Healthy Sleep

Transcript

 Y O U R G U I D E T O Healthy Sleep  Y O U R G U I D E T O Healthy Sleep NIH Publication No. 115271 Originally printed November 2005 Revised August 2011 Contents  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1   WhatIsSleep? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 WhatMakesYouSleep? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 WhatDoesSleepDofor You? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12  Your Learning, Memory, and Mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12  Your Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13  Your Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 HowMuchSleepIsEnough? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 WhatDisruptsSleep? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25   IsSnoringaProblem? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30   CommonSleepDisorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33   Insomnia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Sleep Apnea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Restless Legs Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Narcolepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Parasomnias (Abnormal Arousals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 DoYouThinkYouHaveaSleepDisorder? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 HowToFindaSleepCenterandSleepSpecialist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 ForMoreSleepInformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60  C   o n  t    e  n  t    s  1 Introduction  Thinkofyourdailyactivities. Whichactivityissoimportantyou shoulddevoteonethirdofyourtimetodoingit? Probablythefirst thingsthatcometomindareworking,spendingtimewithyour family,ordoingleisureactivities.Butthere’ssomethingelseyou shouldbedoingaboutonethirdofyourtime—sleeping. Manypeopleviewsleepasmerelya“downtime”whentheirbrains shutoffandtheirbodiesrest.Peoplemaycutbackonsleep,thinkingitwon’tbeaproblem,becauseotherresponsibilitiesseemmuch moreimportant. Butresearchshowsthatanumberofvitaltasks carriedoutduringsleephelppeoplestayhealthyandfunctionat theirbest. Whileyousleep,yourbrainishardatworkformingthepathways necessaryforlearningandcreatingmemoriesandnewinsights. Withoutenoughsleep,youcan’tfocusandpayattentionorrespond quickly. Alackofsleepmayevencause moodproblems. Also,growing evidenceshowsthatachronic lackofsleepincreasesyourrisk ofobesity,diabetes,cardiovasculardisease,andinfections. I   n  t   r   o  d   u  c   t   i    o n 2 Despitegrowingsupportfortheideathatadequatesleep,like adequatenutritionandphysicalactivity,isvitaltoourwellbeing, peoplearesleepingless. Thenonstop“24/7”natureoftheworld todayencourageslongerornighttimeworkhoursandoffers continualaccesstoentertainmentandotheractivities. Tokeepup, peoplecutbackonsleep. Acommonmythisthatpeoplecanlearntogetbyonlittlesleep (suchaslessthan6hoursanight)withnoadverseeffects. Research suggests,however,thatadultsneedatleast7–8hoursofsleepeach nighttobewellrested.Indeed,in1910,mostpeopleslept9hoursa night. Butrecentsurveysshowtheaverageadultnowsleepsfewer than7hoursanight. Morethanonethirdofadultsreportdaytime sleepinesssoseverethatitinterfereswithwork,driving,andsocial functioningatleastafewdayseachmonth. Evidencealsoshowsthatchildren’sandadolescents’sleepisshorter thanrecommended. Thesetrendshavebeenlinkedtoincreased exposuretoelectronicmedia. Lackofsleepmayhaveadirecteffect onchildren’shealth,behavior,anddevelopment. Chronicsleeplossorsleepdisordersmay affectasmanyas70millionAmericans. Thismayresultinanannualcostof $16billioninhealthcare expensesand$50billionin lostproductivity.   