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Ch - 10 --- Chemistry In Every Day Life...final

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SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES 1. CHEMICAL IN MEDICINES 1.1 Chemotherapy : The branch of science which deals with the treatment of diseases using suitable chemicals is known as chemotherapy. 1.2 Classification of Medicines : Medicines are generally classified according to the purpose for which they are used. The different terms thus used along with examples are given below : 1.2.1 Antipyretics : Chemicals which are used to bring down the body temperature during high fever are called antipyretics. On taking these medicines, the person gets a lot of perspiration. A few well known examples of antipyretics are Aspirin, A spirin, Phenacetin and Paracetamol, OCOCH3 OH 1 OC2H5 4  NHCOCH3  NHCOCH3 COOH O  N CH3  N CH3 Aspirin Paracetamol 4-Ethoxyacetanilide Acetylsalicyclic acid) (4-Acetamidophenol) (Phenacetin) Analgin Novalgin is another well known antipyretic. Quinine has also some antipyretic effect. Paracetamol is preferred over asprin as an antipyretic since asprin gets hydrolysed to salicylic acid in the stomach. The salicylic acid thus produced may cause ulcer in the stomach walls where from the bleeding may take place. 1.2.2 Antimalarials : Chemical substances which are used to bring down the body temperature during malaria fever are called antimalarials. Originally quinine (an alkloid) was the only drug known to be effective against malaria. Now a days, a number of synthetic drugs are used for the purpose. These are Chloroquine, Paraquine, Primaquine etc. 1.2.3 Analgesics : Medicines used for getting relief from pain are called analgesics. These are of two types (i) Narcotics and (ii) Non-narcotics (i) Narcotics : Drugs which produce sleep and unconciousness are called narcotics. These are mostly opium products. Opium contains alkaloids such as morphine and codeine which are very effective analgesics. Morphine diacetate (commonly known as Heroin) is the most widely used analgesic. 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 1 SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES O RO C – OC OC2H5 C6H5 O  N – CH CH3  N CH3 R=  – H (Morphine) R=  – CH CH3(Codeine) Pethidine hydrochloride (ii) Non-narcotics : The most important non-narcotic analgesics are butazolidine and brufen or ibuprofen. CH2COONa CH3 – CH CH – CH CH2 CH3 CH – COOH COOH CH3 Brufen or Ibuprofen Cl  NH Cl Diclofenac sodium Aspirin, Phenacetin, and Novalgin act both as antipyretic as well as analgesic. They are quite q uite effective and give immediate relief from pain and fever. 1.2.4 Antiseptics and Disinfectants : micro -organisms are called (i) Antiseptics : The chemicals which kill or prevent the growth of micro-organisms antiseptics. These are not harmful to living tissues and can be safely applied on wounds, cuts, ulcers, diseased skin surfaces. These are also used to reduce odours resulting from bacterial decomposition of the body or in the mouth. They are, therefore mixed with deodrants, face powders and breath purifiers. (ii) Disinfectants : The chemical substances which are used to kill microorganisms but they cannot  be applied on living tissues tissues are called disinfectants. These are commonly applied to in aminate objects such as floors, instruments, etc. The same substance can act as disinfectant as well as antiseptic depending upon its concentration. For example, a 0.2% solution of phenol acts as antiseptic and its 1% solution acts as disinfectant. The common examples are : (i) Cl2 is used for making water fit for drinking at a concentration 0.2 to 0.4 ppm. (ii) Dettol is an antiseptic. It is a mixutre of chloroxylenol and terpenol in a suitable solvent. (iii)Bithional is antiseptic which is generally added to t o medicated soaps to reduce the odour produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the skin. (iv) Iodine is powerful antiseptic. It is used as a tincture of iodine which is 2 - 3% iodine solution of alcohol-water. (v) Some organic dyes are also effective antiseptics. These are used for the treatment of infectious diseases. The common examples of antiseptic dyes are gentian violet and methylene blue. 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 2 SEM – II Chemistry CH3 CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE Cl Cl OH OH NOTES Cl S H3C OH Cl Bithional Chloroxylenol 1.2.5 Cl Tranquilizers : The chemical substances used to cure mental diseases are called tranquilizers. These are used to release mental tension and reduce anxiety. These are the constituents of sleeping pills. They act on higher centres of nervous system. These are also called psychotherapeutic drugs. These drugs make the patient passive and help to control their emotional distress or depression. These also help to restore confidence and the patients work with full capacities which they already have. (i) Hypnotics : These are also known as tranquilizers and are used to reduce mental tension and anxiety. These induce sleep. These are components of sleeping pills (sedatives) Ex. O C6H5  N – H O C3H7 O  N – H C2H5 O  N H  N H Barbituric acid Luminal O H3C – CH  N – H CH2=CHCH2 O  N O H Seconal (ii) Non Hypnotics : They reduce tension and anxiety. These do not induce sleep.Equanil is also an important tranquilizers used in depression and hypertension. Ex.Chlorodiazepoxide, Meprobamate. O CH3 O H2 N – C – O – CH2 – C – CH2 – O – C –  NH2 CH3 Equanil It may be noted that different terms are used for drugs which are used to cure mental diseases. 