Transcript
Volume7,Issue3,Article12 Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. dipsaceus Ehrenb. Lata 1! , "ittal #2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ASBASJSM ASBASJSM COP, Bela, Ropar (Puna!" #ndia$ Affiliated to
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P%& Jallandhar$ Department of Pharmaconosy SD Collee of pharmacy, Barnala, (Puna!" #ndia$ Affiliated Affiliated to P%&
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Jallandhar$ A)aila!le Online* Online* 1+ th April, '1+
ABS%RAC%
Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. dipsaceus Ehrenb. is a climbing annual herb, belongs to family Cucur!itaceae Cucur!itaceae.. Its common name is hedgehog cucumber. $his herb%s nati&e distribution is in udan and outhern Egy't, Africa, (idely s'read in Ethio'ia, #enya, omalia, $anga )egion and in nort norther hern n and (estern (estern 'ar 'arts ts of $a $an*a n*ania nia and +ga +ganda nda.. It is als also o som someti etimes mes culti&ated in other tro'ical regions but no( found in forest of "aruthamalai, foothills -estern hats/, 0oimbatore $amil adu/ and "ysore, #arnataa/, India. $raditionally, it sho(s antiemetic, gastrointestinal diseases, stomach 'ain, diarrhoea, consti'ation, meningitis, gallstone, he'atitis, rabies, and haemorrhoid. haemorrhoid. C$ dipsace dipsaceus us is a &aluable nutraceuticals su''lement to the human diet because it contains significant amount of almo al most st al alll es esse sent ntia iall am amin ino o ac acid ids s an and d im im'o 'ort rtan antt mi mine nera rals ls.. It Its s fr frui uitt 'o 'oss sses ess s 'hytoconstitu 'hytoco nstituents ents lie tannin tannin,, alal alaloids, oids, sa'oni sa'onins, ns, fla&on fla&onoids, oids, resi resins, ns, stero steroids ids and Lea&e 'ossess carbohy carbohydrates, drates, 'roteins, 'roteins, amino acids, alal alaloids, oids, sa'onins, 'henolic com'ounds, tannins, fla&onoids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, 'hytosterols and fi4ed oils and fats and sho(ed antio4idant acti&ity. A number of 'harmacological acti&ities lie li e ant antio4 io4ida idant nt act acti&i i&ity ty le lea&e a&e and fru fruit/ it/,, ant antimi imicro crobia biall act acti&i i&ity ty,, ana analge lgesic sic,, ant anti i inflammatory acti&ity and cytoto4ic acti&ity (ere re'orted on fruit. $his re&ie( article is an attem't to com'ile all re'orted information regarding Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. dipsaceus Ehrenb. #ey(ords5 Cucumis dipsaceus dipsaceus Ehrenb., Cucur!itaceae Cucur!itaceae,, Antio4idant acti&ity, analgesic, antiinflammatory acti&ity, 6la&onoids.
I$)8+0$I Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. dipsaceus Ehrenb. is annual climbing herb, belong to genus genus Cucumis Cucumis L., L., family Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae.. This herb is sometimes cultivated in other tropical regions. It is found in Ta Tanga nga Region and in northern and western parts of Tanzania Tanzania as well as in the southern highlands, Uganda, enya in countries of !frica, Ethiopia, enya, "omalia, "udan and "outhern Egypt #. $ommercially, this herb is sold in local mar%ets of Tanzania. &ut it is now, available in forest of 'aruthamalai foot hills ()estern *hats+. istrict $oimbatore, (Tamil -adu+ and istrict 'ysore, (arnata%a+, India .
$a4onomic $a 4onomic status of Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. dipsaceus Ehrenb. has been (ell defined
ingdom/
0lantae,
"ub%indom/
1iridaeplantae,
Infra%ingdom/
"treptophyta,
ivision/
Tracheophyta,
"ubdivision/ "permatophytina, Infradivision/ !ngiospermae, $lass/ 'agnoliopsida, "uperoder/ Rosanae, 2rder/ $ucurbitales, 3amily/ Cucurbitaceae, *enus/ $ucumis L., "pecies/ Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb.4.