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y 3 Whathappenswhenyoudon’tgetenoughsleep?Canyoumakeup forlostsleepduringtheweekbysleepingmoreontheweekends? Howdoessleepchangeasyoubecomeolder? Issnoringaproblem? Howcanyoutellifyouhaveasleepdisorder? Readontofindthe answerstothesequestionsandtobetterunderstandwhatsleepis andwhyitissonecessary. Learnaboutcommonsleepmythsand practicaltipsforgettingenoughsleep,copingwithjetlagand nighttimeshiftwork,andavoidingdangerousdrowsydriving. Manycommonsleepdisordersgounrecognizedandthusarenot treated. Thisbookletalsogivesthelatestinformationonsleep disorderssuchasinsomnia(troublefallingor stayingasleep),sleepapnea(pausesin breathingduringsleep),restlesslegs syndrome,narcolepsy(extremedaytime sleepiness),andparasomnias(abnormal sleepbehaviors). SZE-PING “ ” I   n  t   r   o  d   u  c   t   i    o n 4 WhatIsSleep?  Sleepwaslongconsideredjustablockoftimewhenyourbrainand bodyshutdown. Thankstosleepresearchstudiesdoneoverthe pastseveraldecades,itisnowknownthatsleephasdistinctstages thatcyclethroughoutthenightinpredictablepatterns. Howwell restedyouareandhowwellyoufunctiondepend notjustonyourtotalsleeptimebutonhowmuch sleepyougeteachnightandthetimingofyour sleepstages. Yourbrainandbodyfunctionsstayactivethroughoutsleep,andeachstageofsleepislinkedtoa specifictypeofbrainwaves(distinctive patternsofelectricalactivityinthebrain).   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y Sleepisdividedintotwobasictypes: rapideyemovement(REM)sleepand nonREMsleep(withthreedifferent stages).(Formoreinformation,see “TypesofSleep”onpage5.)Typically, sleepbeginswithnonREMsleep. In stage1nonREMsleep,yousleeplightly andcanbeawakenedeasilybynoisesor otherdisturbances. Duringthisfirststage ofsleep,youreyesmoveslowly,your musclesrelax,andyourheartandbreathingratesbegintoslow. Youthenenter stage2nonREMsleep,whichisdefined byslowerbrainwaveswithoccasional burstsofrapidwaves. Youspendabout halfthenightinthisstage. Whenyouprogressintostage3non REMsleep,yourbrainwavesbecome evenslower,andthebrainproduces extremelyslowwaves almostexclusively (calledDeltawaves). 5 Stage 3 is a verydeepstageofsleep,duringwhichitisverydifficult tobeawakened. Childrenwhowetthebedorsleepwalktendtodo soduringstage3ofnonREMsleep. Deepsleepisconsideredthe “restorative”stageofsleepthatisnecessaryforfeelingwellrested andenergeticduringtheday. Typesof Sleep Non-REM Sleep REM Sleep Stage 1: Light sleep; easily awakened; muscles relax with occasional twitches; eye movements are slow. l Stage 2: Eye movements stop; slower brain waves, with occasional bursts of rapid brain waves. l Stage 3: Occurs soon after you fall asleep and mostly in the first half of the night. Deep sleep; difficult to awaken; large slow brain waves, heart and respiratory rates are slow and muscles are relaxed. l l l Usually first occurs about 90 minutes after you fall asleep, and longer, deeper periods occur during the second half of the night; cycles along with the nonREM stages throughout the night. Eyes move rapidly behind closed eyelids. Breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure are irregular. Dreaming occurs.  Arm and leg muscles are temporarily paralyzed. TypesofSleep DuringREMsleep,youreyesmoverapidlyindifferentdirections,even thoughyoureyelidsstayclosed. Yourbreathingalsobecomesmore rapid,irregular,andshallow,andyourheartrateandbloodpressure increase. DreamingtypicallyoccursduringREMsleep. Duringthis typeofsleep,yourarmandlegmusclesaretemporarilyparalyzedso thatyoucannot“actout”anydreamsthatyoumaybehaving. W h   a   t   I    s   S  l    e   e   p ?  