Transcript
What is Science? Science is referred to as a system of objective knowledge obtained through deep researches done by the human being. Science is applied in every field and every aspect of life. With the help of scientific inventions and techniques, we have got all the latest facilities and high living standards. It¶s the science, with the help of which human being has reached beyond the space and stepped on the Moon and sent a spacecraft to Mars. There are a number of branches of science, out of which earth science, physical science and life science are the major branches. These three are considered as pure sciences. Other branches of science such as engineering, technology are associated with the practical application of result of scientific activity.
Topic: Branches of Science Reference: http://ph.answers.yahoo.com y
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Acoustics :
It is a branch of science related to the study of transmission of sound waves. It usually refers to the characteristics of theaters, auditoriums and studios and includes the behavior of sound in buildings and noise and noise control. Aerodynamics : It is associated with the study of forces of air acting on objects in motion relative to air. Aeronautical Engineering : It is a branch of science that is related to the study of design and manufacture of flight-capable machines as well as the techniques of operating aircraft. Agriculture : It is the science of cultivating the ground, harvesting the crops and rearing and management of farming, husbandry and livestock. It is associated with the production of food, fiber, feed and other goods by systematic harvesting or growing the plants and rearing the animals. Agronomy: It is a branch of agriculture that deals with field crop production and soil management. It involves the scientific study of crop production and its usage for food, feed, fiber and fuel. Algebra: It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of structure, quantity and relation. It includes the use of symbols, letters and/or characters to represent numbers and express mathematical relationships. Algology: see Phycology Anatomy: It is a branch of biology, related to the study of structure and organization of living things. It involves human anatomy, plant anatomy (phytotomy) and animal anatomy (zootomy). Angiology: It is the science that includes the study of blood and lymph vessels and their disorders. Anthropology : It involves the study of both past and present human cultures. It is associated with physical and social characteristics of humanity through the study of historical and present geographical distribution, acculturation, cultural history and cultural relationships. Apiculture : It is the science and art of raising and management of honeybees, Apis mellifera. It involves the cultivation of bees on commercial scale for the production of honey. Applied Mathematics : It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the mathematical techniques, which are used in the application of mathematical knowledge to other domains. Archaeology : It is a subdiscipline of anthropology that involves the study of physical evidence of past human societies, recovered through excavation Astronomy : It is the scientific study of celestial bodies such as stars, comets, planets and galaxies and phenomena that originate outside the Earth¶s atmosphere such as the cosmic background radiation.
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Astrophysics :
It is a branch of astronomy that is associated with the physics of celestial bodies (galaxies, stars and interstellar medium). Atomic Physics : It is a field of physics that is associated with the study of internal structure of atomic nuclei as an isolated system of electrons. It mainly involves the study of arrangement of electrons around the nucleus Bacteriology : It is a branch of microbiology, which involves the scientific study of bacteria in relation to disease as well as agriculture. Biochemistry : It deals with the study of chemical substances and vital processes that take place in living organisms. It primarily focuses on the structure, function and role of biomolecules. It includes the study of organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms. Bioengineering : It is an application of systematic, integrative and quantitative engineering principles to living structures, such as creating chemicals, drugs, tissues and artificial organs. Biology : It is also known as biological science, which includes the scientific study of life. It involves the study of structure, origin, growth, evolution, function and distribution of living things. Biophysics : It is a branch of science that involves an application of methods and principles of physics to understand the biological systems. Biotechnology : It is associated with the industrial application of living organisms and/or biological techniques developed through basic research. Biotechnology is applied for producing the pharmaceutical compounds and research materials. It is mainly applied in genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology. Botany: It is also referred to as plant biology, plant science or phytology. It involves the scientific study of plant life. Cardiology :
It deals with study, diagnosis and treatment of various disorders of heart and major blood vessels. Chemical Engineering : It is a branch of engineering that deals with design, construction and operation of machinery and plants for different products such as dyes, acids, plastics, drugs and rubber, applying the chemical reactions. Chemistry: It is a branch of natural science that is associated with the composition of substances and their properties and reactions. It is the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself. Civil Engineering : This branch of engineering deals with the planning, designing, construction and maintenance of structures (roads, bridges, etc) and altering the geography to suit the human needs. Climatology : It involves the study of climatic data, analysis of climatic changes and investigations of its phenomena and causes. Computer Science : It includes a systematic study of computation and computing system. It involves different theories for understanding the computing systems and methods, algorithms, design methodology and tools, methods of analysis and verification and methods for testing the concepts. Cosmetology : It is the practice of beautifying the face, skin and hair, using different cosmetics. Cosmology : It is a branch of physical science that is associated with the nature of universe, its origin and overall structure. Craniology : This branch of science is related to the study of physical characteristics of the skulls of different human races. Cryogenics : A scientific study that deals with the production, control, application and uses of very low temperatu te mperature. re.
