb rbma`zm ukm a`lp`bzm `kjcrrbjtm fb am p`ba sb pubfbk mnrmvmr prcjbscs pmtcaún`jcs, ym qub ba crnmk`slc bs lís susjbpt`oab m acs l`jrccrnmk`slcs. Ba VJMB t`bkb am jclpbtbkj`m fba msbc f`mr`c fba pmj`bktb puf`àkfcsb rbma`zmr bk am jmlm fbpbkf`bkfc fb am `kjmpmj`fmf c prcp`m pmtcacnìm fb am pbrsckm c bk ba w.j. (fujdm c omýc). Am g`kma`fmf qub sb ousjm jck am d`n`bkb pbrsckma9 - Ba`l`kmr lmacs cacrbs. - Jcksbrvmr am `ktbnr`fmf fb am p`ba. - Jcktr`ou`r m lmktbkbr lmktbkbr c lbicrmr am mutcbst`lm mutcbst`lm fba pmj`bktb. pmj`bktb. - Bst`luamr am j`rjuamj`úk smknuìkbm. - Bv`tmr am mjuluamj`úk fb sbjrbj`ckbs, fba mpmrmtc rbsp`rmtcr`c, rbma`zmkfc jampp`kn, frbkmib pcsturma, msì jclc am prca`gbrmj`úk omjtbr`mkm qub gmvcrbjb am mpmr`j`úk fb `kgbjj`ckbs. - F`sl`ku`r am tblpbrmturm jcrpcrma, jumkfc sbm kbjbsmr`c.
=6
Vblm =2
bf`tcr`ma } jbp
Furmktb am mtbkj`úk m ams kbjbs`fmfbs d`n`àk`jms fba pmj`bktb, bs ba lbicr lclbktc pmrm qub ba VJMB vmacrb ba bstmfc fb am p`ba fb tcfc ba jubrpc, dmy qub fbtbjtmr zckms fb p`ba matbrmfms y zckms fckfb am d`n`bkb dm s`fc bsjmsm. Bk am p`ba sb pubfb cosbrvmr9 cosbrvmr9 ba jcacr, jcacr, tblpbrmturm, tblpbrmturm, tbxturm, nrcscr y turnbkj`m. turnbkj`m. Am d`n`bkb nbkbrma y pmrj`ma fb am p`ba y jmp`amr sb pubfb rbma`zmr sbnùk sbnùk ba bstmfc c jmlo`cs fb am p`ba bk ams f`st`ktms gmsbs fb fbsmrrcaac. - Bk ba jmsc fba kbckmtc, àstb àstb t`bkb am p`ba g`km b `klmfurm pcr ac qub dmy qub bv`tmr am gr`jj`úk. gr`jj`úk. Mfblís, jumaqu`br g`surm pcfrí `kgbjtmr gíj`albktb. - Bk am `kgmkj`m5 sb prbj`sm ukm mtbkj`úk jckt`kum y sb bv`tmrí bv`tmrí ba mutcju`fmfc. - Bk acs mfcabsjbktbs mfcabsjbktbs55 bk luibrbs luibrbs fbo`fc ma mulbktc fb bstrúnbkcs bstrúnbkcs bk bk am puobrtmf, puobrtmf, am p`ba sb vubavb lís sumvb y vmsjuamr`zmfm. Bk acs dclorbs pcr ba mulbktc fb mkfrúnbkcs am p`ba sb gcrlm lís nrubsm y csjurm. Bs am àpcjm fb mpmr`j`úk fba mjkà y fba `kjrblbktc fb pbac bk f`st`ktms zckms fba jubrpc. Bk bstm bfmf dmy qub pctbkj`mr am d`n`bkb jcrpcrma. - Bk ba mfuatc9 ba bstmfc fb am p`ba fbpbkfb fb acs dío`tcs d`n`àk`jcs y fb acs gmjtcrbs gmjtcrbs bxtbrkcs bxpubstcs. - Bk ba mkj`mkc5 mkj`mkc5 am p`ba vm pbrf`bkfc pbrf`bkfc bamst`j`fmf b d`frmtmj`úk. Ba VJMB fbob gclbktmr am d`n`bkb, gmj`a`tmkfc `kgcrlmj`úk jclc9 - _bjclbkfmr am d`n`bkb f`mr`m (kcrlmalbktb pcr am lmýmkm). - Bv`tmr jcrr`bktbs fb m`rb furmktb ba msbc. - Obobr ? a`trcs fb mnum ma fìm pmrm am d`frmtmj`úk d`frmtmj`úk fb am p`ba (s` kc bx`stbk jcktrm`kf`jmj`ckbs). jcktrm`kf`jmj`ckbs). - Rt`a`zmr acj`ckbs pmrm bv`tmr am rbsbjmj`úk rbsbjmj`úk fb am p`ba. Bk ba pmj`bktb bkjmlmfc sb prbstmrí lujdm mtbkj`úk ma ju`fmfc fb am p`ba, ym qub sck lís prcpbkscs m am mpmr`j`úk fb abs`ckbs y ùajbrms c bsjmlmj`ckbs. Xcr baac, sb prctbnbrí bk ac pcs`oab ams prcl`kbkj`ms úsbms jck malcdmf`aamfcs y sb rbma`zmrík grbjubktbs jmlo`cs pcsturmabs.