6 YoutypicallyfirstenterREMsleepaboutanhourtoanhouranda halfafterfallingasleep. Afterthat,thesleepstagesrepeatthemselvescontinuouslywhileyousleep. Asyousleep,REMsleeptime becomeslonger,whiletimespentinstage3nonREMsleepbecomes shorter.Bythetimeyouwakeup,nearlyallyoursleeptimehas beenspentinstages1and2ofnonREMsleepandinREMsleep. IfREMsleepisseverelydisruptedduringonenight,REMsleeptime istypicallylongerthannormalinsubsequentnightsuntilyoucatch up.Overall,almostonehalfofyourtotalsleeptimeisspentin stage2nonREMsleepandaboutonefiftheachindeepsleep(stage3 ofnonREMsleep)andREMsleep.Incontrast,infantsspendhalf ormoreoftheirtotalsleeptimeinREMsleep.Gradually,asthey grow,thepercentageoftotalsleeptimetheyspendinREMcontinuestodecrease,untilitreachestheonefifthleveltypicaloflater childhoodandadulthood. WhypeopledreamandwhyREMsleepissoimportantarenotwell understood. ItisknownthatREMsleepstimulatesthebrain regionsyouusetolearnandmakememories. Animalstudies suggestthatdreamsmayreflectthebrain’ssortingandselectively storingnewinformationacquiredduringwaketime. Whilethis informationisprocessed,thebrainmightrevisitscenesfromtheday andmixthemrandomly. Dreamsaregenerallyrecalledwhenwe wakebrieflyorareawakenedbyanalarmclockorsomeothernoise intheenvironment.Studiesshow,however,thatotherstagesof sleepbesidesREMalsoareneededtoformthepathwaysinthe brain that enable us to learn and remember.   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y 7 WhatMakesYouSleep?  Althoughyoumayputoffgoingtosleepinordertosqueezemore activitiesintoyourday,eventuallyyourneedforsleepbecomes overwhelming. Thisneedappearstobedue,inpart,totwosubstancesyourbodyproduces.Onesubstance,calledadenosine, buildsupinyourbloodwhileyou’reawake. Then,whileyousleep, yourbodybreaksdowntheadenosine. Levelsofthissubstancein yourbodymayhelptriggersleepwhenneeded. Abuildupofadenosineandmanyothercomplexfactorsmight explainwhy,afterseveralnightsoflessthanoptimalamountsof sleep,youbuildupasleepdebt. Thismaycauseyoutosleeplonger thannormaloratunplannedtimesduringtheday. Becauseofyour body’sinternalprocesses,youcan’tadapttogettinglesssleepthan yourbodyneeds.Eventually,alackofsleepcatchesupwithyou. Theothersubstancethathelpsmakeyousleepisahormonecalled melatonin. Thishormonemakesyounaturallyfeelsleepyatnight. Itispartofyourinternal“biologicalclock,”whichcontrolswhen youfeelsleepyandyoursleeppatterns. Yourbiologicalclockisa smallbundleofcellsinyourbrainthatworksthroughouttheday andnight.Internalandexternalenvironmentalcues,suchaslight signalsreceivedthroughyoureyes,controlthesecells. Yourbiologicalclocktriggersyourbodytoproducemelatonin,whichhelps prepareyourbrainandbodyforsleep. Asmelatoninisreleased, you’llfeelincreasinglydrowsy. Becauseofyourbiologicalclock, younaturallyfeelthemosttiredbetweenmidnightand7a.m. You alsomayfeelmildlysleepyintheafternoonbetween1p.m.and 4p.m.whenanotherincreaseinmelatoninoccursinyourbody. Yourbiologicalclockmakesyouthemostalertduringdaylight hoursandtheleastalertduringtheearlymorninghours.Consequently,mostpeopledotheirbestworkduringtheday. Our24/7 society,however,demandsthatsomepeopleworkatnight. Nearly onequarterofallworkersworkshiftsthatarenotduringthe daytime,andmorethantwothirdsoftheseworkershaveproblem sleepinessand/ordifficultysleeping. Becausetheirworkschedules W h   a   t   M  a  k   e   s  Y   o  u  S  l    e   e   p ?  8 areatoddswithpowerfulsleepregulatingcueslikesunlight,night shiftworkersoftenfindthemselvesdrowsyatwork,andtheyhave difficultyfallingorstayingasleepduringthedaylighthourswhen theirworkschedulesrequirethemtosleep. Thefatigueexperiencedbynightshiftworkerscanbedangerous. Majorindustrialaccidents—suchastheThreeMileIslandand ChernobylnuclearpowerplantaccidentsandtheExxonValdezoil spill—havebeencaused,inpart,bymistakesmadebyoverlytired workersonthenightshiftoranextendedshift. Nightshiftworkersalsoareatgreaterriskofbeingincarcrashes whentheydrivehomefromworkduringtheearlymorninghours, becausethebiologicalclockisnotsendingoutanalertingsignal. Onestudyfoundthatonefifthofnightshiftworkershadacarcrash oranearmissintheprecedingyearbecauseofsleepinessonthe drivehomefromwork. Nightshiftworkersarealsomorelikelyto havephysicalproblems,suchasheartdisease,digestivetroubles,and infertility,aswellasemotionalproblems. Alloftheseproblemsmay berelated,atleastinpart,totheworkers’chronicsleepiness,possiblybecausetheirbiologicalclocksarenotintunewiththeirwork schedules.See“WorkingtheNightShift”onpage9forsome helpfultipsifyouworkanightshift. Otherfactorsalsocaninfluenceyourneedforsleep,includingyour immunesystem’sproductionofhormonescalledcytokines.Cytokinesaremadetohelptheimmunesystemfightcertaininfectionsor chronicinflammationandmaypromptyoutosleepmorethan usual. Theextrasleepmayhelpyouconservetheresourcesneeded tofighttheinfection. Recent studiesconfirmthatbeingwell restedimprovesthebody’s responsestoinfection.   