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Fls Report - Burj Dubai - 14 Sept 2005 - Final Rev - 091505

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ROLF JENSEN & ASSOCIATES, INC. FIRE PROTECTION CONSULTANTS FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Prepared For: Emaar Properties PJSC P.O. Box 9440 Dubai, United Arab Emirates RJA Project No. C31601 14 September 2005 600 WEST FULTON STREET, SUITE 500, CHICAGO, IL 60661 USA, +1 312 879-7200, FAX +1 312 879-7210 www.rjainc.com A SUBSIDIARY OF THE RJA GROUP, INC. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page i 14 September 2005 Revision Log of Changes to Burj Dubai FLS Report Date: 14 September 2005 RJA Project No: C31601 1. Added revision date of 14 September 2004 to title page and header. 2. Revised Drawing Index to include drawings FL154B and FL154C. 3. Revised Fire & Life Safety Enhancement key aspects as follows: a. Revised description of Elevator “Life Boat” evacuation capability. b. Revised description of Fire Resistance Ratings. c. Revised description of alternate egress paths. d. Revised Fire lift (BS2/F) access up through level 111. e. Included photo luminescent stripes to assist in egress. 4. Revised Section 2.2: General Building Construction as follows: a. Revised description of Table 2.2 regarding requirement for hazardous and special use area requirements. 5. Revised Section 4.1: Egress Considerations as follows: a. Revised description of designated elevators as an additional means of egress. b. Revised description of occupant loads. 6. Revised Section 5: Fire Suppression System as follows: a. Revised description of code requirement and proposed design for site water supply and exterior fire hydrant systems. 7. Revised Section 5.1: Site Water Supply and Exterior Fire Hydrant Systems as follows: a. Revised description of proposed design 8. Revised Section 5.4: Automatic Sprinkler Systems as follows: a. Revised Table 5.4.1 regarding residential dwelling unit design density. b. Included spire service spot description. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page ii 14 September 2005 c. Revised Table 5.4.2 regarding proposed fire protection methods. 9. Revised Section 6.3: Fire Fighters Elevator Vestibule Pressurization as follows: a. Revised description of the tower is provided with two elevators. 10. Revised Table 7.3.1: Fire Alarm Initiating Device Location Matrix 11. Revised Section 7.4: Fire Command Center, Proposed Design description 12. Revised Appendix A, Section 4: Site-Wide Water Supply, FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page iii 14 September 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES OF THE FIRE PROTECTION DESIGN 1 INTRODUCTION 3 Building Description .................................................................................................. 3 APPLICABLE CODES & DESIGN APPROACH 5 Compliance with Dubai Municipal Building Regulations............................................ 5 Internationally Recognized Fire Safety Standards .................................................... 6 Fire & Life Safety Enhancements ............................................................................. 9 COMPARABLE HIGH RISE FACILITIES 11 OVERVIEW OF FIRE SAFETY APPROACH 13 Fire Safety Characteristics of High Rise Buildings.................................................. 13 DETAILS OF FIRE SAFETY FEATURES 14 Section 1: Occupancy Classification & Site Considerations................................... 14 Section 2: General Building Construction .............................................................. 17 1. Structural Fire Resistance 17 2. Hazardous and Special Use Areas 20 3. Separation of Atrium Spaces 23 Section 3: Interior Finish ........................................................................................ 24 Section 4: Egress Considerations.......................................................................... 26 1. Exit Capacities and Arrangement 26 Section 5: Fire Suppression Systems .................................................................... 32 1. Site Water Supply and Exterior Fire Hydrant Systems 32 2. Fire Protection Water Supply 33 3. Standpipe Systems (Inside Hydrants) 34 4. Automatic Sprinkler Systems 36 Section 6: Smoke Management Systems .............................................................. 40 1. Stair Pressurization System 40 2. Hotel Amenity Levels Smoke Exhaust Systems 41 3. Fire Fighters Elevator Vestibule Pressurization 42 4. Corridor Smoke Exhaust System 43 5. Parking Garage Ventilation and Exhaust 44 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page iv 14 September 2005 Section 7: Electrical Systems................................................................................. 45 1. Emergency Power Source 45 2. Emergency Illumination 47 3. Fire Alarm System 49 4. Fire Command Center 60 APPANDIX A – FIRE FIGHTING STRATEGY OVERVIEW APPENDIX B – EVACUATION STRATEGY OVERVIEW APPENDIX C – FIRE ALARM CAUSE AND EFFECT MATRIX APPENDIX D – OFFICE ENTRY PAVILION COLUMN FIRE RESISTANCE CALCULATION APPENDIX E – FIRE EXPOSURE CALCULATIONS FOR OFFICE ANNEX EXPOSURE TO THE DUBAI MALL CAR PARK FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page v 14 September 2005 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY DRAWING INDEX (FLS Drawings will be issued separately) FL 010 FL 0B2 FL 0B1 FL 00C FL 0GR FL 0L1 FL 0L2 FL 0L3 FL 0L4 FL 0L5 FL 0L6 FL 124 FL 126 FL 127 FL 128 FL 130 FL 132 FL 133 FL 134 FL 135 FIRE & LIFE SAFETY - SITE PLAN FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL B2 - PARKING, MECHANICAL SPACE, TENANT STORAGE FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL B1 – PARKING, MECHANICAL SPACE, FACILITIES STORAGE FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - CONCOURSE LEVEL – BOUTIQUE OFFICE LOBBY, BALLROOM, MEETING ROOMS, LOADING DOCK, MEP CENTRAL PLANT, HOTEL BACK OF HOUSE, PARKING FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - GROUND LEVEL – RESIDENTIAL LOBBY, NIGHT CLUB, RESTAURANTS, HOTEL BACK OF HOUSE, OBSERVATORY ELEVATOR LOBBY, PARKING FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 1 – HOTEL LOBBY, BALLROOM ENTRY, BUSINESS CENTER, RESTAURANT / LOUNGE AREA, , POOL PAVILION ENTRY, OFFICE ANNEX LOBBY FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 2 – MECHANICAL SPACE, POOL PAVILION SPA, OFFICE ANNEX FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 3 – EXECUTIVE CLUB, RESTAURANTS, HEALTH CLUB / SPA, POOL PAVILION OUTDOOR POOL, OFFICE ANNEX FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 4 - MECHANICAL SPACE, OFFICE ANNEX FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 5 - HOTEL GUESTROOMS, OFFICE ANNEX FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 6 - HOTEL GUESTROOMS, OFFICE ANNEX FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 7 - 8 (TIER 0) - HOTEL GUESTROOMS FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 9 - 16 (TIER 0) - HOTEL RESIDENCES FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM – LEVEL 17 (TIER 0) - LOWER MECHANICAL & TENANT STORAGE FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM – LEVEL 18 (TIER 0) - UPPER MECHANICAL & TENANT STORAGE FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM – LEVEL 19 - 25 (TIER 1) - HOTEL RESIDENCES FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 26 - 33 (TIER 2) - HOTEL RESIDENCES FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 34 - 37 (TIER 3) - HOTEL RESIDENCES FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 38 (TIER 3) - HOTEL SUITE GUESTROOMS FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 39 (TIER 3) - HOTEL SUITE GUESTROOMS FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE FL 136 FL 137 FL 138 FL 140 FL 141 Page vi 14 September 2005 FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL40 (TIER 3) – LOWER MECHANICAL & WINDOW WASHING FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 41 (TIER 3) – ELEVATOR MACHINE ROOM FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 42 (TIER 3) – UPPER MECHANICAL, TENANT STORAGE, & AREA OF REFUGE FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 43 (TIER 4) – RESIDENTIAL SKY LOBBY, AMENITIES & RESIDENTIAL FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 44 (TIER 4) – RESIDENTIAL & UPPER PART OF RESIDENTIAL AMENITY FL 142 FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 45 (TIER 4) – RESIDENTIAL FL 143 FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 46 - 52 (TIER 4) – RESIDENTIAL FL 143A FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 53 (TIER 5) - RESIDENTIAL FL 144 FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 54 - 63 (TIER 5) – RESIDENTIAL FL 144A FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 64 (TIER 6) – RESIDENTIAL FL 145 FL 146 FL 147 FL 148 FL 150 FL 151 FL 152 FL 153 FL 153A FL 154 FL 154A FL 154B FL 154C FL 155A FL 156 FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 65 - 72 (TIER 6) – RESIDENTIAL FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 73 (TIER 6) – LOWER MECHANICAL & WINDOW WASHING FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 74 (TIER 6) – ELEVATOR MACHINE ROOM FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 75 (TIER 6) – UPPER MECHANICAL, TENANT STORAGE & AREA OF REFUGE FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM – LEVEL 76 (TIER 7) - LUXURY RESIDENTIAL SKY LOBBY & AMENITIES FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 77 (TIER 7) – UPPER SKY LOBBY & LUXURY RESIDENTIAL FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 78 - 80 (TIER 7) – LUXURY RESIDENTIAL FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 81 - 86 (TIER 7) - LUXURY RESIDENTIAL FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 87 (TIER 7) - LUXURY RESIDENTIAL FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 88 - 98 (TIER 8) - LUXURY RESIDENTIAL FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 99 (TIER 9) - LUXURY RESIDENTIAL FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM – LEVEL 100 – 103 & 106 (TIER 9) – LUXURY RESIDENTIAL FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM – LEVEL 104 – 105 & 107 (TIER 9) – LUXURY RESIDENTIAL FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 108 (TIER 9) - LUXURY RESIDENTIAL FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 109 (TIER 9) – LOWER MECHANICAL FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE FL 157 FL 160 FL 161 FL 162 FL 163 FL 164 FL 165 FL 166 FL 167 FL 168 Page vii 14 September 2005 FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 110 - 111 (TIER 9) – ELEVATOR MACHINE ROOM, UPPER MECHANICAL & AREA OF REFUGE FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 112 - 121 (TIER 10) – BOUTIQUE OFFICE, MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 122 - 125 (TIER 10 - 11) – OBSERVATORY, SKY LOBBY, CLUBS & BOUTIQUE OFFICE FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 126 - 135 (TIER 11) – BOUTIQUE OFFICE, MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 136 - 139 (TIER 11 - 12) – BOUTIQUE OFFICE, MECHANICAL & AREA OF REFUGE FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 140 - 147 (TIER 12 - 13) – BOUTIQUE OFFICE FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 148 - 153 (TIER 14 - 15) – BOUTIQUE OFFICE FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 154 - 157 (TIER 15 - 16) – BOUTIQUE OFFICE, MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL & COMMUNICATIONS FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - LEVEL 158 - 160 & 160 MEZZANINE (TIER 16 - 18) – BOUTIQUE OFFICE, MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL & COMMUNICATIONS FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM – ROOF/SPIRE LEVEL1 – FINIAL TOP PLAN (TIER 19 & UP) FL 200 FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - BUILDING SECTION FL 400 FIRE & LIFE SAFETY DIAGRAM - FIRE SPRINKLER RISER END OF DRAWINGS FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 1 14 September 2005 OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES OF THE FIRE PROTECTION DESIGN This report describes the fire and life safety features for the Burj Dubai tower in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The fire safety design objective for the facility is to provide a level of fire and life safety consistent with internationally recognized fire safety standards and with other comparable high-rise structures. The fire protection strategy that is employed in developing this report is based on the following defining design principles and objectives. 1. 2. 3. 4. Control of fire and its effects Safe occupant evacuation Compartmentation Firefighting operations Based on these concepts, the following fire protection features are incorporated into the facility design of the project. 1. Control of Fire to a Single Fire Compartment or Floor. a. Automatic sprinkler protection throughout facility with adequate water supply. b. Building compartmentation by means of structural fire resistance, fire barriers, and fire resistant floor assemblies. c. Infrastructure to facilitate firefighting operations including transport, communications and fire fighting water supply. 2. Occupant Evacuation Management a. b. c. d. e. f. Fire alarm system for occupant notification and response. Voice communication system to provide direction to building occupants. Code compliant exit location and capacity. Fire resistant stair enclosures for high-rise tower and office annex buildings. Pressurized exit stairs in the high-rise tower Protected, partially conditioned and pressurized Areas of Refuge in the highrise tower. g. Selected shuttle elevators with emergency power to assist evacuation. 3. Firefighting Features a. Fire command centers. b. Remote annunciation panels for fire fighter use. c. Firefighter elevator and pressurized lobby for protected fire department access to upper floors. d. Two-way fire department telephone system for communication between the fire command centers and strategic rooms/areas. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 2 14 September 2005 4. Management of Smoke Spread a. 1-hour fire rated enclosure of all hotel and residential units. b. Protected, partially conditioned and pressurized stair enclosures and areas of refuge. c. Smoke exhaust system for residential and office corridors within the tower. d. Pressurized fire fighter elevator lobbies. e. Parking garage smoke exhaust systems. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 3 14 September 2005 INTRODUCTION The Burj Dubai tower is a mixed use, high-rise structure, incorporating hotel guest rooms, residential dwelling units, assembly spaces, ancillary retail spaces and indoor parking. An observation level and multi level private club is provided near the top of the building with dedicated shuttle elevators. It is the objective of the Design Team to create a highly functional and efficient building while maintaining a level of fire and life safety consistent with the National Standards of Dubai and internationally recognized fire safety standards. Building Description The building design consists of a 160-story hotel / residential and office tower with a partially detached multi-story pool annex building and an office annex building. The facility has two levels below grade with an unoccupied interstitial space under the B2 level. The main high-rise tower encompasses an approximate gross area of 302,695 square meters (3,257,000 square feet). The office annex provides an additional 15,335 square meters (165,000 square feet) of gross area to the facility. The area of the concourse and 2 basement levels is approximately 92,937 square meters (1,000,000 square feet). The two basement levels (B2, B1) are designed primarily for enclosed parking. Levels C (Concourse), G (Ground), 1 and 3 form the building podium, which consists of building lobbies, hotel amenities and support spaces. The Concourse level contains loading docks, the hotel ballroom, pre-function and back –of-house areas, fitness center, indoor pool, central plant, storage areas and parking for 605 cars. The entrance lobby for the tower office floors is located at this level. The Concourse level is at grade along the southeast face of the building and at the office annex. The Ground floor level contains the entry pavilion and lobby for the residential floors, parking, fitness center, and hotel nightclub areas as well as the elevator lobby for the Observatory (located on Level 124) and a pedestrian tunnel to an adjacent shopping mall. The residential entry pavilion and lobby serve as the primary access point for fire department vehicle access to the building. The main fire command center is located near the residential lobby and is accessible through a fire rated corridor. Level 1 includes the main entrance pavilion and lobby for the hotel and hotel residences and also contains a spa, retail, restaurants and specialty dining areas. This level provides elevator access for permanent residents and guests of the private club on Level 122. Level 1 is a secondary point of fire department vehicle access to the building. A secondary fire command center for the hotel portion of the building is located at this level, as well as access to the fire fighters elevators. Level 3 contains assembly spaces such as restaurants, private dining areas as well as a business center and executive offices. Levels 2 and 4 are mezzanine levels containing mechanical and equipment spaces. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 4 14 September 2005 Most of the levels above Level 4 are used for transient and permanent residential purposes and offices. The floor levels containing the different residential units and offices are identified in the accompanying table. Residential sky lobbies and amenities are located at the 43rd and 76th floors. Levels 112 through 121, 125 through 134 and 139 through 154 are designated as Tower Office floors for high end luxury office space. The Tower Office sky lobby is located on level 123. Level 124 contains the observatory areas for the building. A private club level is located on Levels 122. The remaining occupied levels, from 155 through 160M, contain mechanical, communications, and window washing equipment. The spire and highest portion of the tower is unoccupied space containing lighting and a space reserved for a damper to control building movement if required. The Office Annex Building contains office space with the lower levels housing the central plant. A fire command center serving the office annex building is located adjacent to the office annex lobby. Primary elements of facility design include: ELEMENT Basements - Parking FLOORS B2, B1 Podium – residential lobby, hotel lobby, office lobby & public amenities. Hotel guest rooms & service apartments. Concourse, Ground, 1, 3, (Mezzanines on levels 2 & 4) Levels 5 to 42 Varies – 2,664 m² 3,564 m² (28,673 ft² to 38,363 ft²) Private Residences Levels 43 to 108 Varies – 1,509 m² to 2,494 m² (16,241 ft² to 26,845 ft²) Residential sky lobbies & amenities Tower Offices Levels 43/44 and 76/77 Varies – 1,939 m² to 2,494 m² (20,873 ft² to 26,845 ft²) Varies - 465 m² to 1,256 m² (5,008 ft² to 13,515 ft²) Observation Level Private Lounge Communications, Mechanical and Window Wash Architectural Spire Level 124 Level 122 Levels 155 to 160M Approximately 1,002 m² (10,788 ft²) Approximately 1,256 m² (13,515 ft²) Varies - 302 m² to 465 m² (3,250 ft² to 5,008 ft²) Above Level 160M 302 m² (3,250 ft²) Levels B2 to 6 Levels B2 to 3 Approximately 2,582 m² (27,792 ft²) Area included in Podium area Office Annex Pool Annex Levels 112 to 121, 125 to 134 and 139 to 154 FLOOR AREA Varies – 43,610 m² to 49,344 m² (469,438 ft² to 531,149 ft²) Varies – 2,030 m² to 22,104 m² (21,862 ft² to 237,936 ft²) FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 5 14 September 2005 APPLICABLE CODES & DESIGN APPROACH In view of the scale and complexity of the facility, a special approach has been taken to meet the project objectives. This approach is based on the following: 1. To the extent feasible, the project will comply with the applicable provisions of the Dubai Municipal Building Regulations. 