=.6 D`n`bkb fba jmobaac Ba jmobaac fbob amvmrsb ukm c fcs vbjbs pcr sblmkm, jck uk jdmlpù mfbjumfc m jmfm t`pc fb jmobaac. Fbob bxtrblmrsb su a`lp`bzm pmrm bv`tmr pmrís`tcs (p`cics, btj.). Bk am d`n`bkb fba pbac `kgauyb tmktc uk amvmfc úpt`lc, jclc uk oubk jbp`aamfc, c ukm jcrrbjtm ma`lbktmj`úk r`jm bk v`tml`kms M, O, J y l`kbrmabs. Bk acs pmj`bktbs bkjmlmfcs ba amvmfc fba jmobaac sb rbma`zm bk am l`slm jmlm. Xmrm bstb prcjbf`l`bktc sb kbjbs`tmk acs s`nu`bktbs lmtbr`mabs9 - Jdmlpù. - Xmamknmkm. - Imrrm c octbaam pmrm mnum jma`bktb. - Vcmaams. - Blpmpmfcrbs. Ba prcjbsc bs ba s`nu`bktb9 Msbc fb acs pmj`bktbs
=2
bf`tcr`ma } jbp
- Zb jcacjmrí jcacjmrí am jmobzm fba pmj`bktb ac lís jbrjmkm ma ocrfb supbr`cr fb am jmlm. - Am jmlm sb juorb jck ba blpmpmfcr, blpmpmfcr, jcacjíkfcac jcacjíkfcac omic am jmobzm fba pmj`bktb y marbfbfcr fb su jubaac, pmrm bv`tmr lcimr am jmlm. Am pmrtb f`stma fba blpmpmfcr sb `ktrcfujb bk am pmamknmkm, qub bstmrí s`tumfm scorb ukm s`aam, fb lcfc qub rbjcim ba mnum qub sb v`brtb scorb am jmobzm fba pmj`bktb. - Zb v`brtb ba mnum jma`bktb y sb dulbfbjb ba jmobaac. - Zb mpa`jmrí ukm pbqubým jmkt`fmf jmkt`fmf fb jdmlpù, lmsmibmkfc lmsmibmkfc ba jubrc jmobaaufc. - Zb prcjbfb prcjbfb ma mjamrmfc fba pbac jck jck ba mnum fb am octbaam c imrrm. - Rkm vbz mjamrmfc mjamrmfc ba pbac, sb rbjcnb rbjcnb jck ukm tcmaam y sb sbjm (pubfb usmrsb uk sbjmfcr s` bs prbj`sc). - Mjclcfmrblcs ma pmj`bktb, trms sbjmr sbjmr y pb`kmr su jmobaac. Zb jclprcomrí qub ams síomkms kc bstík lcimfms. Z` bs msì, sb prcjbfbrí m rbdmjbr am jmlm jck rcpm a`lp`m. - Zb rbjcnbrí ba lmtbr`ma blpabmfc y sb crfbkmrí am dmo`tmj`úk. dmo`tmj`úk.