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Cryptography :
It is the science of protecting the information by transforming it into an unreadable, unintelligible, enciphered format with the use of a key and an algorithm. Cytology: It is a branch of biological science that is associated with the study of structure, origin, function and pathology of cells. Dactylography :
It is the science of using the fingerprints for the purpose of identification. Dermatology : It is a branch of medicine that deals with the skin disorders such as moles, skin cancers, contact dermatitis, psoriasis and other skin conditions, related to other diseases. It also includes the disorders of hair, nails, mouth and external genitalia. Dentistry : This branch of medicine deals with diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the diseases associated with teeth, oral cavity and related structures. Dynamics: It is a branch of mechanics that includes the study of various forces, their action on bodies and changes in motion they produce. Ecology: It includes the study of interrelationships between living organisms and their environment. Electronics : It is a branch of technology, which is associated with the development and application of circuits or systems, using electronic devices such as magnetic amplifiers, transistors, etc. Endocrinology : It is a branch of medical science that is associated with the study of function and pathology of endocrine glands. Engineering : It is an application of scientific, mechanical, physical and mathematical principles to design process, structures and products that are meant for improving the quality of life. Entomology : It is a branch of science that includes the study of insects in their relations to forests and forest products. Environmental Science : It is the study of interactions among biological, physical and chemical components of environmental system. Epidemiology : It includes the study of cause and distribution of diseases in human population. Ethnology : It involves the study of mental and physical differences of mankind. Etiology : It is the study of causes or origins of disease/abnormal condition. Etymology: It includes the study of history of words and their meanings. Eugenics : It deals with the study of hereditary improvement of human race by controlled selective breeding. Evolution : It is the sequence of changes involved in evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms. Exbiology : It is a branch of science that deals with life or possibilities of life present beyond the earth. Forestry:
It is the art and science of managing and using forests and their associated resources to produce various products such as timber for human benefits. Floriculture : It is a discipline of horticulture, related with the cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for the gardens and floristry, including the floral industry. Forensic Science : It is a branch of medical science that deals with establishing the evidence for legal proceeding. Genetics:
It is a branch of biology that focuses on the heredity and variation of organisms as well as the patterns of inheritance of specific traits. Gemology: It is the science and art of identifying, grading, evaluating and marketing the gemstones. Geography : It includes the study of the earth as well as its features phenomena and inhabitants. It also deals with climate, topography, vegetation and soil.
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Geology:
This branch of science involves the study of origin, history, evolution and structure of the earth¶s crust. It also involves the examination of soil and rocks. Geometry: It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the questions of shape, size and relative positions of figures as well as with the properties of space. It is associated with polygons, vertices, triangles, meshes and associated operations to be done with them in 3D applications. Geophysics : It involves the study of physical and geological properties and characteristics of the earth, minerals and rocks. Gerontology : It deals with the scientific study of psychological, biological and sociological phenomena related to aging and old age. Gynecology : It is a discipline of medicine that is concerned with disorders of women, particularly reproductive and sexual function and diseases of reproductive organs.
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It deals with the study of the Sun. Hematology It is a branch of medical science that includes the study of function and disease of blood as well as diagnosis and treatment of disorders of blood, lymph glands and spleen. Hepatology : This branch of medical science incorporates the study of functions and disorders of liver as well as biliary tree, gallbladder and pancreas. Histology: It includes the study of structure and behavior of cells and body tissues, using microscopic examination of tissue slices. Horticulture : It is an agricultural technology that is associated with growing ornamental plants, flowers, fruits and vegetables. Hydroponics : It is a branch of science that deals with growing the plants, particularly vegetables, in water containing essential mineral nutrients, instead of in soil. Hydrotherapy : It is the science of treating a disease using hot or cold water, internally or externally to maintain and restore health. This treatment involves full body immersion, saunas, steam baths, colonic irrigation, sitz baths and hot or/and cold compresses. Hydrology : It deals with distribution, occurrence, properties, chemistry and circulation of water on the earth. It includes the study of streams, rivers, lakes, etc. Hydrostatics : It involves the mathematical study of forces and pressures in liquids.
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Ichthyology :
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Heliology :
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It is the study of fish. Iconography : It is a system of using images, symbolic pictures, or figures to represent a theme or structure. Immunology : It deals with the study of diseases and body¶s immune system and its functions.