1.2.6 Antidepressants : These drugs are given to patients with shattered confidence. These produce a felling of well being and confidence in the person of depressed mood. Therefore, these are also called mood booster drugs. The common examples are Vitalin, Cocaine, Methedrine etc. 1.2.7 Antibiotics : These are the chemical substances which are produced by micro-organisms (bacterial, fungi and moduls) and can inhibit the growth or even destroy other micro-organisms. The first successful antibiotic produced was penicilin. It was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1920. The general formula of penicillin is C9H11O4 SN2R where R may be different for different members. For example. 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 3 SEM – II Chemistry O H H CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE CH3 CH3 S R   – C –  NH O  N NOTES COOH H General structure of Penicillin With the substitution of different R groups, about six natural penicillin’s have been isolated so far. for example. Penicillin Penicillin G Nature of R CH2 –  or Benzyl penicillin Penicillin F CH3–CH2–CH=CH–CH2– Penicillin K CH3–(CH2)6– Ampicillin CH –   NH2  Ampicillin and amoxycillin are some modifications of penicillins. It may be noted that many patients develop allergy to penicillin. Therefore, it is essential to test the patient for sensitivity (allergy) to penicillin before it is administered.  Penicillin has narrow spectrum. These can be used for curing sore throat, gonorrhoea, rheumatic fever, local infections, etc. In india the important centres which manufacture Penicillin are – Hindustan Antibiotics, Pimpri and Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals, Rishikesh.  Streptomycin is also an antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis, meningitis, pneumonia, local infections, etc.  Broad spectrum antibiotics : These are the antibiotics which are effective against a variety of diseases. The common examples are Tetracycline, Chloromycetin and Chloramphenicol which are effective against a variety of diseases. Therefore, these can be used for curing typhoid, acute fever, dysentery, whooping cough, pneumonia, eye infection, certain urine infection. The structure of chloramphenicol is :  NHCOCHCl2 O2 N CH – CH – CH2OH OH Chloramphenicol  Sulpha drugs : These have great antibacterial powers and are used as medicines for various diseases. These are also antibiotics and protect the body against micro-organisms. These are used 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 4 SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES against diseases such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, diphtheria, etc. Some important sulpha drugs are sulphadiazine,sulphanilamide, etc.  N H2 N SO2 NH2 H2 N Sulphanilamide 1.2.8 SO2 NH Sulphadiazine Germicides : These are the chemical substances used to kill germs, fungi and virus. The common examples of germicides are phenol, cresol, formaldehyde, DDT, potassium permanganate solution, (1%) chlorine, bleaching power, hydrogen peroxide, etc. 1.2.9 Anti–fertility drugs : Chemical substances which are used to check pregnancy in women are called anti-fertility drugs or birth control drugs or oral contraceptives. All these drugs contain chemicals related to female sex harmones having a steroid ring structure. Most of these contain a combination of an estrogen and a progesterone. For example, a common brand name Enovid E contains norethindrone (a progestin) mestranol or ethenylestradiol monomethyl ether (an estrogen). All such drugs are expected to have side effects and hence should be used only under proper medical advice. H3C OH CCH H3C H H OH CCH H H H CH3O O  Norethindrone Mestranol 1.2.10 Antihistamines : The drugs which have been used to fight allergy are called antihistamines. These are so called  because they check the production of histamines. Thus, antihistamines are widely used for treatment to hay fever, conjunctivitis, nasal discharges, irradation sickness, motion sickness (air, sea, road), nausea in pregnancy and post operative vomiting. The antihistamine drugs which are widely used are diphenlhydramine hydrochloride, Cetrizine, Chloropheniramine, Promethazine hydrochloride etc. The structure of some of these are given below : C6H5 C6H5 CH – O – CH2 – CH2 –  N CH3 Cl CH3 .HCl CH – CH2 – CH2 –  N CH3 (CHCOOH)2 Diphenylhydramine hydrochloride  N CH3 Chlorpheniramine maleate 1.2.11 Antacids : 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 5 SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES Antacids are substances that decrease gastric acidity by neutralising hydrochloric acid. They are compared quantitatively in terms of their acid-neutralising capacity. These usually contain salts of Al, Mg and Na. These are of the following two types : (a) Systemic antacid (b) Non-systemic antacid (a) Systemic antacids : Systemic antacids like sodium bicarbonate decrease acidity but cause systemic alkalosis due to absorption of bicarbonate. Hence acid-base balance is disturbed. Further excess sodium may cause oedema and cardiac failure in patients with renal or cardiac dysfunction. (b) Non-systemic antacids : These may contain one or more of the following compounds : Al(OH)3 , Mg(OH)2 , MgCO3 , CaCO3 , magnesium trisilicate, magaldrate etc. These antacids are not absorbed after administration and hence acid-base imbalance is minimal. 