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y Peoplearecreaturesof habit,andoneofthe hardesthabitstobreakis thenaturalwakeand sleepcycle. Together,a numberofphysiological factorshelpyousleep andwakeupatthe sametimeseachday. 9 Consequently,youmayhaveahardtimeadjustingwhenyoutravel acrosstimezones. Thelightcuesoutsideandtheclocksinyournew locationmaytellyouitis8 a.m.andyoushouldbeactive,butyour bodyistellingyouitismorelike4a.m.andyoushouldsleep. The endresultisjetlag—sleepinessduringtheday,difficultyfallingor stayingasleepatnight,poorconcentration,confusion,nausea,and generallyfeelingunwellandirritable.See“DealingWithJetLag”on page10. Workingthe  Night Shift Try to limit night shift work, if that is possible. If you must work the night shift, the following tips may help you: l l l l l Increase your total amount of sleep by adding naps and lengthening the amount of time you allot for sleep. Use bright lights in your workplace. Minimize the number of shift changes so that your body’s biological clock has a longer time to adjust to a nighttime work schedule. Get rid of sound and light distractions in your bedroom during your daytime sleep. Use caffeine only during the first part of your shift to promote alertness at night. If you are unable to fall asleep during the day, and all else fails, talk with your doctor to see whether it would be wise for you to use prescribed, shortacting sleeping pills to help you sleep during the day. NightShift  W h   a   t   M  a  k   e   s  Y   o  u  S  l    e   e   p ?  10 DealingWith Jet Lag Be aware that adjusting to a new time zone may take several days. If you are going to be away for just a few days, it may be better to stick to your original sleep and wake times as much as possible, rather than adjusting your biological clock too many times in rapid succession. Eastward travel generally causes more severe jet lag than westward travel because traveling east requires you to shorten the day, and your biological clock is better able to adjust to a longer day than a shorter day. Fortunately for globetrotters, a few preventive measures and adjustments seem to help some people relieve jet lag, particularly when they are going to spend more than a few days at their destination: l l   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y  Adjust your biological clock. During the 2–3 days prior to a long trip, get adequate sleep. You can make minor changes to your sleep schedule. For example, if you are traveling west, delay your bed time and wake time progressively by 20 to 30minute intervals. If you are traveling east, advance your wake time by 10 to 15 minutes a day for a few days and try to advance your bed time. Decreasing light exposure at bedtime and increasing light exposure at wake time can help you make these adjustments. When you arrive at your destination, spend a lot of time outdoors so your body gets the light cues it needs to adjust to the new time zone. Take a couple of short 10–15 minute catnaps if you feel tired, but do not take long naps during the day.  Avoid alcohol and caffeine.  