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Jurisprudence :
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It is a branch of philosophy associated with study and structure of law and
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Lexicography :
It is the science of compiling, writing and editing the dictionaries. It is done on the basis of study of meaning, form and behavior of the words in a given language. Linguistics : It incorporates the study of structure, form, sound, function, variety and development of specific languages and human speech in general. Mammalogy: It is a branch of zoology that includes the study of mammals. Mammography: It is a special examination breast using an X-ray. It is one of the most effective methods for an early detection of breast cancer. Marine Biology: It is associated with the scientific study of living organisms in the ocean and other brackish or marine bodies of water. Mathematics : It is the body of knowledge that focuses on different concepts such as structure, quantity, change and space. It is also one of the academic disciplines.
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Mechanics: It is a branch of physics that is related to the behavior of physical bodies after subjecting to forces or displacements and the subsequent effects of bodies on their environment. Mechanical Engineering : It is a branch of engineering that includes the study of design, construction and operation of machinery. Medicine : It is the science of maintaining and/or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis and treatment with non-surgical techniques. Metallurgy: It is the science of extracting the metals from their ores. It also involves purifying the metals and casting useful items from them. Meteorology : This branch of science involves the study of chemistry, physics and dynamics of atmosphere and its direct effects on the earth¶s surface, oceans and life on the earth. Microbiology : It is a branch of biology that is concerned with the study of structure and function of microorganisms, including bacteria, moulds and pathogenic protozoa. Mineralogy: It is a scientific discipline that includes the study of chemical composition, physical properties, internal crystal structure, origin, occurrence and distribution in nature of different minerals. Molecular Biology: It is a discipline of biology that includes the study of structure, formation and function of essential macromolecules such as RNA, DNA and proteins. It also deals with the process of replication, transcription and translation of genetic information. Morphology : It is the science of structure and form of organisms, including animals, plants and other forms of life, with special emphasis on external features. Mycology: It is a branch of botany that includes the study of fungi and fungal infection. It involves the study of fungi, their taxonomy, their biochemical and genetic properties and their use to humans as a source for food, medicine and tinder. Myology: This science includes the study of structure and function of muscles and muscle tissues. Nephrology :
It is a discipline of medical science that focuses on diagnosis and treatment of various kidney disorders, including fluid and mineral balance. Neurology : It is related to the structure, functioning and disorders of nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, as well as related muscles, nerves and blood supplies. Nuclear Physics : It is a branch of physics, which includes the study of atomic nuclei, their interaction with each other as well as with constituent particles. Numismatics : This branch of science deals with the study and collection of coins, paper money, medals, tokens and similar objects. Nutrition : It is the study of foods and nutrients and their effect on growth, development and health of an individual. Obstetrics :
This branch of medicine deals with the health and care of a woman and fetus during pregnancy, parturition and puerperium. Oceanography : It is the study of chemistry, physics, geology and biology of oceans in the world. Odontology : It is associated with the scientific study of anatomy, development and diseases of teeth. Oncology: It is associated with diagnosis and treatment of cancer and tumors. Oneirology : It is a scientific study of dreams and their contents. Ophthalmology : It is a branch of medical science that includes the study of structure, function and diseases of the eyes, such as conjunctivitis, cataracts, glaucoma, etc. Optics: It is a branch of physics that focuses on the physical properties of light and interaction of light with matter. Organic Chemistry: This branch of chemistry is associated with the study of carboncontaining compounds, which includes their structure and reactions.
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Ornithology :
It is a branch of zoology that includes the study of birds. Osteology: It is a branch of anatomy, which involves the scientific study of structure, functions and pathology of bones. Paleontology : It is a branch of biology that deals with the study of prehistoric life, based mainly in fossils of animals and plants. Pathology : It is a medical discipline that is related to cause and nature of disease. It mainly involves structural and functional changes in tissues and organs caused by the disease. Particle Physics : It is a branch of physics that includes the study of particles and their fundamental reactions. Pedology : It is a branch of science that deals with the study of soil, including its formation, composition, structure and classification. Petrology: This science incorporates the study of history, origin, structure, occurrence and chemical classification of rocks. Pharmacology : It involves the study of drugs/medications and their nature, origin, properties as well as their effects on living organisms. Philately : It involves the study and collection of postage stamps. Philology : It is the science of language and linguistics. Phonetics : It is the study and classification of sounds of human speech. Phycology : It is a branch of botany that includes the scientific study of algae. It is also known as algology. Physical Chemistry: It is a discipline of chemistry, which includes the application of techniques and theories from physics to study the microscopic, macroscopic, atomic, subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems. Physics: It is a branch of science that is concerned with the study of properties and interactions of time, space, energy and matter. Physiology : This branch of biology deals with the study of physical, biochemical and mechanical functions and activities of living organisms. Physiography : It is the study of natural features of earth¶s surface and its natural phenomena such as climate, currents, land formation and distribution of flora and fauna. Plasma Physics : It is a branch of physics that deals with the study of interaction of plasma with itself, radiation and particle beams. Pollution: It involves the study of undesirable changes in biological, chemical and physical characteristics of water, air, soil or food, which can cause a number of adverse effects on the living beings. Pomology : It is a branch of science that includes the study of fruits and cultivation of fruits. Protozoology : It is a branch of zoology that deals with the study of protozoans. Psychology: It is the scientific study of mental and behavioral processes. Radiology : It is a medical discipline that focuses on using radiation and other radioactive substances to diagnose and treat various diseases. Seismology : It is a scientific investigation of earthquakes as well as structure of the earth, based on the study of seismic waves. Sericulture : It is also referred to as silk farming. It is rearing of silkworms for producing the raw silk. Serpentology : It is a branch of zoology, which deals with the study of snakes. Sociology : It is the scientific study of society, human social interaction and social relationships. Speech Therapy: It includes the evaluation and treatment of speech, language and voice disorders. It is the rehabilitation treatment for the patients with difficulties in swallowing or communication.