"or'hological descri'tion Root: It does not have a woody rootstoc% which is monoecious with lac%ing of tubers. Stem is procumbent or climbing. It has hispid ridges and grooves with hispidulous. !lso with the longer hairs 5.67 8.# mm long and the shorter ones 5. or 5.678.#mm long. Nodes are not geniculate and Internodes are 97: (7;+ cm long. Leaves: 0etioles are wea%ly hispidulous to hispid with non brea% away hairs. 8.# 7#(784+ cm long and pubescence. Leaf blades are entire or trilobed with the margin regularly serrate to entire, ovate to broadly ovate in outline, &ase of leaf blade is cordate and have basal sinus of 5.# 79 (7+ cm deep, 7<.# (789.#+ = 97<(7 89+ cm> 8.87 8.# times longer than wide. Its upper surface is hispidulous and hispid and not aculeate but hispid and hispidulous on the veins below with non brea% away hairs. !pe? is broadly acute or obtuse (rarely+ at the top. $entral leaf7blade lobe entire, broadly ovate to shallowly ovate, broadly acute or obtuse (rarely+ at the ape?> 974(7:.#+ =8.#7 .#(7<+ cm. Lateral leaf is obtuse at the ape? with 5.#7 8.#(7+ = (5.#7+ 97 (7#+ cm. &lade lobes are shallowly ovate and asymmetrical, entire. Tendrils are present, simple 8.#7: cm long, solitary, not aculeate, apically glabrate and basally hispidulous. Infloresecene/ Unise?ual, 'ale inflorescense is a fasciculate or solitary flowering with 87#7flowered and sessile. 'ale flower in cross section shows terete pedicel which is #7 95mm long. It is hispidulous and without bracteoles with hypanthium (.:7 #.9 mm long> 9.47 9.6mm in diam> hispidulous+ and narrowly infundibular. $aly? is 8.:74 = 5.875. mm sparsely hispidulous. Its lobes are narrowly acute at the ape? and narrowly oblong to linear in outline. $orolla is infundibular. Its $orolla tube 878.#mm long and mm in diameter. It is globrous inside and sparsely hispidulous outside.$orolla lobes obovate in outline, acute at the ape?> #.#76.#= 7#mm, sparsely hispidulous outside, glabrous inside."tamens and h ypanthium are separated from each other.In cross section of filaments (terete+ are glabrous with 5.47 5.6 mm long and 5.9mm wide (in diameter+./ !nther thecae ca. 9.#mm long> globrous. !nthers are unilobate and broadly oblong. It is obtuse at ape? with 5.:7 5.6 = 5.:7 8mm disc cylindrical> ca. 8.9mm long> ca. 8.#mm in diam. !nthers are transversely connectived. 3emale inflorescence is a solitary flower. ! female flower has pedicel which is cylindrical, #78#mm long, with non brea%away hairs and hispid and hispidulous. The upper @ of hypanthium is free from the ovary. The lower A of hypanthium is ellipsoid, 678; mm long ? 476 mm in diameter, densely aculeate and glabrous. 3ree portion of hypanthium is 4785mm long ? 7 #mm in diameter and not aculate from outside but hispidulous and glabrous from inside.$aly? lobes outline is linear and narrowly acute at the ape?. It is 4.6 7#.: (7 88+ long = 5.4 B 5.: (78+ mm diameter with sparsely hispidulous. $orolla outside is sparsely hispidulous but from inside glabrous. Its corolla tube is 8.#mm long ? 9.#mm in diameter and from outside sparsely hispidulous. $orolla lobes outline is obovate and acute at the ape? with :.#78# long = 7 6.# mm diameter. It is sparsely hispidulous from outside but glabrous from inside. "taminodes are present and glabrous. &ut separated from the free portion of the
hypanthium. These are 5.475.6mm long ? 8.mm in diameter and 8.9mm above the ovary. "tyle is 8.#mm long ? 5.:mm in diameter. It is subtended by a circular disc. isc is 5.6mm long ? 8.6mm in diameter. "tigma is 9.#mm long ? 9.6mm in diameter and lobate. It is smooth with # finger B li%e stigmatic proCections 5.678mm long ? 5.4mm in diameter. 3ruit is not geographic, readily visible and maturing above ground. Its pedicel is sulcate by cross section. It is cylindrical 87(74+ cm long with non brea%away hairs and hispid. 3ruit monocolored, pale yellow and ellipsoid to globose. It is 7 :.#cm long and 9.#74cm in diameter. It is densely aculeute and glabrous blunt at the ape?."eeds is elliptic, unwinged and 47# mm long= 9 mm diameter ? 8mm thic%. 3lowering is started from "eptember B -ovember and fruiting is from -ovember B Danuary. Ecology of this herb is uncommon in the scrub forest between 45 B 465 '"L of 'aruthamalai foothills, $oimbatore istrict, Tamil -adu, India. 8F. &ut is $ommon in dry bushland, especially li%e in disturbed woodland and wooded grassland, and a weed of cultivation, 455.8,655 m.
&ses Leaves and young shoots are coo%ed with coconut mil% or groundnut paste as vegetable and then ta%en with staple food.
Medicinal 0oultice is prepared by leaves and tendrils for the treatment of wounds. 3ruit Cuice is a acts an antidote in poisoning case#.