2. DYES Dyes are chemical substances used to impart colours to the textiles, foodstuffs, silk, wool and other objects. The discovery of dyes has provided glamour in our modern life. All coloured substances are, however, not dyes. A substance can act an a dye if it satisfies the following conditions : (i) It must have a suitable colour. (ii) It must be able to fix itself permanently to the material being dyed. (iii)When fixed, it must be fast to light and washing. (iv)It must be resistant to the action of water, soap, acids and alkalies or other solvents used in dry cleaning etc. 2.1 How a dye exhibits colour ? : A dye is an organic compound which can absorb a certian portion of the visible light (400 – 750 nm) falling on it. The rest of the light is reflected. The colour of the reflected light gives the colour of the dye which is complementary to the colour of the light absorbed. The colour of the visible light absorbed and the complementary colour reflected are given in Table. WAVE LENGTH COLOUR ABSORBED (nm) COLOUR REFLECTED (Complementary colour) 400–435 Violet Yellow green 435–480 Blue Yellow 480–490 Green-blue Orange 490–500 Blue-green Red 500–560 Green Purple 560–580 Yellow green Violet 580–595 Yellow Blue 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 6 SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES 595–605 Orange Green blue 605–750 Red Blue green From the above table, it is clear that if a dye absorbs electromagnetic radiations corresponding to yellowish green, it will appear violet which is the complementary colour of yellowish green. Similarly if a dye absorbs blue colour it will appear yellow which is the complementray colour of blue. Thus dyes impart colour to a fabric by absorbing the complementary colour. (i) Chromopores : In general, the intrinsic colour of any compound is due to the presence of certain groups containing multiple bonds. These groups which impart colour to a compound are called chromophores. Some examples of chromophores are : NO2 (nitro), N = O (nitroso), N=N (azo) quinoid structures etc. (ii) Auxochromes : At the same time, there are certain groups which themselves are not chromophores but deepen the colour when introduced into coloured compounds. Such groups which deepen the colour of a coloured compound are called auxochromes. Some examples of auxochromes are : OH, NH2 , NHR, NR2 , Cl, CO2H etc. 2.2 Classification of Dyes : Dyes can be classified in a number of ways as briefly described below : 2.2.1 Natural and synthetic Dyes : Since early times, man has been trying to extract dyes from the plants for using them to  beautify his cloths. Such dyes are known as natural dyes. Two examples of natural dyes known since early times are indigo (a blue dye) and alizarin (a red dye). India has been the main producer and exporter of indigo. However, natural dyes have only limited shades. Hence, now a days, most of the dyes used are the synthetic dyes which can have a variety of shades. Most of these dyes are aromatic compounds obtained from coal-tar. Hence these are also called coal-tar dyes. 2.2.2 Classification of Dyes based on their Constitution (Chemical classification) : On the basic of chemical constitution, the variety of dyes is so larger that a long list can be prepared. However some important classes based on the characteristic structural units present in them are given in Table. 2.3 Classification of dyes on the basis of their applications : The dyes are classified into the following types on the basis of their applications : 2.3.1 Acid dyes : The sodium salts of azo dyes containing sulphonic acid (–SO3H) and carboxylic acid (–CO2H) groups are called acid dyes. These dyes are applied to the fabric from their acid solutions and are used to dye wool, silk, nylon and acrylic fibres. These do not have affinity for cotton and hence connot be used to dye cotton. Typical examples of acid dyes are orange–I, orange–II, methyl orange, methyl red and congo red. The dyeorange–I is prepared by coupling diazotised 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 7 SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES sulphanilic acid with -naphthol. Structural unit Example OH O 1. Nitro dyes  –  N  NO2 O  Nitro  NO2 (Martius yellow)  –  N=N –  2. Azo dyes   N=N  NaO3S (Azo) OH (Orange-I) 3. Triphenylmethane dyes  C  N(CH3)2 C (Triphenylmethane)  N(CH3)2 (Malachite green) O 4. Inigoid dyes O C C C=  N H (Indgoid) 5. Anthraquinone dyes H  N  N H C=C O (Indigo) O O O O (Anthraquinone) 6. Phhalein dyes C OH OH (Alizarin) O O C C O O C C (Phthalein) OH OH (Phenolphthalein)   NaO3S   N=NCl + OH   – HCl Diazotised sulphanilic acid sodium salt -Napthol  NaO3S  N=N OH Orange-I 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 8 SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES The dye orange–II is similarly obtained by coupling diaxotised sulphanilic acid with – naphthol. OH OH     N NCl  NaO3S +  – HCl Diazolised sulhaphanilic acid sod. salt  N=N  NaO3S Orange-II -Naphthol Similarly, congo red is obtained by coupling tetrazotised benzinic (4, 4 –diaminodiphenyl) with two molecules of naphthionic acid (4–aminonaphthalene–1–sulphonic acid). 