=.2 D`n`bkb fb ams lmkcs y ju`fmfc ju`fmfc fb uýms Ams lmkcs fbobk fb bstmr pbrgbjtmlbktb a`lp`ms. Bstm prbl`sm bs `lprbsj`kf`oab tmktc bk acs pmj`bktbs jclc bk ba pbrsckma smk`tmr`c qub acs mt`bkfb y ju`fm. Zb fbobrík amvmr s`blprb trms `r ma omýc, mktbs fb lmk`puamr acs ma`lbktcs, mktbs y fbspuàs fb lmk`puamr ma bkgbrlc, mktbs y fbspuàs fb jclbr c fb fmr fb jclbr ma bkgbrlc, mktbs fb jclbkzmr am icrkmfm amocrma y fbspuàs fb tbrl`kmram, btj. Zb dmrí bspbj`ma d`kjmp`à bk acs bspmj`cs `ktbrf`n`tmabs y bk ams uýms, qub fbobk s`blprb bstmr a`lp`ms y a`orbs fb bslmatbs. Fbomic fb ams nr`btms fb acs bslmatbs fb uýms c fbomic fb ams uýms sb mjuluam nrmk jmkt`fmf fb suj`bfmf y rbstcs, pcr ac qub sb fbob bxtrblmr su d`n`bkb jumkfc sb vm m lmk`puamr ma pmj`bktb. Zb dmrí kbjbsmr`c jbp`aamrams jmfm vbz qub sb lmk`puab ma pmj`bktb, mktbs y fbspuàs. Zbrí `lprbsj`kf`oab qub ba VJMB aabvb ams uýms o`bk jcrtmfms y kc luy amrnms, pmrm kc cjms`ckmr abs`ckbs bk ba pmj`bktb jumkfc rbma`jb ams tàjk`jms smk`tmr`ms.
Bk acs pmj`bktbs tmlo`àk sb bxtrblmrík acs ju`fmfcs fb ams uýms. Zb jcrtmrík y jbp`aamrík s`blprb qub sbm kbjbsmr`c y sb bv`tmrí bk ac pcs`oab am mpmr`j`úk fb abs`ckbs uknuamrbs (ck`jcl`jcs`s, pmfrmstrcs, btj.).
=.7 Jmlo`c fb rcpm Aabvmr ukm rcpm mfbjumfm y júlcfm bs fb v`tma `lpcrtmkj`m. Bk lujdcs jmscs, bv`tm am mpmr`j`úk fb prcoablms fb smauf. Am rcpm fbob sbr júlcfm, fb gíj`a lmkbic, bv`tmkfc fb bstm lmkbrm am mpmr`j`úk fb rczmfurms c trmstcrkcs j`rjuamtcr`cs j`rjuamtcr`cs pcr ba usc fb rcpm bstrbjdm. Zb fbob mjcksbimr ma pmj`bktb ba usc fb rcpm fb mancfúk, amkm c lbzjam jck amkm, pubstc qub sck lmtbr`mabs lís
=7
Vblm =2
bf`tcr`ma } jbp
d`n`àk`jcs, qub gmvcrbjbk am trmksp`rmj`úk. Fbob bv`tmrsb am g`orm s`ktàt`jm, jclc ba pca`àstbr, ym qub bs lbkcs smaufmoab. Dmy qub bksbýmr ma pmj`bktb m bsjcnbr ba jmazmfc mfbjumfc. Acs zmpmtcs, mktb tcfc, fbobk sbr júlcfcs, pcrqub s` sck miustmfcs, kc pbrl`tbk am sbpmrmj`úk fb acs fbfcs y bibrjbk prbs`úk scorb acs l`slcs, prcvcjmkfc am mpmr`j`úk fb furbzms y iumkbtbs. Ba lmtbr`ma pcr bxjbabkj`m fb uk jmazmfc fbob sbr am p`ba, pcrqub sb mlcafm m acs p`bs, pbrl`tb su trmksp`rmj`úk y bv`tm am tbks`úk fba jmazmfc.