Although it may be tempting to drink alcohol to relieve the stress of travel and make it easier to fall asleep, you’re more likely to sleep lighter and wake up in the middle of the night when the effects of the alcohol wear off. Caffeine can help keep you awake longer, but caffeine also can make it harder for you to fall asleep if its effects haven’t worn off by the time you are ready to go to bed. Therefore, it’s best to use caffeine only during the morning and not during the afternoon. 11 l What about melatonin? Your body produces this hormone that may cause some drowsiness and cues the brain and body that it is time to fall asleep. Melatonin builds up in your body during the early evening and into the first 2 hours of your sleep period, and then its release stops in the middle of the night. Melatonin is available as an overthecounter supplement. Because melatonin is considered safe when used over a period of days or weeks and seems to help people feel sleepy, it has been suggested as a treatment for jet lag. But melatonin’s effectiveness is controversial, and its safety when used over a prolonged period is unclear. Some studies find that taking melatonin supplements before bedtime for several days after arrival in a new time zone can make it easier to fall asleep at the proper time. Other studies find that melatonin does not help relieve jet lag.  Jet Lag W h   a   t   M  a  k   e   s  Y   o  u  S  l    e   e   p ?  12 WhatDoesSleepDo for You? Anumberofaspectsofyourhealthandqualityoflifearelinkedto sleep,andtheseaspectsareimpairedwhenyouaresleepdeprived.  YourLearning,Memory,andMood Studentswhohavetroublegraspingnewinformationorlearning newskillsareoftenadvisedto“sleeponit,”andthatadviceseems wellfounded. Recentstudiesrevealthatpeoplecanlearnatask betteriftheyarewellrested. Theyalsocanbetterrememberwhat theylearnediftheygetagoodnight’ssleepafterlearningthetask thaniftheyaresleepdeprived. Studyvolunteershadtosleepat least6hourstoshowimprovementinlearning. Additionally,the amountofimprovementwasdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtimethey slept—forexample,volunteerswhoslept8hoursoutperformed thosewhosleptonly6or7hours.Otherstudiessuggestthatit’s importanttogetenoughrestthenightbeforeamentallychallenging task,ratherthanonlysleepingforashortperiodorwaitingtosleep untilafterthetaskiscomplete.   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y Manywellknownartistsandscientistsclaimtohavehadcreative insightswhiletheyslept.MaryShelley,forexample,saidtheidea forhernovelFrankenstein cametoherinadream. Althoughithas notbeenshownthatdreamingisthedrivingforcebehindinnovation,onestudysuggeststhatsleepisneededforcreativeproblem solving.Inthatstudy,volunteerswereaskedtoperformamemory taskandthenweretestedonit8 hourslater. Thosewhowere allowedtosleepfor8hoursimmediatelyaftertryingthetaskand beforebeingtestedweremuchmorelikelytofindacreativewayof simplifyingthetaskandimprovingtheirperformance,compared withthosewhowereawaketheentire8hoursbeforebeingtested. Exactlywhathappensduringsleeptoimproveourlearning,memory,andinsightisn’tknown.Expertssuspect,however,thatwhile 13 peoplesleep,theyformorstrengthenthepathwaysofbraincells neededtoperformthesetasks. Thisprocessmayexplainwhysleep isneededforproperbraindevelopmentininfants. Notonlyisagoodnight’ssleeprequiredtoformnewlearningand memorypathwaysinthebrain,butalsosleepisnecessaryforthose pathwaystoworkwell. Severalstudiesshowthatlackofsleep causesthinkingprocessestoslowdown. Lackofsleepalsomakesit hardertofocusandpayattention. Lackofsleepcanmakeyou moreeasilyconfused. Studiesalsofindthatalackofsleepleadsto faultydecisionmakingandmorerisktaking. Alackofsleepslows downyourreactiontime,whichisparticularlyimportanttodriving andothertasksthatrequirequickresponse. Whenpeoplewholack sleeparetestedonadrivingsimulator,theyperformjustaspoorly aspeoplewhoaredrunk.