2.3.2 Basic dyes : These dyes are the salts of the coloured bases containing amino groups (– NH2 or – NR2) as the auxochromes. These include azo and triphenylmethane dyes. In the acid solution, these amino groups form water soluble cations which then react with anionic sites present on the fabrics and thus get attached to them. Modified nylons and polyesters can be dyed with these dyes. Some common examples of this class are aniline yellow, butter yellow, chrysodine G (structures given below) and malachite green  N=N  N(CH3)2  N=N NH2 Aniline yellow Butter yellow  NH2   N=N  N(CH3)2 C NH2 Chrysodine G  N(CH3)2 (Malachite green) Chrysodine G is an orange dye and is obtained by coupling benzenediazonium chloride (1 mole) with m-phenylenediamine. It is generally used to dye silk, wool, cotton, leather and paper. Methyl Orange and methyl red are obtained by coupling N, N–dimethylaniline with diazotised sulphanilic acid and diazotised anthranilic acid respectively :  (i) HO3S N NCl +  N(CH3)2  NaOH  –  NaCl,  – H2O  N=N  NaO2S Diazotised sulhpanilic acid N(CH3)2 Methyl orange COOH COOH  (ii)  NCl + Diazotised anthranilic acid 2.3.3  N(CH3)2  – HCl  N=N  N(CH3)2 Methyl red Direct dyes : 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 9 SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES As the name suggests, these are those dyes which can be directly applied to the fabric from an aqueous solution. These are most useful for fabrics which can form hydrogen bonds with the dyes. Thus these are usually used for dyeing cotton, wool, silk, rayon and nylon. 2.3.4 Disperse dyes : These are water insoluble dyes and are applied to the fabric in form of a dispersion of the finely divided dye in a soap solution in the presence of some stabilizing agent such as phenol, cresol or benzoic acid. These dyes are used to dye synthetic fibres and as nylons, polyesters and polyacrylonitrile fibres. These dyes belong to the class of monoazo dyes and anthraquinone dyes. Important examples of disperse dyes (anthraquinone dyes) are : (i) Cellitone fast pink B and (ii) O  NH2 O  NHCH3 O O  NHCH3 OH 1-Amino-4-hydroxyanthraquinone (Celliton fast pink B) 2.3.5 Cellitone fast blue B 1-4-Di (methylamino) anthraquinone (Celliton fast blue B) Fibre reactive dyes : These are those dyes which contain a reactive group which combines directly with the hydroxyl or amino group of the fibre. Because of the formation of permanent chemical bonds  between the fibre and the dye, the colour of the dyed fabric is fast and has a long life. Cotton, wool or silk can be dyes with this type of dyes. Dyes which are derivatives of 2, 4 – dichloro – 1, 3, 5 – triazine are important example fibre reactive dyes.  N  N  N 2.3.6  – HCl  N Fibre  –  OH + Cl O – Fibre  N  N  – Fibre  – OH + Cl –   N Dye Dye Ingrain dyes : These are water insoluble azo dyes which are produced in situ on the surface of the fabric by means of coupling reaction. The fabric to be dyed in soaked in an alkaline solution of a phenol or naphthol and is then treated witht he solution of a suitable diazonium salt to produce an surface adsorption of the dye on the fabric, the colour is not very fast.These dyes are generally used for dyeing cotton, silk, nylon and polyester. An example of this type of dye is para red. OH   O2 N N NCl  p-Nitrobenzenediazonium chloride 2.3.7  NaOH   – HCl -Naphthol O2 N  N=N Para red Vat dyes : 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 10 SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES These are insoluble dyes which are first reduced to a colourless soluble from (leuco compound) in large vats with a reducing agent such as alkaline sodium hyposulphite and then applied to the fabric. The fabric to be dyed is first soaked in the alkaline solution of sodium hyposulphite and then oxidised to the insoluble coloured form by exposure to air or by some oxidising agents such as chromic acid or perboric acid. These dyes are mainly used to dye cotton fibres. A well known example of vat dyes is indigo. 2.3.8 Mordant dyes : These dyes do not dye the fabric directly but require a mordant. The mordant, in fact, acts as the binding agent between the fibre and the dye. For acid dyes, metal ions are used as mordants but for basic dyes, tannic acid is used as the mordant. These dyes are primarily used to dye wool. SOAPS & DETERGENTS INTRODUCTION (a) Sodium salts of higher fatty acids like stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid etc. are called hard soaps and the potassium salts of these fatty acids are called soft soaps. (b) Soaps are prepared by hydrolysis of higher fatty acids. (c) A higher proportion of salts of saturated acids (palmitic, stearic etc.) gives Hard soaps, while a higher proportion of salts of unsaturated acids (oleic acid) yields soft soaps. (d) Alkaline hydrolysis of oils or fats by NaOH or KOH gives glycerol and sodium or potassium salt of the fatty acid. This reaction is known as saponification. CH2OCOC17H35 CH2OH CHOCOC17H35 + 3NaOH CHOH + 3C 17H35COONa (sodium stearate) CH2OCOC17H35 CH2OH 3. SOAPS 3.1 Types of soaps : (a) Hard soaps – These are obtained from cheap oils and fats using sodium hydroxide. These contains free alkali and are used for washing purposes. (b) Soft soaps – These are obtained from good oils using potassium hydroxide. These do not contain free alkali and are used as toilet soaps, shaving cream, in shaving sticks and shampoo. (c) Transparent soaps : These are formed by dissolving toilet soaps in alcohol and evaporating the filtrate. They contain glycerol. (d) Medicated soaps : Toilet soaps containing some medicinal important substance are called medicated soaps. (e) Metallic soaps : These are soaps of metals other than sodium and potassium. 