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Statics: It is the study of forces that act on the bodies at rest. Statistics : It is a branch of applied mathematics, associated with the collection, analysis, explanation or interpretation and presentation of data. It can be applied to a variety of academic disciplines, from social and natural sciences to humanities and to business and government. Taxonomy: It is the science of classifying all the living things by arranging them in groups according to their relationships with each other. Therapeutics : It is the science of healing or medical treatment of disease. Thermodynamics : It is a branch of physics which deals with general properties of energy and matter. It includes the study of amount of work, heat and other energy related to chemical reactions. irology: It is a discipline of microbiology or pathology, which includes the study of evolution, structure, classification and pathogenesis of viruses. Zoology :
It is a branch of biology that is related to the study of animal kingdom, including evolution, classification, distribution, structure, habits and embryology of animals.
REFLECTION: Throughout my research regarding the branches of Science, I found out that eventhough there are differences between them, these are interrelated with each other. Moreover, there are several ways of broadly categorizing the sciences, e.g. Pure science is systematic study of natural or physical phenomena by observation and experiment, critical testing and review, and ordering by general principles. Applied science is the search for practical uses of scientific knowledge; technology is the application of applied science. The sciences aren't distinct and independent from each other, but rather, there are are interconnections and cross-fertilisations. These interrelationships are often responsible for much of the progress today in several specialized fields of research. Several interdisciplinary sciences, such as biochemistry, have been created as a result. Advances can be the result of research by teams of specialists representing different sciences, both pure and applied.
Topic: Scientific Method Reference: http://journals.upd.edu.ph y
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The scientific method is a process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions. Scientists use the scientific method to search for cause and effect relationships in nature. In other words, they design an experiment so that changes to one item cause something else to vary in a predictable way. Just as it does for a professional scientist, the scientific method will help you to focus your science fair project question, construct a hypothesis, design, execute, and evaluate your experiment.
Steps of the Scientific Method Ask a Question: The scientific method starts when you ask a question about something that you observe : How, What, When, Who, Which, Why, or Where?
Detailed Help for Each Step
Your Question And, in order for the scientific method to answer the question it must be about something that you can measure, preferably with a number. Do Background Research: Rather than starting from scratch in putting together a plan for answering your question, you want to be a savvy scientist using library and Internet research to help you find the best way to do things and insure that you don't repeat mistakes from the past. Construct a Hypothesis: A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work : "If _____ [I d o t his] _____, then _____ [t his] _____ will happen."
Background Research Plan Finding Information Bibliography Research Paper
Variables Variables for Beginners Hypothesis
You must state your hypothesis in a way that you can easily measure, and of course, your hypothesis should be constructed in a way to help you answer your original question. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment: Your experiment tests whether your hypothesis is true or false. It is important for your experiment to be a fair test. You conduct a fair test by making sure Experimental Procedure that you change only one factor at a time while keeping all other Materials List conditions the same. Conducting an Experiment You should also repeat your experiments several times to make sure that the first results weren't just an accident.
Analyze
Your Data and Draw a Conclusion: Once your experiment is complete, you collect your measurements and analyze them to see if your hypothesis is true or false. Scientists often find that their hypothesis was false, and in such cases they will construct a new hypothesis starting the entire process of the scientific method over again. Even if they find that their hypothesis was true, they may want to test it again in a new way. Communicate Your Results: To complete your science fair project you will communicate your results to others in a final report and/or a display board. Professional scientists do almost exactly the same thing by publishing their final report in a scientific journal or by presenting their results on a poster at a scientific meeting.