=.> D`n`bkb fb am ocjm Bk ba pmj`bktb bkjmlmfc c qub kc pubfm rbma`zmrsb bstb t`pc fb d`n`bkb, sbrí ba VJMB qu`bk prcjbfm ma msbc fb am ocjm. Am d`n`bkb fb am ocjm sb rbma`zmrí trms jmfm jcl`fm, pmrm bv`tmr am prca`gbrmj`úk fb gacrm omjtbr`mkm pmtúnbkm qub puf`brm fmr aunmr m jmr`bs c `kgbjj`ckbs oujmabs. Zb blpabmrík ba`x`rbs oujmabs jclc jclpablbktc ma amvmfc fb acs f`bktbs jck jbp`aac, jrblm b d `ac fbktma. Zb rbma`zmrí jck ba g`k fb lmktbkbr ukm d`n`bkb oujma mfbjumfm y prbvbk`r jmr`bs b `kgbjj`ckbs pcr dckncs. Fbpbkf`bkfc fb ams jmrmjtbrìst`jms fba suibtc sb pubfbk aabvmr m jmoc trbs prcjbf`l`bktcs9 Xmj`bktb jcksj`bktb, pmj`bktb jck fbktmfurm y pmj`bktb `kjcksj`bktb. @kfbpbkf`bktblbktb fba t`pc fb pmj`bktb (jcksj`bktb c `kjcksj`bktb), prbj`smrblcs fb9 - Numktbs - Jbp`aac fbktma - Fbktìgr`jc - Wmsc jck mnum y omtbm - Mkt`sàpt`jc oujma - Nmsms y p`kzm (pmrm dmjbr ams tcrukfms) - Vcmaam - Wmsba`km
M. Xmj`bktb jcksj`bktb Z`blprb qub pubfm sb bst`luamrí m qub ac dmnm àa scac, jck ba g`k fb gclbktmr su `kfbpbkfbkj`m. Z` bs prbj`sc dmjbrac pcr àa, sbnu`rblcs ams s`nu`bktbs `kf `jmj`ckbs9 - Xrbpmrmr ba lmtbr`ma. - Bxpa`jmr ma pmj`bktb pmj`bktb ac qub sb ab vm m dmjbr. - Z` ba pmj`bktb bstí bstí bk jmlm, sb babvmrí ba jmobjbrc (s` kc dmy jcktrm`kf`jmj`úk). jcktrm`kf`jmj`úk). - Fbobk a`lp`mrsb tcfms ams jmrms fb acs f`bktbs y lubams, fbsfb am bkjìm bkjìm dmstm am jcrckm, jck uk lcv`l`bktc fb omrr`fc, msì jclc am abknum. Bs fbj`r, sb jbp`aamrík fbsfb am bkjìm dmj`m momic,
Msbc fb acs pmj`bktbs
=>
bf`tcr`ma } jbp
tmlo`àk am jmrm `ktbrkm, bxtbrkm, supbr`cr b `kgbr`cr fb f`bktbs, lubams y abknum. Zb prcjbfbrí ma mjamrmfc pcstbr`crlbktb (pubfb dmjbrac ba pmj`bktb pcr sì scac c jck myufm fba VJMB). - Xrcpcrj`ckmrblcs Xrcpcrj`ckmrblcs uk vmsc jck mnum pmrm ba bkiumnub y ukm omtbm. Fbspuàs sb mjamrmrí mjamrmrí am ocjm jck scauj`úk mkt`sàpt`jm.
O. Xmj`bktb jck fbktmfurm - _bt`rmrblcs am fbktmfurm fbktmfurm pmrm jbp`aamram jbp`aamram y mjamrmram pcr sbpmrmfc. - Am ocjm sb a`lp`mrí lbf`mktb bkiumnubs jck scauj`úk mkt`sàpt`jm c, s` ba pmj`bktb kc pubfb, ut`a`zmkfc tcrukfms `lprbnkmfms bk f`jdm scauj`úk. - Fbspuàs jcacjmrblcs jcacjmrblcs fb kubvc am fbktmfurm bk am ocjm, c sb `ktrcfuj`rí bk uk vmsc jck jck mnum y jumaqu`br prbpmrmfc jclbrj`ma dmstm su kubvc usc.
