Elementary Kurmanji Grammar

Transcript

ELEMENTAEY KURMANJI GRAMMAR. BY lAJOK E. B. SOANE, G.BJ., POLITICAL DEPARTMENT. BAGHDAD : PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT 1919. PRESS. nPHIS sketch of elementary Kurmanji is intended primarily for whose duties tricts of that of Ivith the use leads them Kurdistan. The Sulaimaniyah slight latitude 36«. and variations, of officers to the dialect district as far and others southern dis¬ here treated and is north as is current about PRONUNCIATION To speak simple AND ALPHABET. Kurmanji with a poor accent is not difficult, but its fine gradations of vocals from simple vowel sounds through numerous diphthongs and semi-vocals to other simple vowel sounds makes it very difficult to pro¬ nounce accurately. It also possesses a large store of semi consonants, the results of erosions and metamorphic labials and palatals. The student, however, will have to sharpen his ear considerably before he can hope to pronounce these. For practical purposes the following are the letters which suffice for the simple alphabet. , VOWELS. a as a e e a he came rrash black. bet let him come e bet yek one beet îsh work bit mimk a breast kokha a cough i ,, o hole oo boot dûan two put amust a finger Fr. rendu khiin blood dyk mother. u u ii u y ,, byt These are the simplest to reduced. hat bete ee y Ex. e i Û bat* a i o in father which the vowels can Strictly speaking they should be sub-divided. be The earnest student may divert himself by attempting to distin* Never pronounced as u in but. t Pronounced broad and full, not in a mincing manner. 2 KURMANJI GRAMMAR. guish the 47 vocals into which Justi divided Kurdish vowel sounds. CONSONANTS. These consist of the couplet consonants : b, p ; d, t ; j, ch ; gh, kh ; h, h ; z, zh ; s, sh ; g, k ; and f, 1, 1, m, n, q, r, w. The following alone require remark, the remainder having approximately the same value as in English : * gh the " ghain " of Arabic kh the harder form of gh h guttural aspirate (also as in Arabic) 1 the liquid 1 pronounced with an accompanying movement of the throat muscles. All of the above must be heard to be understood, there are no equivalents in English. g is always hard as in " girl", never soft as in "gem ". The combination ng is a common one in Kurdish and is pronounced like our own ng, a nasal, as "hang", a bee, pronounced exactly as the English word "hang". THE Gender,As a rule does become no necessary to NOUN. distinction is made ; distinguish where it between male and female the words nêr, male, and ma or mang, female, are employed, as in the examples below : (a) where the noun does not indicate psink, a cat Psink-i-nêr, a torn cat. Psink-i-ma, a female cat. gender, as THE NOUN. (b) where the noun in 3 its simple form indicates the as garnish, a buffalo. mangamlsh, a buffalo cow. Number. The numbers are diminutive, singular, and plural, each with its own form. from pîo, as pîoaka aka Diminutive.- a man. zhinaka zhin, a woman. malaka mal, a house. IdaSl -^ P^hiêla -ela,- from pshî, a cat. -ela,- jii, jiielaka pchûkêla a Jew. pchûk, ,, small. The most generally used is the first form, and has largely lost its meaning, being used with almost any word as a euphonic only with no intention of diminutive meaning. Singular. In its simple form the noun is in the singular number, and no inflexion is used unless to emphasize the fact that one alone is meant, when the following are used : (a) when noun form is not in diminutive, -ek is used. (b) when noun form is in diminutive, -Î is used thus : Pio, a man Ploek, Kurr, a boy one man Kurrek, one boy but Pioaka, a man (dim.) Ploakai, Kurraka, a boy (dim.) Kurrakai, one boy (dim.). Plural one man (dim.). To form the plural -an or -akan is added to the form and there is no general rule for determination ,^y KURMANJI GRAMMAR as to which should be used, both being permissible in most cases. Thus Sag, a dog Sagan or Sagakan. Zhin, a woman Plural Zhinan or Zhinakan. Kurr, a boy ' Kurran or Kurrakan. Nouns ending in a and I usually take the akan plural ex : Masi, a fish Maslakan, fished. Bra, a brother Brakan, brothers. \y- WORD LIST. bra brother Qair Qadir khushk sister bang ka ! call ! minal child bali yes kurra boy, son na no, not kich girl, daughter a plo man hayya zhin woman nîa zur much, very en they are gora big nîen they are not pçhûk small bû he, she, it was bûn they were era here ora there _ bash [good, well chak e: I bad kharo pîs is not am, a ma this that ' himal at home aw, Hama Muhammad ish also now warra ! come ! îsta awa osa then brrCia go ! ku? where ? wa, and Exercise o - 1. Verbs (except imperatives) come at the end of the sentence. Warra Minal o era zhino kuna ! Kurraka khushk î era nîa. pchûk era en. Minfilaka kCi a ? Pioakan ora bun ? DECLENSION. Na, lamal bian. kharo a. Brrua lamal. 5 Aw kurra chak a wa am pioaka Hama bang ka ! Am kichaka ziir pchQk a. ora hayya ? Bali wa zhin ish hayya. Ista warra ! Translation Come here, boy. Come The boys are very big. is a child. Exercise 1. here, there. not Bra Pshîêla kû a ? It is well. Yes, and the sister (diminutive form) Call the women and the men also. They are not there now. This is no good (" This good is not "). That also is no good. Go, call the little boy. Now ? Yes, now. DECLENSION. Nominative. The noun in its simple form is in the nominative, Accusative. As a general rule there is no inflexion indi¬ cating this case, though occasionally the old accusative with tqjminal -I is heard, as : Am marl bikuzha, form kill this snake, the nominative heard all over South being mar. ^^ The accusative in -a is regularly ^^distan as Am mara bikuzha Geniiivi. Kill this snake. This case is expressed by the particle i added la thj^ualificativ^, as Mal Î min, my house, lit. the house of me. Dar'l soz, the green tree the tree of greenness. Tfenk i Hama, Hama's gun the gun of Hama. This combination cannot strictly form as it is really i)ut meaning "of". a parallel of be called a genitive French usage, the î 6 KURMANJI GRAMMAR. A final î expresses the dative case, but does not Dative. dispense with the use of the 'preposition. Also use of î the is not universal and quite often the noun is uninflected. Thus : But : bida be faqiri give to the poor. " bida be faqlr is equally correct and as usually employed. Ablative. da is not Like the dative inflexion, the ablative suffix now universally heard, nor does its use dispense with the need of the preposition. Thus : la sharda, or, lashar From the town are equally regular.* EXAMPLE OF DECLENSION Mal A OF HOUSE. Plural. Singular. Nominative. Accusative. Malan, malakan. Mal. Mal, mali, Malan, malanl, Dative. malakan, mala- kani, malana, malakana. mala. Genitive. NOUN. î mal. Mal, mall. Î malan, Î malakan. Malan, malanî, malakan, mala¬ kan!. Ablative.--Mal.i malda, Malan, malanda, malakan, malakanda. WORD LIST. hasp horse Hatin they came main mare arrûa he, she, it goes hêster mule rrûl he, she, it went kar donkey rrûîn they went ga ox la derawa For Khaniqin district and very occasionally in=o is regular. market. ; outside Sulaimaniyah Ablative Thus, la sharo, la bazaro :from the town, from the EXAMPLE OF DECLENSION OF NOUN. manga cow la nao inside chi what amma but ki who rrê road chan how many, awai village how much hêch none, azanim I know any min im I am êma in we are. y nazanim I know hat he, she, it. suwar horseman a, be to, at, in aza brave SulaimanI Sulaimanii shêrîn pretty Holir Erbil bia! give ! bigira ! Take bîêna ! bring ! yan or not came tarramash rogue la from, at Ezerciie 2. Kurra, min haspek î bash Bigira, bîa be manida ki hat ? suwar. Pio zur hat. suwar i hasp yan main gerekma, Am rre yan arrûa ama chi a Holir ? Nazanim. a ? Aw haspi bîa Hama. chî Sulai- bun ? Suwar i hêch nabûn Chan suwar la La Chemchemal be Kirkuk chan Hama suwar î aza nia, Qair chak a. Kicheki shêrîn la malda hayya. Sulaimani ? La Ball, azanim plo ziir hat, amma Karaka la kurra i aw zhinaka bigira bia Qair. Surdash hatin ? haspek a ? Zhin i Hasan hat. Hat a Sulaimani. Kurra hêster Kî hat bîêna. a Êma suwar în. Translation The girls of the Sulaimania. mad. are not pretty, 2. pretty girls are Hama's wife was a girl of the Jaf. horses out to grazing. to Bana. Jaf Exercise He came from Sulaimania in Take the and went Bring that big horse here and give it to Muham¬ Kill that cat. I am from Erbil. Where is the son of 8 KURMANJI that woman ? In the house bring these donkeys. GRAMMAR. of the horsemen. Go SUFFIXIAL ATTRIBUTIVES. A number of suffixes are used with nouns to butives, of which the following are the most and a knowledge of which is necessary : 1. -ana meaning -ly, Ex. outside, I don't know where they are. form attri¬ generally used, - in the manner of sal>, a year salana yearly. mang a month mangfina monthly. faqîr a humble faqirana in a humble person. manner. 2. -chi meaning " one who does " or " performs." jar a call jarchi a watchman, naowa a naovvachi a sentinel. beat 3. -ger meaning a " worker in " or " maker of." Zêrîn gold Zêrînger a goldsmith. Asin iron Asinger a blacksmith. 4. -in meaning "full of" "at" " made of." Gham sorrow Ghamîn distressed. Pêsh the front Pêshîn the foremost. Ber previous Berin long before, first. 5. -kar meaning " one who does " or " makes." Jot ' Drû a plough Jotkar a peasant. a lie Drûkar a liar, 6. -dar meaning " possessor of ". Khizna a treasury Khiznadar a treasurer. Zwan a tongue Zwandar articulate. SUFFIXIAL ATTRIBUTIVES. -yar signifying the agent. Kir purchase Kiryar purchaser. Jot plough Jotyar ploughman. -wan meaning a keeper, " pertaining to." Derga a gate Pas' a sheep Dergawan a janitor. Paswan a shepherd. Ga a cow Gawan cowherd. Amust a finger Amustwan a ring. ^ WORD rozh day sho night amro to-day dwêna } dwêka LIST. pashawa latterly, after, for, because of bo yesterday bo chi why ? bo ama ki for this reason that subhêni, beyani to-morrow amanda this much, so dost friend awanda that much, so dizhmin enemy la bar î by dar wood, tree 1 altûn reason of, be cause 1 zêr sub sequent. gold - zîw silver para money awzengî stirrups I him, to him, of him laqo bridle * zln saddle jaran formerly it, off her, to her. of her da he, she, it gave bird he, she, it took away Exerciie 3. Dwêka Qair o Hama hatin bo mangana. a para î zur a. Qair zeringer Hama be faqirana hat wa mangana^ bird 10 KURMANJI GRAMMAR. Hama bo chî be faqirana hat ? Hama ish awanda para î nîa, Hama o Qair dost Jaran zur dost bun ista la bar î zhin en yan dizhmin en ? Î Hama dizhmin en. Bo ama ki zhin î kharo a. asinger a. Bo chi ? Qair tarramashek a, amustwan I zêrîn bo zhin I Hama da. Translation Amina's distressed. rings were Exercise silver and 3. golden, but she was The mare was pretty that day, golden stirrups and silver saddle, but to-day saddle wooden. Hama took his monthly wages (mangana) from the treasurer wife to-day. yesterday, and gave iron and her thep to Qaip's Qair is very distressed and is going (he goes) to Erbil to-morrow. are enemies. her stirrups are For this reason, too, (la bar i) they Yes, I know, but Amina is so pretty. PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. 1. The the form of complete Pronoun. The simple (nouns are Plural. Singular. Min I êma We. Tu Thou êwa You. Aw, awa He, sha, it. awan They. Note : Kurdish is precise in its use of 2nd Persons When is used, speaking no to one person complimentary the 2nd use of the Singular and Person Plural. singular alone 2nd person plural being pennitted, as is common in Persian and Turkish. These Pronominal forms are, subject to exactly the same rules of however, declension not flections to " . T as the incorrect, indicate noun but already unnecessary the cases, described. to use It these is^ in¬ excepting alone in the geni- 1 *Omit " them " in translation. . .. PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. 11 tive, which is the same as the Possessive Pronoun mentioned later. 2. The Enclitic Pronouns. The enclitic is that form of the pronoun which cannot ,be used alone, but which is dependant upon another word,, to which it must be joined as seen below. The enclitic pronouns are : Singular. Plural. -iman, -im It will -in -it -itan, -in -I -lan, -In be noticed that the first form of the plural is- exactly regular, being but the addition of -an to the singular.. The second form of the plural is used only with verbs. These in their pronouns use, though and fulfil all weak the in duties form of are the complete independent forms. They only appear as Nominatives when used with verbs, as in the following examples, with the verb stem, kawt, "fall." Kawtim I fell Kawtiman We fell. Kawtit Thou fellest. Kawtitan You fell. Kawti He fell. Kawtîan They fell. and -im kawt I fell. -iman kawt We fell. -it kawt Thou fellest. -itan kawt You fell. He fell. -ian kawt They fell. . -i kawt They appear as Genitives in examples such as the follow¬ ing, such genitive form giving a possessive meaning in most cases : Sarim Malian my head, i.e., the head of me. their house, i.e., the house of them. 12 KURMANJI GRAMMAR. .In the following cases the pure genitive value is seen : Qsaman akan they speak of us. Khêyalî aka he thinks of her. They appear as pure Datives in frequent instances as para dayan money gave he to them. Ihough the preposition pê is'generally used to avoid confu¬ sion making an apparent dative, as follows : peim to me. pêiman to us. pêit to thee. peitan to you. pel to him. pêîan to them. They appear regularly as Accusatives as in the following instances : The Kushtian he killed them. Akuzhimit I will kill thee. learner is warned that the use of the enclitic pronoun is very idiomatic and very confusing, and demands close attention. Full treatment of its use will be found in my larger Grammar. Such difficulties as the following will have to be under¬ stood, e.g., rûtîanit krd, where two enclitics follow and permit of two interpretations, according as -ian and -it are taken as nominatives or' accusatives. Further treatment of the enclitics will be found under Verb forms and sentence construction. WORD LIST. ikam which ser head her dûk both In we are hamû- all in you are hamûwakht always , kot fell PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. herrozh every day dî saw elbet, helbet of course gut said ki that alaim I say kê? when ? alal he says 13 her ista right now blai! tell, say to ! Ish affairs, work, la chû get out of the liwê there deeds way chi bkam what can I do ? wha thus chi blaim what can I say ? das hand qai naka all right ! it does not matter. Exercise 4. Hasp Î min ku a ? I min yan Blai pêî arrûim Qair haspakam bo bîêna. haspakim. das I min nia, zhin i zhin I kharo In. tu Zhinî Hama Êwa bo chi chak In ? be bird i. o a, Qair. Hama a. and I to-day there. matter, Amina, know La dûkîan her chi bkam, they Exercise where are in he is a rogue, are Yesterday he are thus, all. of you. fell from his min bang ka ! Her I house, he Qai naka. don't know. Qair saw them It doesn't is a good horse. zhin i dûkitan 4. they ? their but chû, Amina pêîtan ? blaim Of course, he thinks of her always. I know hasp paraiman, Ishiman hamii Min Chi bû. Call Qair and tell him that I want my mare. now. hasp!" bird, Hama be min alal, Qair, akuzhimit ! Hama but suwarî Qair Haspiman, Translation Yes, Kam Ish iman kharo a la bar î am Qair. hasp I tu ? horseman. When ? Yes, your Right works 14 KURMANJI GRAMMAR. The Possessive Adjective. This is practically but the genitive form of the pronoun, as follows : {a) 1 mm my I êma our. itu thy îêwa your. I awa his i awan their, (b) im -iman -it -itan. The Possessive Pronoun. While the above may be used, there is also a form often employed for the possessive pronoun as follows : .f^ hînî min mine. hinl êma ours. J hini tu thine. hînî êwa yours. j KJL'-CI-' hinî aw his. hînî awan +v.