Data Analysis & Graphs Conclusions
Final Report Abstract Display Board Science Fair Judging
REFLECTION: For centuries, people based their beliefs on their interpretations of what they saw going on in the world around them without testing their ideas to determine the validity of these theories ² in other words, they didn¶t use the scientific method to arrive at answers to their questions. Rather, their conclusions were based on untested observations. As years gone by, in order to gain more reliable and dependable evidences for the improvement of modern world, scientific methods are discovered. With it, experiments underwent systematic process which makes it easier for the scientists to test their hypothesis. Scientists build on the work of previous researchers, and one important part of any good research is to first do a literature review to find out what previous research has already been done in the field. Science is a pr ocess ² new things are being discovered and old, long-held theories are modified or replaced with better ones as more data/knowledge is accumulated.
Topic: Scientific Attitudes Reference: http://news.search.yahoo.com What attitudes do scientists manifest when engaged in an inquiry or investigation? Below are list of scientific attitudes that are qualities of scientists : 1. Beliefs. A scientist believes that everything that happens in this world has a cause or reason. 2. Curiosity. A scientist shows interest and pays particular attentions to objects or events. He asks questions and seeks answers. 3. Objectivity. A scientist is objective if he does not allow his feelings and biases to influence his recording of observations, interpretation of data, and formulation of conclusions. 4. Critical-mindedness. A scientist bases suggestions and conclusions on evidences. When in doubt, he questions the veracity of a statement in relation to the evidences presented. 5. Open-mindedness. A scientist listens to and respects the ideas of others. He accepts criticism and changes his mind if reliable evidence contrdicts his believes.
6. Inventiveness. A
scientist can generate new and original ideas. 7. Risk-taking. A scientist expresses his opinions and tries new ideas even at the risk of failure or criticism. 8. Intellectual honesty. A scientist gives a truthful report of observations. He does not withhold important information just to please himself or others. 9. Humility. A scientist is humble when he admits that he is not free from commiting errors. He recognizes that there may be better ideas and realizes that there are individuals whom he may have to consult to arrive at correct observations and conclusions. 10. Responsibility. A scientist actively participates in a task and also dutifully performs tasks assigned to him.
REFLECTION: Scientific attitude is really a composite of a number of mental habits, or of tendencies to react consistently in certain ways to a novel or problematic situation. It is a cognitive concept; scientific attitudes are normally associated with the mental processes of scientists. These habits are important in the everyday life and thinking, not only of the scientist, but of everyone. I believe that the success of science has more to do with an attitude common to scientists than with a particular method. This attitude is one of inquiry, experimentation, and humility before the facts. Having a scientific attitude consists in being willing to accept only carefully and objectively verified facts, and to hold a single fact above the authority of the oldest theories. Nothing can be called scientific that is not based on such an attitude.
Topic: Attributes
that define Living Things
Reference: http://wiki.answers.com Since there is no unequivocal definition of life, the current understanding is descriptive, where life is a characteristic of organisms that exhibit all or most of the following phenomena. 1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
6.
Homeostasis :
Regulation of the internal environment to maintain a constant state; for example, electrolyte concentration or sweating to reduce temperature. Organization : Being structurally composed of one or more cells, which are the basic units of life. Metabolism: Transformation of energy by converting chemicals and energy into cellular components (anabolism) and decomposing organic matter (catabolism). Living things require energy to maintain internal organization (homeostasis) and to produce the other phenomena associated with life. Growth: Maintenance of a higher rate of anabolism than catabolism. A growing organism increases in size in all of its parts, rather than simply accumulating matter. Adaptation: The ability to change over a period of time in response to the environment. This ability is fundamental to the process of evolution and is determined by the organism's heredity as well as the composition of metabolized substances, and external factors present. Response to stimuli : A response can take many forms, from the contraction of a unicellular organism to external chemicals, to complex reactions involving all the senses of multicellular
organisms. A response is often expressed by motion, for example, the leaves of a plant turning toward the sun (phototropism) and by chemotaxis. 7. Reproduction : The ability to produce new individual organisms, either asexually from a single parent organism, or sexually from two parent organisms.
REFLECTION: Life is a characteristic that distinguishes objects that have signaling and self-sustaining processes from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased, or else because they lack such functions and are classified as inanimate. In conclusion to the science of living organisms, life is the condition which distinguishes active organisms from inorganic matter. Living organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and, through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations. More complex living organisms can communicate through various means. A diverse array of living organisms can be found in the biosphere on Earth, and the properties common to these organisms²plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria²are a carbon- and water-based cellular form with complex organization and heritable genetic information.