(See“CrashinBed,NotontheRoad”on page16.) Thebottomlineis: Notgettingagoodnight’ssleepcan bedangerous! Evenifyoudon’thaveamentallyorphysicallychallengingday aheadofyou,youshouldstillgetenoughsleeptoputyourselfina goodmood.Mostpeoplereportbeingirritable,ifnotdownright unhappy,whentheylacksleep. Peoplewhochronicallysufferfrom alackofsleep,eitherbecausetheydonotspendenoughtimeinbed orbecausetheyhaveanuntreatedsleepdisorder,areatgreaterrisk ofdevelopingdepression.Onegroupofpeoplewhousuallydon’t getenoughsleepismothersofnewborns. Someexpertsthink depressionafterchildbirth(postpartumblues)iscaused,inpart,bya lackofsleep.  YourHeart Sleepgivesyourheartand vascularsystemamuchneeded rest. DuringnonREMsleep, yourheartrateandblood pressureprogressively slowasyouenterdeeper sleep. DuringREM sleep,inresponseto dreams,yourheart W h   a   t   D   o  e   s   S  l    e   e   p D   o f    o r  Y   o  u ?  14 andbreathingratescanriseandfallandyourbloodpressurecanbe variable. Thesechangesthroughoutthenightinbloodpressureand heartandbreathingratesseemtopromotecardiovascularhealth. Ifyoudon’tgetenoughsleep,thenightlydipinbloodpressurethat appearstobeimportantforgoodcardiovascularhealthmaynot occur. Failuretoexperiencethenormaldipinbloodpressureduring sleepcanberelatedtoinsufficientsleeptime,anuntreatedsleep disorder(forexample,sleepapnea),orotherfactors. Somesleep relatedabnormalitiesmaybemarkersofheartdiseaseandincreased riskofstroke. Alackofsleepalsoputsyourbodyunderstressandmaytriggerthe releaseofmoreadrenaline,cortisol,andotherstresshormones duringtheday. Thesehormoneskeepyourbloodpressurefrom dippingduringsleep,whichincreasesyourriskforheartdisease. Lackofsleepalsomaytriggeryourbodytoproducemoreofcertain proteinsthoughttoplayaroleinheartdisease.Forexample,some studiesfindthatpeoplewhorepeatedlydon’tgetenoughsleephave higherthannormalbloodlevelsofCreactiveprotein,asignof inflammation. Highlevelsofthisproteinmayindicateanincreased riskforaconditioncalledatherosclerosis,orhardeningofthe arteries.  YourHormones Whenyouwereyoung,yourmothermayhavetoldyouthatyou needtogetenoughsleeptogrowstrongandtall. Shemayhave beenright! Deepsleep(stage3nonREMsleep)triggersmore releaseofgrowthhormone,whichcontributestogrowthinchildren andboostsmusclemassandtherepairofcellsandtissuesin childrenandadults.Sleep’seffectonthereleaseofsex hormones alsocontributestopubertyandfertility.Consequently,womenwho workatnightandtendtolacksleepmaybeatincreasedriskof miscarriage.   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y Yourmotheralsoprobablywasrightifshetoldyouthatgettinga goodnight’ssleeponaregularbasiswouldhelpkeepyoufrom gettingsickandhelpyougetbetterifyoudogetsick. Duringsleep, yourbodycreatesmorecytokines—cellularhormonesthathelpthe immunesystemfightvariousinfections. Lackofsleepcanreduce yourbody’sabilitytofightoffcommoninfections. Researchalso revealsthatalackofsleepcanreducethebody’sresponsetotheflu 15 vaccine.Forexample,sleepdeprivedvolunteersgiventheflu vaccineproducedlessthanhalfasmanyfluantibodiesasthosewho werewellrestedandgiventhesamevaccine. Althoughlackofexerciseand otherfactorsalsocontribute,the currentepidemicofdiabetesandobesityseemstoberelated,atleast inpart,to chronicallyshortordisruptedsleepornotsleepingduring thenight. Evidenceisgrowingthatsleepisapowerfulregulatorof appetite,energyuse,andweightcontrol.Duringsleep,thebody’s productionoftheappetitesuppressorleptinincreases,andthe appetitestimulant grehlindecreases. Studiesfindthatthelesspeople sleep,themorelikelytheyaretobeoverweightorobeseandprefer eatingfoodsthatarehigherincaloriesandcarbohydrates. People whoreportanaveragetotalsleeptimeof5hoursanight,for example,aremuchmorelikelytobecomeobese,comparedwith peoplewhosleep7–8 hoursanight. Anumberofhormonesreleasedduringsleepalsocontrolthebody’s useofenergy. Adistinctriseandfallofbloodsugarlevelsduring sleepappearstobelinkedtosleepstages. Notsleepingattheright time,notgettingenoughsleepoverall,ornotenoughofeachstage ofsleepdisruptsthispattern.Onestudyfoundthat,whenhealthy youngmensleptonly4hoursanightfor6nightsinarow,their insulinandbloodsugarlevelsmatched thoseseeninpeoplewhowere developingdiabetes. Another studyfoundthatwomenwho sleptlessthan7hoursanight weremorelikelytodevelop diabetesovertimethan thosewhosleptbetween 7and8hoursanight. W h   a   t   D   o  e   s   S  l    e   e   p D   o f    o r  Y   o  u ?  