«>;.-o theirs. J! j ^-"^ The Reflexive Pronouns, These are formed regularly by the word khwa, "self" followed by the enclitic form, less the short initial vowel. 4' myself. khwaman ourselves, khwat thyself. khwatan yourselves, khwal himself, khwaiani themselves. ' V^ khwam The declension exactly follows that of the noun with¬ out exception. The Demonstrative Adjectives.* These are : this, these am, am, hin. that, those aw. this same haram. that same haraw, PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. 15 used regularly as follows : am mal this house, am malan these houses, aw mal that house, aw malan those houses. The Demonstrative Pronouns.* Plural. Singular. ama this amana these. awa that awana those. harawa that same. Itir the other harama this same. Examples of their use : what is this ? ama chia Itir pel biaI give him the other. na, awana albem no, I will take those. awa qai naka That does not matter. Bali, harawa aizhim Yes, I mean that same. The Interrogative Adjectives and Pronouns. These are of the same forms. Who ? Ki. What ?, Chi. Which ? What sort of ? Kam. Chlûn, chiin as in the examples below:- Ama chi rrela what road is this ? Kam rre birrûîn which road shall we talce ? *The difference between demonstrative adjectives and demonstrative pronouns is exemplified by the use of "this" in the following two sentences : Who is the man ? Here "this" being introductive of a noun, is an adjective. What is this ? Here "this" is introductive of no noun, but takes the place of one, and therefore is a pronoun. The distinction is necessary Kurmanji as the actual words of the two classes of speech şre'different. KURMANJI 16 GRAMMAR. Chlûn pîoîa what sort of man is he ? Ki hat who has come ? ChIa what is it ? Kl, chi, kam, are declined exactly in the same way as nouns. The Relative Pronouns. The \yord ku or ki assumes the duty of the relative pronouns who, which, and that, as : plo ku hat the man who came, main ku kirrîm the mare which I bought. Sulêmani ku sharî êmaya Sulaimaniyah which is our town. This pronoun is indeclinable, and to form cases an ellipses is employed as : The man to whom, pioi ku be awa literally, the man who to him. The man of, or from, whom, literally, the man ploi ku la awa for, from, whom to him. The Indefinite Pronouns. These are : Kas one. Hêchkas no Filan such a ohe, so and so. one. Hamukas everyone. Chishtek something. Chan some. Herdûk both. Zûr, gal many. Hamû all. Hêch no, not any. These are subject to the same declension as uouiis. PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. 17 WORD LIST. iamopesh formerly kharik busy, employed lamopash in future garmian the warm country amsal this year lawar grazing sal Î par last year dil heart, mind tapû freehold pas sheep koda animal taxes harzan cheap ish as well as, also giran dear little, scarce. kirri bought hêna brought many gerekm bû Î wanted akan they make, do kem , 1 ^ gal ) galek j Ajaman the Persians ferût sold nasakhi sickness, illness: abê will be jerdai brigandage '^ Exercise 5. Main ku Hama kirri hlni min bû. La Sula imani hamu¬ kas zhinî khwal hayya, wa chan kas zhin i kas Itir ian ish hayya. Min mainek i chak gerekm bu, ama chîa-balî, har¬ ama aizhim (or, alalm) Ama kl bo tu hêna ? Jaran Hama- wand galek suwar o main o tufenk ian bu, be jerdai rrûîn, ista khwaian kharik akan be jotkarl î khwaian. hêch jerdai la Hamawand nia inshallah ! Lamopash Hasan Beg tapû Î khwal be min ferût, Ista min tapû im zur a. Translation Exercise 5. Last year the Persians sold their women for (be) money. Who bought ? I know not, but I know that the man who bought a woman bought also sickness. the Jaf will be much this year. bought he did The animal tax of The mare which Hama not buy (bought not) with his own money 18 KURMANJI GRAMMAR. This year grazing was scarce in (la) the warm country and everyone sold his own sheep cheap. I do not know my own mind, what can I say ? THE 1. ADJECTIVE. The adjective or qualifying word follows the noun it qualifies, and is connected to it by the particle -i-, as : 2. Mal-I-gora a large house. Kich-1-shîrin a pretty girl. Plo-I-aza a bold man. In some instances the adjective may precede the noun, when the -i- particle is not used, as : The Hîzbo a bad fellow. Zardawala a yellow hornet. Gapio a bovine fellow. Comparative degree is formed by the addition of the syllable -tir to the Positive, as ; Gora large. goratir larger. Shirin pretty. shêrîntir prettier. Chak good. chaktir better. The Superlative degree is formed by introducing the Com¬ parative form by the words la hamu (meaning "than all"), iXf^' v as : Chaktir better. La hamu chaktir best. Goratir larger. La hamu goratir largest. ^ \ These rules are absolutely regular and constant. The Comparative Phrases. (1) as as, asin: " This is as dear as that." / " ' '" "*" ^/.V^' THE An elliptical phrase 19 ADJECTIVE. must be used, no exact parallel existing in Kurmanji as, for instance : Giranl ama wa awa yeklka the , (2) dearness of this and that is one. Not as as, as in : This is not as dear as that. Here the following ellipses express the meaniiig. Ama wakii awa giran nia Literally. This is not so dear as that. This like that is not dear. or Ama wa giranl awa nia. Lit. This of the dearness of that is not. (3) er er, as : The higher, the fewer. Construction is as in English, but introduced by and sometimes chi. Thus : har barztir, kamtir or chi barztir, kamtllv NUMERALS. The Cardinal Numbers. 1. Yek. 18. Hezhda. 2. Diian. 19. NiJezda. 3. Slan. 20. Bis. 4. Char, chwar. 21. Bis o yek. 5. Penj. 35. SI. 40. Chel. Hot. 50. Penja. 8. Hesht. 60. Shest. 9. Nih. 70. Hefta.' .6. ' Shash. 7. har, 20 KURMANJI GRAMMAR. 10. Dah. 80. Heshta. 11. Yanza. 90, Nawd. 12. Dwanza. 13. Sianza, Ziada. 200. Dusuo, dûsat. 14. Charda, chwarda. 300. Sêsat. 500. Pansat. 100. 15. Panza. 16. Shanza. 1,000. 17. Hewda. 10,000. 1919_^hezar o niisat o niiezda So, siiot. Hazar, hezhar. Dah hazar. Lit., a thousand and nine hundred and nineteen. Concord Nouns. As a general rule it is not necessary to express the plural number of the noun with a numeral -ex. Fifty years penja sal, not penja salan fifteen pounds panza lira not panza lirakan. Fractions. The only two expressed by single words are: Niw, nima half. Charek quarter. All others are expressed by the forms : One of five, six, etc., or five one, six one, etc. Thus:yth Yek la penj or penj yek. rth yek la hot- or hot yek, and so on. THE VERB. The Auxiliaries. " to be " and " to become " These present some difficulties, and being (though not actually one) very close in formation one to the other, are best placed side by side. THE VERB. 21 The verb "to become", not used very much in English as an auxiliary, is employed as such in Kurmanji to form the passive voice of the verb from a simple form, where English uses " to be." For instance, the passive voice of the verb " to catch " is in English " to be caught ", but in Kurmanji is " to become caught". It will be seen that more than one form occurs, each having its own use according to its context. As the Sulaimania district form is limited in the scope of its use in some forms, other useful forms have been placed in paren¬ thesis, which the student of Sulaimania alone may disregard. Only the forms commonly used in conversation are cited. INFINITIVES. Bûin to be Bun Present Participle to become Past Participle Bûa Wanting INDICATIVE Present been, become MOOD. Tense. Affirmative. (a) (North of Zab) (b) Min im min haim I am Min abim I become min dabim Tui tu haî or thou art Tu abî or Thou be- tu dabî hait Oa o hayya he, she, it abit comest O abe or He, she, it, abet is o dabê becomes £)ina in êma haîn we are Ema abin We become êraa dabîn !fêwain êwa han you Ewa abin You become ango dabin Awan en awan han thev are are Awan aben They become win dabin 22 ' KURMANJI GRAMMAR. Neg.'^tivk. I am not, etc. I become not, etc- Min nim Min nabim Tu nit Tu nabit O nia O nabê, nabêt Êma nîn Êma nabin Êwa nîn Êwa nabin Awan nin Awan nabin Preterite Tense. I was I became line form for b( The negative of Min bum Tu bûî O bû Ema bûîn Ewa bûn Awan bûn this tense is formed regularly prefixing namin nabûm, tu nabûî, etc. Imperfect Tense. I used to be I used to become (Same form for both) (Sulaimania) (North of the Zab) Min abûm Min dabûm, or dambû Tu abûî, or abûit Tu dabfii, or datbu by- INDICATIVE O abû MOOD. 23 O dabû, or dabû Êma abûln Êma dabûin, or damanbû Êwa abûn Ango dahûn, or datanbû Awan abûn Wan dabûn, or dayanbû The negative is formed by the addition of na- simply in the north of Zab dialects,* but the Sulaimania prefixes na- 4an almost inaudible D, which is heard very slightly as an extremely soft th. The negative is written na-abûm, etc., and pronounced nathabûm the th being as above noted practi¬ cally inaudible. Pi:ki'i:ct Tense. I have been I have become (Same for both verbs) (Sulaimania) The Dambûa Tu bûi Datbûa O bûa Dabûa Êma bûln Damanbûa Êwa bûn Datanbûa Awan bûn Dayanbûa is ' ' (North of Zab) Min bum negative ' formed in Sulaimania by prefixing na-, and in north of Zab dialects by changing initial d- for initial n-. Pluperfect ^ Texse. I had been I had become * Except dambft, etc., which becomes nambû, etc., in the negative. Si4 KURMANJI . - GRAMMAR. (Same form for both) Min bûbûm Tu bûbûi 0 bûbû Êma bûbûin Êwa bûbûn Awan bûbûn The negative is formed regularly by prefixing na-. This tense is not much used. Future Tense. 1 shall be I shall become This is exactly the same as the Present Indicative of the verb " to become ". SUBJUNCTIVE Present MOOD. Tense. That I be, having also the Optative value. May I be That I become, having also the Optative value. May I become (Same form for both verbs.). (Sulaimania) (Jaf, Hamawand and extreme south) ki bim, bibim ki bam ki bit, bibit ki bai ki be, bet, bibaya, ba\a ki bat ki bin, bibin ki bain ki bin, bibin ki ban ki bin, bibin ki ban SUBJUNCTIVE .25 MOOD. Negative. ki nabim ki nabam ki nabit ki nabai ki nabê, nabêt ki nabat ki nabin ki nabain; ki nabin ki naban ki nabin ki naban The Perfect tenses of the Subjunctive is not colloquially. Imperfect Tense. That I were, etc. min bûmaya êma bûinaya tu bûtaya êwa bûnaya o boaya awan bûnaya Pluperfect Tense. That, or, if I had been That, or, if I had become (Same form for both verbs.). (Sulaimania) (Jaf and the south) ki bibuamaya ki bûamassa ki bibuaitaya ki bûîassa ki bibuaya ki bûassa ki bibuainaya ki bûainagsa ki bibuanaya ki bûanassa ki bibuanaya ki boanassa Imperative. Be! Become ! used , KURMANJI GRAMMAR. (Sanie form for both verbs) Singular Bibe ! Plural Bibin Negative. Singular Maba ! Plural Mabin The' Uses of the Tenses of the Auxiliaries. To be " and " To become " Indicative Mood, Present Tense. (i) Form (a) of the verb " to be." This is the more must always come generally used of at the end of the the two sentence, forms. as shown It in the examples below, which have literal translations bracketed with them /Diiiya sar a (The weather cold is (Tu - goj I (Bagha diier a (Ba.ghdad far (Hawin Î is Sulaimani feniik a (Thou a fool art (The summer of Sulaimania cool is (Min Kurd im (RomI ll Kurd am (The Turks now regretful (2) Ista pashiman en are Form (b) of the verb " to be." This is used to express the meanings " there is ", " there are ", " is there ? ". " are there ? " as in the following exam¬ ples : Nan la mal hayya ? Is there bread in the house ? Dar la Qaradfigh zCir hay>'a There are many trees in Qaradagh. Khwa la asmang hayya ? Is there a God in heaven ? It is also used when the emphasis in the sentence is the verb, as in the following examples : on SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 27 Nan la mal hayya (as above) lays stress on the existence of bread, without regard to whether it is other place. in the house or If we say Nan la mal a, the translation is, " the bread is in the house ", the use of the weak form of the verb having shifted the emphasis of the sentence from the subject, and left it upon the subsidiary " la mal " making the meaning, to be that bread is in the house as opposed to any other place. Or similarly, Hasan bok I min a, meaning that Hasan,, not another, is my father, but Hasan bok I min hayya lays stress upon the fact that Hasan is my father. The form has another use yet, where it forms a reply to a question without repeating the subject, as Liwê i ? Art thou there ? Ball, haim Yes, I am (3) Indicative Mood, Present Tense of the verb " to become." This is used, besides its ordinary functionsr to express the conditional of the verb "to be" as in the following literally translated examples : jmazani chlun abet (Gutin tl knew how it would be (They said here they would be /Min pê it 11 gutim kê hazir era abin abim to thee said when ready I would be i.e., I told you when I should be ready. It is also used to express the Potential, in the phrases " it, he can be ", " it can ", it is possible " as in th'e follow¬ ing : (pio nabê bifarra tman cannot fly f Nabê ! (chûnabet? (how Nabê ! jlmpossible 1 Impossible (Elbet, abê can it be ? (of course it can be (Amrozh nia wa pash ish î nabêt (To-day it is not, and afterwards also it cannot be 28 KURMANJI GRAMMAR. Preterite (a) ployed ; Used as in English, Tense. as, kharik bO, he was, em¬ min birsi bum, I was hungry. (b) Used in place of the Future tense when the action is just about to occur, as, suwar bum I have mounted, mean¬ ing I am just about to mount. (c) or Used for the future perfect become ; where English " I shall have been," colloquially uses the Present Indicative, as ki zengin bum and when rich mall akirrim I shall have become, a house will I buy or colloquial English : And when I am rich, I shall buy a house. agar baran bu if ki rain ganum chak abe. shall have been the wheat good will be suwar biiln birriiin a Kirkuk and when mounted you shall be, go to Kirkuk or colloquial English : And when you have mounted, go to Kirkuk. Imperfect (fl) Tense. Used as in Enghsh, as la wakhti RomI kharapl abû In the time of the Turks, evil used to be. {b) Used for the Conditional Past, " I should have been," etc., as Bali zengin bibuaya, Yes, rich chak abCi had he been, well it would have been This use only occurs when preceded as in the above example, by a purely conditional phrase. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. SUBJUNCTIVE Present 29 MOOD. Tense. {a) The optative use is mostly noticed, in phrases such as the following : agar drû im kird, kûer bim if lies I told, blind may I become ! Umi im hayya ki gum bit Hope I have that lost thou may be. (b) Used in its ordinary sense, it occurs as in examples below Ba suwar bin Permit mounted that t^ey be, i.e., let them mount. Hagar hato be garm abet If sunshine it be, warm will it be. Imperfect (a) Tense. Used as a rule in the optative sense, as Kashke ista le Lundra bûmaya Would that now I in London were or, colloquially, Would that I were in London now, or, I wish I were, etc. (6) Used to express the meaning " if I were ", etc. Agar zengin bûmaya, chi im akird If I were rich, what would I do. Agar tu her tinia kichi dinya bûtaya If you were (thou wert) the only girl in the world. Pluperfect Tense. This has the same use as the Imperfect and is a develop¬ ment of the time idea to a previous time. 30 KURMANJI GRAMMAR. It therefore signifies "if, or, that I had been" as follows : agar pio bibuSmaya wha be ser im na-ahat If a man I had been thus on the head of me would not have come. i.e,, If I had been a man this would not have happened to me. Bali zengin bibuaya chak abû Yes, rich had he been it would have been well. SUBJUNCTIVE - -J ii 31 MOOD. " 11 1) a n o « c ^5 c SS H.S .:: X zc n ,3 0 g X3 /0 XI J3 rt .3 .S .S .3 .3 .3 .S .S -S S c .-. i3 X) X S S rS; j^ £ g 3 X 3 X! Î5 c 0) - go b,« ° 3 -c t; S 1) I) - 3 o S ^ S - D '_ ' - W X 1> ' u u Cj 0) O li u ' ir 3 O ^ o u 0) a a a 3 3 a. o o c = 'o ^::^ C OS ; be n. I) "a . X have dbe 0 rt 3 SÎ 3 c CO II 0 O =: 3 :r rt 0 0 en tn M HH W -^ !- U( CD u 0} 1) _3 ^ U U. H '3 QJ u-i 3 g U !- 0 u. a 3 0 rt u pj KURMANJI 32 GRAMMAR. WORD LIST. rich, wealthy. zengin baran rain kashki would that minali youth, childhood. khalla crops chishtek something. hechwakh!: never khwoshbakht lucky. aqil wise sakht kawil poor, wretched heshta yet. kûer Wind ;; fêr acquainted, learn¬ difficult. ed. tersûk coward, cowardly amawêt diz robber wakupîo manly. hus silent jotyar ploughman bêhêa shameless kirikar labourer. Exercise Kharik khalla i bash ish abet. I khwat Aqil Hama wa Aha diz abûn. bim insha'la. be ! 7. Dwêna buamaya Wha 1 want, wish. nia, baraneki kawil chak na-abum. agar wha hayya, Awanda bêhêa mabin. Hus bin ewa ! wha bûa, awrozh wha nabfi. Suwar be, tu ! Suwar bu, Jaran kuer Bo chi nabim, suwarl bo min kharapa, nabê, PioI ki kharik i Ish I khwai bu, Dwêna ki la Sulaimani bu ? zengin abet. bu, herduk Chishtek iman bo min bûin, dwêna Aha bibuaya chani nabû Min bfim, liwê, khwosh Hasan jaran abum. abû. Alain Kurmanji sakht a, sakht nia, plo zû fêr abet, Amawêt zû fêr bim. Translation Exercise 7. The Persians are cowardly, they were not formerly so, their work is evil, and their mind is black, so they became cowards, and are still cowards. Had they been manly, would not be wretched to-day. The Ha'mawand used to be they robbers, now they are ploughmen and labourers and soldiers. INDICATIVE MOOD. 33 The Turks would have been here now if they had been wiser. If in youth I had been lucky, I should never have been here. May he become blind ! Would that I were in London now ! THE VERB " TO Strictly "Sulaimania speaking dialect, there and is HAVE ". no verb "to have" the purpose is served with in a the com¬ pound of the verb "to be". The verb "to have" is not used as an auxiliary for the formation of the compound tenses of verbs, the verb to be being the only auxiliary for that purpose. The verb has two distinct forms, one for use or thing possessed, is actually when mentioned, and the the other when the object is not mentioned. Infinitive. Bun to have. Present participle Past participle. bûa. Wanting INDICATIVE Present MOOD. Tense. Affirmative. Without object. With object. min hama I have im hayya I have. tu hata thou hast it hayya thou hast o hayati he has i hayya he has ema hamana we have iman hayya we have. ewa hatana you have itan hayya you have. awar1 hayana they have ian hayya they have. KURMANJI 34 GRAMMAR. Negative. mm nima im ma. tu nita it nia. o niia i nia. ema nimana iman nia. ewa nitana itan nia. awan niiana ian nia. Preterite Tense. I had, etc. Affirmative. Without object. min hstmbû tu With object. ê\va hamanbû ha-abû êwa ewa hatanbû it bu itan bii. haibû awan hayanbû I bu i^fi bu. im ba iman bu. Negative. min nambû ema namanbû im nabii iman nabû tu natbû êwa natanbû it nabû itan najîû> o naibû awan nayanbû î nabû ian nabû. Imperfect Tense. I used to have, etc. Affirmative. Without object. min hambû With object. êma hamanabû im habö tu ha-abû êwa hatanabû it habû itan habû. iman habû. o halbû awan hayanabû o habû ian habû. INDICATIVE MOOD. 35 Negative. In both forms the initial h- changes to initial n- Perfect Tense. I have had, etc. Affirmative. Without object. With object, ema bûmana im biia iman bua. tu buta ewa bûtana it bua itan bua. o biiyati awan buyana I biia ian bua. min biima Negative. In both cases the verb form is prefixed by ija- FuTURE Tense. I shall have. Affirmative. Without object. With object, min abe im abe. tu abe it abe. o abe I abe. ema abê~- , iman abe. ewa abe itan abe. ian abe. awan abe 36 KURMANJI GRAMMAR. SUBJUNCTIVE Present MOOD. Tense. That, or. May I have. Affirmative. Without object. » With object. min buaina ema buamana im buaya, tu buata ewa buatana it buaya iman buaya. itan buaya. o buayatl awan buayana i buaya ian buaya. Negative. ' Formed by prefixing na- to the verb form. Imperfect Tense. That I had, or. Might I have. * Affirmative. Without object. With object. min bimbuaya ema bimanbuaya im bibuaya iman bibuaya tu bitbuaya ewa bitanbuaya it bibuaya itan bibuaya o biibuaya awan bilanbuaya i bibuaya bibuaya ian Negative. Formed by changing bi- to na- for both cases, and some¬ times in the form with object prefixing n- to the pronoun and omitting initial bi-, as nim, (or nam) buaya, etc. CONDITIONAL CONDITIONAL Present 37 MOOD. MOOD. Tense. If I have, etc. Affirmative. With object. Without object. min bimbe ema bimanbe im be iman be. tu bitbe ewa bîtanbê it be itan be. o bîibê awan biianbe i be ian be. Negative. In the form without object, in the form with object, by by substituting na- prefixing na- to for bi-, the verb or pronoun. The verb has no Imperative. WORD bartir [before (time) pêsh LIST. ganum wheat. - arzahal petition. pashawa presently doll valley. mang a month sahul ice. hefta week hair snow. dolamani wealth kazh, keû. kew mountain. jighara cigarette her nothing but, only, just this that. dasalat authority germ! heat. mud. bakh garden qurr khwt tent hatin coming, to come. tam flavour. mird died. 3S KURMANJI GRAMMAR. Elxercise Hêch im nia. abum. Ish 8. Agar chishtek im buaya, wha kawil na- it nia? Bartir la hatin I Romi, Sulaimani zur bakh Î bu, ista hêch I nia, inshala pashawa abet. tam i nia. Aha para i hayya ? Bali hayati. Am jighara Mangek chwar hefta i hayya, wa du se rozhi Dasalat im be chi abim. O ki zhin o minal o mal o pas o ga I hayya, dolamanishi* abe. Era nan- ian hayya ? Bali, awan hayana, ema nimana. nimana, elbet hamana. Rashid Agha chan Chlun khwt I habO ? Naibti, ista ish I nia. Translation I have a big house. died, last year. Exercise 8. Muhammad had a brother, but he Have you bread in the hoi^se ? no wheat bread. Hasan has a petition. AbduUa had sheep formerly but he sold them. no Arabs it might be (abû) pleasant. have plenty of water. If Iraq had The valleys of Mugurun Last year Mugurun had snow till summer and Sulaimania had ice from it (le). has not that much snow. We have Take it from him. This year it Iraq has not mountains, it has not snow, nothing but Arabs and heat and mud (has it). THE REGULAR VERB. This presents some apparent, but few real difficulties, as it is not subject to many exceptions. Every infinitive is usable in the same manner as our gerund 'in -ing, and in fact more generally expresses it than our infinitive. Thus, the infinitive hatin, to come, is, as a rule, better translated by " coming," and this applies to most infinitives. * = dolamani + ish. THE REGULAR VERB. 39 All infinitives are constructed of three parts : (1) the In¬ complete stem, (2) the Complement, Complete stem, (3) The Infinitive forming Ending, " -n", sometimes prefixed by a short -i with (1) the which is always when necessary' for euphony. Examples : T £ Incomplete Infinihve. gtem. kêshan to chespin to adhere khestin hênan wistin f> <-omplement. Infinitive g^^^j^g kêsh- -a- -n. chesp- -I- -n. to throw kh- -est- -in. to bring hen- -a- -n. to wish wi- -st- -in. draw There are five conjugations : 1. Of the Transitive Verb. 2. Of the Intransitive Verb. 3. Of the Causal Verb. 4. Of the Passive (Caudal) Verb. 5. Of the Passive Verb. The Transitive Verb is such by its meaning, which an object upon which to exercise its action. The Intransitive Verb is such by its expresses an action merely, without meaning, which demanding an object upon which to exercise its action. The Causal Verb is constructed from a simple though not all simple infinitives permit of :and by its meaning is transitive. infinitive, this development, 40 KURMANJI GRAMMAR. The Passive (Causal) Verb is constructed from the Cau¬ sal Verb, though not all Causal Infinitives permit of this development. The Passive Verb is constructed from the Simple Infini¬ tive (nearly always of a Transitive Verb), and by its meaning is intransitive. The Causal Infinitive is formed tive by i.nserting -an- between the from the incomplete Simple Infini¬ stem and the Infinitive ending, as : CAUSAL INFINITIVE. Simple Incomplete Causal Infin. Causal Infinitive. stem. Particle. End. Infinitive. -in kêshanin. -in chespanin. kêshan to draw kêsh- chespîn to adhere chesp- an- wustan to stand wust- an- -in wustanin. sCitan to burn sût- an- -in sûtanin. The Passive (Causal) Infinitive is formed from the Causal by the insertion of -ra- between the Causal Particle and the Infinitive ending, as in the table below. PASSIVE (CAUSAL) INFINITIVE. Passive Causal . Infinitive. kêshanin to cause to draw Incomp. Causal stem. Particle. kêsh- -an- (Causal) Infin. svParticle. Infi end. -ra- -n kêshanran . chespanran.. chespanin to stick chesp- -ra- -n wustanin to arrest wust- -an- -ra- -n wustanran cause siit- -an- -ra- -n sQtanran sOtanin to to burn -an- FIRST 41 CONJUGATION. The Passive Infinitive is formed from the Simple Infinitive by the insertion of -ra- between the incomplete stem and the infinitive ending as : PASSIVE Simple Infinitive. kêshan to INFINITIVE. "'. . ^s Passive Particle, Infinending. Passive Infinitive. draw kêsh- -ra- -n kêshran. gûrran. gûrîn to change gfir- -ra- -n birrin to cut birr- -ra- -n birrrin. tie best- -n bestran. bestin to FIRST THE -ra- CONJUGATION. REGULAR TRANSITIVE kêshan to VERB draw. Past Participle Present Participle. kêshaû. Wanting INDICATIVE Present MOOD. Te.nsk. f Formed of, tense particle -f- incomplete stem 4- pro¬ nominal (enclitic) termination aikêshim I draw ema aikeshln we tu aikêshlt thou dravvest ewa aikêshin you draw o aikêshet he draws awfm aikêshin they draw , min Negative formed with prefixial n- draw 42 KURMANJI GRAAIMAR. Preterite Tense. Formed of (a) complete stem + enclitic pronoun (two forms). (ft) Complete Stem awsê awsan krraninawa Incomplete Stem qizhanin to scream rawaninawa to force apart rawên rawan stanin to get stên stan tilanin to roll tilên tilan twanawa to molt twên twan ^ bwardin to pass bwêr bward ^ bzhardin to choose bzhêr bzhard nardin to send nêr nard shardin to hide shêr shard "^ N " \ zhmardin to count zhmêr zhmar gwastinawa to shift gwêz gwast parastin to defend parêz parast angawtin to hit a mark angêw angawt palawtin to filter palêw palawt rif^-- r h /Ua a 71 IRREGULAR VERBS. The following verbs show irregularity as below :dan to give Î da dan to strike i da hatin to come e hat din to see bin di gutin to speak la gut or wut hishtin to permit hêl hisht hatin is further in the Imperative, which is warra . Wistin to wish is irregular in the formation of its tenses as follows :- Indicative Present. I wish amanawê we wish adawê thou wishest atanawê you wish alwêt he wishes ianawê they wish amawê Present Subjunctive. bimawê bimanawê bidawê bitanawê biawêt bianawê Imper-ative. Bidawê Bitanawê The Preterite and other tenses formed from the com¬ plete stem are regularly constructed from wist. Note : Imperfect The are Tense an for aikam or akam Particles a-, ai-, in the Indicative Present and erosion of the Kurmanji da-, and may be used. use dakam, for aehim use dachim. In Thus Sulaimania neighbourhood the correct form with da- is used in writing, and is under¬ stood by everyone. Farther north it is in proper and regular use and the Sulaimania eroded version is not heard. 73 KURMANJI THE GRAMMAR. ADVERB. Any adjective may be used as an adverb without change of form, as. Bash hati thou hast come well Amawe zu Kurmanji qsa bikam I want to speak Kurdish soon Any noun may be used as an adjective by prefixing ba-, as Ba dang hat he came ncisily ba rrash tamashai kird he looked at him blackly ba qin hal wêsta he rose angrily The adverbs in general use cire as follows (1) Negative Adverbs hêchwakhit never di, itir hêch nothing no longer With these the verb requires the negative form. (2) Adverbs of quantity and comparison bas, bes enough. only: amanda, 1 as miich, as many awaiida* J zur, gal many, much, too chan somewhat hachichani however much, zûrtir more kemtir less' kem,hendek few, not much hêchnabê at least itir else, still neziki about har, her. exactly, just, quite, many utterly, precisely, altogether, cons¬ tantly, continually, repeatedly, unin¬ terruptedly, speci¬ ally, incessantly. *Often pronounced amanga, awanga. THE {3) ADVERB. 73 Adverbs of time awakhit then dusubê, dubêani, the day after to-morrow- dwêna, dwêka yesterday dwsho yesternight par last year pêrar the year before last basirpêrar the year before the year before perê the day before yesterday basirpêrê the day before the day before amsal this year salana yearly last yesterday hamûrozh daily, every day hamûhefta weekly, every week jarek once pêshtir before zûrwakhta often bamzûa already hêshta yet jaran, lamopêsh formerly zû soon, betimes amjara this time ojara that time tawakhit meanwhile awwal at first lawakhta since lowakhta since then jarjari from time to time lamopash henceforth disan still, again, once again lapashawa at last pash next hachwakhit whenever 74 KURiM.