J. Xmj`bktb `kjcksj`bktb Jcacjmrblcs ma pmj`bktb jck am jmobzm amfbmfm, jck ba g`k fb bv`tmr msp`rmj`úk fb aìqu`fc. Ab a`lp`mrblcs am ocjm jck tcrukfms `lprbnkmfms bk scauj`úk mkt`sàpt`jm oujma, tbk`bkfc lujdc ju`fmfc fb ba`l`kmr tcfcs acs rbstcs fb aìqu`fc. Zbjmr o`bk am ocjm y mpa`jmr vmsba`km u ctrc prcfujtc jcslàt`jc bk acs amo`cs, pmrm bv`tmr ba mnr`btml`bktc fb acs l`slcs.
=.4 D`n`bkb fb acs cics Acs cics kc fbobk tcjmrsb jck ams lmkcs pmrm bv`tmr `kgbjj`ckbs. Am d`n`bkb cjuamr fbob rbma`zmrsb jck moukfmktb mnum y sb fbob prcjurmr qub kc bktrb imoúk bk baacs, pmrm qub kc sb `rr`tb am lujcsm. Zb sbjmrík jck ukm nmsm bstàr`a, blpabmkfc ukm nmsm f`gbrbktb pmrm ba amvmfc y sbjmfc y pmrm jmfm ukc fb acs cics. Bk ba pmj`bktb bkjmlmfc acs cics sb amvmrík jck nmsms `lprbnkmfms bk subrc g`s`caún`jc. Zb prcjbfbrí m su amvmfc fbsfb ba íknuac `ktbrkc fba cic dmj`m ba bxtbrkc (jcacjmkfc am jmobzm `kja`kmfm dmj`m ba amfc fba cic qub bstblcs amvmkfc).
Z`nu`bkfc ams kcrlms nbkbrmabs, acs cics kc fbobk tcjmrsb jck ams lmkcs pmrm bv`tmr `kgbjj`ckbs. Fbobrí blpabmrsb moukfmktb mnum y sb fbobrí prcjurmr qub kc bktrb bk baacs imoúk. Zb sbjmrík jck ukm nmsm bstàr`a, blpabmkfc ukm nmsm f`gbrbktb pmrm ba amvmfc y sbjmfc y pmrm acs fcs cics.
=.0 D`n`bkb fb acs cìfcs Bk ba pmj`bktb bkjmlmfc acs cìfcs y ams a ms crbims sb a`lp`mrík jck ukm tcrukfm fb mancfúk.
=4
Vblm =2
bf`tcr`ma } jbp
Z`nu`bkfc ams kcrlms nbkbrmabs, su a`lp`bzm sbrí f`mr`m, kc fbo`bkfc ut`a`zmrsb `kstrulbktcs mg`amfcs. Ba imoúk sb usmrí súac pmrm a`lp`mr ba cìfc bxtbrkc y ba pmobaaúk mur`juamr5 ba cìfc lbf`c b `ktbrkc sb a`lp`mrík jck omstckj`aacs.
=.=8 D`n`bkb fb am kmr`z Am a`lp`bzm fb ams gcsms kmsmabs sb dmrí jck uk pmýubac c ukm nmsm dulbfbj`fm, pmrm bv`tmr am `rr`tmj`úk. Kukjm fbob `ktrcfuj`rsb ba fbfc bk am kmr`z pmrm a`lp`mram. Z` bx`stb `rr`tmj`úk fb acs a cs cr`g`j`cs kmsmabs, sb prctbnbrík jck jrblms d`frcscauoabs c vmsba`km.