Topic:
Vitamins and Minerals
Reference: http://www.babycenter.com.ph Vitamin/Mineral
Sources
Indication
Efficacy
Fat
Claims
Soluble Vitamins can be stored in the body and need not be consumed daily. While it is difficult to "overdose" on them from ordinary sources, consuming mega doses of fat soluble vitamins, especially A and D, can lead to a dangerous buildup in the body. Abbreviations:
IU=International Units; mg=milligrams; mcg=micrograms.
Vitamin A Retinol Men: 3 000 IU Women: 2 700 IU
Liver, fortified Milk (Retinol form see below for Carotene sources.)
Essential for eyes, skin and the proper function of the immune system. Helps maintain hair, bones and teeth.
Deficiency:
Night blindness; reduced hair growth in children; loss of apetite; dry, rough skin; lowered resistance to infection; dry eyes. Overdose:
Headaches; blurred vision; fatigue; diarrhea; irregular
periods; joint and bone pain; dry, cracked skin; rashes; loss of hair; vomiting, liver damage. Beta Carotene (Pro-Vitamin A) (See Vitamin A)
Carrots, Squash, Antioxidant. Broccoli, Green Converted to Leafy Vegetables Vitamin A in the body. (See Vitamin A)
VitaminD Men:100IU Women: 100 IU
Egg Yolk, Milk, Exposure to sun enables body to make its own Vitamin D.
The antioxidant properties of this nutrient may be a factor in reducing the risk of certain forms of cancer.
Deficiency: Helps build and maintain teeth and Rickets in children; bones. Enhances bone softening in calcium absorption. adults; osteoporosis. Overdose:
Calcium deposits in organs; fragile bones; renal and cardiovascular damage. Vitamin E Men: 9-10 mg Women: 6-7 mg
Corn or Antioxidant. Helps Cottonseed Oil, form red blood Butter, Brown cells, muscles and Rice, Soybean other tissues. Oil, Vegetable oils Preserves fatty acids. such as Corn, Cottonseed or Soybean, Nuts, Wheat Germ.
Deficiency:
Rare, seen primarily in premature or low birth weight babies or children who do not absorb fat properly. Causes nerve abnormalities.
The antioxidant properties of this nutrient may be a factor in reducing the risk of certain forms of cancer.
Overdose:
Unknown. Vitamin K None established. Estimated at 0.03 mcg/kg
Green Needed for normal Vegetables, Liver, blood clotting. also made by intestinal bacteria.
Deficiency:
Defective blood coagulation. Overdose:
Jaundice in infants. Water Soluble Vitamins are not stored in the body and should therefore be consumed daily.
Thiamine Vitamin B1 Men: 0.8 - 1.3 mg Women: 0.8 mg
Sunflower Seeds, Pork, whole and enriched Grains, dried Beans.
Necessary for carbohydrate metabolism and muscle coordination. Promotes proper nerve function.
Deficiency:
Anxiety; hysteria; depression; muscle cramps; loss of apetite; in extreme cases beriberi (mostly in alcoholics). Overdose:
Unknown, although excess of one B vitamin may cause deficiency of others.
Riboflavin Vitamin B2 Men: 1.3 - 1.6 mg Women: 1.1 mg
Liver, Milk, Spinach, enriched Noodles, Mushrooms.
Deficiency: Cracks Needed for metabolism of all and sores around foods and the the mouth and release of energy nose; visual problems. to cells. Essential to the functioning of Overdose: See Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B1. Niacin.
Mushrooms, Vitamin B3 Bran, Tuna, Men: 16-23 mg Chicken, Beef, Women: 14-16 mg Peanuts, enriched Grains. Niacin is converted to niacinamide in the body.
Deficiency: Needed in many enzymes that In extreme cases, convert food to pellagra, a disease energy. Helps characterized by maintain a healthy dermatitis, diarrhea digestive tract and and mouth sores. nervous system. In Overdose: very large doses, Hot flashes; ulcers; lower cholesterol liver disorders; high (large doses should blood sugar and only be taken under uric acid; cardiac the advice of a arrythmias. physician).
Pantothenic Acid Vitamin B5 Men: 2.5 mg Women: 2.5 mg
Deficiency: Converts food to Unclear in humans. molecular forms. Needed to Overdose: manufacture adrenal hormones See Vitamin B1. and chemicals that regulate nerve
Niacin
Abundant in animal tissues, whole grain cereals and legumes.
function. Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine Men: 1.8 mg Women: 1.5 mg
Animal protein foods, Spinach, Broccoli, Bananas.