^NJI GRAMMAR. ista, istaka now amwakhta pashawa subsequently zûtir sooner hêchwakhtî ever ki when lately drang late hamûwakht always lapirraka suddenly herista directly (4) Advei-bs of place lazhurawa up, above lazherawa down laldiwarawa down labarawa ahead lapêsh ahead jeitir elsewhere ger, lador around lanaoa, tea within, in laderawa out, outside lashQna, laduwa behind lasera above, up¬ lakiia whence wards lêrawa hence amla hither era, lêra here ora, lora, liwe there duer far hêchjê anywhere ku where bokû whither hamûjêk everywhere nezik near jêik somewhere hachjê wherever (S) Adverbs of mannei -. wha so, thus anjakh hardly zur, gal very beyekda, pewa, together ta even naawanda not very bo, bochi why, because nezik about tozek somewhat so, lagal kemê ki rather so as. (6) Adverbs of affirmation and doubt.agar if labar, bo because bali, are yes na no elbet certainly by all means. THE 75 ADVERB. ranga probably lapirraka by chance dabê, abê perhaps her, har, qat absolutely wana not even (7) Adverbs of interrogation. ke when ? bo, bochi why ? chun, chlun how ? chan how mueh ? how itir chan how şiuch take how long ? ku, laku where ? bokû whither ? lakii whence ? many? more ? WORD kocher nomads LIST. rrashmal black sheep tents garmian warm country man- l^izin goat tCik wool mû goathair tela thin pole sing stake chigh screen, mat reed ban thin rope giiris rope taCm loom barra, qall carpet goran villagers bar load chal hole gurj clever, quick qamish in wiilakh pack animals lawchak beautiful tl le ground. persons) chapaw raid hara, harao, noise, shouts; bOfarra idle, stupid kawa, shin grey qach leg beyekda together hamushshtêlc everything wahawah brIn wound tarr wet westa craftsman bigerr aroimd bekhew to maintain. kirdin. sersum dan rear, care for to stumble (of animals). (of 76 KURMANJI GRAMMAR. Exerciie 11. Kocheri, pai ian dalain rrashmal nishtu. ian garmian naw abirêt Garmian o kewstan bizin a. Jega i zwistan (passive from birdin) be kewstan. kirdin ian bo bekhew kirdin i marr o Be rrashmal,' dawar o chadir i (dative) pai abêzhrêt. Amana la tûk o mû akirêt. O tela o wêstani davyaraka da achaqênrêt giiris la dar aitashin. singana ish i ke bo rra pewa bestrawa, ahêlrêt Chigh ish bigerri rrashmalakada rra la qamish o ban I'am naoa akirêt. Zhin la pio zlatir kharlkl hal dan i dawar abet la Î bo reik khestini nao mal hamûshshtêk ki zhin hachwakhtiek wisti bar la shûnek dasti bar anrêt, da bikawêt) kawet (or, Wha chaktir binrawa ki zhin dawar hal dan. Zhin I Kurd zur aza o gurj a. ian la naoda abinrêt. abin. Pioian kharik Awana ki la goran. gund I da Ta bilait zhini lawchak Kharik i taûn kirdin I dizi o o suwari chapaw anishin be zamani Jafi Goran la bar cho ian zur sûk a. wha ian biia ke hamûshshtêkl qali o barra kirdin en. pai ian alain La wakhtekda gorani be hi khwai pioi 'zaniwa. Ista wha namaua. Translation Formerly mania. there was not Exercise a town 11. where is now Sulai¬ The Pashas of the Baban family were at the Qarachwatan stream. Sitak with this place because of its water and its broad plain. moved (hal girt) his house from Sitak He and settled here and the name of the place he fixed (da na) as (ba) Sulaimani, Sulaimania. near Sulaiman Pasha Baban was pleased As (chunki) it was on the road between not Mosul and Persia it rapidly (bizûr) became a big town and Sulaiman THE ADVERB. 77 Pasha hoped that after some years he would be independent. He subdued the Jaf and made tliem his servants and paid no taxes to Turkey. In the war of 1820 however the power of the Baban broke (casual passive) and after the departure of the Persians, the Turks hoped to finish them. The year after the Persians had gone, the death of Muhammad owing to Ali Mirza in SharazQr, (labari) the Turks collected a great many tribesmen (ashair) and regulars (nizam) at Chemchemal, and Ahmad Pasha went to Bazian where a large number of horsemen with footmen of Qoraman ed (passive). collect¬ The fight took place (happened) at Der bend i Bazian and lasted some days. The Turks would have been defeated (shikanra bun), but Ahmad Beg, who was acquainted with the Bazian mountains, took two guns up another pass, and fired on (at) the Baban from behind causing (and caused) them to break and they retired demoralized. From that time the Baban have become dispersed though members (kasan) of the family are found (passive) in all parts of Kurdistan and Turkey and are always important and well known (nasran). KURMANJI 78 GRAMMAR. CONJUNCTIONS. The common conjunctions are : o wa ya yan and ish also, too or neki not that amma, wa but agar if wa agar but if wagarna if not bo, boama because na neither... da, di then van ya chi. .chi ..ra nor either or bashk ) perhaps whether., balan j or PREPOSITIONS. Strictly speaking preposition places the noun in the abla¬ tive case, and very In Sulaimania, generally the ablative inflection is heard. however, the ablative da has degenerated to a and wa or awa and as such is regularly heard after preposi¬ tion : (1) la meaning at, from, in, of, on, for, through, along, across, concerning. The noun used with la takes final da, a, or wa da exclusively North of Zab, and all three in Sulaimania. Examples : Hamushshtek la khwawa bu All things were from God. Beram la Kurkuka ya My brother is at Kirkuk Zhin la mala ya The woman is in the house Lakûwa hati ? From where have you come ? i PREPOSITIONS. 79 La kêlana chi alai ? Concerning ploughing, what do you say ? Bakhi ema la gula purr a Our garden is full of flowers La sharwa birruin ya la derawa Shall we go through the town or on the outside. Similarly all compound prepositions prefixed Ihe same inflection in the noun. by la take These are : laser lakhwar lagan laban, on lazhêr, under lador, around lanas, in ; lapesht, behind ; lapêsh or labon, lata, beside ; lakin, near ; beside ; before (place) ; lagal, with ; labin, at the Tjottom of. In Pizhder, Rania and farther North, when la means at in the noun takes i as : la Serdeshti bûHe was at Serdesht (2) a to The noun takes final da, a, wa, but î in Pizhder, of " to " in such Rania and farther North. Birruin a mala or malawa Let me go to the house or Northern Bichim a male. It cannot be used in the meaning phrases as " I explained to him," " He gave it to Rfuhammad" being confined to the meaning of direction. 80 \ KURMANJI (3) bo GRAMMAR. for, to The noun takes no inflection. Bia bo Hasan Give it to Hasan Amam bo Hasan bu This was for Hasan / (4) be with, by, to, on, for When meaning with, be inflects the noun, but in the other meanings, does not do so. Be Ahmada binera Send it with Ahmad Be karwana hat He came with the caravan Be zur binera; Send him by force Be agir sûtra It was consumed by fire , Awa da be Hama He gave that to Hama Do qran bia be kazhaz Spend two krans on paper (5) be virithout This has no idiomatic use, and does not noun. (6) pai to, with (with pronouns only) This does not inflect the noun. Hazar qurush pai 'm da He gave a thousand piastres to me. inflect the PREPOSITIONS. 81 If a name or noun replaces the pronoun, the preposition bo must be used. Chan kas pai awan bu hat How many people came with them. If a name or noun replaces the pronoun, lagal must be the preposition used. (7) nezik near This is properly speaking a noun and takes the genitive particle I before another, and also inflects that noun with, da, a, or awa as nezik i malda, mala or malawa Near the house (8) zhêr under This usually takes a genitive particle but need not do so, and also inflects the noun, as zhêr takhtawa sunder the bench, zhêri takhtawa (9) ser on This usually takes a genitive particle but need not do so, and also inflects the noun, as chû ser malda, mala or malawa chû ser I malda, mala, or malawa He went on the (roof of) the house (10) pisht (11) behind, as above bar, pêsh, in front of, (12) tanesht, kin, la, beside (13) bin (14) nao (15) at the bottom of in ben naoras, between (16) pash as above behind, after 82 KURMANJI GRAMMAR. SYNTAX AND IDIOMS. The Enclitic pronouns and their use present many di£&7 culties, all of which cannot be dealt with peculiarity of a pronoun is that when if comes between the in here. the tense particle and The objective stem of main case, the verb, where the tense particle is used (a) with a simple verb possessing a tense particle as : bihêna Bring bi 4- I 4- hena bihena, bring, it. 1 aihênim I bring agirrim I take bi 4- ian 4- hena bring them. ai 4- ian 4- hênim I bring them. a 4- ian 4- girrim I take them. (6) with a simple verb not possessing tense particle. (a) the enclitic is not always used thus : hênam I brought By an idiomatic use final -in being an erosion (b) I ewa imhêna brought .them, I brought you. is hênamin ; the of ian. the enclitic immediately follows the stem ; hênaii, they brought, but hena 4- m 4- ian they brought 4- ian they brought me. hena -ft thee hena 4-1 -fian they brought it hena 4- man 4- ian they brought us hena 4- tan they brought 4- ian you. hênatiania, \ henSniar. ) they brought them. 83 PREPOSITIONS. (c) with a compound verb possessing a tense the objective enclitic succeeds the qualificative particle, word of the verb. rut kirdin to strip rut akam I rûtit strip akam I strip thee rûtim akal Thou striiJpest me rûtian akan They strip them rut imkird rûtm ruti y I stripped ikird imkird He stripped me I stripped him lai dan to strike lai imda 1 struck lai imda I struck him laim Ida He struck me la' ian manda We struck him laiman ianda They struck us The enclitic often precedes the preposition, but may be used after it. " Thus ama 'mbo nakerrêt Ama bom nakerret this will not do for me para 'mlai bistêna para laim bistêna take cash from me chan kas 'mlagal hat chan kas lagal' m hat several people Came with me s 84 KURMANJI GRAMMAR. J GOVERNMENT OF SEQUENCES 09 NOUNS BY PREPOSITIONS. Where" a preposition governs a sequence of nouns, or a phrase, the last word only of the phrase is inflected, as la gund o dêda from villages and hamlets Not la gundda o deda la wakhti bar kirdinda at the time of loading Not la wakhtida bar kirdin AGREEMENT OF VERBS IN NUMBER WITH NOUNS. (1) Where a noun by a plural meaning, it is kept meaning or context in the singular, and expresses the verb indicates the number diz la kewda hat a khwarawa a thief came down But diz la kewda hatin a khwarawa thieves came down from the hills from the hills (2) Where the noun is a collective one, the verb also remains in the singular, Hamawand bo Kirkuk rûisht The Hamawand have gone to Kirkuk Rran I jaf zur a Where the noun The cattle are many is in the plural the verb may or may not take the plural form Pasakan i Jaf hamu chak a The Jaf sheep are all good Dizakan hatin The thieves came or Diz hatin, is equally usual and correct. INDEFINITE (4) Where there is a PLURAL. sequence 85 of nouns, whether plural' or not, the verb may or may not take the plural Suwar o pia o zhin o zlam hat Or, Suwar o pia o zhin o zhlam hatin INDEFINITE PLURAL. From a noun the plural is formed with -an or -akan, the indefinite pluril takes an extra -a, making -ana and -akana. The difference in use is as follows : Bo suwarakan (or, suwaran) asp gerek a The horsemen want horses Bo suwarana (or, suwarakana) asp gerek a Horsemen want horses Also it has the further significance, that the definite plural indicates objects and persons the number of which are known and are definite, whereas the indefinite plural makes provision for all that can possibly be included in the statement without the knowledge of actual numbers and quantity. 86 KURMANJI GRAMMAR. u 'Ji 'rt 1 jj fl "S Wororphrd complemi taroy Verb. : : I 1 « ci mg; CC&.2 : U - J3.S : : Î ! V .t^ ' Ka "O u : : : : C.N 53 en » . 1) Verb. CJ E -^ o 1» o 2 C< 1» lU & E i « J3 0) tn : t C J3 O S " : : =:? iu£*^ rt . c l_ EU o o J3 ...>..-, L. .c & M g ICS 2 I a S «3 « « .2 X ^ OWrd compl ary b(adve J2 S3 !« ,.- : * u: .-% « > (U a * w O .M > o § Of : u « '.3 £ : CO u o tc O : o B.W S'-i It u IClC '-' c c CIS .14 3 5£ 0) : ^ !^ u "*"* rt tH !> _û 1- rt « ... H o a; .E E 1 .M s '3 o- «. Cc C 1« O ^ "t^ o Id) 3 3 u jj IE 'c S S» ^1 phstaory bial). o " !3 o 4i 3 .o NX (A .3 > a c !5 "rt .2>i:iS o o rt D. > CO J3 en en . . c . . . 0) ; 13 rt I.M ^ Is aJ3 *^ tl « rt E E E w "ii J3 3 3 BSOH : SI 3.S''S O OX 3£ : ' .2 .; w to 3 c 43 u 3 E S so Vocabulary. abuse v. kharap wutin, dizhmin! w. loma k. abandon v, helan, bar dan abandoned abase v, chal accept v. da khestin abash v. khajalat dan abate v. kem kirdin, bun abatement abdicate v. hal rriq lai hatin rriq ability zêrakl abject kawil, kotûa able V. shtin, daznwezh accord peik hênan binû accordingly wha hsêb, zhmara account accountant muhasibachi gird bûnawa, hal accumulate v. qabîh shik ban, such zanîn accuse v. accustom v. fêr b. accustomed rrahatiia ache V. êshîn nezik, ranga ache n. êsh above lesar, lazhûr, laban acid abrasion rushanin tirsh acknowledge v. abreast beramber acknowledgment abroad walati gharlb acorn abrupt rugirzh acquaint v. abscess dumal abscond v. rra k. nabûii absence zanin, qabiil k. ilm i khabar barCi fêr k, sharaza k. acquaintance acquainted, nasi sharaza acquiesce v. qabOl k. absolutely qat, her absolution lai bwardin across awla, bamla, la absolve v. lai bwardin action ish, kirdua absorb v. abstain v. keshan, kîiisûdin das hal keshan, das be khud abundance, t. abuse acquire v. active acute add, lai nadan absurd lagal yekiati about abominable hatin, bun, gird kirdin twanin ablution pai hawbash according to pêchan, gîran'n, rewandin, rrawî abhorrence lanakao accomplish v. zik abhor v, accidentally accomplice kurt k. ra raz b. la nakao, (la) purikda rrûîn azll khwa qabfil k. abduction qabiil, accompany v. kem bun abbreviate v. abdomen accident kawilî, shikanra " abasement qabûl k. accede v. zur, gal dizhmini, loma hal kh pêsûk tiizh addition v. jhal dan additional adder zîaî margisk jam k., gird k. VOCABULARY. 88 jê address pashînîwarû afternoon adequate bes afterwards adhere v. chespîn again (things) girtin ^ adherence (persons) adhesion chesplati adjacent tenisht adjoin, v. ben admire v. pêsûk admission (coming in) hatin a nao agony admit (let in) agree admonition pêsûkî agility jumênin agitate v. to let come in naslhat k. jankeshi yek bun agreeable naslhat khwosh, khosh agreement qabiil, qarSrda jotyari adopt V. bikhwa girtin agriculture adorn v. jCian k, razanin ague têkal k. adulterate v. adultery lerzl laburawa, lapêsh ahead gana hal bun lêdhar aggressor agHe idara, daira lala khosh bun admonish v. amînar, wekil aggregate v. plwan, mîzan k. administration pir agent be jê Î khwal k. adjust V. (position) latanisht, lala sal aged tenisht bun adjudge v. against age lapashawa, lapash disan, Itir, awa, ish aid yaria advance n-. pêshakî, qarz, dun aim n. maram advance v. laber, lapêsh, k. ch. aim v. keshan rrûîn. air advantage qazanj tengî adversity advertise v. advice naslhat advise v. adze twshi têara biduer affair ish wîstn, affection khosh birruwa k. affirmation afflict v. afraid after quwat shkan sharr affright v. afoot birruwa tush kirdin afford V. affray pan pai dan hêwan alcove gerek gharib alight adj. tersanin bezlami beters- pash, shun, duma begarr alight V. hal nishtia alight V. da bazin alike wakuyek alive zhinu, zinga all hamu allow V. bun. affirm tersanin alarm n. alien rra sipardin, tenblh k. aeroplane afar khabar blao k. hawa alarm v. heshtin allowance allude V. allusion mangana, salana lai qsa kirdin ishara ally ham yaria almanac taqwim almighty almond almost alms khuwaî baam ranga, nezik karam, bakhshi - VOCABULARY. faqîrkhana, latkhana almshouse aloft laser, laban, lazhur 89 anklet pamCua, pawana annals tarikh, alone tinia annihilate v. along la anniversary aloof jîa aloud annoy v. ish ^ gûraninawa alteration /;. alternate v. always bash, bilan, magar her v. (to be) waq wurr warnnan ambassador ambition sefîr khwashzeman lanao among lanao amorous zhindost chan, hangîek amount ample bes amputate v. amulet birrin dazwana amuse v. an jabakhana kharik kirdin -ek, -I ancestor ancient and ^êshwa kuhan, kon wa, o anemone gulalasûrka anew lano anger qin, harra, harrosha angry hajiz animal ankle jandar, hêwan raqalal pê ask anticipation antique anvil ammunition juwab dan, dûwan mêrûla anticipate v. chadapechran amend v. giiranin amidst juwab antelope anus biisu, makö amiable man, tê nagêshtin ambiguity ambush answer ant hall khestin, gird k. amazed batal k. yekltir answers, hamuwakht amass !'