=.== D`n`bkb fb acs p`bs Acs p`bs fbobk amvmrsb m f`mr`c jck mnum y imoúk pmrm bv`tmr ba lma cacr. Zb fbob f bob pckbr bspbj`ma mtbkj`úk m am a`lp`bzm `ktbrf`n`tma, ym qub bktrb acs fbfcs sb mjuluam lujdm suj`bfmf. Vmlo`àk bs `lpcrtmktb ba sbjmfc jcrrbjtc bktrb acs fbfcs pmrm bv`tmr am `kgbjj`úk pcr dckncs (l`jcs`s `ktbrf`n`tmabs). Z` bs kbjbsmr`c sb blpabmrík tmajcs c fbscfcrmktbs pmrm f`sl`ku`r ba cacr. Vmlo`àk, fbobk trmtmrsb y ba`l`kmr ams furbzms fb acs p`bs grctíkfcams jck p`bfrm púlbz. Fbobk lmktbkbrsb ams uýms a`lp`ms y jcrtmrams s`blprb qub sbm kbjbsmr`c (bk aìkbm rbjtm y jck acs ocrfbs a`scs). Bk ba pmj`bktb bkjmlmfc acs p`bs sb jcacjmrík bk ukm pmamknmkm, fckfb sb prcjbfbrí m su amvmfc y ju`fmfc. Zb bv`tmrí bk ac pcs`oab ba p`b bqu`kc (jck ba blpabc fb gàruams bspbj`mabs), ùajbrms bk tmackbs (sb malcdmf`aamrík), `kgbjj`ckbs (sbjmfc `ktbrf`n`tma mfbjumfc) y sb gmvcrbjbrí ba rbtcrkc vbkcsc lmktbk`bkfc acs p`bs y p`brkms a`nbrmlbktb babvmfcs.
=.=? D`n`bkb fb acs nbk`tmabs Am d`n`bkb fb acs nbk`tmabs fbob rbma`zmrsb m f`mr`c y fbspuàs fb am l`jj`úk c fbgbjmj`úk. Xmrm ba msbc fb am zckm nbk`tma sb blpabmrí ukm pmamknmkm c juým, sb vbrtbrí mnum a`lp`m y s`k imoúk fbsfb am zckm pùo`jm dmstm ba mkc. Xcstbr`crlbktb sb prcjbfbrí ma bkimockmfc (bk f`rbjj`úk pùo`jc-mkma), mjamrmfc (jck mnum a`lp`m) y sbjmfc fb am zckm. Bk am luibr, sb dmrí lís d`kjmp`à d` kjmp`à bk am d`n`bkb fb amo`cs lmycrbs y lbkcrbs, dbkf`furm vuavmr y mkc. Bk ba dclorb sb msbmrí ba bsjrctc, ams `knabs, sb rbtrmbrí ba prbpuj`c pmrm msbmr ba namkfb y ba mkc. Z` ba pmj`bktb pubfb, sb amvmrí àa l`slc acs nbk`tmabs. Bk jmsc jcktrmr`c, ac dmrí uk VJMB fba l`slc sbxc s` ba pmj`bktb msì ac sca`j`tm. Bk am luibr, sb dmrí lís d`kjmp`à d` kjmp`à bk am d`n`bkb fb amo`cs lmycrbs y lbkcrbs, dbkf`furm vuavmr y mkc.
Msbc fb acs pmj`bktbs
=0
Bsqublm =2
MZBC FB ACZ XMJ@BKVBZ9 OMÝC P FRJDM5 XMRVMZ FB D@N@BKB Mspbjtcs nbkbrmabs fb am d`n`bkb Am d`n`bkb pbrsckma bs ba jckiuktc fb mjt`v`fmfbs fbst`kmfms m jcksbrvmr a`lp`cs y prbsbrvmr am `ktbnr`fmf fb am p`ba, jmobaacs, btj. Fbktrc fb uk jbktrc smk`tmr`c, àstm bs ukm fb ams mjt`v`fmfbs qub gmj`a`tm am cosbrvmj`úk y v`n`amkj`m fba bstmfc fba pmj`bktb y, mfblís, pbrl`tb bstmoabjbr ukm rbamj`úk jcrf`ma jck ba pmj`bktb.
D`n`bkb y msbc jcrpcrma Ba omýc y am fujdm9 Jubst`ckbs jclukbs Msbc bk am fujdm Msbc bk am omýbrm D`n`bkb fba pmj`bktb bkjmlmfc
D`n`bkb fb am p`ba Am d`n`bkb bs kbjbsmr`c rbma`zmram jck ams lbf`fms prbvbkt`vms cpcrtukms pmrm prbvbk`r am mpmr`j`úk fb ùajbrms pcr prbs`úk qub sck pmrílbtrcs luy rbprbsbktmt`vcs fb am jma`fmf fb ju`fmfcs fmfcs ma `kf`v`fuc bk ba lbf`c dcsp`tmamr`c.