Vitamin B12 Found almost Cyanocobalamin exclusively in animal products. Men: 2 mcg Women: 2 mcg
Needed for protein metabolism and absorption, carbohydrate metabolism. Helps form red blood cells. Promotes nerve and brain function. Builds genetic material. Helps form red blood cells.
Deficiency:
Anemia, irritability, patches of itchy, scaling skin; convulsions. Overdose:
Nerve damage.
Deficiency:
Pernicious anemia; nerve damage. (Note: Deficiency rare except in strict vegetarians, the elderly or people with malabsorption disorders.) Overdose:
See Vitamin B1. Biotin 60 mcg
Cheese, Egg, Needed for Yolk, Cauliflower, metabolism of Peanut Butter glucose and formation of certain fatty acids. Essential for proper body chemistry.
Deficiency:
Seborrhic dermatitis in infants. Rare in adults, but can be induced by consuming large amounts of egg whites - anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dry scaly skin. Overdose:
See Vitamin B1 Folic Acid
(Folacin) Men: 180-220 mg Women: 160-190 mg
Green, leafy vegetables, Orange Juice, organ Meats, Sprouts.
Essential for the manufacture of genetic material as well as protein metabolism and red blood cell
Deficiency:
Impaired cell division; anemia; diarrhea; gastrointestinal upsets.
Adequate amounts of this nutrient in the first stage of pregnancy may reduce the risks of
formation.
Overdose:
Convulsions in epileptics. May mask pernicious anemia (see Vitamin B12 deficiency). Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid Men: 40 mg Women: 30 mg
Citrus Fruits, Strawberries, Broccoli, Green Peppers
Antioxidant. Helps bind cells together and strengthens blood vessel walls. Helps maintain healthy gums. Aids in the absorption of iron.
Deficiency:
Muscle weakness, bleeding gums; easy bruising. In extreme cases, scurvy. Overdose:
Unknown.
Minerals in organic products essential for body functions. Calcium
Men: 800 - 1000 mg Women: 700-800 mg
Phosphorus Men: 1000 mg Women: 850 mg (3-6 g)
Milk, Yogurt, Cheese, Sardines, Broccoli, Turnip Greens.
Chicken Breast, Milk, Lentils, Egg Yolks, Nuts, Cheese
Helps build strong bones and teeth. Promotes muscle and nerve function. Helps blood to clot. Helps activate enzymes needed to convert food to energy.
Deficiency:
With calcium builds bones and teeth. Needed for metabolism, body chemistry, nerve and muscle function.
Deficiency:
Rickets in children; osteomalacia (soft bones) and osteoporosis in adults. Overdose:
Constipation, Kidney Stones, calcium deposits in body tissues. Hinders absorption of iron and other minerals. (Rare) Weakness; bone pain; Anorexia. Overdose:
Hinders body's absorption of calcium.
neural tube birth defects.
The antioxidant properties of this nutrient may be a factor in reducing the risk of certain forms of cancer. May reduce the effects of the common cold.
Magnesium Men: 230 - 250 mg Women: 200 - 210 mg
Spinach, Beef Greens, Broccoli, Tofu, Popcorn, Cashews, Wheat Bran
Activates enzymes needed to release energy in body. Needed by cells for genetic material and bone growth.
Deficiency:
Nausea, irritability, muscle weakness; twitching; cramps, cardiac arrhythmias. Overdose:
Nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, nervous system disorders. Warning: Overdose can be fatal to people with kidney disease. Potassium Men: 40-80 mmol Women: 40-80 mmol (3-6 g)
Peanuts, Bananas, Orange Juice, Green Beans, Mushrooms, Oranges, Broccoli, Sunflower Seeds.
Helps maintain regular fluid balance. Needed for nerve and muscle function.
Deficiency:
Nausea, anorexia, muscle weakness, irritability. (Occurs most often in persons with prolonged diarrhea.) Overdose:
Rare. Iron
(Elemental) Men: 8-10 mg Women: 8-13 mg
Liver, lean Meats, Kidney beans, enriched Bread, Raisins. Note: Oxalic acid in spinach hinders iron absorption.
Essential for making hemoglobin, the red substance in blood that acrries oxygen to body cells.
Deficiency:
Skin pallor; weakness; fatigue; headaches; shortness of breath (all signs of irondeficiency anemia) Overdose:
Toxic buildup in liver and in rare instances the heart. Zinc
Men: 12 mg Women: 9 mg
Oysters, Shrimp, Crab, Beef, Turkey, whole Grains, Peanuts, Beans.