. salana annul v. another char altogether serêshl salana annuity pashi yek hatin alternative although annual blao hajiz k. annoyance gûranin alter v. blao kirdinawa announcement bamzûa already also announce bedang fotanin sersal pSsh din chowarê, intizarl antika qng sindan anxiety, anxious befikr, betaif- krln any hêch, shshtê anyone liachkas, herkas anything hachi hachjê, chijê anywhere apart jia apartment oda aperient derman i rewani aperture kuna apothecary apparel ajzachi , jii apparent diar, binra appeal v. arz k. appear v. diar b., da hatin, hal hatin, hal ko., binran appearance appease v. rang razk., ashtlk., aram, k. apple slw apply V. da nan ap. for, wistin, ap. to, VOCABULARY. 90 appoint V. eirsenic rra girtin zernikh appointment Ish artery sharag apportion v. bash k. article shshte apprehend v. tersQn artificial apprehension ters artillery apprentice approach shagird approval approved apricot as wer girtin chunki, ba as soon awanda ta barozhûr rrûln, bez- ascend v. bzhardin bzhardCi kirikar as much pesen approve v. topkhana artisan nezik hatin appropriate v. dast kirdua hûr rrûîn, ser ko., ser k. * kokh, qesl shlana ascent hawzhfirl apron pêshban ascertain v. arable kêlan ashes kholamêzh aside bela arbitration arbitrator arbour arch chardaq taq, kamar ardour v. (as of arm assauh prophets) hal begzada, ojagh lasharr rra westan, assist V. army leshker, asker assistance ger, lador hal westanin arrange v. hal bestin, rek arrangement arrears arrival girtin geshtin arrive v. geshtin, gehan arrogance arsenal hal best!, rêkl pash khestiia arrest v. kh tirrdil, bai qurkhana kh., qab. qablanin, did telash bash assimilate v. silah arouse v. qablanin, hal assiduity arms around pewa (intrans.) pewa ko. assignment binbakhal (trans.) qabul assessment dizhmindosti armpit assemble assess v. besilah armistice pelamar, hal kutan peik gêanin. assent basik, qol, bal armed kotin a ser plokush assemble v. westan, hal hatin, hal ko. aristocrat kar assassination kuzhdin qsa, guftigû hishk, wishk, chol arise khaotCi, nûstû assassin dûwan, galta k. argue v. pirsln asleep assail v. giran, qurs, sakht argument ask V. ass taw arduous arid rek kh. naochl hal kerranin tê birdin yarik yaria associate rafikh, têkal assort V. jia k. assume v. kheal k. assure v. dilnia k. asthma tengahenas astonish v. waq wurr hênan astonished (to be) astringent astride asunder girtini suwar layek da man VOCABULARY. at /bag wurdik attach z;. attack chespanin. V. pelamar dan, liutan. lai ko. attain v. geshtin. attempt telash. attend to v. attention aga b. guedarl, agaari. attract v, auction keshan. mazad audacious aza audacity baggage kalopal bake v. kulanin baker nanwa balance qapan balance (of a/c) maûa balance v. bald kechel, kal bale linga, ta. band banish v, dasalat bankrupt palz, paizan dasglr bar mil. barber avenge v, haq stanina'^'a bare V. awake duer ko. chowarê b. wurria awaken v. halshika mêwanl banquet khurmlawa avoid sharbeder k. bank avalanche await V. pêchanin bandage v. bank available pêchik bandage pur authority (an a/c) rozhin k. turma. êwan 'balcony zla k. augment v, autumn hal kis, janta band azal bhlstraû. audible aware pisl, kharapî badness la atom aunt 91 sertash, barbar rûit rûdar barefaced pêrûit barefooted bareheaded khabar k. barely bargain v. be aga serriiit anjakh harzan k. away duer bark awful basam bark v. pas k. awhile damek barley awkward barn dasgiran pest jih, ju. ammar awl dirosh barracks axe twr barren (female) hishk barren (land) bêkhêr B Babbler baby purrwurra minal bachelor back bezhin pisht backbiting backward backwards bad qsapishtmila pishtaûpisht pis, kharap badge barricade barter v, base n. baseless bashful kol nishan qishla chapar wa gwastin binagha bêbinagha shermûk basin kashi basis binagha basket sebed, sawata, pala, qurlna, barchlna. bastard haram zCil zamll, VOCABULARY. 92 bat chakchakola bath hamam bathe v. tai ko., hamam k., be tabûr battery be belief sûnnl bell bawir k. zang bellow v, bun bead miir beak nûk. beam qirrqêna dan bawir believe v. sharr bayonet ser birrin lapisht, lashûn, laduwa, behind belch V, batteria battle kirdawa behead v. pisht aw rrûln battalion behaviour bellows belly kuzhulk, dastek, kûla, zik beloved below nergakarita borin, horin kuradam khoshawlst zher, lazher, lakhwar bean lûbia belt bear wirch bemoan v, bear v. beard rish, rin ^ beat V. lawchak because v. bend jCian, shirin, khujual, (intrans.) (trans.) bent faida, karam lar, cheft beckon v. bedas bang k. bequeath v. become v. bun bequest v. (as of cjothes), zêban, zêbîn. bed bedstead bee beside pêkhaf bedclothes gazûlik, wl zwiz beetroot before better bar¬ before (place) beforehand between sualker bier v, beginning , das pai k.; hal k. pêshl, pêshwa, barl nao, ben agaar, wurria. bewitch v, beyond sual k. beggar begin pê sh, labar lapesh sCiran bashtir, chaktir beware tir. beg V, merj k. betrothal lasik, saq (time) jaran, pêsh, dor girtin la hamu bashtir bet v, gosht I ga beetle ish, Itir besiege v. best lai paranawa tanisht besides takhit hang beef mirdikmirdiia berl, tutirk beseech v. pêkhaf, dushek waslat k. waslat bereaved berry zêban becoming chamanin, wanin, chotanin benefit bo, lebar become chamin, bend n, khwarl, larl ^ jûan k. beautify v. bend chawin, chotin le dan beautiful akh k. pêka, takhit bench hal girtin hêwan, (wild) dabba beast pishben, kamar jadû k. b'ola dar I met biestings big gora bill hsêb ferCi clia- 93 VOCABULARY. bind V, blow V. bestin birth za \ birth (to give) zan, of dogs, pf k. blow n. hal k. mistakola, sikhurma bludgeon hal terekin (of wind hatin, bayin chumakh, kutek, tiala bit naodami bitch delik, bite V. biter bitter gazCik tall qlr, zift blacken v. rrash k. blacksmith asinger rîkhlû, mizilga dam, gozan blame v. such zanln. basûch blameable moj blaspheme v. garr bleat V. barin, marin khuin lai hatin bleed (trans.) blemish bless khuin keshan pala V. blight dua k. krosha, gandal, kirmtai- dan. boil n. dumal boil V. (intrans.) Inilan boil (trans.) boil boiler qazan aza, bêadab bold bolt kulanin boil over, hal chun serin, mutakka cheft bamba bondage bone hapsi, bendl sqan bonnet klao ktêb book bookkeeper katib ktêbferûsh boon bashlchak, nimat boor ladêwl boot potin, lapchln, kosh, sCiran, chekma, qundara blind (adj.) blind n. blind V. kuer barhatao kuer k. blister tuqla blizzard block lash llta, zung, qurraw bookseller têkal blend bog china dan belem, qufa, seflna bomb kewstan, hawaglr bleed i'. boat bolster kufr k. bleach- gazir k. bleak takhta, (for bread) pina body tutirk blanket baraz, waraz boast V. rrash blade such kûl, kul blunt board blackberry bladder kew, shin blunder boar tai bitumen blaze / gazin, qap girtin bitterness black blue dela tipl tawir blockade mahasira bootmaker booty border bore 0. (of dress) tak, kuna k. borrow v. borrow chûr bosom blood khuin both khuncha, shkaw kenar, chak, parawez blond blossom koshdûr talan bottle (money) bedên girtin (things) be amanat g. sing herduk shCisha VOCABULARY. 94 bottom bin bêbin bottomless gilla, girê, shakh, leq bough bounce o. hal parrin break up hal shikanin breakfast qawaltl, teslit breast sing, mimik breath hinas bound V. hal parrin breathe v. boundary hediid, senör breed v, kêshanin boundless bêhad breed n, tu bounty bow karam breeze kiwan kirrnûsh k. bow 0. ' rlkhlû bowels bower chardaq kashI, tas, kamûla bowl bribe bertll hajur, khisht bride bûk, bûkzawan bridegroom bridge sanûq, qutû bridle boy kurr brier kurrlati sukaba brick box boyhood laqao tutirk brigade alai bazIn, dazban brigand brag china dan, khwa pasa- bright nin, khwa azak mezhû, meshik brain bran kapak brand (for animals) dakh brandy kuniak brass pirinj, birinj brave aza, matirs bravery brawl azal, azaiati harra, sharrik bray v. zarrln. serrserr k. rich, darûkhawa breach jerda, ashqia ronalf, rozhia brilliant brine draoshin shiiraw bring V, gilla, girê, shakh, leq branch zawa perrt, perrd bracelet 0. hinas keshan hênan bring back bringer hênanawa lienanin brink llw brisk tung brittle zûshikest, turt broad pan brocade kulapdiin shikaû broken broken (of country) harda bread nan bronze tuni bread (thick) kulêra brook bread (thin) tirl, nûrdû broom breadth pani, panlati break v, (intrans.) shikan break v. (trans.) shikanin break down (intrans.) tek chun, broth break down (trans.) tek dan, pak khestin gesik shurba, aogosht brother bera brotherhood beraiati brother-in-law brow pak kotin jûga brown bur bruise brIn, kewfl, shlnbCia brush fircha break forth qomin, ruin brutal rriqawl break open shikanin bubble break out (trans.) da shikanin brazhin nacchao qup 95 VOCABULARY. asklnêr buck bucket satil, dolcha buckle aozengi, barazvvana bud khuncha, shklw buffalo bug garnish, kal ispl cabbage cage kelerm qefes cake kulfira calculate 0. build 0. kirdin, durus k. calendar taqwim, rozhnama building khanii calf pêwaz bulb bulky zil gCiilaka, jiianaka, palak calf (of leg) calico ganêr, kal bull izhmardin pus khamlk caligraphy bullet gulla call bump (on a road) zaq call V. bunch desta calm 0, dasnwlsar bang k., chirrin (to name) pai gutin aram bundle bukhcha, gurz calumny burden bar camel hushtir, wushtir dizlsho camp (military) urduga camp (civil) awai burglar burial shardinawa burly qalao, zil laidiiwan camphor kafiir burn 0, (intrans.) sûtan camping ground burn V. (trans.) siitanin can V. n, burnish v. serrin can burrow 0. kun k. canal burrow n. Ian cancel o, tanaka ju tek dan, shiwanin burst V. terekin candle bury V. shardinawa candlestick bush binj business busy Ish, khaiiki demderêzh busybody but amma, awanda hayya but V, (of joints) talk chespin butcher butter qasab, goshtferiish kera buttercup butterfly nwlslnak papula buttermilk dii button dokma, qopcha buy V. kirrin by be bypath mom cane qamish cannon top canvas ketan cap klao cap (of cartridges) taraqa capable caper zirak shefalata capital malat capitulate i>. teslim b., giroua b. capricious demdemi captive girau captivity captor larê momman razgûl candour kharik hawarga twanin capture car girawi girinna V, girtin otomobll caravaii karwan VOCABULARY. 96 carcase lash cemetery card V. hal khestin centipede care centre agaari care v. parastin, agaari k. careful agaar bêaga careless caress hanek, bosh carnage carpet dartash fersh carriage hezarpê naorast century satsalan certain burruwa certainty rasti certainly elbet certify v. kuzhtin carpenter qabran arabana tesdiq k. cessation westanin chafe 0, khuranin chaff kah carrier keriabarchi chain zenjir carrion lak chair askamll chalk sefiaw carrot gezar carry cart v. birdin, hal girtin arabana cartridge carve fishek o. zhiir, oda, hujra champ V. jûln champion yaria ar chance (by) tashin cascade chamber khurraw yekjar change v. (intrans.) gCuir, (trans.) gûraniu case sannûq change v. cash para change a place gwastinawa cast V. (metal) qalib dan castle qala castrate cat o. change n, (cash) wurdapara changeable khasanin pshi, pshîêla channel chaos naoyek, tek cataract khurraw chap V. cataract (eyes) parda character o^tch V. girtin charcoal catch fire agir girtin catch cold catch on cattle lai chaqln gaghal cauldron cause qazan suwar ashkot, kalwaz cease o. waz lai hênan, bes k., westanin ceiling binmlj celerity celery cellar cement gurjl, to keraûs zhirzewl, amarta chimento . qillshin dil khalCis hsêb k. charge o. charity karam charm chart sebeb cavalry cave zuqum khwardin demdemi jogala telism kharlta, naqsha chase n, rrao chase v. lashûn rrûln chaste pakdawên, sharmdar cheap harzan cheapen v, cheapness cheat 0, harzan k. harzan! khalatanin cheek kulum cheese penir chemist cherry dermanferûsh, ajzachi glêlas, belalûk 97 VOCABULARY. pakêzli, (of rice) bzhardû chess satrinjan clean chest sing clean v. chestnut chestnut (adj,) clearly diar cleave v. * chicken juchka jûjik chicks pakêzhl rûhnak, rozhin clear kwt jûn chew 0, pak k., temlz k. cleanliness shabarCi cleft chespin shaq chief agha, gora clemency narmi child minal clench v. quchanin chill clever sar! chilly zIrak click V. sar chimney klaorûzhna (intrans.) taqln, (trans). taqanin chain china cliff chirp V, climate rozhigar climb V. hal garran, ser k., baro- ziriwzirlw k. chisel askana, qalam choke V. cloak (trans.) khenkanin î'. choose zhiir rruln (intrans.) khenkan choke v. hal bzhajrdin, hal anjanin, jinin chopper churn cigarette bestin, kholl, kholakewn, pshko clot khist, gir, khirr khurl, clothe V. clothes chal, haoz qala la zaman I citizen khalq wutin shar civil qsakhosh, zamantar claim V. lai gerek bun, wistin labar k. cloud hawr (heavy) tawl clove mêhak cloven (hoofs) dusumma clover separr club (wood) kutek, tiala clumsy dasgiran, dasqurs talabkar coagulated clamour highalbaghal cluster clan qifil khêl, hCiz, tira, birka clap I'. chapla k. , clarify v. clash î'. claws clay palaotin chaqanin chirnCik, chingr qurr mahCit, jii, jilik claimant clamp chûkh, .khamik, jaw, dawar cistern cite V. dan, da bizirka cloth darchîn citadel pewa dan, biyeko khestin, pewa k. circumvent v. barobirr danawa city batia nezik, tanisht close V. jighara cinnamon circle aba, clod, gilmatik, kulo, chim. glr close twr meshka cinder (camelhair) .