2. The design will follow U.S. based fire safety codes and standards applicable to a structure of this size as well as other internationally recognized fire safety standards appropriate to a building of this size. 3. The design will incorporate fire and life safety enhancements that have been utilized in other very tall structures worldwide. Life safety enhancements are design features that are above and beyond minimum code requirements and that are intended to provide an added level of fire & life safety to the building. Together, these elements – Dubai Code, U.S. Code, Fire & Life Safety Enhancements – form the basis for the fire protection design of the Burj Dubai tower. Compliance with Dubai Municipal Building Regulations The Burj Dubai tower has generally been designed to meet the applicable requirements of the Dubai Building Regulations. However, certain features of a facility of this type are not anticipated in the code. In those cases where compliance with the code may not be apparent or where the situation is not formally addressed in the code, alternative features are provided to achieve the level of fire safety intended by the code. Supporting documentation and comparable installations are provided for the alternative features. The following Dubai code requirements will not be met by the design of the Burj Dubai building, but will instead follow international standards for high-rise buildings: 1. The Dubai Municipal Building Regulations require that the minimum number of exits from a room, space, or building meet the following requirements: 1 to 500 occupants – 2 exits 501 to 750 occupants – 3 exits Greater than 750 occupants – 4 exits The Burj Dubai tower design utilizes the following requirements from NFPA 101 regarding the number of exits from each floor level: 1 to 500 occupants – 2 exits 501 to 1000 occupants – 3 exits Greater than 1000 occupants – 4 exits FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 6 14 September 2005 2. The Dubai Building Regulations require that travel distances in crowded buildings not exceed 27 meters (90 feet). The building is designed to meet the travel distance requirements of NFPA 101. These requirements are based on the occupancy classification of a room or area in the building and are discussed in Section 4 of this report. 3. The Dubai Building Regulations require that exit stair doors have a minimum width of 1000 mm (39.4 in). The exit stair doors for the Burj Dubai building are designed to meet the 813 mm (32 in) minimum width requirement of NFPA 101. 4. The Dubai Building Regulations require that exit stairs meet the minimum width based on the occupancy classification as follows: Residential and Office: 1070 mm (42 in) Public Buildings: 1500 mm (59 in) The minimum width of the exit stairs for the Burj Dubai project is 1118 mm (44 in) in accordance with NFPA 101. 5. The Dubai Building Regulations require that corridors meet the minimum width based on the occupancy classification as follows: Residential/Office (>232 m²): 1800 mm (72 in) Residential/Office (internal corridor): 900 mm (36 in) Commercial: 3000 mm (118 in) The minimum width of exit access corridors for the Burj Dubai facility is 1118 mm (44 in) in accordance with NFPA 101. 6. The Dubai Building Regulations require that exit stairs provide a minimum of 2440 mm (96 in) of headroom. The exit stairs in the Burj Dubai project provide at least 2032 mm (80 in) of headroom in the exit stair enclosures in accordance with NFPA 101. 7. The Dubai Building Regulations require all buildings exceeding 20 floors to be equipped with a helicopter landing area. This requirement is not incorporated into the Burj Dubai tower. The exits are designed to meet the requirements of NFPA 101. These facilities are also equipped with exit stair pressurization systems and protected areas of refuge which are designed to protect occupants as they exit from the higher floors of the building. Internationally Recognized Fire Safety Standards In addition to the requirements of the Dubai Municipal Building Code, the Burj Dubai tower will be designed to meet internationally recognized fire safety standards. These standards include: FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 7 14 September 2005 International Building Code (IBC) – The IBC is a product of the International Code Council, a regulations group composed of the three former United States model building code authorities: Building Officials & Code Administrators International (BOCA), International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO), and Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI). The International Building Code was developed in an effort to produce a single model building code for the United States. The requirements of the latest edition of this code, the 2003 edition, will be employed in this design. NFPA 101, Life Safety Code (LSC) – The Life Safety Code is a product of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), an international nonprofit organization advocating consensus-derived codes. The provisions of the Life Safety Code will be used as the basis for the design of the egress systems for the project. The 2003 edition of the Code, which is the latest published edition, will be used. NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Automatic Sprinkler Systems – NFPA 13 is an internationally recognized standard for the design of automatic sprinkler system protection for buildings. The 2002 edition of NFPA 13, which is the latest published edition, will be used. Other NFPA Standards. The National Fire Protection Association Standards are internationally recognized for the design of fire protection systems. The following NFPA Standards will be used for the design of the building: NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers – 1998 edition NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe Systems – 2000 edition NFPA 20, Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection – 1999 edition NFPA 22, Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection – 1998 edition NFPA 24, Installation of Private Fire Service Mains – 1995 edition NFPA 92A, Recommended Practice for Smoke Control Systems NFPA 92B, Guide for Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria, and Large Areas British Standard (BS) 5266, Emergency Lighting – BS 5266 is the design standard for emergency lighting systems referenced by the Dubai Municipal Building Regulations. British Standard (BS) 5839, Fire Detection and Alarm Systems for Buildings – BS5839 is the design standard for fire detection and alarm systems referenced by the Dubai Municipal Building Regulations. British Standard (BS) 5445, Components of Automatic Fire Detection Systems – BS5445 is the design standard for automatic fire detection systems referenced by the Dubai Municipal Building Regulations. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 8 14 September 2005 For this project, the design approach for the fire detection and alarm system will be: • Use the International Building Code (IBC) as the primary code to determine where in the building smoke detectors, heat detectors, manual call points, etc. are required. • Use BS 5839 as a secondary code to determine additional fire detector locations needed to meet an L1 type fire alarm system. • Use BS 5445 as the basis for specifying system materials, components and installation methods. This approach is further described in Section 7 of this report. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 9 14 September 2005 Fire & Life Safety Enhancements The design will incorporate fire and life safety enhancements that have been utilized in other tall structures. Life safety enhancements are design features that are above and beyond minimum code requirements and that are intended to provide an added level of fire & life safety to the building. Super-tall buildings (buildings more than 300 meters in height) are commonly provided with additional life safety features to compensate for challenges that they present in occupant evacuation and fire fighting. These features are designed to improve life safety and fire fighting capabilities in the building. Fire & life safety enhancements build on the requirements within the code and are incorporated into the design in the following way: 1. Code Requirements form the baseline for designing a safe structure. An example would be providing protected exit stairs as required by code. 2. Design Best Practices allow us to “design in” additional reliability or capacity in the design of systems or features that are required. An example would be providing an additional exit stair for additional exit capacity beyond code requirements. 3. Additional Features are life safety systems or features that are not code required, but have been used elsewhere on similar structures. An example would be to provide Areas of Refuge to provide safe areas within the building. Although not code required for this building, this feature has been provided on other similar structures. Fire & life safety enhancements are incorporated into key aspects of the Burj Dubai tower design. These enhancements include: 1. Fireman’s Elevator and Protected Vestibule – The Tower is equipped with high speed fireman’s elevators which open onto each occupied above grade floor level for use by fire department personnel. A fire rated, pressurized vestibule is provided at each floor served by the fireman’s elevators. Both the fireman’s elevator and the vestibule pressurization systems are connected to the building emergency electrical system to remain operational upon loss of normal power. The thresholds to the fireman’s elevators (BS1/F, 2/F, and 3/F) are raised 25mm above the adjacent floor finish to protect the elevator hoistways from water ingress. 2. Elevator “Life Boat” evacuation capability. The primary means of building evacuation is through protected exit stairs. Some emergency scenarios, however, may require full evacuation of the building. For these conditions, certain elevators have been designed with a “lifeboat evacuation” mode that enables fire brigade personnel to operate designated elevators to facilitate evacuation of the tower. Elevators would be used under the control of building personnel or fire fighters and only as part of an established evacuation procedure to shuttle occupants from designated staging areas (sky lobbies) to the ground floor. Under FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 10 14 September 2005 this arrangement, all passenger shuttle elevators (R1,2,3; R4,5,6; OB1,2) will be available as well as the fire fighters elevator and service elevator (BS1/F & BS2/F). 3. Areas of Refuge – Areas of refuge are provided on Levels 42, 75, 111 and 138 of the Tower for use by exiting occupants. The areas of refuge are constructed of fire rated construction to provide protection for occupants. These areas are directly accessible from the exit stair enclosures and are pressurized. 4. Redundant Fire Protection Water Supply – The water supply for water-based fire protection systems including the automatic sprinkler and standpipe systems has redundancy measures. The water supply is provided by a combination of water tanks distributed vertically throughout the building and pumps that can move water between vertical zones. 5. Floor Smoke Management – A smoke management system is provided in the Tower to assist in evacuating smoke from the corridor of the floor where a fire alarm originates (incident floor). 6. Increased Fire Resistance Ratings. The fire resistance ratings of certain partitions – including enclosures around all electrical equipment rooms, residential unit entry doors, and separations between dwelling units – has been increased above code requirements. 7. Alternate Egress Paths. Each Area of Refuge floor has been designed so that individual areas of refuge are interconnected by fire rated corridors and provided with directional signage so that in the event that one of the exit stairs is blocked below an area of refuge, occupants can transfer to an alternate stair to continue evacuation. Directional signage will be manually controlled from the FCC or the security command center. 8. Fire lift (BS2/F) provides access up through level 111. 9. Photo luminescent stripes define stairs, landings and doors within exit stairways. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 11 14 September 2005 Comparable High Rise Facilities The fire & life safety enhancements of the Burj Dubai tower are based on the features found in comparable high-rise buildings throughout the world. The fire safety measures of several existing facilities were evaluated. The facilities selected as representative of current technologies and approaches being applied to high-rise building fire and life safety include: Jin Mao Building. Shanghai, China. This building was selected because it incorporates many of the same occupancy characteristics of the Burj Dubai facility. The Jin Mao Building is a high-rise building with hotel units located above office floors in the 88-story tower. The Jin Mao Building also includes a podium similar to the Burj Dubai building which contains assembly spaces such as a ballroom, convention areas, and meeting rooms as well as retail spaces. Similar to the Burj Dubai design, the Jin Mao Building includes multiple levels of below grade parking as well as private club and observatory areas at the top of the building. Petronas Towers. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Petronas Towers facility was selected for comparison because it includes twin 450-meter office towers with a large base of ancillary facilities and is located in an urban environment with difficult fire response considerations. The building also incorporates fire and smoke compartments as well as areas of refuge. John Hancock Center. Chicago, IL. This building was selected because of its 346meter tower, which includes residential occupancies located above office space. Sears Tower. Chicago, IL. This building was selected because of its 442-meter office tower. The Sears Tower contains a fire protection water supply arrangement similar to that proposed for the Burj Dubai tower. The majority of high-rise buildings in the world, including those identified above, required specific evaluations of the fire and life safety features to gain code acceptance. The building heights and other characteristics considered in the fire safety design of these facilities are comparable to those found in the Burj Dubai tower. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 12 14 September 2005 High Rise Building Comparison Matrix Building Feature Burj Dubai Jin Mao Building Petronas Towers John Hancock Center Sears Tower Refuge Areas Levels 42, 75, 111 and 138 Levels 15, 30, 58 to 85 (hotel levels) and Penthouse Level 2 Levels 40-43 Level 44 None Provided Fire Resistance Columns: 3 hr Floors: 2 hr Columns: 3 hr Floors: 2 hr Columns: 3 hr Floors: 2 hr Columns: 3 hr Floors: 1½ hr Columns: 3 hr Floors: 3 hr Fire Compartment Size 1 per floor 2,000 m² in office and parking areas 2,000 m² in office areas 1 per floor 1 per floor Smoke Compartment Size 1 per floor 1 per floor 2,000 m² in office areas 1 per floor 1 per floor Yes No No No No Basement tank with secondary tanks distributed vertically throughout tower with pumps. Basement tank connected to domestic water tank. Two secondary water tanks on Levels 51 and Penthouse with pumps. Basement tanks connected to domestic water mains with fire pumps Dual source domestic water mains Dual source domestic water mains with water tanks and fire pumps distributed vertically in building. Fire Water Supply Duration 2 hours internal, 4 hours total Unknown 1 hour for sprinklers ½ hour Unknown Fire Pumps Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Fireman’s Elevator 1 provided to all floors 2 provided 2 provided 1 provided 1 provided Smoke Protected Exit Stairs Pressurized Pressurized stairs and vestibules Pressurized Vestibule with naturally ventilated smoke shaft Vestibule with naturally ventilated smoke shaft Provided Provided Provided Provided Provided Primary and Secondary Provided Primary and Remote Provided Provided Provided Provided Provided Provided Provided Provided Provided Quick Response Sprinklers Primary Fire Water Supply Floor Smoke Control Fire Command Center Emergency P.A. System FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 13 14 September 2005 OVERVIEW OF FIRE SAFETY APPROACH The overall fire and life safety design approach for the Burj Dubai tower is based on these overall characteristics and the characteristics specific to this facility. This section identifies both general fire and life safety attributes incorporated into high-rise buildings and also specific features designed to address unique characteristics specific to this facility. Fire Safety Characteristics of High Rise Buildings From a fire safety standpoint, the following features characterize high-rise structures: 1. Large numbers of building occupants are located far above street level. Occupants cannot all be evacuated to grade in a timely manner. 2. Because of the distance involved in reaching upper floors, the primary means of vertical circulation during normal conditions is by means of elevators. 3. Many public utilities must be supplemented by building systems to provide adequate reliable services to the building. From a fire safety design standpoint, these characteristics dictate an approach to fire safety that controls fire growth and protect occupants in place with only selective evacuation to safe areas within the building. The fire safety design must consider the following: 1. Occupants of the building must be protected from the effects of a fire in the building primarily by controlling fire growth and limiting fire and smoke spread to a single fire-prevention zone. 2. Fire fighting operations must be conducted primarily from inside the building, often times in locations extremely remote from fire service apparatus and ground support. For this reason, fire fighting support systems must be built into the building design. 3. The building must accommodate communication of emergency instructions to building occupants and communications between fire service personnel. 4. Building occupants must be moved away from danger utilizing protected exit stairs leading to areas of refuge within the building. Occupants can be evacuated from areas of refuge, if necessary, using exit stairs or elevators under fire department control. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 14 14 September 2005 DETAILS OF FIRE SAFETY FEATURES This section of the report describes in detail the individual fire safety features of the facility and the effect of these features on the overall fire and life safety aspect of the facility. The features are compared to the basic requirements of the Dubai Municipality Building Regulations as well as US and International Codes and Standards. Comparisons of the features with similar features in other high-rise buildings throughout the world are also provided. The section is organized to generally correspond to the chapters and major sections of the International Building Code. Section 1: Occupancy Classification & Site Considerations Code Requirements Chapter 3 of the International Building Code (IBC) and Chapter 6 of the Life Safety Code (LSC) classify this building as a mixed-use occupancy. The code mandates construction and other fire safety features based on the classification and use of the facility. Other chapters of the code dealing with special building features, including High Rise Buildings and separation between buildings, are also applicable. Purpose The purpose of this chapter is to provide initial classification of the occupancy so that applicable requirements within the code can be identified. Proposed Design To accommodate the planned diversity of the building, the Burj Dubai facility will be composed of a number of occupancies. The primary occupancy classification of the building will be residential, which covers both the transient (hotel) and permanent (apartments and condominiums) portions of the tower. Table 1.1 identifies the occupancies found in the facility, as well as a brief discussion of the typical uses included in that occupancy. Because the building has been designed to incorporate multiple occupancies within a single facility, the Burj Dubai building will be designed as a non-separated mixed-use building. This design permits the building to retain its different occupancies without segregating them from each other with fire resistance rated separation. As a concession to this classification, the building construction type will be determined based on the most restrictive occupancy requirements. The building will also be subject to the most restrictive fire protection systems requirements of the occupancies found within the facility. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 15 14 September 2005 Table 1.1: Occupancy Classifications Residential, Transient: Transient Residential occupancies typically consist of rooms or spaces containing sleeping facilities for transient occupants. Examples of transient residential spaces within the Burj Dubai building will include hotel guest rooms. Residential, Permanent: Permanent Residential occupancies typically consist of rooms or spaces containing sleeping facilities for occupants who are primarily permanent or who use such facilities for an extended period of time. Examples of transient residential spaces within the Burj Dubai building will include hotel residences and private residences. Assembly: Assembly occupancies typically consist of rooms or spaces used for the purposes of gathering people together for social or civic events. Examples of assembly spaces within the Burj Dubai building will include the observatory, the ballroom, the convention space, conference/ meeting rooms, restaurants and lounges, and fitness areas. Business: Business occupancies typically consist of rooms or spaces used for office or professional, or service transactions. Examples of business spaces within the Burj Dubai building will include office and other administrative areas including Hotel back of house and office areas. Storage: Storage occupancies are rooms or spaces used for the storage of items or goods inherent to the building. Mechanical and utility rooms are also typically classified as storage occupancies. Examples of storage spaces within the Burj Dubai building will include the loading dock, storage rooms, mechanical rooms, and utility rooms/closets. Parking Garage: Parking Garages are generally classified as storage occupancies, but are also subject to specific requirements based on the specific use of such areas. The Burj Dubai tower is classified as a high-rise building requiring certain fire protection and fire fighting features. The high-rise classification applies to all buildings more than 22.86 meters above the lowest level of fire department access. For the entire building, the lowest level of fire department access is taken as the Concourse level. This level is accessible to fire fighting personnel along the southeast face of the tower and at the office annex structure. Access is provided for emergency vehicles to most of this side of the building. Primary Fire Department vehicle access is provided at the Ground and First levels. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 16 14 September 2005 The office annex is located 5 meters from an adjacent open car park; closer than permitted by code without rated exterior walls. The design teams for the Burj Dubai and The Dubai Mall have both evaluated the exposure hazard associated with this arrangement and have concluded that the proposed arrangement meets the intent of the code and that an undue fire exposure hazard is not present. Calculations of the fire exposure conditions under worst credible fire scenarios for both the office annex and parking garage are attached in Appendix D of this report. The adjacent retail mall is connected to the Burj Dubai tower by means of a tunnel with a fire separation between the tunnel and building. Egress from the tunnel is provided by way of an exit stair. An escalator connects the tunnel level to the Ground floor level of the office annex, which in turn leads to the observation level shuttle elevator lobby. This connection is treated as a lobby or circulation space. Gate houses are provided at all access points to the project site. Each gatehouse is provided with a local means of detecting fire or smoke (smoke detection) and notifying gatehouse occupants. Where gatehouses control primary fire vehicle access routes to the building, a means is provided to notify gatehouse staff of a fire in the tower and to inform the staff which fire vehicle access point to direct fire fighting vehicles to. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 17 14 September 2005 Section 2: General Building Construction 2.1 Structural Fire Resistance Code Requirements Chapters 5 & 6 of the IBC stipulate minimum fire resistance ratings for building structural members and other building elements based on the overall construction classification of the facility. The facility is required to be Type 1A construction, with structural fire resistance ratings as identified below. Table 2.1 below identifies the IBC requirements for Type 1A construction. Purpose The intent of these requirements is to assure structural integrity and to resist the spread of fire to adjacent buildings and areas. Additional Factors Considered • Building Height - The additional height of the tower means that occupants are farther from the ground and must rely on a defend in place approach to fire safety. This approach requires the building structure to be able to withstand the effects of fire for a longer duration without losing load-bearing qualities. • Extent and protection of hazard –The presence of sprinkler systems in all buildings should be considered in relation to the fire resistance rating requirements. • Comparable Buildings - The proposed design for the Burj Dubai project is comparable to other high-rise buildings throughout the world. The structural fire resistance requirements for columns and floor assemblies in the Tower are identical to those found in the Jin Mao Building and the Petronas Towers. Proposed Design The structural frame of Burj Dubai building is designed of reinforced concrete from the lowest level to Level 153. From Levels 154 to 160M and up through the spire, the structure changes from concrete to fire-protected structural steel. The structural elements from the lowest level through Level 160M, both concrete and steel, are designed to meet the fire resistance rating requirements identified in Table 2.1. The “roof” of the highest enclosed and occupied floor level (Level 160M) will be of 2-hour construction. The architectural spire, located above Level 160M, will be constructed of unprotected structural steel. This is due to the unoccupied nature of the spire and the absence of any significant combustibles. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 18 14 September 2005 Exit stairs within the Tower and the Office Annex have a fire resistance rating of 2-hours with 1 ½ hour rated fire doors at each opening. Exit stairs in the Pool Annex that connect 4 or more stories also meet these rating requirements. Exit stairs connecting less than 4 stories have a 1-hour fire resistance rating with 1-hour fire doors. Vertical shafts for elevators and mechanical systems extending through the Tower and the Office Annex have a 2-hour fire resistance rating. Openings into these shafts have a 1½-hour fire resistance rating. Elevator shafts (hoistways) are provided with automatic sprinklers at the top of the shafts and are not constructed with smoke venting in order to minimize adverse effects of stack effect within the building. PVC plastic pipe is used for drain/waste/vent systems in the tower. At each location where PVC pipe passes through a shaft wall, floor or fire rated partition, an approved fire-stopping collar suitable for use with plastic pipe is provided. For plastic pipe that exceeds available fire stopping sizes (300mm) as at the base of the drain risers, the PVC pipe transitions to metallic pipe within the shaft. The Metallic pipe continues within the adjacent occupied areas. Duct penetrations of fire rated construction will be provided with fire dampers or ducts will be constructed of 2-hour rated construction. Exit access corridors and all demising walls enclosing hotel and residential units have a 1-hour fire resistance rating. Doors opening into these rated corridors have a fire resistance rating of 20 minutes and are capable of resisting the passage of smoke. Exit access corridors serving non-residential floors are generally not fire rated. The exterior walls of the tower and office and pool annexes are non-rated curtain wall assemblies, as permitted by the building code. The office annex is located 5 meters from the open parking structure associated with the adjacent retail mall. Appendix D contains fire exposure calculations for both buildings. These calculations indicate that the intent of the applicable codes is met and that neither building represents an undue exposure hazard to the adjacent structure. On this basis, the proposed arrangement should be acceptable. Three architectural glass pavilions are located at the base of the tower and incorporate building entrances and public amenities. These enclosures incorporate a cable-net glazing system and an exposed structural steel support system. The two pavilions serving as the Hotel and Residential Entries are single story spaces with the exposed steel structure supporting only the roof and walls of the pavilions. The third pavilion serving as the Tower Office entry is a two story space. The floor of the pavilion is the office entry lobby located on the B1 level. An intermediate floor is located inside the pavilion at Level 1 and contains a hotel lounge space. Based on the specific application and proposed location of these columns in a lobby / circulation area, it is unlikely that a large fire will develop in this area that will compromise the columns. These columns support only a small floor area associated with the hotel above. Occupants in this area would be expected to evacuate the space in less than 10 minutes, well before the columns were heated to a point where they may lose their strength. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 19 14 September 2005 Considering the limited combustibles associated with the entry lobby circulation space, it is unlikely, that under realistic fire conditions, the structural integrity of the composite column will be compromised. The columns have a high heat absorbing capacity to dissipate the heat of a fire. This capacity is enhanced by filling the columns with concrete. Sprinklers are provided under the floor to protect the office lobby area. These sprinklers would activate well before critical temperatures are reached to further cool the columns and control fire growth. Table 2.1 - Construction Requirements COMPONENT RATING Structural Frame Noncombustible – 3 hours Bearing Wall Noncombustible – 3 hours Nonbearing wall Noncombustible – 0 hour Fire wall Noncombustible – 3 hours Floor Construction Noncombustible – 2 hours Roof Construction Noncombustible – 1.5 hours* Exit Stair Enclosures Noncombustible – 2 hours, 1 ½ hr. doors Areas of Refuge Noncombustible – 2 hours, 1 ½ hr. doors Fire Fighter’s Elevator Vestibules Noncombustible – 2 hours, 1 ½ hr. doors Elevator & Mechanical Vertical Shafts Noncombustible – 2 hours, 1 ½ hr. doors Exit Access Corridors - Residential Noncombustible – 1 hour, 45 min. doors Exit Access Corridors - Other Noncombustible – 0 hour Residential Unit Separation Noncombustible – 2 hour, 1 ½ hr. doors * Fire protection of structural members is not required where every part of the roof construction is 20 feet or more above any floor immediately below. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 20 14 September 2005 2.2 Hazardous and Special Use Areas Code Requirements This section of the code stipulates the location and separation requirements for hazardous areas and other special occupancy areas within a building. Purpose The purpose of this section is to isolate hazardous and other special areas to minimize hazard to occupants of the building. Additional Factors Considered • Building Height - The purpose of this section is to protect occupants from hazards. The additional height of the building increases the importance of protecting building occupants who are further from the ground and more difficult to evacuate. • Extent and protection of hazard - The hazardous areas of the building will be protected with appropriate fire safety systems to minimize the hazard to building occupants. • Comparable buildings - The hazardous areas identified in this section are common to most high-rise buildings and are usually mitigated by both protection and isolation measures. Proposed Design Table 2.2 identifies specific rooms or areas that represent areas of higher combustible fuel loads or ignition sources or are integral to the fire and life safety operations of the building and therefore require a higher level of protection. This increased protection is provided through separation of the spaces from adjacent areas by fire resistance rated assemblies. Rooms identified in Table 2.2 are enclosed with fire resistance rated assemblies in accordance with the requirements outlined in the table. Appropriately rated fire doors are provided for openings within the fire resistance rated enclosures. The Tower contains linen and trash chutes for use by the residential tenants. Linen and trash chutes are enclosed in 2-hour fire rated shafts with 1 ½ hour fire rated chute doors at each level and at chute termination rooms. Chute doors at chute termination rooms are normally held open by an approved hold-open device. A smoke detector will be provided to release the hold-open and automatically close the chute door when smoke is detected in the room. The smoke detector will also initiate a fire alarm within the area. Chutes are protected internally by automatic sprinklers. The IBC does not require compliance with NFPA 82 for the chute design. Therefore, chutes are not vented to the exterior of the building as this would cause stack effect problems within the building. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 21 14 September 2005 Linen and trash chute access rooms at each level are provided with 2-hour fire rated construction with 1 1/2 hour rated fire doors. A 2-hour rated chute termination room is provided at the bottom (collection point) of each chute (Level G for linen, Level B1 for trash). Automatic sprinklers protect chute access and termination rooms. Parking levels are interconnected by vehicle ramps and by mechanical exhaust system risers. The ramps will be provided with fire rated shutters at each level to maintain the required fire separation between parking levels. Shutters will be activated by fusible link elements located at each shutter and tied to the fire alarm system to close automatically upon detection of a fire on any of the parking levels. A key switch is provided at each shutter for manual operation. Mechanical supply and exhaust system risers will be provided with motorized fire and smoke dampers to control fire and smoke movement between floors. These dampers will be tied to the fire alarm system to close on non-fire floors when a fire is detected. Table 2.2: Hazardous and Special Use Area Requirements ROOM OR SPACE REQUIREMENTS Parking Garages & loading dock 2-hour separation, 1 ½ hr. doors. If provided, enclosed private garages within the parking areas are not separated from adjacent public parking. Maintenance shops 1 hour separation, ¾ hr. doors Emergency Generator Rooms 2 hour separation, 1 ½ hr. doors Fuel Day Tank Rooms for Emergency Generators 3 hour separation, 3 hr. doors Fire Command Center 2 hour separation, 1 ½ hr. doors Fire Pump Rooms 2 hour separation, 1 ½ hr. doors Emergency Pressurization & Smoke Exhaust Fan Rooms 2 hour separation, 1 ½ hr. doors DEWA Transformer Rooms 2 hour separation, 1 ½ hr. doors DEWA RMU Rooms 2 hour separation, 1 ½ hr. doors Owner Transformer, Switchgear and other electrical Rooms containing 11kV equipment. 2 hour separation, 1 ½ hr. doors DEWA 11 kV Riser 2 hour shaft enclosure, 1 ½ hr. doors Trash Chute/Linen Chute 2 hour shaft enclosure, 1 ½ hr. chute doors. Trash Chute/Linen Chute Access Rooms 2 hour separation, 1 ½ hr. doors FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 22 14 September 2005 Trash Chute/Linen Chute Termination Rooms 2 hour separation, 1 ½ hr. doors Storage Rooms 0 hour (sprinklered) MDF Rooms 2 hour separation, 1 ½ hr. doors BMS, Security & IT - unoccupied critical equipment rooms without sprinkler protection. 2 hour separation, 1 ½ hr. doors MEP rooms with electrical risers connecting 3 stories or more, including: Electrical Closet 2 Hour separation, 1 ½ hr. doors Emergency Electrical Closet 2 hour separation, 1 ½ hr. doors IT Closet 2 hour separation, 1 ½ hr. doors Security Closet 2 hour separation, 1 ½ hr. doors Building Automation Closet 2 hour separation, 1 ½ hr. doors Other 2 hour separation, 1 ½ hr. doors MEP rooms with electrical risers connecting less than 3 stories, including: Electrical Closet 1 hour separation, 45 min. doors Emergency Electrical Closet 1 hour separation, 45 min. doors IT Closet 1 hour separation, 45 min. doors Security Closet 1 hour separation, 45 min. doors Building Automation Closet 1 hour separation, 45 min. doors Other 0 hour (sprinklered) FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 23 14 September 2005 2.3 Separation of Atrium Spaces Code Requirements The IBC code identifies atriums as floor openings that connect 2 or more floors without providing the fire separation enclosure required for shafts. Atriums connecting 3 or more floors are required to have atrium smoke exhaust systems. Purpose To minimize the potential for a smoke generated by a fire within the atrium to spread to adjacent areas and also to assist the atrium smoke control system by containing the smoke to the atrium space. Proposed Design The Tower design includes multiple floor openings connecting building entrances and amenities on levels Concourse through 3. These floor openings are designed with appropriate fire rated separations so that no more than two levels are open to each other. Fire shutters are utilized in several locations to protect floor openings, including level 3 at the center core area and at the restaurant stair and glass elevator enclosure. In other locations, a UL tested glass wall assembly protected with specially designed sprinklers will be used to provide a 2-hour separation. The assembly consists of tempered or laminated glass panels with specially designed sprinklers designed to wet the glass, cooling it in a fire. Glass panels are limited to 3.9 meters in height and are not allowed to have intermediate horizontal mullions that interrupt the flow of water on the glass. This strategy allows these areas to be constructed without active smoke management systems, relying instead on passive barriers to control smoke movement between levels. All interconnected levels are protected with automatic sprinklers. Smoke exhaust is provided as an enhancement in large public assembly spaces associated with the hotel as described in Section 6.2 of this report. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 24 14 September 2005 Section 3: Interior Finish Code Requirement This section of the code stipulates the minimum classifications for materials to be used as finishes within the building. This section pertains to both wall and floor finish materials. Interior wall and ceiling finish materials are grouped into classifications based upon their flame spread and smoke development indexes. These indexes are based upon the ASTM E84 test for interior finish materials. The following is how the classifications are defined: Class A: Flame Spread 0-25; Smoke Developed 0-450 Class B: Flame Spread 26-75; Smoke Developed 0-450 Class C: Flame Spread 76-200; Smoke Developed 0-450 Interior floor finish materials are also classified into groups. These classifications are made in accordance with NFPA 253. The following is how the classifications are defined: Class I: 0.45 watts/cm2 or greater Class II: 0.22 watts/cm2 or greater Materials in buildings protected throughout with automatic sprinkler protection are allowed to reduce from Class I to Class II. Class II materials in these buildings are allowed to reduce to passing the DOC FF-1 “pill test”. Table 3.1 identifies the minimum interior finish requirements by occupancy. Purpose The intent of these requirements is to protect occupants from rapid fire spread due to the presence of highly combustible materials in the event of a fire scenario. By limiting the types of materials used in typically occupied spaces, the fire protection systems installed are able to suppress fire scenarios more quickly. Proposed Design The interior wall, ceiling and floor finishes for the Tower and Office Annex are specified to meet the requirements of the IBC and test standards listed above. Hotel function spaces located within the architectural glass elements are limited to Class A finishes to control combustibles within these spaces. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 25 14 September 2005 Table 3.1 – Interior Finish Requirements Occupancy Vertical Exits and Exit Passageways Exit Access Corridors and Other Exitways Rooms and Enclosed Spaces Floor Finish and Floor Coverings Assembly Class B Class B Class C DOC FF-1 Business and Transient Residential Class B Class C Class C DOC FF-1 Permanent Residential Class C Class C Class C DOC FF-1 Storage Class C Class C Class C DOC FF-1 Atriums NA NA Class B NA NA – denotes areas where requirements are not applicable to the room or space. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 26 14 September 2005 Section 4: Egress Considerations 4.1 Exit Capacities and Arrangement Code Requirements This section of the code prescribes requirements for the size, location, and arrangement of exits from the facility. This facility has been designed to meet the exiting requirements indicated in NFPA 101, Life Safety Code. Tables 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3 identify the exiting requirements to which the building will be designed. Purpose These code provisions are designed to evacuate building occupants to a safe area (area of refuge) remote from the effects of a fire. Additional Factors Considered • Building Height – The additional building height is a factor in evacuating building occupants in that they are further from the grade level. Occupants exit to protected safe areas in the building. The fire protection approach must include measures for control of fire growth and smoke spread to maintain tenability of exits and area of refuge. • Automatic Sprinklers – Complete automatic sprinkler coverage is being provided throughout the entire building. This coverage will help maintain tenable conditions for longer periods of time, allowing evacuation of occupants. Sprinklers will keep the fire localized to a portion of the facility and serve to reduce smoke and heat development. Proposed Design Exiting from the Tower and Office Annex is designed in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 101 as documented in Tables 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3. Because of the towers height, the exiting strategy for the Burj Dubai tower is based on evacuating only building occupants on floors close to a fire rather than evacuation the whole building. The primary means of occupant evacuation is by way of protected exit stairs leading to areas of refuge within the building. In the event of a fire, occupants of the fire floor and one floor above and below evacuate using the stairs to the next area of refuge below their floor. Once in the area of refuge, occupants await further instruction from fire fighters or trained building personnel. If necessary, they can continue evacuation down the tower via exit stairs. Appropriate protective measures are in place to minimize the need to evacuate the entire building due to a fire. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 27 14 September 2005 Evacuation from each residential floor is through 1-hour rated exit access corridors. Corridors on other levels are not fire rated. Exiting from all levels above grade is through 2-hour fire rated exit stairs. At the top of the tower the area of each floor is small. Therefore, the stairs utilize a “scissors Stair” designed to limit the floor area taken up by the stairs. The stairs are designed to meet all code requirements. Within the unoccupied spire space, a single ship’s ladder is used to provide access to equipment in the spire. In the tower, two exit stairs are provided from Level 161 down to Level 76. A third exit stair is provided from Level 75 to grade. Two of the tower exit stairs lead to the exterior of the building through protected exit passageways at the Ground Level. The third stair discharges on Level 1 with access through a protected corridor to the exterior. All exit stairs that serve floors 22.8 meters (75 feet) above or 9.14 meters (30 feet) below the Concourse Level (The Concourse level is the lowest level of fire department access to the building) are designed as pressurized stairs with mechanical pressurization of the stair shaft to inhibit smoke migration into the stairs. Stairs that are normally locked to prevent unauthorized entry to residential or office floors will automatically unlock upon activation of the fire alarm system and can be manually unlocked from the Fire Command Centers. Tower exit stairs lead to areas of refuge located on levels 42, 75, 111 and 138. The areas of refuge are enclosed with 2-hour fire rated construction and provided with mechanical pressurization to minimize the potential for smoke to migrate into these areas. Areas of refuge also subdivide the stair shafts vertically to reduce the potential for smoke spread through the stairs due to the buildings stack effect. Areas of Refuge are designed to allow evacuating occupants to go to a safe area to wait until further evacuation instructions are received. Each area of refuge is designed to accommodate the population evacuation from any three adjacent floors within the zone above the area of refuge based on an area of .24 square meters (3 s.f.) per occupant. For zones containing public assembly occupancies, these levels will be used to calculate the required area of refuge. Areas of refuge are enclosed in the same way as exit stairs with 2-hour fire rated construction. Each stair is provided with a separate area of refuge, except stairs at level 138 due to size limitations. The following additional features are incorporated into the design: 1. Ducts passing through the areas of refuge that serve other areas are separated by 2-hour construction – either 2-hour rated duct construction or 2-hour shaft construction enclosing the ducts. 2. Non-metallic pipe is separated by 2-hour construction. 3. Access to the areas of refuge is limited to exit stairs and exit passageways. Mechanical rooms and storage rooms do not open into areas of refuge. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 28 14 September 2005 In the event of a fire, occupants of the fire floor and one floor above and below evacuate using the stairs to the next area of refuge below their floor. Once in the area of refuge, occupants await further instruction from fire fighters or trained building personnel. Appropriate protective measures are in place to minimize the need to evacuate the entire building due to a fire. Other emergency scenarios, however, may require full evacuation of the building. The primary means of evacuation from the areas of refuge is for occupants to continue evacuation down the tower via protected exit stairs. Areas of refuge at each level are interconnected by fire rated corridors so that in the event that a stair is blocked below an area of refuge, occupants can be directed to an alternate stair. Directional signage is provided to facilitate occupant notification and direct occupants to alternate stairs. Designated elevators are designed with a “lifeboat evacuation” mode that allows them to be used as an additional means of evacuating building occupants under certain emergency scenarios. Once building management has established that it is safe to begin this evacuation procedure, elevator controls allow fire brigade personnel or trained security personnel to operate designated elevators. Elevators would be used only as part of an established evacuation procedure. Under both normal power and emergency power conditions, elevators under the control of trained operators can be used to effect a total building evacuation, shuttling occupants from designated staging areas (sky lobbies on levels 43, 76, 123/124) to the primary return floor . Under this arrangement, all passenger shuttle elevators (R1,2,3; R4,5,6; OB1,2) will be available as well as the two fire fighters elevators (BS1/F up to level 138, BS2/F up to level 108). Occupant loads for each occupancy is calculated in accordance with the load factors in Table 4.3. The occupant load of the building is determined by dividing the floor area assigned to a specific use by the occupant load factors set forth in the building code for that use. The number, minimum dimensions, and exit capacity of the various exit components is designed in accordance with Table 4.1. The number of occupants allowed to use the observation level (124) and the private lounge level (122) is limited to 292 occupants on each level based on the capacity of the exit stairs at these levels (1120mm wide stair / 7.62mm/occupant x 2 stairs = 292 occupants). These occupant limits will be posted on each of these floors. Hotel function spaces on the Concourse through Level 3 are designed based on occupant loads required in the code. Level 3 is used primarily for public assembly functions including restaurants and meeting rooms. The egress design is based on using both exit stairs and horizontal exits to provide adequate egress for all occupants of this level. Exit stairs utilize a double helix design that allows us to double the capacity of the exits by designing two stairs within each shaft. The office annex is provided with two 2-hour fire rated exit stairs. Both stairs are pressurized as required for high-rise buildings. Both stairs are accessible from every above grade level of the office building. One of the stair enclosures will discharge FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 29 14 September 2005 directly to the exterior of the building through a protected exit passageway. The second exit stair discharges into the main entrance lobby, allowing occupants to exit through the main doors. Exiting from all levels below grade is also through 2-hour fire rated exit stairs. In some cases, these exit stairs correspond to the exit stairs serving the above grade levels. In these instances where convergence of occupants from above and below is possible, the exit discharge of these stairs are designed to accommodate the largest single floor occupant load from an above grade floor plus the load from a below grade floor. Access to exit stairs from each upper and lower level is arranged in accordance with the code requirements identified in Table 4.2 for each specific occupancy. Exits are arranged such that the maximum travel distances, dead ends, and common paths of travel identified in the table are not exceeded. At least two exits are accessible from every floor. All rooms and spaces having more than 50 occupants are designed to have at least two exits. Spaces or floors having occupant loads greater than 500 have three exits. Spaces or floors with more than 1,000 occupants have at least four exits. Where two or more exits are required from a floor or room, at least two exits will be separated in accordance with code requirements (exits are no closer to each other than 1/3 of the largest dimension of the area that they serve) so that a fire near one exit will not render both exits inaccessible to occupants. Table 4.1.1 – General Exit Requirements EXIT ELEMENT CODE REQUIREMENT Number of Exits Minimum of two exits from every room or space with an occupant load greater than 50. Occupant load between 500 and 1000: minimum of 3 exits Occupant load of >1000: minimum of 4 exits. See Note 1 for requirements within hotel and residential units. Exit Width Corridor and door: 5.0 mm (0.2 in) per occupant Stairs: 7.6 mm (0.3 in) per occupant Minimum Exit Width Corridors: 1.12 m (44 in) Stairs: 1.12 m (44 in) Doors: 0.813 m (32 in) of clear width Note 1 For hotel guest rooms and service apartments - Section 28.2.5.7 of NFPA 101 requires two exits if the unit exceeds 185 square meters (2,000 square feet) in area. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 30 14 September 2005 For residential units - Section 30.2.5 of NFPA 101 requires two exits where the travel distance from the most remote point within the unit to the unit door exceeds 38.1 meters (125 feet). Unit size is not limited as long as the travel distance requirement within the unit is met. Table 4.1.2 - Exiting Requirements by Occupancy Classification OCCUPANCY CODE REQUIREMENT Assembly Travel Distance 76.2 m (250 ft) Maximum Dead End Corridor 6.1 m (20 ft) Common Path of Travel 6.1 m (20 ft) Business Travel Distance 91.4 m (300 ft) Maximum Dead End Corridor 15.2 m (50 ft) Common Path of Travel 30.5 m (100 ft) Transient Residential Travel Distance 38.1 m (125 ft) within dwelling unit 61 m (200 ft) within corridor to nearest exit Maximum Dead End Corridor 15.2 m (50 ft) Common Path of Travel 15.2 m (50 ft) within corridor to nearest exit Permanent Residential Travel Distance 38.1 m (125 ft) within dwelling unit 61 m (200 ft) within corridor to nearest exit Maximum Dead End Corridor 15.2 m (50 ft) Common Path of Travel 15.2 m (50 ft) within corridor to nearest exit Storage & Mechanical Travel Distance 61 m (200 ft) Maximum Dead End Corridor 30.5 m (100 ft) Common Path of Travel 30.5 m (100 ft) Parking Travel Distance 61 m (200 ft) Maximum Dead End Corridor 15.2 m (50 ft) Common Path of Travel 15.2 m (50 ft) FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 31 14 September 2005 Table 4.1.3 - Occupant Load Factors OCCUPANCY LOAD FACTOR Queues 0.65 m² (7 ft²) net per occupant Ballroom, Convention Center 1.4 m² (15 ft²) net per occupant Observatory 1.4 m² (15 ft²) net per occupant Lobbies and Lounges 1.4 m² (15 ft²) net per occupant Restaurants 1.4 m² (15 ft²) net per occupant Meeting and Break Rooms 1.4 m² (15 ft²) net per occupant Exercise Rooms without Equipment 1.4 m² (15 ft²) gross per occupant Exercise Rooms with Equipment 4.6 m² (50 ft²) gross per occupant Swimming Pools 4.6 m² (50 ft²) gross per occupant Swimming Pool Decks 2.8 m² (30 ft²) gross per occupant Circulation 9.3 m² (100 ft²) gross per occupant Kitchen 9.3 m² (100 ft²) gross per occupant Offices 9.3 m² (100 ft²) gross per occupant Transient & Permanent Residential Areas 18.6 m² (200 ft²) gross per occupant Storage areas including Parking 27.9 m² (300 ft²) gross per occupant Retail – at Hotel Lobby Level 2.8 m² (30 ft²) gross per occupant Retail – other levels 5.6 m² (60 ft²) gross per occupant Utility (mechanical, electrical, central plant) 27.9 m² (300 ft²) gross per occupant The means of egress are further detailed on the FLS Drawings. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 32 14 September 2005 Section 5: Fire Suppression Systems 5.1 Site Water Supply and Exterior Fire Hydrant Systems Code Requirements Water supplies for both exterior fire hydrant systems and internal fire suppression systems are required to be capable of providing the water pressure and flow characteristics required by the systems being served. Buildings protected throughout by automatic sprinkler systems are required by the International Fire Code to have exterior fire hydrants within 183 m (600 feet) of the site along fire department access roads. Purpose The purpose of this section is to facilitate external fire fighting operations. Proposed Design Water supply to the building site is provided by gray water mains located along the perimeter of the site. To supplement the public water system, the on-site fire fighting water supply will be provided by 425,000 liter water tank within the building for sprinklers and inside hydrants. To serve outside hydrants around the building, an additional 2,311,000 liter water storage tank is provided to store additional fire fighting water. Water from the tank is pumped to supply outside hydrants. The system is designed to provide 1,893 L/min (500 gpm) at 6 bar from each hydrant with two hydrants operating simultaneously. Outside hydrants are located on each side of the building as required by the local Dubai Civil Defense Authority. Hydrants are located so that no point of the buildings exterior is more than 600 feet from a hydrant. Hydrants are located at least 40 feet from the building. The design includes at least two hydrants on each side of the building located near fire department vehicle access points and Siamese connections to the building. Fire department vehicle access is provided from Burj Dubai Boulevard to the site. The fire department is able to access both the southwest (residential lobby) and north (hotel lobby) sides of the building with fire apparatus from the main access road to the building. Fire department vehicle access is also available along the southeast side of the building, but fire fighter access directly not the building FCC is not provided along this side at the Concourse Level. The proposed arrangement should be adequate as the two vehicle accessible sides provide adequate staging areas and access into the building is available on all three sides. It is anticipated that most fire fighting operations will occur from inside the building. Refer to the Fire & Life Safety Site Plan, Sheet FL010, for fire department access routes and building access points. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 33 14 September 2005 5.2 Fire Protection Water Supply Code Requirements This section of the code stipulates requirements for sizing and design of water supplies and fire pumps for interior fire suppression system demands. The water supply serving interior fire suppression systems is capable of providing the required water pressure and flow for a prescribed duration. Purpose The purpose of these provisions is to provide an adequate water supply for automatic and manual fire fighting purposes within the building. Additional Factors Considered • Building Height – A reliable water supply is critical to control fire growth in a high-rise building. The high elevations to which water must be supplied for interior standpipe and suppression systems makes a properly sized and reliable water supply a necessity to provide adequate water pressure and flow to all systems. • Comparable Buildings – Comparable high-rise buildings such as the Petronas Towers and the Sears Tower rely on a combination of municipal water supplies and water storage tanks distributed throughout the building to provide a reliable water supply to all area of the building. Proposed Design The water supply for fire protection systems, including the automatic sprinkler and standpipe systems, within the building is provided by fire suppression system water tanks located at the base of the building, at Level 139 and at several intermediate levels of the building. This arrangement was selected because of its simplicity and reliability. By providing water tanks above each fire protection zone, water is delivered to standpipes or sprinklers by gravity and does not need to rely on electric or diesel fire pumps to operate. Fire pumps are provided on level 139 to supply adequate water pressure to supply levels 130 to the top of the building. The primary water tank is located in the B2 parking garage level. This tank is connected to the inside fire protection water supply system and sized to supply the fire protection water demand for a minimum of 2 hours. Secondary water tanks are provided at intermediate levels of the building and provide water to vertical zones within the building. These tanks are sized to meet fire protection water demand for 30 minutes. A series of pumps is used to fill the water storage tanks. The pumps operate automatically upon depletion of water in a tank. The pumps are connected to the emergency power system for the tower so that they may continue to operate upon loss of normal power to the building. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 34 14 September 2005 5.3 Standpipe Systems (Inside Hydrants) Code Requirement This section of the code outlines the requirements for sizing and location of standpipe outlets for fire fighting purposes based on IBC & NFPA 14. Table 5.3.1 below outlines specific requirements. Purpose The purpose of these provisions is to provide an adequate and reliable interior fire fighting system for use by fire service personnel. Additional Factors Considered • Suppression Systems – The presence of automatic sprinkler systems should be considered when identifying passive suppression system requirements. • Other Codes – U.S. Codes and other international standards require standpipe systems in large area buildings where distance from fire department access is excessive. Codes permit standpipe design to take into account the presence of an automatic sprinkler system. • Comparable Buildings – All modern high-rise buildings are equipped with automatic standpipe systems and automatic sprinkler systems as part of their protection strategy. Proposed Design The Tower contains a wet standpipe system consisting of water supply tanks, vertical risers in each stair and standpipe cabinets with fire fighting hose outlets and 30 mm occupant use hose reels located outside each exit stairway on all levels and at horizontal exit doors. Standpipes in the tower are zoned vertically to regulate operating pressures at each level between 4.5 bar (65 psi) and 20.7 bar (300 psi). Piping, valves, and fittings for each zone are specified for the maximum design pressure of the system. Two standpipes serving each floor in the Tower also serve as the sprinkler system risers. For lower levels of the tower having larger floor areas, additional standpipes are provided so that a fire hose connected to the standpipe outlet can reach all areas of each floor. The standpipes are connected to the fire protection water supply system discussed in the previous section of this report. All standpipes in a vertical zone are interconnected at the point of supply for the zone. The office annex is also equipped with a standpipe system including standpipe cabinets with hose outlets and occupant hose outside each exit stair at every level and as needed to cover all areas. One of the standpipes is a combination riser, serving both standpipe outlets and the Annex sprinkler system. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 35 14 September 2005 Table 5.3.1 – Standpipe System Requirements STANDPIPE SYSTEM ELEMENT CODE REQUIREMENT Standpipe System Required where the height of the highest floor level of a building is more than 9.1 m (30 ft) above fire department vehicle access or the lowest floor level is more than 9.1 m (30 feet) below fire department vehicle access. Type of System Automatic wet standpipe system, whereby the water supply provides water to the system immediately. Water Demand 1,893 L/min (500 gpm) for the most remote standpipe with an additional 946 L/min (250 gpm) for each additional standpipe to a maximum of 3,785 L/min (1,000 gpm) total for the standpipe system. Water Pressure Minimum residual pressure of 4.5 bar pending city approval (65 psi) required at hydraulically most remote standpipe hose outlet. Interconnection of Supply All standpipes shall be interconnected at the point where the water supply for the zone is located. Combined Automatic Sprinkler and Standpipe Demand When the standpipe system is combined with the building automatic sprinkler system, the standpipe water demand is permitted to also serve the sprinkler system. Standpipe Riser Minimum 152 mm (6 in) in diameter Standpipe Outlets Per local requirements, fire department valve and occupant use hose reel Location of Standpipe Outlets Outside every exit stairway at each level. On each side of a horizontal exit. As necessary such that all portions of each floor are within 200 feet of an outlet. Fire Department Connections Shall be provided for the lower sprinkler and standpipe zone in the building because each vertical zone is interconnected. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 36 14 September 2005 5.4 Automatic Sprinkler Systems Code Requirements High-rise buildings are required by the IBC to be protected throughout by an automatic sprinkler system. NFPA 13 prescribes sprinkler system design details. Purpose The purpose of automatic sprinkler protection for high-rise buildings is to control the growth and spread of fire to provide increased protection to occupants and the building structure. Additional Factors Considered • Building Height – The height of the Burj Dubai tower means that many occupants of the building are not able to exit the building quickly, making control of a fire incident essential. A reliable sprinkler system is a key element in fire and life safety. • Comparable Buildings – The sprinkler system for the Burj Dubai project is similar to the systems provided in other high-rise buildings, including the Jin Mao Building, Petronas Towers, and Sears Tower. Proposed Design The water storage tanks provide the primary water supply for the automatic sprinkler systems. The supply relies on gravity to maintain the required water pressure and flow to feed sprinkler systems. Sprinkler systems are zoned vertically in the same manner as the standpipe systems. The vertical zones are designed to maintain operating system pressures at each level 20.7 bar (300 psi). Piping, valves, and fittings for each zone are rated for the maximum design pressure of the system. The sprinklers in the tower are fed from two sprinkler and standpipe risers. Each tower floor is considered a single zone to be annunciated separately at the fire command center. A sprinkler control station is provided at each floor where each system connects to the sprinkler riser. The control station includes an indicating control valve, a water flow switch, and an inspector’s test connection connected to a drain riser in the stair. The larger floor areas of the podium and parking levels have multiple zones on each floor so that no sprinkler zone exceeds 4,831 m² (52,000 ft²). Quick response sprinklers are specified in all residential areas of the building, exit access corridors, office spaces, assembly spaces without a significant combustible fuel load, and other areas identified as “light hazard.” Quick response sprinklers are intended to activate sooner than ordinary sprinklers in the event of a fire, reducing fire growth and smoke development. Sprinkler design densities and areas are identified for the different occupancy areas within the building in Table 5.4.1. Hazard classifications of the occupancies, design densities, and design areas are based on the 2002 edition of NFPA 13, “Standard for the Design of Automatic Sprinkler Systems.” FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 37 14 September 2005 Table 5.4.1 – Sprinkler System Design Criteria Occupancy Design Density (mm/min) 4.10 (see Note 1) 4.10 Design Area (m²) Lobbies 4.10 140 Offices 4.10 140 Restaurant/Club Seating 4.10 140 Observatory 4.10 140 Restaurant Seating 4.10 140 Restaurant Service Areas 6.11 140 Ball Room 6.11 140 Retail 6.11 140 Meeting Rooms 6.11 140 Commercial Kitchen 6.11 140 Storage 8.15 140 Parking Garage 8.15 140 Residential Dwelling Units Exit Access Corridors 140 140 Note 1: Residential dwelling units are provided with residential fast response sprinklers. Per NFPA 13 – Sec. 11.2.3.5, hydraulic design is based on 4 sprinklers. There are a few isolated low hazard areas that are not protected with sprinklers because they do not contain significant quantities of combustibles. The architectural spire located above level 161 is an unoccupied space. The space is enclosed by the structural framing and curtain wall enclosure at the top of the building, but is not occupied except for periodic maintenance to equipment and lights. A man lift and open access stair is provided to equipment levels. Service spots are provided periodically in the spire with fire extinguishers, fire alarm call points and speaker/strobes for maintenance staff working on equipment in the spire space. The second area where sprinklers are not anticipated is the architectural glass enclosures located at the residential and hotel entries. These spaces contain minimal combustibles and are high enough that sprinklers are not needed. This area of the design is still being refined. Both the IBC and the associated ANSI Standard related to elevators require automatic sprinklers at the top of elevator hoistways for elevator shafts that are not provided with smoke venting. Smoke venting of the hoistways is not provided for this building because of the adverse effects that this venting would have on FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 38 14 September 2005 stack effect within the building. In this application, sprinklers are provided in lieu of venting. Several areas of the building are protected by special suppression systems or automatic smoke detection because of the presence of specialized electrical or other equipment. Table 5.4.2 below identifies the proposed fire protection methods for the different areas of the building. Table 5.4.2: Proposed Fire Protection Methods ROOM/SPACE PROPOSED PROTECTION METHOD Mechanical Rooms, Storage Rooms, Parking Garage Areas, Laundry, Food Services, Ballroom, Loading Dock, Kitchens, Restaurants/Bars, Hotel Boiler Room, Health Club/Fitness Areas, Retail, Business Center, Office, Hotel Lobby, Hotel Guest Rooms, Hotel Service Apartments, Residential Apartments, Mail Room, Exhibit Space, Trash Compactor, Trash Chute, Linen Chute, Corridor/Elevator Lobbies, Washrooms, Hotel Laundry, Areas of Refuge, Observation Levels and all other occupied areas. Elevator Machine Rooms & hoistways. Wet-pipe automatic sprinkler system, and smoke system detectors / smoke alarms DEWA RMU/Transformer Room – Concourse Level Pre-action automatic sprinkler system. System smoke detectors for elevator recall. System heat detectors for pre-action initiation and elevator power cut-off 2-hour fire resistance rated enclosure and system smoke detectors. Owner 11kV Transformer Rooms – Concourse & Tower, 11kV Riser Closets. 2-hour fire resistance rated enclosure and system smoke detectors 400V Switchgear Rooms – Concourse and Tower Wet pipe automatic sprinkler system. Where rooms also contain 11kV equipment, 2hour fire resistance rated enclosure and system smoke detectors FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 39 14 September 2005 ROOM/SPACE PROPOSED PROTECTION METHOD BMS, Security & IT – 24 hour occupied critical control and equipment rooms. VESDA type smoke detection, heat detectors & Pre-action automatic sprinkler system BMS, Security & IT - unoccupied critical equipment rooms. VESDA type smoke detection, heat detectors & Novec 1230 gaseous fire suppression system. Emergency Generator Room Pre-action automatic sprinkler system and heat detectors Typical Floor Electrical Rooms Wet-pipe automatic sprinkler system and heat detectors Typical Floor Emergency Electrical Closets Wet-pipe automatic sprinkler system and heat detectors Typical Floor IT Rooms Wet-pipe automatic sprinkler system and heat detectors Telecom - Incoming IT room Wet-pipe automatic sprinkler system and heat detectors Gas meter room Wet pipe automatic sprinkler system and heat detectors Cooling heat exchanger rooms – residential & hotel Wet pipe automatic sprinkler system and heat detectors Gas water heater rooms – residential & hotel Wet pipe automatic sprinkler system and heat detectors Pump room Wet pipe automatic sprinkler system and heat detectors Commercial cooking equipment will be protected approved grease removal systems including approved UV-C hoods, exhaust fans, filters and odor treatment where required. Kitchen commercial cooking equipment protection is specified to meet UL300 requirements or equivalent. The B2 interstitial space will be unoccupied and will not be protected with automatic sprinklers nor system smoke detectors. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 40 14 September 2005 Section 6: Smoke Management Systems 6.1 Stair Pressurization System Code Requirements The code requires exit stair enclosures in buildings with floor levels greater than 22.9 m (75 ft) above grade or greater than 9.1 m (30 ft) below grade to be equipped with stair pressurization smoke systems. The stair enclosures are required to be pressurized to a minimum of 37 Pa (0.15 in of H20) and a maximum of 87 Pa (0.35 in of H20) with respect to other areas of the building. Grade is defined as the lowest level of fire department access. For this project, grade is taken to be the Concourse Level. Purpose To maintain the exit stairways free of smoke and other products of combustion to provide a tenable environment in which occupants may safely exit the building. Additional Factors Considered • Other Codes – NFPA 92A, “Guide for Smoke Control Systems”; ASHRAE, “Principles of Smoke Management” • Comparable Buildings – The Petronas Towers provides pressurization for the exit stair enclosures. Proposed Design For the entire building, the lowest level of fire department access is taken as the Concourse level. This level is accessible to fire fighting personnel on two sides. All exit stairs serving the 4th floor or above pressurized stairs in accordance with the code. All pressurized stairs are pressurized to a minimum of 37 Pa (0.15 in of H20) and a maximum of 87 Pa (0.35 in of H20). This design criteria is based on maintain these pressures with three stair doors open. Because of the extended height of the exit stairs in the Tower, the stairs are vertically zoned so that one pressurization fan does not serve more than 20 stories of stair enclosure. Each pressurization zone has fans located in a mechanical equipment room and supplying a vertical shaft located adjacent to the exit stair enclosure with openings into the stair located every three stories. The zoned pressurization system is activated by smoke detectors located outside each pressurized stair at each level, area smoke detectors, sprinkler waterflow switches, or other automatic detection devices within the areas served by the stair. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 41 14 September 2005 6.2 Hotel Amenity Levels Smoke Exhaust Systems Code Requirements The code requires that atriums that connect three or more levels be provided with a smoke management system capable of maintaining the smoke layer from a fire at least 3.05 m (10 ft) above the highest walking surface open to the atrium environment. Atriums that connect only two levels are not required to have smoke exhaust. There is no code requirement for separate smoke exhaust of these areas. Purpose Where multiple levels are interconnected, to provide a tenable environment for building occupants by maintaining the atrium areas relatively free of smoke and other products of combustion until all occupants have been evacuated and to facilitate fire fighting operations be venting hot gases from the atrium space. Additional Factors Considered • Other Codes – NFPA 92B, “Guide for Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria, and Large Areas”; ASHRAE, “Principles of Smoke Management” Proposed Design At this time, all atriums are designed connecting only two levels. Therefore, the current design is not required to have atrium smoke exhaust. The design of the hotel amenity floors has been refined to incorporate 2-hour fire rated sprinkler protected glass or with 2 hour fire rated shutters limiting unenclosed floor connections in all cases to two floors. This strategy eliminates the code requirement to provide smoke exhaust for these areas because the fire rated barriers effectively limit smoke spread. Smoke exhaust is provided as an enhancement for large public assembly spaces – ballroom and meeting rooms – associated with the hotel. Although not a code requirement, many large hotel chains include smoke exhaust for major public assembly spaces as part of their design standards. These systems are included to accommodate future hotel operator requirements. These smoke exhaust fans are activated by automatic sprinklers in these areas. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 42 14 September 2005 6.3 Fire Fighters Elevator Vestibule Pressurization Code Requirements Pressurization of the fire fighter’s elevator and elevator lobby is not required by code. This is being provided as an enhancement feature of the building Purpose To provide a protected means for fire department personnel to reach the higher elevations of the building in the event of a fire. The pressurized vestibule provides a protected area for fire department operations. Additional Factors Considered • Building Height – Due to the height of the building, the use of an elevator by the fire department will be necessary for fire events in the higher levels of the building. The pressurized vestibule creates an area relatively free of smoke and products of combustion within which firefighters can assemble once they exit the elevator. • Other Codes – NFPA 92A, “Guide for Smoke Control Systems”; ASHRAE, “Principles of Smoke Management” • Comparable Buildings – The Jin Mao Building, Petronas Towers, John Hancock Center, and Sears Tower all incorporate at least one fire fighter’s elevator into the life safety design for the building. Proposed Design The tower is provided with two elevators dedicated for fire department use serving the concourse Level up to Level 111 in the building. One continues up to level 138 where a protected transfer lobby is provided and a third fire department elevator provides access to levels 139 through 160. Two additional elevators provide fire department access to levels B1 & B2. All elevators used for fire fighter access are provided with 2hour fire rated vestibules on each level. The fire fighters elevator vestibules are pressurized mechanically to impede smoke migration into the vestibule & elevator. The system is designed to automatically pressurize the elevator vestibules on three floors – the floor of fire alarm and a single floor above and below the alarm floor. The system maintains a positive pressure in the vestibules of 37 Pa (0.15 in of H20). The system is activated by sprinkler waterflow alarms in the areas served and by smoke detectors within each vestibule. Refer to the Fire & Life Safety drawings for the location of the fire fighter’s elevators. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 43 14 September 2005 6.4 Corridor Smoke Exhaust System Code Requirements The code does not require smoke exhaust for floors of a high-rise building. The floor smoke exhaust system will be provided as an enhancement to the building design to provide additional protection to building occupants and to responding firefighters. Purpose The purpose of the smoke exhaust system is to reduce smoke propagation from the floor on which the fire originates to other floors. This provides increased protection to occupants exiting nearby floors as well as creating an environment in which emergency response personnel can operate effectively. Additional Factors Considered • Building Height – Due to the height of the building, a system for exhausting the smoke and products of combustion from the fire floor may be useful to maintaining tenable conditions on that floor and adjacent floor. This exhaust system can also assist the fire department during fire fighting procedures by reducing the smoke effects on the fire floor. • Other Codes – NFPA 92A, “Guide for Smoke Control Systems”; ASHRAE, “Principles of Smoke Management” • Comparable Buildings – The Jin Mao Building, Petronas Towers, John Hancock Center, and Sears Tower all have provisions for smoke control on the floor of fire incident. Proposed Design The Burj Dubai tower incorporates a corridor smoke exhaust system for all hotel, tower office and residential floors of the building. The corridor exhaust is intended to limit smoke movement beyond the floor of origination. The system exhausts smoke from the fire floor at a rate of approximately 10 air changes per hour. The corridor exhaust system and the stair pressurization systems provide pressure differentials between the corridors and the exit stairs to reduce the movement of smoke into the stairs. Corridor exhaust fans are temperature rated to withstand the anticipated smoke temperature from a fire in the corridor. Smoke exhaust fans are rated for 300º C. for 1 hour. The corridor smoke exhaust system operates automatically upon activation of a smoke detector in a residential unit (second sensitivity setting only. See Section 7, subsection 3 of this report), smoke detectors in the corridor only, or a sprinkler waterflow switch on the floor. The corridor smoke exhaust system is also equipped with manual controls at the building fire command center for fire department use. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 44 14 September 2005 6.5 Parking Garage Ventilation and Exhaust Code Requirements The code requires enclosed parking garages to be equipped with a mechanical ventilation system capable of a minimum of 10 air changes per hour. The ventilation system is not required to operate continuously when the system is designed to operate automatically upon detection of a carbon monoxide concentration of 25 parts per million (ppm). Purpose To maintain a tenable environment in the parking garage levels for occupants of the space. The system will promote tenability from both carbon monoxide and from smoke generated from a fire in the space. The ventilation and exhaust system will serve to remove smoke from the garage levels to promote safe egress as well as assist fire department personnel in fire fighting procedures. Proposed Design The garage ventilation system provides 27.4 M3/Hr/M2 , as required by the code. The ventilation system is based on the principal of a sweep system, with fresh air being supplied to the garage along certain sides of the garage perimeter and exhausted at opposite sides of the perimeter. The intent is to create a continuous airflow through the garage from the supply areas to the exhaust areas. In areas where this air flow may be interrupted by walls or other obstructions, supplementary fans will be provided at the ceiling of the garage level to assist in moving the air from potential dead air spaces. A supplementary “fan jet” system designed to control air movement within the garage is currently being reviewed. Parking garage exhaust fans are temperature rated for 300º C. for 1 hour to withstand the anticipated smoke temperature from a fire in the garage. The parking garage exhaust system is activated by carbon monoxide detectors and by sprinkler waterflow switches within the parking levels. The garage levels may include several private, enclosed garages. If provided, each of these will be ventilated, either mechanically with local exhaust fans or naturally with ventilation openings into the adjacent public garage space. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 45 14 September 2005 Section 7: Electrical Systems 7.1 Emergency Power Source Code Requirements This section of the code stipulates an independent power supply be provided for critical fire and life safety systems in a fire emergency. Purpose These provisions are intended to provide an adequate backup power supply source for the facility fire and life safety systems in order for the building occupants to evacuate the facility and provide the necessary firefighter rescue operations. Additional Factors Considered • Comparable Buildings – High-rise buildings incorporate methods for providing reliable sources of secondary power for fire and life safety systems. These secondary sources take many forms including batteries and emergency generators. Proposed Design Normal electrical systems for the Burj Dubai project are fed from multiple 11kV feeds from a single DEWA public utility substation. Fire and life safety systems have dedicated circuits via fire rated cable that are physically separated from normal building power circuits. The building is designed with a secondary source of power using emergency diesel generators to serve all emergency, fire protection, and life safety systems. The diesel fuel supply for the generators is capable of providing power to all connected systems for a period of at least 8 hours. Day tanks for each emergency generator are limited to 2500-liter capacity. The total capacity of fuel tanks within the main generator room is not limited when the room is provided with 3-hour enclosure and with spill containment. Systems connected to the emergency generator systems will include: • • • • • • • • • fire detection, alarm and voice communication systems fire alarm control center, including lighting, power and cooling security systems, including command center lighting, power and cooling Central battery system for egress lighting Standby lighting for selected critical areas including stairs, areas of refuge, fire command center and fire fighter’s elevator vestibules Elevator cab lighting fire pumps fireman’s elevators smoke control systems FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE • • • • • • • • • • Page 46 14 September 2005 one passenger elevator per elevator bank (generator is sized for operation of one elevator at a time. Emergency power can be switched to any individual elevator.) select elevator machine room cooling the parking garage ventilation system BMS DDC Panels Aircraft obstruction lighting Window washing equipment - emergency retrieval Sewage ejector pumps Jockey pumps Sump pumps Other critical systems and loads In addition to emergency generators, supervised battery powered electrical systems for egress lighting sized to provide power to all systems for a period of at least 3 hours following loss of primary power and emergency/standby power. Fire alarm, voice communications, security and telephone systems are provided with individual battery backup. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 47 14 September 2005 7.2 Emergency Illumination Code Requirements This section of the code stipulates that emergency lighting be provided in the following locations: enclosed staircases, fire control rooms, automatic power generator rooms, fire pump rooms, exit access corridors and elevators. Standby power for emergency lighting and evacuation signs is required to provide continuous power for at least 90 minutes. Exit signs are required to be located at emergency exits and exit access doors. Exit signs are also required to be located such that no point in an exit access corridor is more than 30.5 meters (100 feet) from the nearest visible sign. Purpose These requirements are intended to provide sufficient illumination of public areas so that safe occupant evacuation of the facility and firefighting operations may occur. Additional Factors Considered • Comparable Buildings – The proposed design will be comparable to similar systems found in other high-rise buildings. Proposed Design Maintained type emergency lighting and exit signs are designed in accordance with British Standard (BS) 5266. Emergency lighting is provided in the following areas: fire control room, circulation corridors and lobbies, entry/exit vestibules, meeting rooms, restaurant dining, kitchens, mechanical equipment rooms, and exit stairways and passageways. Non-maintained type emergency lighting is provided in accordance with BS 5266 for the physical plant rooms and other spaces as required by code. Emergency exits are provided with emergency lighting and directional exit signs. Directional exit signs are located above designated exit doors throughout the building. The main entrance/exit doors leading to the outside from the buildings lobbies are not provided with exit signs as these doors are readily obvious as exits to the outside. Standby power for the emergency lighting and exit signs is provided by batteries capable of providing continuous power for duration of at least 3 hours. Egress and emergency lights operating on normal power provide minimum light levels required by the IBC. For non-emergency illumination of exit stair and corridors: 108 lux in exit stairs, 10.8 lux in exit corridors & lobbies, Upon failure of a single lighting unit – 2.2 lux min. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 48 14 September 2005 A standby power source is provided by means of the buildings generators to maintain these lighting levels in select critical areas including exit stairs, areas of refuge, fire command center and fire fighter’s elevator vestibules. In addition to the standby power provided by the generators for illumination, a maintained central battery system provides emergency lighting for exit stairs, corridors and other critical areas. Lighting levels provided by this system are in accordance with BS 5266 as follows: 1.0 lux at the centerline of the egress path 0.5 lux for 1 meter on either side of the centerline. Within exit stairways, photo luminescent strips will define stairs, landings, and doors. These strips will be adequately charged by the stairway lighting under normal power conditions. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 49 14 September 2005 7.3 Fire Alarm System Code Requirements The IBC code requires high-rise buildings to be equipped with a fire alarm system that includes fire detection, a one-way voice communication system, and a two-way fire department communication system. The IBC is the primary code document for the project. IBC high-rise provisions (403) and other provisions outline the fire detection and alarm systems required and the overall operating characteristics of these systems. These provisions will be followed for the following: Automatic fire detection - overall operating characteristics & where specific types of fire detection devices are required including smoke detectors, heat detectors & pull stations (call points). Emergency voice/alarm communication - areas to be covered and overall operating characteristics - prerecorded and live voice zone by floor or fire area. Fire department communications system - location of communication devices and overall operating characteristics. Fire Command Center - fire and life safety systems monitored and controlled. In addition to the IBC, The Dubai Civil Defense Authority has requested that the fire alarm system be designed to meet British Standards as follows: • British Standard (BS) 5839, Fire Detection and Alarm Systems for Buildings, is used to as the basis for locating additional fire detectors (smoke & heat detectors) throughout all areas as required to meet an L1 system designation. • British Standard (BS) 5445, Components of Automatic Fire Detection Systems, is used as the basis for specifying all fire alarm system materials, components and installation methods. Purpose These provisions are intended to provide early notification to building occupants of a fire scenario and inform building occupants to evacuate the area accordingly. The two-way fire department communication system is provided to facilitate fire department personnel communication between the fire command center and other strategic areas of the building. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 50 14 September 2005 Additional Factors Considered • Building Height – The height of the building creates a longer duration for occupants to egress the higher floors. A voice communication system will be installed to provide building occupants with notification of an emergency event and to assist in providing information to occupants. • Comparable Buildings – The Jin Mao Building and the Petronas Towers have fire detection and alarm systems and voice communication systems similar to that proposed for the Burj Dubai Building. Proposed Design The International Building Code is the primary code document for the project. IBC highrise provisions (403) and other provisions outline the fire detection and alarm systems required and the overall operating characteristics of these systems. These provisions are used for the following: Automatic fire detection - overall operating characteristics & where specific types of fire detection devices are required including smoke detectors, heat detectors & call points. Emergency voice/alarm communication - areas to be covered and overall operating characteristics - prerecorded and live voice zone by floor or fire area. Fire department communications system - location of communication devices and overall operating characteristics. Fire Command Center - fire and life safety systems monitored and controlled. The following British Standards are used as the basis for specifying additional fire detection devices, system materials, components and installation methods. • British Standard (BS) 5839, Fire Detection and Alarm Systems for Buildings, is used as the basis of design for additional fire detection devices needed to meet an L1 fire alarm system designation. • British Standard (BS) 5445, Components of Automatic Fire Detection Systems, is used as the basis for fire alarm system materials, components and installation methods. The fire alarm system is a fully addressable system with automatic transmission of alarm events to the responding Dubai fire department personnel. The main fire alarm control panel, including annunciation of devices and the one and two way voice communication system master controls, is located in the fire command center on the Ground Level adjacent to the residential lobby. A secondary fire command center is provided on Level 1 near the hotel entrance lobby for fire department use. The Office Annex is designed with a separate fire command center at the lobby. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 51 14 September 2005 The system includes smoke detection in areas required by code including residential dwelling units (hotel, service apartment, and private residences), atriums, elevator lobbies, the top of exit stair enclosures and other vertical shafts. Manual call points are provided outside each door to all exit stairs, at exit doors to the exterior of the building and so that maximum travel distance to a call point is 30 meters based on local requirements. Smoke detectors provided in the residential dwelling units are connected to the fire alarm system. These detectors are analog addressable devices capable of providing at least two sensitivity settings. Activation of the first sensitivity setting initiates a local alarm within the dwelling unit and sends a supervisory signal to the fire command center. Activation of the second sensitivity setting initiates the building fire alarm system and the building alarm notification procedure. The purpose of this procedure within the dwelling units is to minimize the activation of the building fire alarm and notification system from a false alarm in a unit. Table 7.3.1 identifies the anticipated locations of the various fire alarm initiating devices. The system is designed to monitor and/or control the following fire protection and life safety systems: • • • • • • • • Sprinkler system waterflow and tamper switches Residential smoke detection system Elevator recall system Atrium smoke control system Vestibule pressurization system Stair pressurization system Other fire suppression systems (kitchen hood systems, electrical rooms) Fire protection water supply system The one-way voice communication system includes audible (speakers) and visual (strobes) alarm notification appliances in all areas of the building. Receipt of an alarm from a detection device or sprinkler waterflow on one of the upper floors automatically activates a digitized voice message through the speakers to the floor in alarm as well as the floor above and below the alarm floor. An additional message is automatically transmitted to other floors identifying that an event is occurring in the building along with instructions. Elevators and exit stairs will be zoned separately so that additional messages can be transmitted to these locations. Visual alarm devices are provided and synchronized on every floor. The system has manual controls at the fire command center so that live voice messages can be transmitted to the building occupants on a selective basis by floor or over all speakers in the building. The system also includes a manually operated two-way voice communication system for fire department use. The system provides the fire department a means of communicating between the master handset in the fire command center and other FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 52 14 September 2005 handsets at strategic locations throughout the building. Telephone jacks are provided on every floor inside all exit stairway enclosures, in each elevator lobby on every floor and in each elevator. Where exit stairs are normally locked, a telephone or other two-way communication system connected to the security office is required every fifth floor inside the stair. This system is not part of the fire alarm or voice communication system. Table 7.3.1 – Fire Alarm Initiating Device Location Matrix ROOM/AREA Hotel Room Hotel Residence Private Residence Residential Corridor AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS „ „ „ „ SYSTEM SMOKE DETECTOR See Note 1. See Note 1. See Note 2. „ See Note 3. Other Corridor „ „ See Note 3. Elevator Lobby Sky Lobby Service Elevator Lobby Fire Fighter’s Elev. Lobby Storage Room Mechanical Room Telephone Closet Linen and Trash Chute Access and Termination Rms. Areas of Refuge Locker Rooms „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ In Termination Rooms „ „ „ „ PRE-ACTION SMOKE DETECTOR MANUAL CALL POINT (See Note 4) FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE ROOM/AREA AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS Page 53 14 September 2005 SYSTEM SMOKE DETECTOR PRE-ACTION SMOKE DETECTOR MANUAL CALL POINT (See Note 4) Private Clubs „ „ „ „ Commercial Kitchens „ Exercise Rooms Observatory Restaurant „ „ „ „ „ Heat Detector Elevator Machine Room Electrical Closet † „ † Pre-action Initiate elevator recall Heat detector to initiate preaction system and power cutoff „ „ „ „ „ „ † „ DEWA Transformer Room DEWA RMU Room Owner 11 kV Transformer Rooms and 11kV Rise Closets 400 V Switchgear Rooms Emergency Generator Room Main IT Room & Telecom/incoming IT Room Floor IT Rooms Fire Alarm Panel Rooms † Pre-action „ Heat detector where open to outside „ Vesda System „ „ „ „ FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE ROOM/AREA AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS Page 54 14 September 2005 SYSTEM SMOKE DETECTOR PRE-ACTION SMOKE DETECTOR MANUAL CALL POINT (See Note 4) BMS/Security Rooms – occupied & unoccupied Linen Chute Trash Chute Top of Elevator Shafts Top of Exit Stairway Entrance to Exit Stairways † „ † VESDA System „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Initiate stair pressurization Exterior Exit Doors Fire Command Center Fire Pump Room Parking Garage „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ CO Detectors Ballroom Loading Dock „ „ „ „ Heat Detector Retail Spaces Office Spaces Air Handling Systems „ „ „ „ „ As required by IMC Note 1. See “Smoke Detector Requirements for Transient Residential Units” below Note 2. See “Smoke Detector Requirements for Permanent Residential Units” below Note 3. Smoke detectors to be located at each level outside all pressurized stairs. Note 4. Additional call points to be located as needed to meet maximum travel distance requirement of 30 m. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 55 14 September 2005 Note 5. The interstitial space below level B2 is an unoccupied space and will not be provided with protection. Note 6. Gate houses are provided at all access points to the project site. Each gatehouse is provided with a local means of detecting fire or smoke (smoke detection) and notifying gatehouse occupants. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 56 14 September 2005 Note 1. Smoke Detector Requirements for Transient Residential Units: Transient residential dwelling units (i.e., hotel rooms) are required to have system type smoke detectors in the following areas: • • • In each room used for sleeping In every room in the path of the means of egress from the sleeping area to the corridor door In each story of multi-story dwelling units. In units having split levels with no intervening door between levels, a smoke detector is only required on the upper level provided that the lower level is less than one full story below the upper level. Smoke detectors in hotel units are connected to the fire alarm system. These detectors are analog addressable devices capable of providing at least two sensitivity settings. Activation of the first sensitivity setting initiates a local alarm sounding all smoke alarm devices within the hotel unit and sends a supervisory signal to the fire command center. Activation of the second sensitivity setting initiates the building fire alarm system and the building alarm notification procedure. The purpose of this procedure within the dwelling units is to minimize the activation of the building fire alarm and notification system from a false alarm in a unit. Note 2. Smoke Detector Requirements for Permanent Residential Units: Permanent residential dwelling units (i.e., apartments) are required to have system type smoke detectors installed in the following areas: • • • In each room used for sleeping On the ceiling or wall outside of each separate sleeping area in the immediate vicinity of bedrooms In each story of multi-story dwelling units. In units having split levels with no intervening door between levels, a smoke detector is only required on the upper level provided that the lower level is less than one full story below the upper level. Smoke detectors in residential units are connected to the fire alarm system. These detectors are analog addressable devices capable of providing at least two sensitivity settings. Activation of the first sensitivity setting initiates a local alarm sounding all smoke alarm devices within the residential unit and sends a supervisory signal to the fire command center. Activation of the second sensitivity setting initiates the building fire alarm system and the building alarm notification procedure. The purpose of this procedure within the dwelling units is to minimize the activation of the building fire alarm and notification system from a false alarm in a unit. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 57 14 September 2005 Table 7.3.2 – Fire Alarm Notification Appliance Location Matrix ROOM/AREA Hotel Room Hotel Residence Private Residence Corridors Elevator Lobby Sky Lobby Service Elevator Lobby Firefighter Elevator Lobby SPEAKER STROBE (See Note 3) (See Note 3) „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ FIREFIGHTER TELEPHONE See Note 1 See Note 1 See Note 2 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Storage Room Mechanical Room „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Telephone Closet Linen Chute Access Room Areas of Refuge Locker Rooms Exercise Rooms Observatory Restaurant Private Clubs Commercial Kitchens Elevator Machine Rm „ „ FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE ROOM/AREA Page 58 14 September 2005 SPEAKER STROBE (See Note 3) (See Note 3) „ „ FIREFIGHTER TELEPHONE „ Elevator Cabs Electrical Closet DEWA Transformer Room DEWA RMU Room Owner 11 kV Transformer Rooms & 11 kV Riser Closets 400 V Switchgear „ Emergency Generator Main IT Room Floor IT Rooms BMS/Security Room „ „ „ Linen Chute Trash Chute Top of Vertical Shafts Exit Stairways „ „ (every third floor) Fire Pump Room Fire Command Center Parking Garage Ballroom Loading Dock Retail „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE ROOM/AREA Office Washrooms Page 59 14 September 2005 SPEAKER STROBE (See Note 3) (See Note 3) „ „ „ „ FIREFIGHTER TELEPHONE Note 1. Visual alarm units are required in designated handicapped accessible rooms only (approximately 5% of total). Note 2. Visual alarm units are not required in residences, but each suite must be "capable of supporting visual alarm units" for future installation if required by the unit owner. Note 3. Audible and visual alarms may be needed in spaces not designated in the matrix with audible alarm devices in order to meet minimum audibility requirements of the code. Note 4. The interstitial space below level B2 is unoccupied. Audible and visual alarm devices will be provided to alert maintenance staff that may occasionally enter the space to service equipment. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 60 14 September 2005 7.4 Fire Command Center Code Requirements This section of the code requires high-rise buildings to provide a fire command center for fire department operations. The fire command center is required to be separated from the rest of the building by not less than a 2-hour fire resistance rated enclosure. The main fire command center room must be at minimum 27.9 square meters (300 square feet) in size with a minimum dimension of 2.44 m (8 ft). The fire command center must contain the following items: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The emergency voice/alarm communication system. Fire department communications unit. Fire detection and alarm system annunciator unit. Annunciator unit visually indicating the location of the elevators and whether or not they are operational. Status indicators and controls for air-handling systems. Fire fighter’s control panel for smoke control systems installed in the building. Controls for unlocking all locked stairway doors simultaneously. Sprinkler valve and water-flow detector display panels. Emergency and standby power status indicators. A telephone for fire department use with controlled access to the public telephone system. Fire-pump status indicators. Schematic building plans indicating the typical floor plan and detailing the building core, means of egress, fire protection systems, fire-fighting equipment and fire department access. Work table. Emergency generator supervision devices, manual start and transfer features. Status indicators for special fire suppression systems Purpose The fire command center is designed to facilitate interior fire fighting operations. Additional Factors Considered • Comparable Buildings – the Petronas Towers and the John Hancock building both incorporate a fire command center into the facility design. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page 61 14 September 2005 Proposed Design A main fire command center is provided at the Ground Level adjacent to the residential lobby and accessible to the fire fighters elevator. The room is enclosed in 2-hour fire rated construction with direct access from the outside through a protected passageway. Because the Tower is accessible by the public and the fire department on both the Ground Level and Level 1, the building is also equipped with a secondary fire command center on Level 1. This command center is located adjacent to the hotel entrance lobby and not directly accessible from the exterior of the building. The secondary command center is enclosed with 2-hour fire rated construction. Panels in this secondary command center provide status of the various fire and life safety systems in the hotel controlled portions of the building to assist fire department personnel in identifying the location of the activated alarm(s). While panels in this room will have control features, such controls will be over-ridden by control functions in the primary fire command center. The Office Annex includes a separate fire command center at the main entrance to the building for fire department personnel use. The fire alarm system in the Office Annex is monitored by the main tower fire command center. Remote annunciation of all fire alarm signals is provided in the Security Center. The fire alarm is also linked to the Civil Defense Authority main fire alarm dispatch office. While panels in this room will have control features, such controls will be over-ridden by control functions in the primary fire command center. The location of the primary and secondary and office annex fire command centers are identified on the Fire & Life Safety drawings. Gate houses are provided at all access points to the project site. Where gatehouses control primary fire vehicle access routes to the building, a means is provided to notify gatehouse staff of a fire in the tower and to inform the staff which fire vehicle access point to direct fire fighting vehicles to. APPENDIX A FIRE FIGHTING STRATEGY OVERVIEW FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page A - 1 14 September 2005 FIRE FIGHTING STRATEGY BURJ DUBAI TOWER Purpose: The purpose of this document is to outline the overall fire fighting strategy for the Burj Dubai tower with an emphasis on the fire protection features designed into the building to support Civil Defense response and on-site fire fighting and evacuation operations. A more detailed description of the building features is contained in Rolf Jensen & Associates, Inc. Fire & Life Safety Report and SOM’s Fire and Life Safety Diagrams both dated 14 September 2005. The building is designed using a “defend in place” strategy for protection of building occupants in the building without total evacuation. This strategy utilizes the following building features: 1. Active fire protection systems to control fire spread to a single room or suite of rooms and significant smoke movement to a single floor. 2. Structural fire resistance to maintain structural integrity during a fire emergency. 3. Means of egress to move occupants in the immediate fire area to safe areas within the building. This strategy is consistent with the design approach used for other high rise buildings constructed elsewhere in the world and with internationally recognized standards and best practices for high rise design. Basis of Design: The Burj Dubai tower is designed based on U.S. based building codes and standards. The primary building standard for the design is the 2003 edition of the International Building Code. Means of Egress and Fire Protection Systems are designed to meet NFPA Standards. Building power, fire detection and alarm system construction and battery powered emergency lighting are design to British Standards. The building also incorporates several life safety enhancements that are common to other buildings of comparable height. These enhancements are designed to improve the building’s performance in a severe fire and improve the reliability of the building’s fire safety systems. These features include areas of refuge to protect evacuating occupants, enclosed and pressurized fire fighters elevator lobbies to facilitate fire fighting operations and enhanced fire alarm, sprinkler and smoke control system features. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page A - 2 14 September 2005 Detail of Fire Fighting Strategy: 1. Notification of a fire or other emergency a. The Burj Dubai tower is provided with a highly sophisticated microprocessor based fire detection, notification and control system. Upon detection of a fire anywhere in the building, the fire alarm system initiates an automatic response sequence as follows: i. A signal is sent to the Civil Defense dispatch office to initiate Civil Defense response. The signal distinguishes between alarms in the Residential tower, Hotel and Office Annex so that responding fire vehicles are directed to the appropriate building entrance to initiate fire fighting operations. ii. An alarm is sent to a 24-hour staffed security center within the building to initiate emergency response by building security personnel. The location and type of device in alarm is annunciated at the security center so that security personnel can be dispatched to the appropriate location. iii. An audible pre-recorded voice alarm and visual alarm is activated, directing occupants of the fire floor, one floor above and below to evacuate down to the nearest area of refuge floor and await further instructions. Each exit stair and area of refuge (AOR) is designed as a separate voice alarm zone so that emergency personnel can direct evacuees in the stairs or areas of refuge throughout the emergency. b. Building security personnel are organized to respond to critical locations during an emergency and to meet responding Civil Defense vehicles and direct them as needed. Building management can arrange for communication with responding fire service vehicles enroute if necessary. 2. Fire Department Vehicle Access a. The primary vehicle access to the building site is from Burj Dubai Boulevard. Access routes for emergency vehicles are provided for all elements of the development. The main building entrance road is the primary means of vehicle access for the Tower. The roadway is designed to accommodate Civil Defense apparatus and includes turnarounds to facilitate vehicle movement to and away from the building. b. Vehicle access is provided leading directly to the Tower’s two primary entrances (residential lobby, Hotel lobby) and to the Office Annex lobby. Each location includes outside hydrants connected to the site-wide water supply and fire department Siamese connections to fill inside fire FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page A - 3 14 September 2005 protection water tanks. Each access point provides access to fire command centers and fire fighters elevators. c. The primary Civil Defense vehicle response point is to the Residential entrance lobby located on the Ground Level. This entrance will generally have less vehicular traffic than the hotel entrance, and is therefore better suited for emergency response into the building. The entrance leads directly to the Main Fire Command Center and to fire fighter’s elevators. d. A secondary Civil Defense vehicle response point is to the Hotel entrance lobby located on Level 1. This response point allows the fire service direct access to the hotel fire command center and facilitates assistance by hotel staff when an event occurs within the hotel controlled areas of the building. e. A third Civil Defense vehicle response point is the Office annex lobby located on Level 1. This response is to be used when a fire or other emergency occurs in the office annex portion of the building. 3. Command & Control a. The building is designed so that all Civil Defense operations within the building can be controlled from the building’s Main Fire Command Center (MFCC). The Main Fire Command Center contains the following critical fire equipment for all areas of the building: i. fire alarm annunciation panels to annunciate all fire detection devices, suppression system alarms, supervisory and trouble alarm signals. ii. public address system controls for pre-recorded or live voice messages to selected building areas iii. 2-way fire fighters communication system controls iv. status & control panels for elevators, air handling systems, smoke exhaust systems, emergency power and egress door unlocking b. The Main Fire Command Center is located adjacent to the Residential lobby on Ground Level and can be reached directly from the outside by a protected corridor system. The MFCC is located near fire fighters elevators leading to the tower and below grade levels. c. The MFCC is located within a two hour fire rated room and is provided with substantial floor area for command & control personnel to direct operations from within the room. d. A second Fire Command Center for the Hotel (HFCC) controlled portions of the building is located adjacent to the Hotel lobby on Level 1. The FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page A - 4 14 September 2005 HFCC replicates all of the alarm and control functions of the Main Fire Command Center, but only for the Hotel portions of the building. The HFCC is designed as a slave to the MFCC so that signals from the MFCC have priority over those from the HFCC. e. The Office Annex has a separate Office Fire Command Center (OFCC) for the Office Annex portion of the building located adjacent to the office lobby on Level 1. The OFCC replicates all of the alarm and control functions of the Main Fire Command Center, but only for the Office Annex portions of the building. The OFCC is designed as a slave to the MFCC so that signals from the MFCC have priority over those from the OFCC. 4. Site-wide Water Supply a. It has been determined that the public water utility does not provide a sufficiently reliable water supply for fire fighting purposes. As a result, the fire fighting water supply utilizes on-site storage of water. The total available fire fighting water supply on-site is 2,750,000 liters in inside water storage tanks and on-site storage reservoirs. b. Outside hydrants are located around the building for fire department outside hose streams and to supply water into the building for internal fire fighting purposes. At least two outside hydrants are provided on each building façade. c. Outside hydrants are supplied by a network of piping fed by fire pumps from an on-site water reservoir. d. Fire department Siamese connections to manually fill inside fire protection water storage tanks will be integrated into the exterior wall of the building and located adjacent to each of the three emergency response points leading to each FCC. e. Inside hydrants & sprinkler systems are supplied by a series of fire protection water tanks located on mechanical levels throughout the building. Tanks are located above the levels served and provide the required fire flow and pressure by gravity. Upper levels of the building are served by fire pumps. 