Necessary element in more than 100 enzymes that are essential to digestion and
Deficiency:
Slow healing of wounds; loss of taste; retarded growth and delayed sexual
metabolism.
development in children. Overdose:
Nausea, vomiting; diarrhea; abdominal pain; gastric bleeding. Selenium 0.05-0.2 mg
Copper
2-3 mg
Manganese 2-5 mg
Molybdenum 0.15-0.3 mg
Adequate amounts are found in Seafood, Kidney, Liver and other meats. Grains and other Seed contain varying amounts depending on the soil content.
Deficiency: Antioxidant. Interacts with Unknown in humans. Vitamin E to prevent breakdown Overdose: of fats and body Finger nail chemicals. changes, hair loss.
The richest Component of sources of copper several enzymes, in the diet are including on Liver and other needed to make organ Meats, skin, hair and other Seafoods, Nuts pigments. and Seeds. Stimulates iron absorption. Needed to make red blood cells, connective tissue and nerve fibres. Tea, whole Grains and Cereal products are the richest dietary sources. Adequate amounts are found in Fruits and Vegetables.
Needed for normal tendon and bone structure. Component of some enzymes important in metabolism.
Deficiency:
Rare in adults. Infants may develop a type of anemia marked by abnormal development of bones, nerve tissue and lungs. Overdose:
Liver disease; vomiting; diarrhea. Deficiency:
Unknown in humans. Overdose:
Generally results from inhalation of manganese containing dust or fumes, not dietary ingestion.
Deficiency: The concentration Component of in food varies enzymes needed in Unknown in depending on the metabolism. Helps
environment in regulate iron storage. which the food was grown. Milk, Beans, Breads and Cereals contribute the highest amounts.
humans. Overdose:
Gout-like joint pain.
REFLECTIONS: Vitamins and minerals make people's bodies work properly. Although you get vitamins and minerals from the foods you eat every day, some foods have more vitamins and minerals than others. Vitamins and minerals boost the immune system, support normal growth and development, and help cells and organs do their jobs. I did not appreciate what vitamins and minerals are for in the past, but as I read my research about it, I come to think that it is a vital need in our everyday life. Without enough intake in each of it, deficiencies might occur that can affect our body functions
Topic: Biologists Reference: http://agham.asti.dost.gov.ph
Filipino
Biologists a. Eduardo Quisumbing-the father of phil. orchidology who pioneered in the study of phil. medicinal plants. he wrote the book 'medicinal plants of the philippines' &did remarkable researches on phil. bananas and pepper. b.
Carmen
Velasquez- identified numerous species of genera of parasitic worms in the phil. fishes, birds, and mammals
c.
Ramon Barba- known for mango flower induction tech. tissue culture of sugarcane, rattan, and banana and development of seedless calamansi.
d. Magdalena Cantoria- researched inthe morphology and biochemistry of drug plants and the pharmacognsy of phil. mint and piper plants. e.
Ida Dalmacio-
made important research in the field of microbiology; she contributed to the sol'n of the aflatoxin problem that exists in the feed and food industries.
Foreign
Biologists Louis Agassiz
(1807-1873). Swiss-born American zoologist, geologist, and paleontologist, with a special expertise in ichthyology. Founder and director of Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology, one of the most famous scientists of his day.
Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522-1 605). Italian naturalist and physician. Together with Conrad Gesner, he led the Renaissance movement that placed a renewed emphasis on the study of the nature.
Mary Anning (1799-1847). British paleontologist. Often described as the greatest fossil hunter ever known. Werner Arber (1929-). Swiss microbiologist and geneticist. Shared the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Hamilton Smith and Daniel Nathans for the discovery of restriction endonucleases, which led to the development of recombinant DNA technology. Karl Ernst von Baer (1792-1876). German biologist and scientific explorer. One of the founders of embryology, von Baer discovered the notochord and the embryonic blastula.
REFLECTION: A biologist is a scientist devoted to and producing results in biology through the study of life. Typically biologists study organisms and their relationship to their environment. Biologists involved in basic research attempt to discover underlying mechanisms that govern how organisms work. Biologist involved in applied research attempt to develop or improve medical, industrial or agricultural processes. Biological scientists usually are not exposed to unsafe or unhealthy conditions. Those who work with dangerous organisms or toxic substances in the laboratory must follow strict safety procedures to avoid contamination. Many biological scientists, such as botanists, ecologists, and zoologists, do field studies that involve strenuous physical activity and primitive living conditions. Biological scientists in the field may work in warm or cold climates, in all kinds of weather. I am truly amazed of how biologists find ways on discovering different unbelievable facts about life and its process. Without them, people will not understand the value of life of every organisms living. These people are really noble and gifted with such a brilliant mind.
ARELLANO
UNIVERSITY SY 2010-2011 2nd Semester
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE Requirement
Submitted by:
San Diego, Jaelyn Elna R. BSN-IV
December 10, 2010 Date Submitted