3.2 Manufacture of soap : Generally three processes are adopted for manufacture of soap. 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 11 SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES (a) The cold process : The soap of good quality is not obtained by this method as glycerol, alkali and oil remain with the soap. This is an expensive method. In this method oil is taken in an iron vessel and heated to about 50ºC. Calculated amount of sodium hydroxide is added to it slowly  by stirring the mixture. The whole mixture is kept overnight which gets solidified and then is cut into pieces. Glycerol remains in the mixture in this method. (b) The hot process : The following processes are involved in this method : Saponification : A mixture of oil and alkali is heated in iron vessels by steam coils. The oil gets hydrolysed and a mixture of soap, glycerol, oil and water is obtained. Salting out of soap :  A saturated solution of sodium chloride is added to the mixture obtained above. Due to common ion effect soap separates out and floats on surface of the solution. Soap is separated from the solution and glycerol is recovered from the mother liquour. The mother liquour is known as spent-lye. Soap so obtained is washed with a small amount of water to remove the alkali. After some time it solidifies and then it is cut into pieces. (c) Modern method :– Glycerides of fatty acids are hydrolysed by water at higher temperatures in presence of catalyst to give glycerol and higher fatty acids. These are separated and fatty acids are reacted with NaOH or Na2CO3 at higher temperature to form its sodium salt. When lime or ZnO are used as catalyst, the method is known as Itner process and if sulphuric acid or aromatic sulphonic acids are used as catalyst it is called Twitchell method. 3.3 Cleansing Action of Soap : When soap is rubbed with the greasy surface of clothes with water, it forms an emulsion and the dirt particles separate out from the greasy surface. Soap forms colloidal solution with water, which separate the dirt particles by absorbing them and escape out on washing with water. 4. DETERGENTS The synthetic detergents, soapless, deter-gents, soapless soaps or syndets are substitutes of soaps. Unlike soaps, they are derived from purely synthetic chemicals rather than from chemicals obtained form natural sources like oils/fats. However, like soaps they contain both hydrophilic (water-soluble) and hydrophobic (oil-soluble) parts. Synthetic detergents are mainly of two types. 4.1 Sodium alkyl sulphates : These are the half esters of an inorganic acid (H2SO4) rather than an organic acid and a higher primary alcohol, e.g. lauryl alcohol (C12H25OH). Sodium lauryl sulphate is the most important detergent of this type.  Ex. CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO2ONa sodium lauryl sulphate 4.2 Sodium alkyl aryl sulphates : These are the sodium salts of long chain (linear) alkyl substituted  benzene sulphonic acids (LAB) and are most widely used. The most common is sodium dodecylbenzene sulphate.  Ex. CH3(CH2)10CH2 SO2ONa 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 12 SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES Since in these detergents, the active portion is negatively charged, these are commonly known as anionic detergents. 4.3 Activity of detergents :  There are two parts in detergents – one is long chain hydrocarbon part and other is ionic part. Hydrocarbon part is soluble in oils or greasy materials and insoluble in water while the ionic part is insoluble in oily or greasy substances and soluble in water. Detergents form colloidal solution in water, the hydrocarbon part of which forms big clusters with dirt particles and the ionic part goes into water. In this way on washing with water the whole part washes away with water. Water OIL circle ( ) represents polar group  (COONa) wavy line ( non-polar group (R   – ) ) represents 4.4 Types of detergents : Detergents are of three types : (i) Anionic detergents. These are so called because a large part of their molecules are anions. These are of two types. , (a) Sodium alkyl sulphates. example of this type of detergents is : sodium lauryl sulphate, C11H23CH2OSO3–Na+  Conc. C11H23CH2OH        H 2SO 4 n-Lauryl alcohol C11H23CH2OSO3H C11H23CH2OSO3 Na  NaOH        n-Lauryl hydrogen sulphate Sodium lauryl sulphate (b) Alkylbenzenesulphonates. example  SO3 Na sodium 4-(1-dodecyl)benzenesulphonate (SDS). CH3 – (CH2)11 Another important example is sod. 4-(2-dodecyl)benzensulphonat CH3  SO3 Na Sod. 4-(2- CH3 – (CH2)9 – CH dodecyl)bezensulphonate (ii)Cationic detergents : e.g. CH3  [CH3(CH2)15 N(CH3)3] Br or   CH3 (CH2)15  N  –  cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, i.e.,  –   – CH3 Br  Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide CH3 (Cationic detergent used in hair conditioner) cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, i.e., (iii) Non-ionic detergents : 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 13 SEM – II e.g. Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE HOCH2 – CH2OH + nCH2 – CH2 + HO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OH O CH3(CH2)16COOH  – H2O NOTES CH3(CH3)16COO(CH 2CH2)O)nCH2CHOH Polyethylene glycol stearate 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 14 SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES Exercise : Q.1 Q.2 Q.3 Q.4 -D-glucose and -D-glucose are – (1) Epimers (2) Anomer (3) Enantiomers CF2 = CF2 is a monomer of (1) Teflon (2) Orlon (3) Polythene (4) Nylon-6 Which one is responsible for produce energy in bio reaction (1) Thyroxine (2) Adrenelene (3) Oestrogen (4) Projestrone Which of the following is not correctly matched ? [AIPMT-2000] (1) Neoprene  — CH2 — C | Cl (3) Terylene Q.5 Q.6 Q.7 Q.8 (2) Nylone-66 CH — CH2 —  [AIPMT-2000] (4) Diastereomers [AIPMT-2000] [AIPMT-2000] O ||  –  NH(CH2)6 NHCO(CH2)4C – O –  n O ||  — OCH2 — CH2 — C —  O ||  — C —  (4) PMMA CH3 |  — CH2 — C —  | COOCH3 n Which of following is correct ?[AIPMT-2001] (1) On reduction of any aldehyde give secondary alcohol (2) Reaction of vegetable oil with H2SO4 give glycerin (3) C2H5OH, iodine with NaOH gives iodoform (4) Sucrose on reaction with NaCl give invert sugar Which of the following is correct about H-bonding in nucleotide ? [AIPMT-2001] (1) A–T G–C (2) A–G T–C (3) G–T A–C (4) A–A T–T Which is correct statement ? [AIPMT-2001] (1) Starch is polymer of -glucose (2) Amylose is a component of cellulose (3) Proteins are composed by only one type of amino acid (4) In cyclic structure of fructose, there are four carbons and one oxygen atom O ||  — C —  NH — (peptide bond) which statement is incorrect about peptide bond - [AIPMT-2001] (1) C—N bond length in proteins is longer than usual bond length of N— bond (2) Spectroscopic analysis show planar structure of  — C —  NH —  group   : || O (3) C—N bond length in proteins is smaller than usual bond length of C—N bond (4) None of above Q.9 CH3 | Monomer of  — C —  CH2 —  is | CH3 n (1) 2-methyl propane Q.10 Q.11 - (2) Styrene [AIPMT-2002] (3) Propylene (4) Ethane Cellulose is polymer of (1) Glucose (2) Fructose (3) Ribose Enzymes are made up of (1) Edible proteins (3) Nitrogen containing carbohydrates [AIPMT-2002] (2) Proteins with specific structure (4) Carbohydrates [AIPMT-2002] (4) Sucrose 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 15 SEM – II Q.12 Q.13 Chemistry | CN Q.16 Q.17 Q.18 Q.19 Q.20 Q.21 Q.22 Q.23 Q.24 Q.25 Q.26 Q.27 (2) n CH3 |  — CH2 — C —  | COOC2H5 (3)  — CH2 — CH —  n | COOC2H5 (4)  — CH2 — CH —  n | Cl n Which one of the following monomers gives the polymer neoprene on polymerization [AIPMT-2003] (1) CH2 = CHCl (2) CCl2 = CCl2 (3)CH2 Q.15 NOTES Which is not true statement ? [AIPMT-2002] (1) -amino acid is asymmetric (2) All proteins are found in L-form (3) Human body can synthesize all proteins they need (4) At pH = 7 both amino and carboxylic groups exist in ionised form Acrylon is a hard, horny and a high melting material. Which of the following represents its structure ? [AIPMT-2002] (1)  — CH2 — CH —  Q.14 CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE Cl | C — CH CH2 (4) CF2 = CF2 [AIPMT-2003] Glycolysis is -  (1) Oxidation of glucose to glutamate (2) Conversion of pyruvate of citrate (3) Oxidation of glucose to pyruvate (4) Conversion of glucose to haem Phospholipids are esters of glycerol with – [AIPMT-2003] (1) Three carboxylic acid residues (2) Two carboxylic acid residues and one phosphate group (3) One carboxylic acid residue and two phosphate groups (4) Three phosphate groups Benzene and aniline can be differentiated by [RPMT-2004] (1) Alcohol (2) HCl (3) NaOH (4) Hot water Which gives carbylamine reaction ? [RPMT-2004] (1) (CH3)3N (2) CH3NHCH3 (3) CH3NH2 (4) All the above The nucleic acid base having two possible binding sites is [AIIMS-2004] (1) Thymine (2) Cytosine (3) Guanine (4) Adenine Aromatic nitriles (Ar—CN) are not prepared by reaction [AIIMS-2004] (1) ArX + KCN (2) ArN2 + CuCN (3) ArCONH 2 + P2O5 (4) ArCONH2 + SOCl2 Which of the following is a biodegradable polymer ? [AIIMS-2004] (1) Cellulose (2) Polythene (3) Polyvinyl chloride (4) Nylon-6 [AIPMT-2004] Which one of the following is a chain growth polymer (1) Nucleic acid (2) Polystyrene (3) Protein (4) Starch The correct statement in respect of protein hemoglobin is that it [AIPMT-2004] (1) Maintains blood sugar level (2) Acts as an oxygen carrier in the blood (3) Forms antibodies and offers resistance to diseases (4) Acts as a catalyst for biological reactions A sequence of how many nucleotides in messenger RNA makes a codon for an amino acid[AIPMT-2004] (1) 4 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3 [AIPMT-2004] The harmone that helps in the conversion of glucose to glycogen is (1) Bile acids (2) Adrenaline (3) Insulin (4) Cortisone The helical structure of protein is stabilized by –  [AIPMT-2004] (1) Hydrogen bonds (2) ether bonds (3) peptide bonds (4) dipeptide bonds [AIPMT-2004] Which of the following is considered to be an anti-cancer species ? 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 16 SEM – II Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES CH2 (1) Q.28 Cl Cl (2) Pt Cl H3 N Cl (3) Pt H3 N Cl Cl H3 N Cl Cl | | | H H | | | | | | (1)  —  N — C — C — C — C —  N — C — C — C —  | || | | | | | | | O | | | | | H |  N (3) (CH3)2 N  | (1) CH3–CH (3) (CH3)2C Q.36 Q.37 Q.38 Q.39 || | O H (4) CH3 NH The monomer of the polymer is –  CH3 Q.35 || | O O (2) (CH3)2 N  NH | Q.34 || || (4)  —  N — C —  N — C —  NH — C —  NH —   NH2 N  — CH2 — C — CH2 — C Q.33 | | | | O CH3 Q.32 O | | Aniline when diazotized in cold and then treated with dimethyl aniline gives a coloured [AIPMT-2004] product. Its structure would be (1) CH3 Q.31 | H H || (3)  —  N — C| — C| — C —  N| — C| — C| —  N — C|| — C| — C| —  Q.30 || O H H | (2)  —  N — C — C —  N — C — C —  N — C — C —  O | | Cl [AIPMT-2004] H | CH Pt Cl  NH3 Which of the following structures represents the peptide chain ?  