5. External Fire fighting a. All sides of the building are accessible for exterior fire fighting. Two sides of the Tower and two sides of the Office Annex are accessible to vehicles. The third side of the Tower and Office Annex are accessible to hand lines, FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page A - 5 14 September 2005 with limited access for vehicles adjacent to the water feature. Outside hydrants are provided on all sides, available for exterior fire fighting. 6. Internal Fire fighting a. Fire fighter’s elevators are provided to transport fire fighting personnel to the fire floor. For the tower, the fire fighters elevator serves all levels from Concourse through Level 152. At Level 152, a second fire fighter’s elevator, directly accessible from the first through a 2-hour fire rated corridor, serves all levels up through Level 162. Space above Level 162 is unoccupied and accessible by means of a stair and a lift. For Levels B1 & B2, two parking garage elevators serve as fire fighter’s elevators. A separate fire fighter’s elevator serves the Office Annex. b. All fire fighters’ elevators are provided with emergency power via the building generators. The fire fighter’s elevators open to a 2-hour protected vestibule on every floor. These vestibules are pressurized to limit smoke from entering the vestibule or elevator shaft. c. Fire fighter’s communication system phone jacks are provided in each fire fighter’s elevator vestibule and in all stairs for Civil Defense communications between the fire area and the fire command center. d. The Burj Dubai tower is a fully sprinklered building and it is expected that sprinklers will be effective in controlling a fire within a single room or suite of rooms. Civil Defense suppression operations are facilitated by inside hydrant stations located outside of each exit stair. Each station includes an inside hydrant system valve for connection of Civil Defense fire fighting hoses, an occupant use hose reel with occupant hose and a multi-purpose fire extinguisher. The water supply to the hydrant stations is fed by gravity from water storage tanks above. The system is designed to deliver a total of 3,785 L/min. at a pressure of at least 4.5 bar. e. Mechanical systems are provided to pressurize exit stairs and the fire fighters vestibules (fire floor, floor above & below), limiting smoke from entering these areas. On all residential floors, a corridor exhaust system is provided to exhaust smoke from the corridor on the fire floor. Smoke exhaust is also provided for large public assembly spaces associated with the hotel and for below grade parking areas. These systems start automatically upon receipt of a fire alarm signal and can be controlled manually from the Main Fire Command Center. Corridor exhaust on the Hotel floors and Hotel assembly space exhaust can also be controlled from the Hotel Fire Command Center. The Office Annex Fire Command Center also controls all pressurization and exhaust systems in the Office Annex area. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page A - 6 14 September 2005 7. Evacuation & Rescue a. A one way emergency voice communication system is provided throughout the building. The system is designed to operate automatically, using pre-recorded voice messages to direct occupants of the fire floor and one floor above and below to evacuate to an area of refuge floor. The emergency voice communication system can be used by the fire department from the fire command centers to direct building occupants. The system is selectable by floor, elevator bank, stair and area of refuge so that fire fighters can give specific direction to selected areas of the building. b. Stair landings which serve as areas of refuge for the disabled and designated area of refuge (AOR) floors are also provided with two-way voice communication. c. Occupants evacuate the fire area by means of 2-hour protected exit stairs leading to area of refuge floors. Exit stairs may also be used by fire fighters for suppression activities and for rescue operations. d. Exit stairs lead to areas of refuge located strategically in the building. The areas of refuge are safe areas designed to the same 2-hour construction standards as the exit stairs. Areas of refuge are pressurized and provided with voice communication speakers and two-way voice communication so that fire fighters can direct AOR occupants from the FCC. e. Although passenger elevators are not designed specifically for use in a fire emergency, it is anticipated that in certain emergencies, they will be used under supervision of building management or fire service to evacuate occupants from areas of refuge to grade. Occupants will be escorted from the Area of Refuge using exit stairs to the closest sky lobby and transported to grade using available elevators. 8. Reliability of Fire Protection Systems a. The Burj Dubai tower is design based on internationally recognized highrise standards. Several features have been incorporated into the design to improve the reliability of the fire protection systems. b. Redundant sources of power are used to service critical fire protection systems. Primary power is supplied via multiple feeds from DEWA, Dubai’s public utility. Emergency backup power is provided by a bank of emergency generators with sufficient fuel for 8 hours of operation. Lighting FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page A - 7 14 September 2005 in stairways and public areas also incorporates battery powered lighting units. c. On-site stored fire fighting water supply for inside and outside hydrants and sprinkler systems is provided in sufficient quantity for 4 hours of fire fighting operations. The system is design to operate by gravity so that it does not rely on fire pumps starting to provide water to sprinklers & inside hydrants. d. Critical vertical risers for fire protection water, emergency power and fire detection and alarm systems are located within the building’s concrete core elements to protect them from both fire and from impacts that could physically damage them. In most cases, system risers are redundant so that failure of a single riser will not degrade operation of the system. APPENDIX B EVACUATION STRATEGY OVERVIEW FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page B - 1 14 September 2005 EVACUATION STRATEGY AND BUILDING MANAGEMENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE BURJ DUBAI TOWER Purpose: The purpose of this document is to outline the overall evacuation strategy and provide a framework for development of a detailed building management response plan for the Burj Dubai Tower. The document emphasizes the fire protection features designed into the building to facilitate occupant evacuation and building management response during a fire emergency. A more detailed description of the building’s fire safety features is contained in Rolf Jensen & Associates, Inc. Fire & Life Safety Report and SOM’s Fire and Life Safety Diagrams both dated 14 September 2005. The building is designed using a “defend in place” strategy for protection of building occupants. This strategy is based on the fact that full evacuation of any high-rise will require a substantial amount of time and therefore, occupants must be protected “in place” from a fire and it’s effects. The strategy is implemented utilizing the following fire safety features: 1. Active fire protection systems – Sprinklers to control fire spread to a single room or suite of rooms and mechanical systems to limit smoke movement to a single floor and to keep egress paths clear. 2. Passive fire protection features – structural fire resistance and fire barriers to maintain structural integrity during a fire and to limit fire and smoke spread. 3. Means of egress features to move occupants in the immediate fire area to safe areas within the building. 4. Communication systems to direct occupant evacuation and response. The fire protection systems and features are designed to operate automatically in response to a fire emergency. The systems can be operated manually from the Fire Command Centers by trained building management personnel and Civil Defense responders. The primary functions of Building Management Emergency Response are to monitor fire protection systems to assure proper function, to direct and facilitate occupant evacuation and to assist responding Civil Defense fire fighters. Basis of Design: The Burj Dubai is designed based on internationally recognized high-rise standards and best practices. The primary building standard for the design is the 2003 International Building Code. The building also incorporates several life safety enhancements that are common to other buildings of comparable height. These FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page B - 2 14 September 2005 enhancements are designed to improve the building’s performance in a severe fire and improve the reliability of the building’s fire safety systems. Detail of Evacuation Strategy and Building Management Emergency Response: 1. Building management and security personnel are organized for emergency response prior to Civil Defense arrival and to assist the Civil Defense responders with their fire response operations. a. Upon receipt of a fire alarm signal, security personnel are dispatched to assist with the following: i. To investigate the fire location and report findings to the fire command center. If a fire is encountered, staff will first facilitate evacuation of the immediate area and confirm that all occupants have safely left the area. If possible and staff is trained to do so, they may initiate fire suppression activities using portable extinguishers and occupant use hose lines. If staff must leave the area, they will endeavor to close all doors to contain fire and smoke as much as possible. ii. To staff the Fire Command Centers to monitor alarms and systems and to communicate with occupants and security staff. Staff will also be in contact with responding Civil Defense fire fighters. iii. To recall fire fighter’s elevators and other elevators as needed so that they are available for fire department use upon arrival. iv. To assist with evacuation from the fire area, to meet evacuees reaching areas of refuge and to direct them with further evacuation instructions as necessary (Evacuation from areas of refuge, when needed, could be via stairs or elevators under management or fire service control. v. To meet responding fire service vehicles to assist them as needed by reporting on alarm status and directing them to the FCC and fire fighter’s elevators. 2. Notification of a fire or other emergency a. The Burj Dubai tower is provided with a highly sophisticated microprocessor based fire detection, notification and control system. Upon detection of a fire anywhere in the building, the fire alarm system initiates an automatic response sequence within the building as follows: i. An audible pre-recorded voice alarm and visual alarm is activated, directing occupants of the fire floor, one floor above and below to evacuate down to the nearest area of refuge floor and await further FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page B - 3 14 September 2005 instructions. Each exit stair and area of refuge (AOR) is designed as a separate voice alarm zone so that emergency personnel can direct evacuees in the stairs or areas of refuge throughout the emergency. ii. An alarm is sent to a 24-hour staffed security center and to Fire Command Centers within the building. The location and type of device in alarm is annunciated in each location so that security personnel can be dispatched to the appropriate locations. iii. A signal is sent to the central Civil Defense dispatch office in order to initiate Civil Defense response. The system distinguishes between alarms in the Hotel, office Annex and Residential tower so that responding fire vehicles are directed to the appropriate building entrance to initiate fire fighting operations. 3. Evacuation a. Security personnel will be dispatched to assist with evacuation from the fire area, to meet evacuees reaching areas of refuge and to direct them with further evacuation instructions as necessary. It is anticipated that only three floors will need to be evacuated. The emergency voice alarm system can be used to direct occupants in other areas to remain in place and wait for further instructions or if necessary, to evacuate additional floors. b. A one way emergency voice communication system is provided throughout the building. The system is designed to operate automatically, using pre-recorded voice messages to direct occupants of the fire floor and one floor above and below to evacuate to an area of refuge floor. The emergency voice communication system can be used by building personnel from the fire command centers to direct building occupants. The system is selectable by floor, elevator bank, stair and area of refuge so that fire fighters can give specific direction to selected areas of the building. c. Stair landings which serve as areas of refuge for the disabled and designated area of refuge (AOR) floors are also provided with two-way voice communication. Building management will maintain information regarding mobility impaired building occupants that may need assistance with evacuation and dispatch security personnel for assistance. d. Occupants evacuate the fire area by means of 2-hour protected exit stairs leading to area of refuge floors. Exit stairs lead to areas of refuge located strategically in the building. The areas of refuge are safe areas designed to the same 2-hour construction standards as the exit stairs. Areas of refuge are pressurized and provided with voice communication speakers FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page B - 4 14 September 2005 and two-way voice communication so that building personnel can direct AOR occupants remotely from the FCC. e. Although passenger elevators are not designed specifically for use in a fire emergency, it is anticipated that in certain emergencies, they will be used under supervision of building management or fire service to evacuate occupants from areas of refuge to grade. Building staff will be trained to capture and control elevators to facilitate their use in evacuation. 4. Communications a. The building is designed so that all emergency response operations within the building can be controlled from the building’s Main Fire Command Center (MFCC). The Main Fire Command Center contains the following critical fire equipment for all areas of the building: i. fire alarm annunciation panels to annunciate all fire detection devices, suppression system alarms, supervisory and trouble alarm signals. ii. public address system controls for pre-recorded or live voice messages to selected building areas iii. 2-way fire fighters communication system controls iv. status & control panels for elevators, air handling systems, smoke exhaust systems, emergency power and egress door unlocking b. The Main Fire Command Center is located adjacent to the Residential lobby on Ground Level and can be reached directly from the outside by a protected corridor system. The MFCC is located near fire fighters elevators leading to the tower and below grade levels. c. The MFCC is located within a two hour fire rated room and is provided with substantial floor area for command & control personnel to direct operations from within the room. d. A second Fire Command Center for the Hotel (HFCC) controlled portions of the building is located adjacent to the Hotel lobby on Level 1. The HFCC replicates all of the alarm and control functions of the Main Fire Command Center, but only for the Hotel portions of the building. The HFCC is designed as a slave to the MFCC so that signals from the MFCC have priority over those from the HFCC. e. A third Fire Command Center is provided for the Office Annex building. The Office Annex FCC is located adjacent to the Annex lobby. f. All fire alarms are annunciated at the 24-hour staffed security center. Upon receipt of an alarm, building personnel are dispatched to the FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page B - 5 14 September 2005 appropriate FCC to coordinate emergency operations and communication until Civil Defense responders arrive. g. Once the Civil Defense arrives on scene, they will take over emergency operations in the Fire Command Centers and building personnel will assist as directed by them. 5. Operation of Fire Protection Systems a. The Burj Dubai tower is design based on internationally recognized highrise standards. Several features have been incorporated into the design to improve the reliability of the fire protection systems. b. All fire protection systems will be tested and maintained in accordance with recognized standards to be sure that they are in proper operating condition at all times. c. Building engineering staff will be trained and organized so that in an emergency, they will monitor all critical fire protection equipment to see that it is operating properly throughout the emergency situation. This would include the water fill pumps for fire fighting water supply, emergency generators, fire detection and alarm system, and smoke exhaust and pressurization fans. They will be able to control building power, air handling systems and other building systems when directed by the Civil Defense authority. APPENDIX C FIRE ALARM SYSTEM CAUSE AND EFFECT MATRIX FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page C - 1 14 September 2005 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page C - 2 14 September 2005 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page C - 3 14 September 2005 APPENDIX D OFFICE ENTRY PAVILION STEEL COLUMN FIRE RESISTANCE CALCULATION FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page D - 1 14 September 2005 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page D - 2 14 September 2005 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page D - 3 14 September 2005 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page D - 4 14 September 2005 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page D - 5 14 September 2005 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page D - 6 14 September 2005 APPENDIX E FIRE EXPOSURE CALCULATIONS FOR OFFICE ANNEX AND DUBAI MALL CAR PARK FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page E - 1 14 September 2005 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page E - 2 14 September 2005 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page E - 3 14 September 2005 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page E - 4 14 September 2005 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page E - 5 14 September 2005 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page E - 6 14 September 2005 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page E - 7 14 September 2005 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page E - 8 14 September 2005 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page E - 9 14 September 2005 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page E - 10 14 September 2005 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page E - 11 14 September 2005 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE Page E - 12 14 September 2005 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REPORT BURJ DUBAI TOWER DUBAI, UAE (Insert Arup Calculations) Page E - 13 14 September 2005