(felt), farajl (woman's) charCikhia chinin chop V. kan coachman coal arabanachi bardlkhaliisl coalition coarse coast has, khast hêshû yeklati gora kenar ._ coat satr ' cock kalashir, kaiabab , 98 VOCABULARY. cockscomb cocoon coffee commotion qahwa coffin cog poplna qazakha tablit coin companion para company coincide v. biyeko der ko., biyek der chun sherlket, hawbash! la yek da nan qeblanama compassionate pala kemjeglr hawbash, rafikh compare v. compass gan colander hatochii komal compact {adj.) qafqaf da nan coition khabar gehanin communications community daana coil V. qalobalikh communicate v. compel V. dilnarm, dislCit nachar k. cold sar, zuqum compensate v. kharaman dan colic dilgirtin competent la Ish hal hatûa compile v. gird k. rûkhan, da riikhan collapse V. collar milwana complain v. (intrans.) pêkwa collect V. b., (trans.) pekwa kh., gird k. complaint gill k. gill, shikat complete paik hatûa, tawaw paik hênan, tawaw collection gird kirdua collide V. pekwa chun coUyrium kil complicated naoyek colocynth zhala, gulazhala compliment qsalkhwosh colour colt complete v. k. rang comply V. be wist I jûanû, noma comb compose v. shana combat comprehend v, v. compress v. come v. comely comfort hatin command v. farmûn commemoration nacharl, zur compulsory asCi, askan commence v. shelanûa, tilandia compulsion astiati conceal v. ziir da wushardin, pai concede v. k., das girtin conceited dan bai, lakhwarazl concentrate v. commencement shar¬ dinawa yadgarl das tai geshtin shelanin, pastinawa compressed shirin, jCian comfortable pêsh, barIn, aw¬ concerning pewa k. la conciliate v. raz! k. wal commerce tijaret, daostand, kirrino ferûshtin commission (errand) conclude v. tawaw k., hênan separish, ra separdû conclusion concord commit v. kirdin concur v. komitê concussion hamûyatî awamana ser, akhir, shun yeklati committee common têkal compound sharr, jeng yek bun k. rek kh., hal bestin yek bCin condense v. pewa kotin pastinawa paik 99 VOCABULARY. condition conspicuous hal, hawal condolence confederate constantly tekal conference majlis confess v. siich wutin dilnlal,' (in confi¬ confirm v. contents ban! paik hênan raz! tea, nao! continually burruwa k. confirmation burruwa, tesdiq contract confiscate V. lai girtin, lai contradict stan- her muqawill v. lapesh wutin, bedrû khestin, berbest kirdin din conflagration conflict khwardin girtin contented lai bestin confinement consume v. contemplate v. kheal k. mahramana confine v. kirdin pirsln contain v. dilnia confidential giral construct v. consummate v. dence) biraati confident her constipation consult v. confide v. ra separdin confidence diar khariki fêl b. conspire v. serkhwoshi contribution agir contrite sharr, jeng confront v. baroru k. confuse v. shewanin, control V. pashoka- dasalat bun convalescent convene v. nin confusion bash, kut pash! converge v. tekal bun layek geshtin congealv. rûanawa conversation congest V. glr bun convey v. convict plrûzl congratulation congregate v. cook gird bun kheal, gflman, shik cook V. connect ' jut k., wayek k. cool connection girê coolness conquer V. shikanin copper conscience conscious shun, duwa! beshûn, duwa, tai fikrîn, fikr k. considerable console V. core awanda nardin bCin serkhosh! wutin gan shekil der hênan warls, giiris meshik coriander corner corpse kishnish kunj corporal lashûn consider V. consist V. fênûk! fakhir copulate V.' gain copy lashCiniyek consequent consign V. kulanin fênûk copy V. raz b., qabiil k., consequences haps! copulation aga consecutive consent V. khiiinakhiiin dil galta birdin ashchi conjecture consanguinity buzhawafawa gird k. onbash! lash corpulent correct qalao, zikzil rast correct v. correction rast k, chak k. rast k., chak k. 100 VOCABULARY. correspondence nwlsan, nwlsin corrode, corrosion cost lai khwardin ba costly crease qirzh, chirch create v. credit giran cottage afirll k. den creditor khanCi cotton ICika, pamu couch takhit crest telabkar (of bird or man), crestfallen" kakul kotiia cough V. kokin crevice qllsh cough n. koka cricket sisirk count V. zhmardin countenance country ladêwl course crop hosh pewa girtin, rû pûsha- tersflk cower V. khwa be shaq, dirz, qllsh crack v. qillshan, shaq birdin dirz birdin (trans.) qillshanin crag serr kolinga cranium cravat crave cream westa shakhla cramp crane taqa k. beshika craftsman crowd V. tai cruel khizanin, taik tanj zebardast wurd crumple v. crack n. cradle komal, taik pilisha crumb qirrzhank crackle v. khûinin crowd crown salamlnawa, duwa girtin crab crow »qazh, kallarash crow V. pilishanin, pastinawa manga coward chwarmishql chwarrrê crossroads bCikaban cow tai parr b., lai bwardin cSDSslegged nin da pûshanin, pûshanin covey daghl, khalla cross v. kurrmam, amûza cover V. lar, cheft, khwar (of bird) chiqildana crops aza dlwan cousin waqwaq k., qirraqirr k. gochan crooked ast, kirdar, r^^-e courtyard turt crook dil, azai courageous court crisp shal, lang croak v. jilt courage al cripple ladêw countryman couple crimson welat countryside sûçh, guna crime damocho bêzhmar countless kakul, (of hill) ser kasaser milwan wistin tiikhaw, tûesh, qêmagh zhakanin crupper qushqun crush V. harrin crust pest cry V. cry girian (cry out) bangk., hawar k. crystal bulflr cuckoo kepii trozl, khêar' cucumber cuff qol, serqol sûchar culpable cultivate v. cultivation cunning jot k., chanin kelga rewlkirdawa 101 VOCABULARY. dandelion piala cupboard curds dangerous curl daring dark derman darkness curse V. dam V. dizhmin wutin, kharap date khwar b. curve n. khwar! du subhên! daybreak dead rusm deaf birrin dealer chirch! dear (price) (earth) birrlwa namam, dearness D death debt dabble v.' das pai k. shêt Jam drang k. barbast n. khesar, kharapê nim, she damp adj. damsel ser birrin drii deceive V. deceiver dol, doll damage mirdin, merg den, qarz deceit golagzhl- nazha dally V. giranl decay v. da razin, fotin rozhana khazêmoku, (beloved) kembiin decapitate v. khanjêr giran khwoshawlst' dearth . spendthrift sphere spy ktierj k. dasblao squall kherr! square spider jajalû spin V. shalaqanin, rishanin spin V. , -- (revolve) gerr khwar¬ din spin buliik girriba squander v. darmanlchêsht spice jasiis squadron squash V. qushin, pillshanawa squeak v. zika k. squeeze v. 7'. (to cause to revolve) squint khêl squirt fichka spin V. (wool) rêslu stab V. spindle diikh, tash! stable adj. splnningwheel spinster kharrak spit V. staff kich tf k. (of a journey) qonagh stagger v. bela splash V. shapul dan stagnant shapul stain sipul chiqil split V. westaii (intrans.) stake derz birdin, pilakana sing stalk lasik shaq birdin, (trans,) derz dan, stammering shaq wa stamp n. spoke k. kharap spot bekho kawchi, kowchik (chase) rraw (speck) khala, (place) je spout naokha, naokh spout (of utensila) liila sprain v. spray v. ba dan aw wushanin spread v. spring da khestin, rra kh. bahar, baharan spring, water sprinkle v. sprout V. kanI, kanI, ken! awushênl k. rûaii spur (of a hill) shakh (in riding) mamzji stamp lalapata pill v., pai malln, zirrnia- zirrm k. stand V. hawa' spontaneous sport k., fotanin darlrastaka sponge labela laka, pala staircase splinter spoil V. hatin, rriiln splash n. spleen qurs tawlla dar stage riq spoon tirinjan, beklienjer lai dan stable n. munar spite gushin, shelanin, pastinawa .gerr dan, surranavxa spire blao k. , chwargue westan, rra 'wcstrai stand up v. star hal westan astêra starch nishasa start V. start rre kotin (jump) v. rra chinin, da chalakin startle v. da cbalakanin, chinanawa, slamaninawa starvation state birslati mirl, dolet statement station wut, wutin qonagh stationary rrawestati, westaii stationery kaqazana stature anam, bezhn rra 149 VOCABULARY. stay V. stool man, rra westan rrawêstaû steady dizIn stealthy dizI, bedizi stopper pola see " uphill " & "down¬ lasik bênlpls stench step sterile bawazhin wishk, V. (of women) zik- chespin, in lekin, chaqlii 0. (as in mud) hal peik chespin dar, chilka, tliadar chespin, shllawl wishk, raqq stifle 0. (intrans.) khankin rrawêstaû n. sting V. stink ziir giran nasharaza, nanasraii, kharib strangle v. khankanin strap q-aish straw kah stray v. garran, pash kotin khat cham, aw, jiiga kiilan, ku taw, hazh, hêz behêz k., (of ob¬ jects) rra girtin, (of a person) biizhaninawa stress taik dan, shalaqanin awzeng! stitch taqala ziir stretch v. stride strife stomach zik strike I'. zikêsh tawer, berdal-ana rra keshan, gaw, hangaw gueraw! chinja, naiik keshan, drezh k. stocking . tai rast k. strengthen v. ganlii herd, nan, zQr k. strain n. strength stirrup stone da pashkotii straighten pewa dan, gazin, (as of stomachache k., rast street bênlpls stir V. straggler stream pIska, ninokwishka stink II. amar chizii a chemical) kezanin stingy iDukherl, mgherl, kwanik streak (trans.) khankanin still qalao stranger da chaqln •ötick together v. stiff stout strange stick fast V. sticky serguzasht strain v. chaqln stick n. frtana story straight (as of bills) hal chespanin stick laqlaq nan nakar' stick amar, amarta, ambar stow V. bawapiara stepmother der! stork stove gaw, hangaw stepfather westan store storm ward " stem rra glraû stopped up biiq, bukhar steep (intrans.) (trans.) rra westanin steed charwa, bajgia steel kho chamanin stop V. steal V. steam chwarpê stoop V. sharr, jeng, dan, harraka lai khestin (of fruit) string strip V. stripe rlsl, lis, band ruit k., tllnia dan, lai VOCABULARY. l.SO strive V. malln, das pai henan bezur, ziirdhar, behêz strong struggle 0. stuck, to be v. tai tirinjan (religious) (secular) darskhuin bas, bes shakar suicide kho kuzhdin suit V. zêbîn sulks man sulky riqdhar, rikar pastinawa sullen hal kotin, hal anûtin stumble c. (on animals) ser sum dan sulphur sultry guird kawarohz stump kotara summer sun behosh k. hawIn hataw stupid goj, kar Sunday sturdy zil sunflower stutter V. chimlatl, no, jiua subdue zhêrdast V. sunset henan, shikanin submerge nuqum biin submersion nuqumbiin subsequent subsist V. substitute pashawa zhian peik henan, beje success, to be a, V. peik hatin waku mizhin suckle V. sudden suffer X). ser, ban jarra ziai waq wer henan da man kho hawishtin a la î'. surround tai alln chwarla girtin surroundings chanokharan, gar¬ rak mizhanin survive v. lapirrika, lanakaw keshan khafanin dilnia, awin, burruwa surrender v. kotin such as khafanin suppression surprise v. wha, awanda suck V. guman k. suppress V. surprised, to be awdar succumb V. such paranawa gêanin suppose V. surplus peikhat succulent chamlnawal surgeon henan, hal surran success supple surface lai kem k. succeed v. shiw sure giirl, lajati subtract v. chowerl k. supper support V. yaria pai k., bekhew k. zherdast zhian subsistence khurawa supervise v. supply V. bazhêrdast hatin submit V. subordinate guliberozh rohalat supplicate V. itat, zhêrdastl submission Yekshemii sunrise lalapata k. mangirtiia same as above stun V. style khankanin khankin khuinin study v. stuff V. sufficient sugar talaba ' bas kirran suffocation bismar student kesh suffice V. suffocate v. begizh chun qalash, parêz stubble stud sufferer telash k. stroke V. survivor ' , Suspect V. zinga man zingamawa zanin VOCABULARY. suspend v. hal awasin, hal awlstin, hal khestin suspicion take up I'. hal girtin take down i'. shik, guman sustain V. 151 bekhew k. tale qiit dan, da jiilii talk I'. swallow n. parasilka tall qsa k., galta k. drezh swamp llta, qurraw, zung talons swarm (bees) kuwar tambourine kho rra wiishan swear v. suind khwardin sweep V. malln, gesik k. sweep away v. sweet sweetmeat shirin! gIranIn, shiwanin tangle n. naoyek tank hoz tanner awsan tap 7'. swelllngl awsawa tape swift la k. tar tung swim V. hal khalatanin, sword biziitinawa shir sympathy symptom syringe .syrup talû task kha¬ latanin, khasanin swing V. nawar, ciaitan target nishana, armaj malawan swindle!;, dabbakh lai dan qlr, zift tares maki k. swimmer binraii tangle î'. swell V. swerve v. dabbakh k. tangible khiizgln, dasgiran Ish tassel rlshii taste V. hal tasteless hawêshl diar! tawny tax fichka tea betam baj, mal mallat cha! teach V. charpê, masa, peshtakh- ta, dastakhan tablecloth tack 7'. tall slifra riidoz k. kilk tailor take V. nasanin, fer k. fêrker girtin, stanin, (of time) take away v. take off V. chaîan tear v. (intrans.) derran, deran (trans) deranin tear n. asr tease i'. birdin derawa birdin da kandin serbiser dan sermimk teeth d an telegram telegraph keshan take out v. teapot teat derzl, khayyat chezhîn bur taxation dûshap chezhin, cheshtin teacher Table dol kewl, mail tan r. shirin sweetheart chengr tame rra malln biran serguzasht swallow V. s-way -^. khwar henan taken, to be i'. telephone telescope tell V. telegraf têl telefon diirbln gutin VOCABULARY. 152 temper thereupon khii temperature sarogarm! these tempest tofan, frtana they temples naocho thick ten tenacious tent barmada têanlshtiia tender dahi dahmin shêlatên wakhit terminate v. tawaw k. termination hastiir! thickest thief esikgiran diz thigh pash, akhir, ser dizIn ran thimble rrashamal tenth, tenthly tepid hastûr, (of liquids) khas thieves v. nazik (white) khwt, (black) mal, term awan thickness dah tenant beawa amana thin aniustela, kishtaban taniik, (of beings) larr thine hitu, it thing shsht think I'. tai fikrln thinness taniikl, larr! terrible samar, samnak third, thirdly terrify i'. thirst tersanin terror ters thirsty test V. taibin! k., tam k. thirteen testicles tether pêbaii, pêbast thirty chlnraii, hiinraii this textile than la thank v. thanks that malawa! k. shukur, malawa! (dem) aw, (rel) ki thaw I'. tin! sianza, ziada thirteenth gun twanawa sianza! s! am, ama thistle sertash! thong qaisli thorn dirrik, chiqil those (dem) tu " thou theft diz! though their hiawan, ian thought them awan, awana, ian thoughtful khwaian aw, hagarish fikr, taifikrin befikr thoughtless befikr awwakht, awjarl thousand hazhar then conj. Itir, dl, dê thrash v. kutanin thenceforth there thread liwe liwe there is hayya there is not nia thereafter liwêpash therefore labarîama therefrom therein liwe lawnawa risi, machir thread v. threat iwe awan tu then adv. thence (pron) awana thee themselves suimin tin!, tinltl pewa k. harrasha threaten v. three harrasha dan slan thresh v. kutan threshingfloor shiinkharman threshlngmachine thrice sêjar janjar 153 Vi CABULARY. throat tombstone pitapit k. throne takhit throng komal through tongs khestin, hawishtin gaz, miqash tongue zaman fere dan to-night throw down v. da khestin too penjaîastûr Thursday thus thy tie V. toothpick top khwat khutiika k. tie together I'. palang tight teng tighten V. tile timber total hamii V. touchy dar (one time) time) damek, tersinuk tanuka tiny pêchapêch das lai ztirwurd jarek, tough (short tour garran tow i'. rra keshan towards bela towel khaoll, tower burj dastaser town shar, bazar trace shun tithe iishr trace v. to man! k. naw a, bo, tobacco to-day toe lai dilnazik ma, man!, hêlak title das jlr tired tire V. dan, khestin time) tozek. tin kêsal halmaqii k. touch wakhit, timid shlwaw', lafaw ' toss i;. teng k. (lon.g sist, sis tortuous ta,'hata time azar, êsh dirawa tortoise kashI till gufka torment torrent lai bestin tiger ser torpid peik bestin tai bestin tie on I'. d'anêsh jajll topknot torn bestin tie to V. d'an toothache Penshemu Itu, it tickle I'. daskar, karasta tooth wha thyself amsho ish tool gurrmaîhawr thunder sbhênl, bêani to-morrow tea throw away v. thumb kel nêrapshê tomcat la, lanao, throw V. gûr, qor tomb giro throb V. be titin, tambakii amrozh penja shim der k. track piarre tracks shun trade v. tijaret k. trade n. tijaret, kirrinoferiish- tin, sanat trader cherchi, bazirgan, tujar toll V. îsh k. traitor khain token nishan trample i'. together toll baj lagalyek, beyek pai malln transcribe i'. larii nwislnawa VOCABULARY 1-S4 asû. aram tranquil ,truce . gûranin transfer v. transform v. terjuman! transmission kotara, noqa, (box) saniiq trust I'. terjuman! k. translation rast trunk giiranin translate v. dizhmindosti true truth nardin nardin transparent lai wadiar, lai bin- tub burl. chaqaninawa tuft Sêshemu gufka transports, birdin, bar k. tumble I'. kotin transport n. kerêbar bar turbulent sharrker trap birdin turf tala travel rewik, rêwang traverse v. tray turn I'. khianat diishap treadle pea (intrans) garranawa, garran, turn round v. lerzin ziirzil turn up I'. mahakama turn over i'. tube il, ashiret, hiiz, tira turnip behendek rriiln kutek, shshtêni trigger trip V. hal aniitin tripod sepêa troop trot twelfth twenty twice loka zamat, êsh, serêsh astêl trough trousers ranik, trowel twig keshina mala, malinj patliin, bistmin, bisti bis diijara wach twilight derpê, damarqopan trout dwanza twentieth taqum trouble gaz dwanza! twelve ' binisht, qazgwan raqqa tweezers keiipri twine êwarê risI twinkle v. twins vjev garanin hal garranawa shelam turpentine turtle palapika triggerguard wer hal garaninawa turn down v. trial trifle lai garran kho surran, cherikhin chal, jiiga trickle V. (trans.) garranawa turn back from v. dar tremendous garran surran wer surran, turn back v. kirdawa tremble v. wa kho garaninawa khazan treatment trench Rom allshlsh, böqalamûn turkey bwardin treacle tree Turk Turkey sini treachery treasure merg Turk riiishtin, garran traveller rra ap- telash k.. taqi k. Tuesday der kotin transplant v. biin, swêna tube ran transpire v. dilnia rasti try V. transmit v. lai armiin draoshanawa jiita twist V. ba dan VOCABULARY. mûrlana k., twitch V. muchurk tjnrant taada, ziir undertake v. ziirker, zalim alanin u Udder giian ugly nashlrin ulcer dumal ulterior sêwan, shams! na-, na-, be-, unable natwana unanimity yeklati beyekîatî unanimous benahaq askan, nablziitiia undo V. kirdinawa undress jii hal undutlful nakhuinawar unemployed batal, bêêsh uneven nareik unexpectedly unfaithful nazêban nabawir! Icirdinawa bSseniir bêaskan! uneducated bêaga bewefa unfasten v. unfinished unfit nasakh uncertain naburruwa unforeseen mam, khal unclean uncomfortable unconscious iiarahat leserchii (ignorant) bêaga uncover v. qat kirdinawa lapêshnablnraii unforgotten lablrnachiia unfortunate bebakht bêbinagha unfounded napak (intrans.) hal malran (trans.) hal malln unfriendly dizhmin unfruitful wishk unfurl I'. pech kirdinawa bêkalopal, bêtifaq unfurnished ungraceful nashlrin namamniin, nanas uncultlvable nakêlanl, nakêlga ungrateful uncultivated nakêlrati unhapplness undamaged undecided under kharap nabiia dudil zher, lazher undergo v. keshan underground underhand zhêrarz zhêrdasî bebin natawaw unfold V. uncle kirdinawa unfathomable nashikawa nagiirran lapirrika nahaq unbroken unchangeable der barzonizml uneasiness unaware unbounded jii serchot unfair unbind v. kandin, ruit undulation besilah unbelief tai undeserved unarmed unbecoming girtin, undisturbed undressed pashawa umbrella lai geshtin das kirdin pashin ultimate tai geshtin understand from v. jOrek tyranny bin danawa lazherawa understand v. diian type un undermine v. underneath k. two 155 dilgirani, kham, kiz! unhappy dilgiran, khamin, kiz unhealthy unheard nasaz nabhistraii uniform n. jillrasm! uniform (/(//. \ek, wakuyek VOCABULARY. 