H Q.29 (4) Pt || Cl = =  N  N N N  NHCH3 [AIPMT-2005] CH3 CH3 CH–CH3 (2) CH3–CH C(CH3)2  (4) H C 2 = CH2 CH3 C CH3 Which functional group participates in disulphide bond formation in proteins - [AIPMT-2005] (1) Thioether (2) Thiol (3) Thioester (4) Thiolactone [AIPMT-2005] The cell membranes are mainly composed of (1) Phospholipids (2) Proteins (3) Fats (4) Carbohydrates Which is simplest amino acid ? [AIPMT-2005] (1) Alanine (2) Asparagine (3) Glycine (4) Tyrosine Which of the following biomolecules is insoluble in water ? [AIPMT-2005] (1) -Keratin (2) Haemoglobin (3) Ribonuclease (4) Adenine Which one of the following statements is true for protein synthesis (translation) -[AIPMT-2005] (1) Amino acids are directly recognized by m-RNA (2) The third base of the codon is less specific (3) Only one codon codes for an amino acid (4) Every t-RNA molecule has more than one amino acid attachment site Which one of the following is a peptide harmone [AIPMT-2006] (1) Glucagon (2) Testosterone (3) Thyroxin (4) Adrenaline During the process of digestion, the proteins present in food materials are hydrolysed to amino acids. The two enzyme involved in the process are respectively [AIPMT-2006] ( A) Enzyme(B ) Proteins Enzyme         Polypeptides         Amino acids (1) Amylase and Maltase (2) Diastase and Lipase (3) Pepsin and Trypsin (4) Invertase and Zymase [AIPMT-2007] Which one of the following vitamins is water soluble (1) Vitamin A (2) Vitamin B (3) Vitamin E (4) Vitamin K RNA and DNA are chiral molecules, their chirality is due to [AIPMT-2007] (1) D-sugar component (2) L-sugar component 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 17 SEM – II Q.40 Q.41 Q.42 Q.43 Q.44 Q.45 Q.46 Q.47 Q.48 Q.49 Q.50 Q.51 Q.52 Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES (3) Chiral bases (4) Chiral phosphate ester units Which one of the following polymers is prepared by condensation polymerization -[AIPMT-2007] (1) Styrene (2) Nylon-66 (3) Teflon (4) Rubber In DNA, the complimentary bases are [AIPMT-2008] (1) Adenine and thymine ; guanine and uracil (2) Adenine and guanine ; thymine and cytosine (3) Uracil and adenine ; cytosine and guanine (4) Adenine and thymine ; guanine and cytosine Which one of the following is an amine harmone[AIPMT-2008] (1) Oxypurin (2) Insulin (3) Progesterone (4) Thyroxine Which of the following statement is not true ? [AIPMT-2008] (1) Natural rubber has the trans-configuration at every double bond (2) Buna-S is a copolymer of butadiene and styrene (3) Natural rubber is a 1, 4-polymer of isoprene (4) In vulcanization, the formation of sulphur bridges between different chains make rubber harder and stronger Green chemistry means such reaction which – [AIPMT-2008] (1) reduce the use and production of hazardous chemicals (2) are related to the depletion of ozone layer (3) study the reaction in plants (4) produce colour during reactions RNA contains [AIEEE-2002] (1) Urasil, Ribose (2) Thiamine, Ribose (3) Cytocine, Deoxyribose (4) Adenine, Deoxyribose Complete hydrolysis of cellulose gives – [AIEEE-2003] (1) D-glucose (2) L-glucose (3) D-fructose (4) D-ribose The reason for double helical structure of DNA is operation of – [AIEEE-2003] (1) Hydrogen bonding (2) Electrostatic attractions (3) vander Waal’s forces (4) Dipole-dipole interaction Coordination compounds have great importance in biological systems, In this context which of the following statements is incorrect ? [AIEEE-2004] (1) Chlorophylls are green pigments in plants and contain calcium (2) Haemoglobin is the red pigment of blood and contains iron (3) Cyanocobalamin is B12 and contains cobalt (4) Carboxypeptidase–A is an enzyme and contains zinc Which base is present in RNA but not in DNA ? [AIEEE-2004] (1) Uracil (2) Cytosine (3) Guanine (4) Thymine Insulin production and its action in human body are responsible for the level of diabetes. This [AIEEE-2004] compound belongs to which of the following categories ? (1) A co-enzyme (2) A hormone (3) An enzyme (4) An antibiotic Identify the correct statement regarding enzymes : [AIEEE-2004] (1) Enzymes are specific biological catalysts that can normally function at very high temperatures (T~ 1000 K) (2) Enzymes are normally heterogeneous catalysts that are very specific in their action (3) Enzymes are specific biological catalysts that cannot be poisoned (4) Enzymes are specific biological catalysts that possess well-defined active sites In both DNA and RNA, heterocylic base and phosphate ester linkages are at –  [AIEEE-2005] (1) C2' and C5' respectively of the sugar molecule 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 18 SEM – II Q.53 Q.54 Q.55 Q.56 Q.57 Q.58 Q.59 Q.60 Q.61 Q.62 Q.63 Q.64 Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES (2) C5' and C2' respectively of the sugar molecule (3) C5' and C1' respectively of the sugar molecule (4) C1' and C5' respectively of the sugar molecule The pyrimidine bases present in DNA are – [AIEEE 2006] (1) cytosine and guanine (2) cytosine and thymine (3) cytosine and uracil (4) cytosine and adenine [AIEEE-2006] The term anomers of glucose refers to – (1) a mixture of (4)-glucose and (L)-glucose (2) enantiomers of glucose (3) isomers of glucose that differ in configuration at carbon one (C-1) (4) isomers of glucose that differ in configure tions at carbons one and four (C-1 and C-4) The secondary structure of a protein refers to – [AIEEE-2007] (1) -helical backbone (2) hydrophobic interactions (3) sequence of -amino acids (4) fixed configuration of the polypeptide backbone [AIEEE-2008] -D-(+)-glucose and D-(+)-glucose are (1) epimers (2) anomers (3) enantiomers (4) conformers The two functional groups present in a typical carbohydrate are : [AIEEE-2009] (1) – OH and –COOH (2) – CHO and –COOH (3) > C = O and –OH (4) – OH and –CHO [IIT-Scr. - 2004] Which of the following pair, will give positive test with Tollen's reagent : (1) Glucose, sucrose (2) Sucrose, fructose (3) Glucose, fructose (4) Acetophenone, hexanal D-Glucopyranose exist in two forms [IIT- 2005] (1) Anomers (2) Epimers (3) Enantiomers (4) Diastereoisomers [AIEEE-2003] Monomers are converted to polymer by – (1) Hydrolysis of monomers (2) Condensation reaction between monomers (3) Protonation of monomers (4) None is correct Nylon threads are made of –[AIEEE-2003] (1) Polyamide polymer (2) Polyethylene polymer (3) Polyvinyl polymer (4) Polyster polymer Which of the following is a polyamide ? [AIEEE-2005] (1) Nylon-66 (2) Teflon (3) Bakelite (4) Terylene [AIEEE-2005] Which of the following is fully fluorinated polymer(1) Teflon (2) Neoprene (3) PVC (4) Thiokol Bakelite is obtained from phenol by reacting with [AIEEE-2008] (1) CH3CHO (2) CH3COCH3 (3) HCHO (4) (CH2OH)2 Q. 65 Buna-N synthetic rubber is a copolymer of – [AIEEE-2009] Cl (1) H2C=CH – C=CH2 and H2C=CH – CH=CH2 (2) H2C=CH–CH=CH2 and H5C6 – CH = CH 2 (3) H2C = CH – CN and H2C = CH – CH = CH2 (4) H2C=CH–CN and H2C=CH – C=CH2 CH3 O O – C – CH3 COOH Q.66 The compound is used as - [AIEEE-2002] 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 19 SEM – II Q.67 Q.68 Q.69 Q.70 Q.71 Q.72 Q.73 Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE NOTES (1) Antiseptic (2) Antipyretic (3) Antiallergic (4) Antibiotic Which of the following could act as a propellant for rockets[AIEEE-2003] (1) Liquid hydrogen + liquid oxygen (2) Liquid nitrogen + liquid oxygen (3) Liquid hydrogen + liquid nitrogen (4) liquid oxygen + liquid argon Which one of the following types of drugs reduces fever[AIEEE-2005] (1) Antipyretic (2) Analgesic (3) Tranquiliser (4) Antibiotic Which harmones contains iodine ? [AIPMT-2009] (1) Insuline (2) Testosterone (3) Adrenaline (4) Thyroxine Which one of the following is employed as a tranquilizer ? [AIPMT-2009] (1) Equanil (2) Naproxen (3) Tetracycline (4) Chlorpheninamine The segment of DNA which acts as the instrument manual for the synthesis of the protein is – [AIPMT-2009] (1) nucleotide (2) ribose (3) gene (4) nucleoside Which one of the following does not exhibit the phenomenon of mutarotation? [AIPMT-2010] (1) (+) Sucrose (2) (+) Lactose (3) (+) Maltose (4) (–) Fructose [AIPMT-2010] Which of the following structures represents Neoprene polymer? (1) (CH 2  – C CH – CH 2 ) n (4) (CH  CH 2 ) n CN  | Cl Q.74 Q.75 Q.76 Cl | (CH 2  – CH) n |   (2) (CH 2  – CH) n   | C6 H 5 (3) Which one of the following is employed as a transquilizar drug ? [AIPMT-2010] (1) Naproxen (2) Mifepristone (3) Promethazine (4) Valium Which one of the following is employed as Antihistamine ? [AIPMT-2011] (1) Omeprazole (2) Chloramphenicol (3) Diphenyl hydramine(4) Norothindrone In a set of reactions m-bromobenzoic acid gave a product D. Identify the product D. [AIPMT-2011] COOH SOCl 2 B  NH3 C  NaOH Br 2 D Br  A CONH2 (1) (2) Br  Q.77 Q.78 Q.79 Q.80 Q.81 SO2 NH2 COOH (3) Br   NH2 (4)  NH2 Br  Of the following which one is classified as polyester polymer ? [AIPMT-2011] (1) Nylon - 66 (2) Terylene (3) Backelite (4) Melamine Which of the following is not a fat soluble vitamin ? [AIPMT MAINS-2011] (1) Vitamin A (2) Vitamin B complex (3) Vitamin D (4) Vitamin E Which of the statements about "Denaturation" given below are correct ? [AIPMT MAINS-2011] Statements (a) Denaturation of proteins causes loss of secondary and tertiary structures of the protein (b) Denaturation leads to the conversion of double strand of DNA into single strand (c) Denaturation affects primary structure which gets distorted Options : (1) (a), (b) and (c) (2) (b) and (c) (3) (a) and (c) (4) (a) and (b) [RPMT-2011] Weakest intermolecular forces are present in  (1) Neoprene (2) Terylene (3) polystyrene (4) Bakelite Which among the following is a tranquilizer ?  [RPMT-2011] 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 20 SEM – II Q.82 Chemistry CH – 10 – CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE (1) Eqvanil (2) promethazine (3) Omeprazole The following carbohydrate is [IIT-2011] NOTES (4) Cimetidine OH H H O HO OH HO H OH H H (1) a ketohexose (2) an aldohexos (3) an furanose (4) an -pyranose ANSWER KEY Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Ans. 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 Ques. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 1 2 2 4 3 1 2 2 2 4 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 Ques. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 2 3 1 2 3 3 1 2 Ques. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 4 3 4 2 2 4 1 Ques . 81 82 Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. 1 2 2nd floor, Raj Castle Complex , above Dominos Pizza , Ellora Park, Baroda : (0265)  – 3053166 21