16 Crash in Bed NotontheRoad Most people are aware of the hazards of drunk driving. But driving while sleepy can be just as dangerous. Indeed, crashes due to sleepy drivers are as deadly as those due to drivers impaired by alcohol. And you don’t have to be asleep at the wheel to put yourself and others in danger. Both alcohol and a lack of sleep limit your ability to react quickly to a suddenly braking car, a sharp curve in the road, or other situations that require rapid responses. Just a few seconds’ delay in reaction time can be a lifeordeath matter when driving. When people who lack sleep are tested on a driving simulator, they perform as badly as or worse than those who are drunk. The combination of alcohol and lack of sleep can be especially dangerous. There is increasing evidence that sleep deprivation and inexperience behind the wheel, both particularly common in adolescents, is a lethal combination. Of course, driving is also hazardous if you fall asleep at the wheel, which happens surprisingly often. Onequarter of the drivers surveyed in New York State reported they had fallen asleep at the wheel at some time. Often, people briefly nod off at the wheel without being aware of it—they just can’t recall what happened over the previous few seconds or longer. And people who lack sleep are more apt to take risks and make poor judgments, which also can boost their chances of getting in a car crash.   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y Opening a window or turning up the radio won’t help you stay awake while driving. The bottom line is that there is no substitute for sleep. Be aware of these warning signs that you are too sleepy to drive safely: trouble keeping your eyes open or focused, continual yawning, or being unable to recall driving the past few miles. Remember, if you are short on sleep, stay out of the driver’s seat! 17 Here are some potentially lifesaving tips for avoiding drowsy driving: l l l l l l Be well rested before hitting the road.  If you have several nights in a row of fewer than 7–8 hours of sleep, your reaction time slows. Restoring that reaction time to normal can take more than one night of good sleep, because a sleep debt accumulates after each night you lose sleep. It may take several nights of being well rested to repay that sleep debt and make you ready for driving on a long road trip.  Avoid driving between midnight and 7 a.m.  Unless you are accustomed to being awake then, this period of time is when we are naturally the least alert and most tired. Don’t drive alone.  A companion who can keep you engaged in conversation might help you stay awake while driving. Schedule frequent breaks on long road trips.  If you feel sleepy while driving, pull off the road and take a nap for 15–20 minutes. Don’t drink alcohol. Just one beer when you are are sleep deprived will affect you as much as two or three beers when you are well rested. Don’t count on caffeine or other tricks.  Although drinking a cola or a cup of coffee might help keep you awake for a short time, it won’t overcome extreme sleepiness or relieve a sleep debt. W h   a   t   D   o  e   s   S  l    e   e   p D   o f    o r  Y   o  u ?  