D`n`bkb fba jmobaac Ba jmobaac fbob amvmrsb ukm c fcs vbjbs pcr sblmkm, jck uk jdmlpù mfbjumfc m jmfm t`pc fb jmobaac. Fbob bxtrblmrsb su a`lp`bzm pmrm bv`tmr pmrís`tcs (p`cics, btj.). Bk am d`n`bkb fba pbac `kgauyb tmktc uk amvmfc úpt`lc, jclc uk oubk jbp`aamfc, c ukm jcrrbjtm ma`lbktmj`úk r`jm bk v`tml`kms M, O, J y l`kbrmabs.
D`n`bkb fb ams lmkcs y ju`fmfc fb uýms Ams lmkcs fbobk fb bstmr pbrgbjtmlbktb a`lp`ms. Bstm prbl`sm bs `lprbsj`kf`oab tmktc bk acs pmj`bktbs jclc bk ba b a pbrsckma smk`tmr`c qub acs mt`bkfb y ju`fm. Zb fbobrík amvmr s`blprb trms `r ma omýc, mktbs fb lmk`puamr acs ma`lbktcs, mktbs y fbspuàs fb lmk`puamr ma bkgbrlc, mktbs y fbspuàs fb jclbr c fb fmr fb jclbr ma bkgbrlc, mktbs fb jclbkzmr am icrkmfm amocrma y fbspuàs fb tbrl`kmram, btj.
Jmlo`c fb rcpm Aabvmr ukm rcpm mfbjumfm y júlcfm bs fb v`tma `lpcrtmkj`m. Bk lujdcs jmscs, bv`tm am mpmr`j`úk fb prcoablms fb smauf.
D`n`bkb fb am ocjm Bk ba pmj`bktb bkjmlmfc c qub kc pubfm rbma`zmrsb bstb t`pc fb d`n`bkb, sbrí ba Mux`a`mr qu`bk prcjbfm ma msbc fb am ocjm.
Msbc fb acs pmj`bktbs
?=
Xmj`bktb jcksj`bktb Z`blprb qub pubfm sb bst`luamrí m qub ac dmnm àa scac, jck ba g`k fb gclbktmr su `kfbpbkfbkj`m. Xmj`bktb jck fbktmfurm Xmj`bktb `kjcksj`bktb Jcacjmrblcs ma pmj`bktb jck am jmobzm amfbmfm, jck ba g`k fb bv`tmr msp`rmj`úk fb aìqu`fc.
D`n`bkb fb acs cics Acs cics kc fbobk tcjmrsb jck ams lmkcs pmrm bv`tmr `kgbjj`ckbs. Am d`n`bkb cjuamr fbob rbma`zmrsb jck moukfmktb mnum y sb fbob prcjurmr qub kc bktrb imoúk bk baacs, pmrm qub kc sb `rr`tb am lujcsm.
D`n`bkb fb acs cìfcs Bk ba pmj`bktb bkjmlmfc acs cìfcs y ams crbims sb a`lp`mrík jck ukm tcrukfm fb mancfúk.
D`n`bkb fb am kmr`z Am a`lp`bzm fb ams gcsms kmsmabs sb dmrí jck uk pmýubac c ukm nmsm dulbfbj`fm, pmrm bv`tmr am `rr`tmj`úk.
D`n`bkb fb acs p`bs Acs p`bs fbobk amvmrsb m f`mr`c jck mnum y imoúk pmrm bv`tmr ba lma cacr. Zb fbob pckbr bspbj`ma mtbkj`úk m am a`lp`bzm `ktbrf`n`tma, ym qub bktrb acs fbfcs sb mjuluam lujdm suj`bfmf. Vmlo`àk bs `lpcrtmktb ba sbjmfc jcrrbjtc bktrb acs fbfcs pmrm bv`tmr am `kgbjj`úk pcr dckncs (l`jcs`s `ktbrf`n`tmabs).
D`n`bkb fb acs nbk`tmabs Am d`n`bkb fb acs nbk`tmabs fbob rbma`zmrsb m f`mr`c y fbspuàs fb am l`jj`úk c fbgbjmj`úk.
??
Vblm =2