%raditional &ses It is used as food in -yasaland and Tanganyi%a. Its stems decoction used as anti7emetic. Its fruit used for gastrointestinal diseases, diarrhoea, stomach pain, constipation, meningitis. Roots are used as hepatitis, local application, sna%e bite, carnivore bite and gallstone. E?tract of fresh leaves are used haemorrhoid for rabies. The above said all uses of this herb is popular in different countries of east !frican :. Leaves and fruit are used for fodder. Leaves are collected during the rainy season and dried and pounded leaves are stored in airtight containers. The management of this herb was usually done by collecting from the wild, but can be easily propagated from seed. The status this herb is common and easily accessible within its habitat from its native distribution.
-utritional Analysis ! healthy human diet reGuired following amount of amino acids li%e threonine 8#mg, cysteine 4mg, methionine 85mg, valine 9: mg, isoleucine 95mg, leucine ;mg, tyrosine 8#mg , histidine 85mg, phenylalanine 9#mg, and lysine 5mg per %gHday of body weight. Leucine, alanine, isoleucine, and valine enhance and are also stimulate energy production of muscular and metabolic signals. "everal other amino acids are produced by above amino acids. 9, 97diphenyle787picrylhydrazyl (00+ deleterious radical is Guenched by above amino acids. C. dipsaceus leaf posses above amino acids and these are Guantified by following methods of nutritional analysis. 0ro?imate composition can be determined !ccording to !ssociation of 2fficial !nalytical $hemists method of moisture content8 :, 9 . Lowry et al.8< provided the method for determination of total protein. The
carbohydrate can be determined according to the method by "adasivam and 'ani%am 89. !mino acids can be determined in e?tracted sample of leave and fruit according to the methods of Ishida et al. The compilation of results can be made along with the recommended levels of amino acids by 3!2H)2HU-U 8, 84. The use of 3lame 0hotometer can be done to determine calcium ($a+, sodium (-a+, and potassium (+ by the method of !llen8#. The powdered leaf and fruit samples can be evaluated a synthetic substrate &!0-! for %nowing ability of trypsin inhibition. It is e?pressed in TIUHmg protein as degree of inhibition by "adasivam and 'ani%am method of trypsin inhibition (8;;9+ 89. !nti7nutritional factor are J"econdary metabolitesK, which are the side products of processes of synthesis of primary metabolites in plants. These are highly biologically active8:."uccessive solvent e?traction method is described by (Raaman, 955:+ 8<
Pharmacological acti&ities Total phenolics, Tannin content and flavonoid contents were determined and Guantified by "iddhuraCu and &ec%er 86, "iddhuraCu and 'anian8; and hishen et al. 95 respectively on leave and fruit of Cucumis dipsaceus.
Antibacterial acti&ity 3ruit e?tracts of Cucumis dipsaceus was reported with solvent methanol and was used to test their antibacterial activity. "tudies reported using bacteria such as E- coli (7ve+, Bacillus subtilis (Mve+, Staphylococcus aureus (Mve+.
Analgesic, AntiInflammatory Acti&ity of fruit of Cucumis dipsaceus E?tracts of petroleum ether, dichloromethane, methanolic and ethanolic Cucumis dipsaceus (fruit+ showed high analgesic and anti7inflammatory activity as reported by authors but dichloromethane and methanolic e?tract showed highest analgesic effect and highest anti7inflammatory activity of dichloromethane e?tract 98.
0ytoto4ic and antitumor Acti&ity of fruit of Cucumis dipsaceus The ethanolic e?tract of aerial part of Cucumis dipsaceus showed high N age cytoto?ic effect against #:9 and ep79 which are human tumoral cellular line. !nti tumor effect was performed by method carrot dis% against the tumor produced by the microorganism Agrobacterium tumefacies due to presence of sterol, triterpenes and flavonoids99.
00L+I Leaves and fruits of Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. posseses nutritional factors li%e all amino acids, essential micro and macro minerals in very good Guantity thaerefore leaves and fruits are used for nutraceuticals purposes. !nti7nutritional factors or secondary metabolites were reported in different Guantities in different leave and fruit e?tracts. 3lavonoids were present in very good concentration in methanol and water e?tract. Total phenolics concentration in ethyl acetate and methanol e?tract in fruit but in leave ethyl acetate and water e?tract reported high content of flavonoids. $hloroform and water e?tract contained good Guantity of total phenolics. "o, anti nutritional factors were responsible for strong antio?idant activities, antibacterial activities, cytoto?ic activity and analgesic and anti7 inflammatory activity. The review study of plant Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. showed strong antio?idant activity due to presence of flavonoids which are very good research material for further e?ploring pharmacological evolutions.
A0#-LE8E"E$
I am grateful to (0rof.+ r. * *upta, irector cum "ecretary and pharmacy management committee of !"&!"D"' $ollege of pharmacy, &ela Ropar for providing facilities and environment to do research wor%.
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