156 uniformity unsafe yekbiin, yeklat! uninhabited naamiii unscrew v. bênêmii unimportant unseen chol pech kirdinawa iiadlWa unintelligible tainagêshtinl unsteady, to unintentional bêtama bim unsltck V. union unit untamed (intrans.) pewa bim unity until yeklati unjust bêawurdanaw'a unknown unless rangnia bêseniir unload i'. bar da girtin, bar unlucky kirdinawa ser,, zhiir, ban uphill (man) larag hal kandin upset (intrans.) befikr, bêagaari upside down upwards urge I'. nabiziitrawa unnecessary urine nalgerek batal, bêêsh unoccupied I'. kotin us damokhwar be ban, be ser lai khurin, rewanin mIz iman, ema unpack v. kirdinawa use n. kalk unpick 0. hal pchrrin use V. bekalk unpleasant la (trans) la khestin taikal' nabiia unmoved rast uproot I'. bêmaan! unmindful zhiirawa upright bezhin, (woman) kich unmeaning barozhiirl laban, lazhiir, laser upraise v. hal k. napio unmarried unmixed unwrap v. upper bebakht unmanly pechaninawa upon qifl kirdinawa khosh nahat unwind v. up khestin unlock V. rii hal malran unwelcorhe nakhuinawar unlimited ba danawa unveil v. ma.gar unlikely drii, narast untwist V. haram unlearned lapirrika be untrue nazanraii unlawful kirdinawa ta unto bêawnrdanawaî unkindness blao untimely bêdad unkind untidy torr untie I'. (trans.) peik k. juhan befikr, bêshik unsuspecting yekbiin yek unite I'. be hal pchrrin henan, îsh be henan, Ish pai k. nakhosh unprepared bêaga used up, to be tai birranawa unprofitable bêqazanj used to, to be rra hatin unprotected bêkhawand, bê- i'. unravel risaninawa, nawa. unreasonable unripe useful belsh, bekalk useful, to be parêz guenadhar nagela, kal kirdi¬ kalk girtin useless bêfarr, bekalk utensil karasta utter V. utterly gutin her, hai" ', VOCABULARY. vile 157 pis, ziirpls village Vacant batal vacate v. vacuous kutanin valuable violence violent beba, qlmati ba,, qlmat vanish v. biranawa, nabinra vanquish i'. virgin kich visage damocho visible diar, binraii basanin visit I'. vapour hawa, boq, bukhar visitor varlous jiirbejiir, jiirjiir voice varnish biiyagh vegetable veil darogia velvet voyage riiisht, sefer vulture sergar m akh mar w. haq Wade I'. ventilation bakêsh wag I'. venture v. verandah verdure liw- rast ziir, gal veterinary » wage kirê maash wager i'. wages janawr vertical baital lanao aw' riiishtin hal surranin, rra wushanin weran aiwan gia, sozi vermin giro bestin mangana, maash waggon arabana waggoner wail V. waist arabanachi shin k., w^ai k. nao vex I'. tûranin, hajiz k. waistband banlkhuin viands khwardamani, chesht waistcoat vibrate i'. vicinity view rizha- feriisl/yar vengeance verge hal tungi vendor very bewlstlkho rishanawa, nin rag velocity qsaker vomit V. chashiir, riiwang vein shillk voluneary soz! vegetation mêwan dang, chirranin volley taq, kamar binran didani k. voluble ziirgora vault siir beziir visible, to be biin. vast (of a virgin) bebin k, (of a W'Oman) bezur gain aza! vaule bakhlmlw violate v. serbatal dol valour serka vineyard ba! valley gund, dl, awai, awani m!w vinegar batal k. vaccinate i'. vain vine lerzîn nezlkana choblna vigilant vigorous wurria bitaw wait V. kapanak, sal ta chowarê man choware biin, rra westan, lai westan wake V. walk V. bakhabar biin pia chiin, bzlami chun, bepê riiishtin VOCABULARY. 158 walk H. wall (of a horse) rot way walnut guez wander v. n;e waylay dlwar we i'. barrobirr? dan ema bêhêz, sîst, siwh' weak garran want V. wistin weaken v. wanting kem wealth war wealthy sharr, jeng warder hapsawan, banlvvan warehouse warm amar garm bêhêz k. dolamani dolaiiian, zeiighi wean v. birrlnawa weapon silah wear c. labar k", piishfn warmth garm! wear out v. warn v. agaar k. wear warped khwar, chotaiitawa wart washerwoman washing wasp hangasura, zardawala, mara watch n. saat wedding watchful wurria wedge watchmem water aw dan, azhîn watercarrier watercloset waterskln hiza, waterway wavering wax kuna, jQga, sulina gerdim b'aw wave V. hal Wushanin dudil m'w, liik girin keshan, pewan khoshhatî, bekhêr hati mushamma plusk waterwheel heftaana giranl, qurs! weld t). barani, waterspout weekly welcome goza waterproof bzhar hefta weight dem, beau- waterpot weed n. .weigh 0. jêawdan _ Chwarshem'u bzhar k. weep V. khurraw. waterless watery . kozala. wateringplace mara, zawan weed I'. week adabkhana watercress waterfall awkesh zhin pwaz Wednesday saatchi paswan aw water v. birrin, stanin cho lai khestin watchmaker mutabchi agh, parda wed V. dasblao! watch I'. honlnder, qazzaz, jola web zardazira waste honIn weaver jii bo shshtin (trans.) rozhigar weave o. jilshii down, man!, ma weather shshtin. or, da khwardin weary barQka wash V. kon bun away, mashka joshaniii well n. bIr well adv. chak, bash, sakh west wet khurawa tarr, shil what ch! whatever hachl, haclishte k. wheat ganum wheel cherkh, tekalik khirr, khisht 159 VOCABULARY. cherkhger whore ganda khizakhiz k. whose hiki wheelwright wheeze v. when (interr) ke? (pos) ki, where hachwakhit lakaiiila whereabouts n. whereas je lamaki whereby kibiawa wherein liwe whereupon wabiawa hachjê wheresoever wherewith whet I'. kibiawa widen v. whether hasan ya, yan, na biwazhin widower width bezhin pan! wife zhin, khezan wild kevvi, torr wilderness will V. chol wistin n. wist will n. (inheritance) (rel) ki willing bemeililsh which (pron.) kam willow bl whichever hachkam win I'., whichever hachkam wind lûranin whine i'. whip qamchl. whirl I'. birdin ba wind I'. ki kherr khwardin whlrpool garraw whirlwind garraba windfall bakhestiia window penjira windpipe sharap bal beserka qsa k. wing serka wink I'. white niikr! k. 'cho hal taka¬ nin winnow v. sp! biba k. whiten V. sp! k. winnowing fork whiteness winter splat! whitewash gachaw bekû whither whithersoever who kl, kl whoever whole hachkas, hachki beqalam, laseriyek wire wise hacbtji garmian serrin maftiil, têl zanai zana wish V. wistin wish n. wist, maram wit ki whomsoever winter quarters wisdom sakh, tawaw wholesale whom behachkii shan zwistan wipe V. ' hal bestin gerii wine whisper ;;. flka keshan qurrmish k. (of clock) wind up (business) whisper v. whistle V. wasiat- nama which while siichar, pan k. widow tiiez k., hasan k. whetstone kharapker, guni'kar wide . pan kii, lakii whereabout plita wicked lakii whenever bochi, bo wick chiwakhit whence why with hosh lagal. latak VOCABULARY, 160 withered within agira wriggle I'. lanao kho pech dan wring V. ba dan without be wrinkle girj, chirch, qirch witness gawahî, shahid wrist jumka dast woe dilgirani, kham write V. wolf giirg writer woman writhe V. zhin womanly womb minaldan da man wonderful ajaib kho pech dan nwlsrau, kaqaz wrong narast Ishkeraii dar wooden wool writing zhinana wonder i'. wood nwisin nwîsar, katib darin khiirî, (short, of sheep) Yard gez kulk, (fine) bergin, (of goats) yarn mil, (uncarded) yawn v. bawishk dan yawn n. azhazhka, bawishk shil naka- rawa, (carded) shil karawa word qsa risI, lûka year sal work n. Ish yearly work î'. Ish k. yeast worker Ishker workman yellow kirekar workshop salana maya yes karkhana zar, zard, zerd ball, bll, mbar! dwêna, dwêka yesterday world dinia yesternight worm kirm yet wormeaten kirmkhwardiia worry fikr, giran! worse kharaptir, pistir worship V. worst la hamii pistir yokel la hamii hêzhin, zhian hêzh, zhI worthless bêhêzh, laiq wound I'. brindar k. wound n. brIn wounded brindar wrap V. ewa, itan jawan, (of animals) jiijka your itan, hîêwa hîêwa yours yourself youth khwatan jawani, minali pechanawa wrapper wrath ladlw, giiran zarlhllka, zardênahilka young worth n. worthy you dan nîla yolk kharaptir worth, to be v. yield V. yoke perestin duesho, heshta têapêchraii wrench 1». 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Irt V X5 o X3 4-1 ac^--^ O H .^ O V tn Xi - ri , -^ d' D g :5 g 't D x: XI Xi D O 1^ S h '-^ a.- >XJ Irt O Ji (TJ .ii ^ V. O Ji rt li CD 3 -^ _rt x: 5 - O D G - d' li G a o G p 4-1 ji: S I' tfc S -3 === ^ 57 f o cj 0-4 ^- li a^;; D Ji XJ 3 rt«S^_^ 5-?^ C) Ji XI (U rj X il f J4 I liiii^ S x: D Ul D .±i XI 174 - 1 rt u ' > c 'Ji 2 rt irt (ii c rt rt 3 0. a 3 « fi Ul Irt Ul Ul u Ul Ji 3 3 vn ^ u. a G > irt ^ ri > X .Z. G ^ u a '-2 2 0(2 irt irt Ul u ' Irt tn 3 3 J= x: x: Ji Ji Ji a r-t rt r- '/) ; d Irt ; ; ; ; ; Irt u. cn 5 i3 ; ; ; ; ; Ul x: IS rH irt 15 Ji !U 'H.'S g , , OJ u , . . , -a XJ 5 S . , 'a . u rt 1- , 'a u 1- i_ .u "S as c , , , , m 3 ^ 5 J3 X Ji J2 , , . l-l f-i 3 .A Ji Ji 1 ., D a 3 3 > D rt D XJ 3 V 3 rt comStei XI Ji (-1 rt 53 O 3 V tn O tn D a d' D 4-1 CO rt D 3 'u .'3 V M-l 'u _u rt j:; O 4-1 O n u O C tn rt .3 D rt D J2 T3 O _o 4-1 o D Xi Xi xi u tn D Ji V S XJ G o o o rt 0 is a a ac V 0" a p 'to 0 ;>, IS 3 4-1 a V _D _c u, "53 a 3 D 14-1 rt 0 X D u _>i D 0 D ^ XI o o o O o O 0 -*-» 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-» n D 0 a 0 XI 0 -*" 0 X G 3 DUG atj J2 u > D Irt ^ to 0 ^ 4-1 tn Ul X x; _a .^ u Ul ^A Ji Ji J* 3 3 -^ i3 ' -5 a 0 ^ rt a V -4-» !x: g u 0 rt a V XI .ul ^ ri Ul 1 .. 3 3 g" rt P 'p -j rt Xi 73 o" ^to cj S a x: _ 3, a li" a o BC ae .0 D tn ri tn n D V o D XJ O "^ -o .a r- o Ji a CO 'ri V 53 D 4-r OXl O 4-1 O 3 14H 'u 3 a 3- rt a D D V D , ' i3 'C 175 3 Ji c« l-l rt o o Ji o 3 Ji 3 .ti ^ X G .3 irS « irt 3 x: irt o Ji o O X rt 3 In J4 3 3 J4 Ji 3 U Ji O Ji O u ac U D _H o t; 3 tn 4-1 3 3 Ji Ji Ji .b Ji o x: rt tn -Ul 4-1 V D XI XI ^ N D ri u x: U.Sf ri a Xi o a t3 D a ac a o O il "i rt cn o 3 ca P D O >i O -Ul rt .% ^4 J x: U Ul « J3 3 'a I' §X5' ê Xi ID G r^ .ÎÎ 3 D rt XJ D o li a tn li 3 D xi ' B 'a u D J3 .0 Do-" o V 000000000 o o Xi m a i! rt-C.*4 a u ci XJ r-i rt ,3 G r- o b '2 3 o O .Ji u G 0000 Ji Ji Ji X3 ,ct tn 4-1 3 3 o O li -y Xi o D li rt 'a N O 3 rt u rt u _, li 7? D ac acj2 a 0000 S.G 'S 'n 3 D N rt X a ?3 -".Û a ,00 D wt. -4 "^ o '53 i^ ii Ji Xi ., 1:^1 to , 3 o ^ D x: .3 D o 3^ ., ^3 « .B? rt .-G .-G 3 _i - Ul u N ct ^ tV ^ D -i2*" ti XI rt cn --DDGOOD 1-iDGOOD O rt li a - acj2 Xi Xi V V X li U XI o S O O I' D >> O 38 - Ul ac , xP rt D rt ?: rt 176 G G rt . Ki rt ID Irt Ki a a 1« Ki O: .ti D C. rt rt Irt .O u a o p C ÎJ ac ?1^ in Ji a a C D C/l D ca li D > > D li V X: "G X D^X: rt O tx ,a tn D a XI V a) o fD E ^ "" Xi ti .,- D D 0 2 ^-^ 'Ö 5 C/) l-* - 14-1 G i= D ja! -u; 3 'G .^ a iJ i=! Ji =i ac I' -n tn " rt X3 fi fi tn X a 'a rt li tn D . D - ooooooooooo Irt a li G U'u j^-Q ""jiJi i'G^ •U-r!DOOD3'S'Ş5^1' tnXi'JS oT 4-1 53 ndie ed nexitar 0 000 0 rt irt Irt .3 a a a a 0 ac D rt D 'a X li Xix: o o 177 rt > d rt > rt ca irt rt '^ irî G rt Irt -rt f-i r- 1« [n a irt u C rt rt 3 G 3 ac D rt 'a G ac o D O D , , o CJ tn d XI a D ct s .4^2 -i ^ OJ BS '" -^ 3 ^ ?; rt X ^ C - li S D D a "^ li -*^ -a ^ ^ S-2 3..5CG c u tn _. rt o 3. a li d' a Ji Ji S XI 43 ^4 to to O o - li -^ o a " Ji o. li li O - aco D D P fa fe'S'b^-^ ac - D g li^ i li a a a 555555 <« la 3 x3 i5 a « ^ -. CJ 3 G li î^-^ ^ m a D '^ "G rt - 4-1 -0 D C x3 .^ V Ji O . Ji d H - b ^ O .3 -ui 5 555555555 'a Irt G *u Xi u o -o 3 2 3 S B B 3 178 c rt rt 0, Ki a G rt u . rt : J5 rt N rt Ul 'a, d a C r4 G G . irt c rt irt Cv! :x! ID M Ul U. rt d o a a s s CJ as S OJ R3i 3 3 ac a« D D rt irt a a P _o 3, rt o 4-1 O -=. ci Ul s: ^ > D ac d 'd 3 D .t; U, o o 'U s -^ 4-1 4-1 JD U rt d V O >, D 4J D o -'-^ tn 3 li rt tn 3 D -M O tn j_, 3 .-g; , - rt fTî a o ' CJ G D B ' x-a D D a O J2 Xi tn pj -43 a u, a D >; Ul d D rt a i-p rt CJ " JD o o So rt Ul tl D V o'a tn O > 5 u >i D a fard oe etc, 3 ca p._D 3i ooooo c3 4-1 3 a o. D, _3 a ^xi-o o-r,^ -^ 3 D , 4-1 3 D tn 3 o , Ul rt li a o J3 .» d I-] rt a irt a Irt a > > ac o u ,, li axi ooo o o o 4-1 4-1 4-1 Id a ' 4-14-14-1 X Irt D 7, a xi h tn D s.ire ure .2 "53 d a 179 d G rt rt G ^ g rt u 5 ID d D a a a c rt o X3 irt u Ki g 5 u c 5« !- to « d >a Ö rt i-" rt -u» £ ' ca i:^ t^ rt V a a a c rt id G Ki rt rt rt c ; x: rt " ^ Ili d c ID D a a a a o x: D' tn d rt a a ID D ID a a a a D V X 4-1 ac V c u V 3 3 XJ XJ D 'a D O tn o o D .^4 D G V a'B 'a D ^ a D . X3 " 5 . to 3 D fe G O ^ N a . "-D li > ^ '55 o o V i=- U I tn D h to li u a a a a X u 4-1 O tn 3 .4-, V > D XI " £-^ tn ; D tn O X D u O " tn D X! li Xi rt D X) S ;s x: P tn > s-i "^ ^ S-' -3Xi ^o-î - O " -'-' Xi -S a5 S ° li Ul « cc D XI g D D Xi tj D D a Q, OOOOO 3 CO c^ 1 V D tn cn rt D rt D a a a a o rt ID a a V a D o O O O 4-1 4-1 "^ o tn D XI XJ 4-1 ... a d rti rt rt £1 tli tn rt X XJ 3 D g a 4-1 OOO o O rt x; ri D a o, 1 'a , u - ^ a î= u tn i; D a a 3 ^ a I" ID a 180 « a 'r laive. a" G Id rt Vi to pirs l-l " anr ; t i sCaua;l Coplment. a S S ^ ir m a G Ki irt . a * UI. I ; ; Irt -4 3 . ; : : : : I-H i ; 1 i 1 i f rt G Irt ' chr psr a ^ chr an, psr pch ; i u _o ^ 3 tn >, tn Ul D .a tn rt ^ li - D 3 Ji .o V V X X o o o 4J 4-1 4-1 G UI.l piz : tn d 4-1 -Ul d N b: ^ V o- a in rO D d CO u V 3 a d CO rt 3 G O X a. O o O O o ~i~> -^ 4-1 4-1 -^ -4 ^ 'G a a cJ e(intes, aptr, ^ a G u a a S3 a TO 1 1 D O L4 Ch ^ r4 11 'G CO O *j rt 'G > O '..^ ^ V *" d ^ , D D u. bsleyi, tuentlytsonr nez sonez speavr,tr part lied vera! -*-» u tn OOO a D 4-1 a 4-1 a 'a 'a'a 'a a s a" 3 tn 3 1 ! Irt a : O 1 ' _,. r4 O r/3 x: 3 a a izhman ran " a a irt ilsh: a * a ^ u rt . a Zi rt a il sh Cau Pas î a rt tZi ,. 1 u a irt i Ul Ul Ul rt ; Ki a 3 D a cn V D X Xi o o o "'-' 4-1 * I8t rt Ul M tn a a c Ki irt G rt irt Irt G irt a x: i3 a Xi o d 3 Ki a 3 3 O" C7 C d G . Ki ; c Irt :x rt a X o d cr 3 d i3 r- D G H O .G cr a ac a a- cr Ki XJ x; - D D y 1^ CC t" tJ li D ac XI i[usweitdh tneord a dentd gabhout er enchd interf bcansdbeendt identbecom pluck briep (1) o o 4-J 4-1 o 4-1 3 3 CO X i3 d a h cpraedk, ooooooo Xj cr 4.4 4-1 4-1 4-1 _o _o 4-1 ooo 4-1 -ul 4-1 o o 4-1 o 4-1 o o o o o o o 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 -Ul Irt X P .2 5 c" cr folucrp ki tj 3 cr a . ( 182 ci a > *cÖ u u x: u Pas G- rt c rt B tn ID Ul C . Ki S^ Irt tn . Ul -3 tn rt N rt ^ , , , Ul a a a rt rt rt rt x: a N tn rt 'P u *- *- u Irt Ul rt rt C rt l-l r4 u rt Irt 'u Ul ^ !- , C irt s ID u Ul a I-H ^ ^ * ; ; 3 ^ . 3 " : i i 3- aus * c a : rt X tn N rt ID ID Ul u Ul i i : 3 : : Irt 'u . , . : rt tn O ^ : 5 E U o ,Sd r-" ^ 1- u Irt irt Irt 1-4 u d rt 3 a ac ac gK p D ;^ pi ^ ^- i- ' . 3 -G Js: .4 N p rt u ' *-* a cn tn Ul Ul '"' XJ X3 D ^ O a d' a B it: D o o 4-1 CO >. i-i. o rt o 'a D 4-1 d D 4-1 X3 XJ rt rt u a O O d XJ O Ul D D o r* XJ o o 4-1 4-1 D a tn to O - "3 a _D 'o. d tn V V d V XJ u X o o o 4-1 4-1 O .M d 'a CO 6 4-1 a - O Xi u 'a _c Si o a > CO o ^ a 3 O ^ +4 a tn to a D 5i rt OXl -^^ rt a'J3 o o ace o G & O V D Q D a.Q Xi d a -M O O o o o O O o 4-J 4-1 4-1 -*-» -M 4-1 4-1 -l-> ri 3 ',H irt 5 î^ . G fi ca d C a 3 rt N Ki Irt N rt u u G ^ r- 'S d ^ P irt Irt ''cr X 1 tn D ip -^ '-' jd G G li tn 3 "5 3 a d g 0 XJ 3 Xi O V 3 XI o o 'a a "i a D D-^ 14-1 d' D rt o C '5i CO D 4-1 D o 14-1 o o O -rt V o a 4-1 tn d ac irt r< ' D '" 4-1 .-. a li li .H X X ooo 4-1 4-1- 4-» 183 c rt rt Ul Ul x: Ji '3 G Irt G rt G . Irt Irt X X3 rt d > G G rt rt Ji i3 u i3 u 3 i3 la i3 ^ i3 rt D p g: ^^ > o Ci ac C G D ac rt 3 si ?î / o D u u JO ?i £ S S 6 4J ac li D .G ac p rt X a G x: o D ac-a -Q -i; li -" XJ 3 '$. '.s 5 :^ u ^- XJ -^ o 1^- o Xi 3"~"-S " u '^ I o 8 XJ tn 'fi a p « -^ D o'd ac Ul O to 'a D 3 rt rt P, tn O ac a rt y in D ja o o rt CO G Q,J= u rt a li > O U ac o o u a^S Xi oooooooooooooXi 4-1 4-1 ,4-1 4-14-14-14-I4-I4-14-I4-14-I ac rtT D tc rt rt x: lOiD ac ooooo o o rt Xi 4-14-14-14-1.4-1 ^ c rt JG 13 13 tn Irt 13 13 Ip CO o G a t^ d -Û V JO 1 rt .*-> o X3 14-1 d r;^ 1) d d o a ..N S J3 rt -C Ul cn k.5^ rt r3 o o. ^ 13 a 184 d G d Ki G C Irt Irt Ul 5 ID iD rt irt u J3 X irt * Ul a tn .u 3 tf. * ' r-i - Irt ' Irt . - ^ 1« lOJ ^ Xi 5i cn : .5 rt irt d ^ f- X lOJ d o o 53 tn cn c "E-S rt ID ID 'c5 c/:; x: x: a D >< rj p D X D a D XJ D rn D O aD li G o o 2 '3 -1-^ !" D rt a a.a.t; D p a a -r s: j: D 0 JD Xi '^ i 1 li to "o c 6 o B B u. 52 D G G tn tn is O p tn tn.---. a o- O C 'U p, o,-jf,XXX tn-" o D B B o o o o o d 'fi d a G ^ 3 JS 3 3 x:x: CO- to G Jrt 3 D u n D o Xi Q Xi _ G o 'S '5 s ^ 3 B 3 O D a is a-^-j^trijo a 3 'J5 ooo^ u :C' S _ O a XI S ^ D S u O X "O 'to Xi rt 3 D ID ofuse. me sibly a CJ 'j; n D O o JJ a o q o 185 3 ' Ul Ö cn irt a 1-1 ,f-< . u! . . . ,1« a' . , r4 . Irt : , - Ul ubi ika X2 : 2j^ ni tn ibhan _ anr 13 2 cn tfi cn r^ IS .1^ G irt a r- ' - ' i53 X tn .. a ' L ' ' I IIU ' rai E.IJ lir- - : irt Irt irt H-» cn cn 4 \ _ .4 ,T-J l-H I 3 'B to tn a ca 'fi ; d Irt G S tn ' " . " . d d d -a ac X ^ 1-; tn to U ac D P tu r^ III u '3 '2 G G i3 .-4 X tn tn n tn ' - D X , cn a 0 0 0 D r4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 'fi Irt lia "^ Ji Ul ^ d a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 1 d > .a c 0 _, d ^ 0 trans.) rubec hbard (ionud(torun^d ntras.) ;rans.) ned beoinfg rscub, itrans.) btuen aspru aspirn (buirn(butrnbuer -0 D Ji G a d Irt l-l u G Ul irt G 'G cn cn Ul Xi X to tn a tn -4 Xi i3 tn J2 OOO n aco ac d t a 4-1 D Xi a !i^ a a D "~'tG V Xi u o o a "" G . li 3 O lyl Ji f ) ti rt rt D 4-1 r-] u M-l 4-1 3 (bafegh inrtoa broeld broeld rt D _i a 3 O a-O a 0-1 cn tn o o o o o n o o o o_o-o_o_o^_o O o o 4-1 C7 d CO « u. d o G a lG J3 o . tn 5 i- u." "" 53 53 ^ a a D '-^ a -^ D a r4 d .a ac o rt 4-1 frighten -M o -^ o a" rai Xj" jhounersl acrmowd,.(jaienmtc., jbame o o 4-1 rt C Ç G o o 187 Irt iî d a irt c rt u Irt a x: Irt Ul G Ki d d iî a : Irt Irt rt Ul O c rt Ul Ul Ul tn rt Irt >. >. G ac D d rt ID > >> a ' Ul D XJ O J a . c D a D 'B V tn o o ftasoen fangste u o5 V o o o o t3 O O o o towl no tbcoauesd bopermfit x^o (1) rtakec fthoaw(msatnesl,.) lhouwd btmead ftsoen o o o ooo o o o o d 'fi d G rt rt ftascoue ooo dare o ID 188 rt S Irt G X X ID : ,'G G J= X u c CJ x; 5 S CJ eg ac D OS Xi xix: ID d a a o w , P X V o D axj-^ d li M-i a -s a o D " to ca D tn TO li CJ X n rt o CJ o o o teo ause Xi U Irt a '^ O a o D D a Ci x: N o o D li .oXi o D o D o.^ a^ D a4.4 i35'a ^ cn D 3 D O rz D 5 D -U o o 189 IRREGULAR VERBS. For meanings see Tabic of Simple Verbi, Group I. ]In-iird, changing to -êrd Theme of Pres. Ind. Infinitive. Theme of Pret. Imperative. bwardin bwêr bward bibwêra bzhardin bzliêr bzhard bibzhêra nardin nêr nard binera zhmardin zhmêr zliniard bizhmêra : In- an, changing to -ên Group II. chanin çhên chan biclîêna harranin barren ,harran biharrêna khasanin khasên khasan bikhasêna krranawa krrên...awa krran . . . awa bikrrênawa bimêna man men man qizhanin qizhên cjizhan biqîzhêii;i rawaninawa rawên...:iw;i rawan-. birawênawa stanin stên stall razanin razên razan bistêna *- birazêna In -aw, changing to -ew Group III. angawtin angêw angawt biangêwa palawtin palêw palawt bipalêwa In -as, changing to -êz Group IV. gwastinawa gwêz...awa parastin parêz Group V. gwast... awa bigwêzawa biparêza . parast Miscellaneous. awsan awsê boin ha bfi ba bun bi bu be dan (to give) î da bla dan (to strike) î da bîa, bida din bin dl biwêna hatin e- hat warra twanawa twê...awa twa...awa bitwêwa awsa The 'Verb wîstin, to wish, forms the Present Indicative as follows : Amawe, I wish, adawe, thou wishest, a'iwêt, he wishes, ainan;iwê, we wish, atrinawê, you wish, ayfaiawe, they wish. The Preterite is regular * The Subjunctive is bimawê, bitawê, bîrinawr' The Imperative is Bidawp bitanawc biiwe, bimSnawê, bit/inawê 190 APPENDIX II. VERBS WITH PREPOSITIONS PREFIXED, (i) hal hal angawtin to trip up hal awsan to swell up hal bazinawa to flounder, skip, hop hal bestin to arrange, fix, do up, tie up, erect, throw up, cut a channel, work a fringe into tassels. hal bizûtin to rise a little hal bizwanin to raise hal bizhan to burn up (as of one standing in the sun) hal brzkian to curdle, to scorch hal bun to accumulate hal bwardin hal bzhardin i to grant a free pardon , , to select, to choose hal chaqanin to pluck hal chaqln to stick in (slightly) hal cherikhin to come upwards on the perimeter of :i wheel. hal chespanin to stick (as of bills) hal chezhin to taste hal chinin to choose hal chun to flee, boil over, overflow, effervesce hal dan to throw over, toss, pass up, pitch (of a tent), s hal deran to fall down a descent hal deranin to pick to pieces hal doshhT to milk hal durûn to sew together, or over and over hal farranin to put up ih flight hal farrin .^bal garran hal garranawa hal geranin hal girsan .-.hal girtin hal gozin to fly up, to jump ' to run up, to climb to turn up, to turn over (in sewing) to abduct, to be lifted, to be worthy of to flare up to bear, pick up, reserve, raise to well up hal gushin to squeeze together hal hatin to appear, arise, escape, ferment, disobey 191 hal hênan to guess, generate, bring up, bring out (only of chicks from eggs) to find out, evolve, hal jûlan to shudder hal kandin to dig up, excavate, eradicate, engrave hal keshan to pull up., out hal kezanin to scorch meat a little to prevent it going bad. hal khalatanin hal khankanin hal khestin to swindle to hang (criminals) to amass, acquire, hang up, to card (wool) hal khiliskan to slide, sHp up hal khizan to slip up forward hal kirchan to scorch (of leather) to begin, hoist, raise, turn up, pitch, erect. hal kirdin Wind up, (as of string on a spindle) manage, get on with, run (used in the hal kirranawa to imperative only), ascertain the general meaning of a thing, to get a rough idea, hal kokIn hal kotin hal kotin to cough up to eventuate, result to eventuate, result, turn out. come across, stumble, \Jial kutan N^ hal malran hal mizhin hal nan hal nishtin hal palawtin to attack, assault to open up, to be uncovered to inhale to raise a little, lean against, place against to alight, sit up to turn over, (out of the pot on to the sieve). hal parrin to bounce, jump hal pchrrin to unpick, uncork hal pechanawa to bandage above the breast, to wrap up while holding high, to hem. hal pechaninawa to wrap up hal qablanin to assess hal rêzhan to pour out, spill hal rrafin to fly up hal slamin to be startled hal shalaqanin to mix (mud) to mix flour with water in making dough hal shêlan hal shêwln to be mixed up or involved 192 hal sîiln to rub continuously hal suranin to wag oneself hal sûtan to scorch hal takanin to shake hal terekin to give birth (of dogs only) hal torranin to kick ançl plunge hal tiiranin to be annoying (especially of horses) hal wariin to be a threat of no consequence hal wasIn to hang up - ^^da bazIn Î *^ * da bestin to shut down, to fatten sheep da birrin to separate out, to cut a little way down da bun to stand with hands below the knee da chalakanin to startle da chalakin to start, to jump ^da chanin i; (2) da. to dismount da chaqanin to sow seed to plant da chaqln to stick fast da chespanin to fix in da chun to descend da dan to break down, to cut (of a pencil) da doshin to milk to the last drop da durfin . garran da girsanin to sew down to descend to light da girtin to enclose, fill, reserve da hatin to be a novelty, to be newly invented da henan to fell, introduce, bring down, invent da hishtin to let down, lower da jfiln to swallow down da kandin to take off, doff, peel da keshan to pull down da khestin to throw down, abase, liumihate, degrade. da khizan to slide down da khuran to be eaten 'awa\' by the passage of da khwardin to wear away spread out. "^"^- da kirdin to pour out on the ground (of wheat barley). da kraniii ^— da kotin water to gnaw, scrape to fall down, to degenerate and 193 da kutan to drive in (nails, etc.) da listin to wipe off (as with the finger) da malln to wipe down da man to be delayed, in need da mazranin to establish, settle down da mazrin to encamp, settle da mirdin to die down (of fire) da nan to put down, deposit, appoint ,da nishtin to sit down, to inhabit .da pchrran to expose by pulling apart (mostly of eyes opening) to pull down (by unstick¬ ing). . da pechanawa to bandage below the waist da pilishanin to press clown da poshanin to envelop da razIn to decay da renin to scrape down 'da rrafin da rrCiIii 1 da rûan , to fly down to sink to plant da rCikhan to collapse da shikanin to divert water,, to cut a price da takanin to fleece, to bleed da twaninawa to remelt da wushanin to scatter (down), to shake down, to aim a blow (with a stick). (3) lai. lai bestin lai birdin lai birran lai birrin to tie on to insert (in copulation), to defraud to disappear by consomption to stick in (figurative in punishment). lai bwardin to forgive, to pass by lai bzhardin to pick out lai chaqln to catci^upon lai chun to leak, to' resemble, to ooze lai dan to beat, strike, knock lai duwan to calumniate lai garran speaking ' to desist, seek, overlook, forgo, sea:rch lai garranin to prevent lai geshtin to understand from of 194 ^ îai girtin to take off, extract, skim iai gûrran to make a mistake (idiomatic use) lai hatin to become infected, result, eventuate, to be affected, to be seized with colic, lai keshan to drive, extract lai khestin to throw oft', throw on, hit, put, put on lai kirdin to put on, imitate, load up lai kirdinawa to pick oft" lai kotin to attack, fall on evil days, be overtaken by, digress, lai khurin to beat, to urge lai fchwardin to nibble, erode, corrode, to fit lai man to be left over Si lai nan lai paranawa to cook, to load to entreat lai rezhan to overflow lai stanin to deprive, confiscate lai westan to await, wait for lai zanln to impute, to blame (4) rra aparmOn bwardin, bûrdin rra chinin to trust to elapse, pass by to starts (jump) rra chun to leak, to go out rra dan to carry oft", sweep away, clefeat utterly, incline to, push aside, rra farrin to shy. rra gêanin to make ready, prepare rra girtin to harbour, strengthen, engage, appoint rra hatin to be habituated, tamed rra helan to extend rra henan to train, tame rra hishtin to let down rra keshan to drag, lead, haul, lay out (a rope), to down. rra khestin . rra kirdin to spread out to flee, desert, run, escape rra kotin to stretch oneself rra malln to sweep a-yvay rra to hesitate, pause man rra pechan out to iibduct, to take quickly lie 195 rra rrifanin to put to flight rra shalaqanin to shake (a churn) rra westan to stop, halt, stand rra -wushanin to sow, scatter, shake (a tree), to wave (5) tai alanin tai alln tai. to undertake to envelop, surround, surround closely tai biranawa to be used up tai birdin to assimilate, digest tai birrin to look sideways, to bore a hole tai chun tai dan >tai fikrln tai gêanin , tai geshtin to enter in, to soak in, to pierce to add a piece to, to join together to examine, scrutinize, ponder, imagine to expound, explain to understand, realise tai gîranin to fix tai girtin to fire, throw, cover up tai gwastinawa to change fropi one place to another tai honin to interweave tai jiiin to mince, cut up small tai khestin to fill, put aside, imbue tai khizanin to crowd, tai kirdin to pour out, inculcate tai kotin to fall huddle into, bathe in cold water, lose in gambling tai mizhin to suck in and spit out again tai nan to put into, insert tai nishtin to sit in tai qultanin to intrude tai shikan to be defeated tai tirinjan to become jammed tai wushanin to shake out (fleas) (6) taik. taik birdin to mesh together, taik chawin to curl up taik chespanin to make a joint taik chespin to butt taik chun to be destroyed taik dan to destroy - 196 taik kutan to be pulverized (as of a body) taik pchrrin to come apart, sunder, part taik pechan to take away ciuickly by force taik pilishanin to crowd (7) wer cherikhin to turn round wer garran to turn wer garranin *wer girtin' wer kirdin .»vver kotin to turn down to take from, obtain to scatter to go to sleep ' (8) der bun der. to burst, open oiit der chiin to go out, elude der dan to clean out (a well), emit der hatin to emerge der henan to let out of, der keshan to extract, extricate der khestin to discover cler kirdin to expel, to discharge to take out der kotin to emerge, come in sight, happen der fiirrln to protrude, flee out (9) pewa bun . pewa chanin pewa. to be entrapped to sow seed by dropping from the hand with a circular motion pewa chCin dan to go through to stick bread against the oven wall, close together, to bite, to sling pewa girtin to screen, to put against one another pewa hatin to come together, harmonise, with pewa henan to convene pewa kotin to fall together pewa to fire a gun nan come along 197 {10) pai chûn pai geshtin pai. to elapse . , u to overtake, to have become ripe, to have access to pai hatin pai kokIn pai wutin to accompany to' cough in warning to name, appellate ill) paik gêanin .paik geshtin paik girtin paik hasinawa paik hatin paik. to assemble (trans) to meet to fold (the hands) to be glad in meeting to be accomplished or consummated, to be a success (of work), to turn out well paik henan to succeed paik qablanin to exchange S.G.P.Bd....l.S7 * f5\ >' , 6";^A/' 0^ /^>6^'>-viw»av ^ f^ jt^ FCL ,4v^|l;,u^. . ^- . ,-vvi-«<«-. ,A.U-<^,^ y .-^^-^ ^'"^ ^ v^^ ^ 1 ^'^'^ i^* %l^ \ ^ b ^ 5^:' I 1 "T <