18 DAPHNE “ ”   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y 19 HowMuchSleepIs Enough? Animalstudiessuggestthatsl Animalstudiessuggestthatsleepisasvital eepisasvitalasfoodforsurvival asfoodforsurvival. . Rats,forexample,normallylive2–3years,buttheyliveonly 5 weeksiftheyaredeprivedofREM weeksiftheyaredeprivedofREMsleepandonly2–3 sleepandonly2–3 weeksif theyaredeprivedofallsleepsta theyaredeprivedofallsleepstages—atimefram ges—atimeframesimilartode esimilartodeath ath duetostarvation. Buthowmuchsleepdohumansneed? Buthowmuchsleepdohumansneed? Tohelp answerthatquestion,s answerthatquestion,scientistslookat cientistslookathowmuchpeoples howmuchpeoplesleepwhen leepwhen unrestricted,theaverageam unrestricted,theaverageamountofsleepamong ountofsleepamongvariousagegroups, variousagegroups, andtheamountofsleepthatstudies andtheamountofsleepthatstudies revealisnecessarytofunction revealisnecessarytofunction atyourbest. Whenhealthyadultsaregivenunlimi Whenhealthyadultsaregivenunlimitedopportunitytosl tedopportunitytosleep, eep,they they sleeponaveragebetween8and8.5hours sleeponaveragebetween8and8.5hoursanight. anight. Butsleepneeds varyfrompersontoperson. varyfrompersontoperson. Somepeopleappearto Somepeopleappearto needonlyabout 7hourstoavoidproblemsleepiness, 7hourstoavoidproblemsleepiness,whereasothers whereasothersneed9ormore need9ormore hoursofsleep. Sleepneedsalsochangethroughoutthel Sleepneedsalsochangethroughoutthelifecycle. ifecycle. Newbornssleepbetween16and18 hoursaday,andchildrenin preschoolsleepbetween11 preschoolsleepbetween11 and12hoursaday and12hoursaday.. Schoolaged childrenandadolescentsneedatleast childrenandadolescentsneedatleast10hoursofsleepe 10hoursofsleepeachnight. achnight. Thehormonalinfluencesofpubertytendtoshiftadolescents’biologicalclocks. Asaresult,teenagers(whoneedbetween9 and10hours ofsleepanight)aremorelikelytogotobedlaterthanyounger childrenandadults,andtheytendtowanttosleeplaterinthe morning. Thisdelayedsleep–wakerhythmconflictswithth Thisdelayedsleep–wakerhythmconflictswiththeearly eearly morningstarttimesofmanyhighschoolsandhelpsexplainwhy mostteenagersgetanaverageof only7–7.5hoursofsleepanight. Aspeoplegetolder,thepatternofsleepalsochanges—especiallythe amountoftimespentindeepslee amountoftimespentindeepsleep. p. Thisexplainswhychildrencan Thisexplainswhychildrencan sleepthroughloudnoisesandwhytheym sleepthroughloudnoisesandwhytheymight ight notwakeupwhen moved. Acrossthelifespan, Acrossthelifespan,thesleepperiod thesleepperiodtendstoadvance, tendstoadvance, namelyrelativetoteenagers;ol namelyrelativetoteenagers;olderadultstend deradultstend togotobedearlier togotobedearlier andwakeearlier. andwakeearlier. Thequality—butnot necessarilythequantity—of H   o w M  u  c  h   S  l    e   e   p I    s  E  n  o  u  g h  ?  20 deep,nonREMsleepalsochanges,withatrendtowardlighter sleep. Therelativepercentagesofstagesofsleepappeartostay mostlyconstantafterinfancy.Frommidlifethroughlatelife,people awakenmorethroughoutthenight. Thesesleepdisruptionscause olderpeopletolosemoreandmoreofstages1and2nonREM sleepaswellasREMsleep. Someolderpeoplecomplainofdifficultyfallingasleep,early morningawakenings,frequentandlongawakeningsduringthe night,daytimesleepiness,andalackofrefreshingsleep. Manysleep problems,however,arenotanaturalpartof sleepinthe elderly. Theirsleepcomplaints maybe due,inpart,tomedicalconditions, illnesses,ormedicationstheyaretaking— allofwhichcandisruptsleep.Infact,one studyfoundthattheprevalenceofsleep problemsisverylowinhealthyolderadults. Othercausesofsomeofolderadults’ sleepcomplaintsaresleepapnea,restless legssyndrome,andothersleepdisorders thatbecomemorecommonwithage. Also,olderpeoplearemorelikelyto havetheirsleepdisruptedbytheneed tourinateduringthenight.   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y Someevidenceshowsthatthe biologicalclockshiftsinolder people,sotheyaremoreapttogoto sleepearlieratnightand wakeup earlierinthemorning. Noevidence indicatesthatolderpeoplecanget bywithlesssleepthanyounger people.(See “Top10SleepMyths” onpage22.) Poorsleepinolder peoplemayresultinexcessive daytimesleepiness,attention and memoryproblems,depressed mood,andoveruseofsleeping pills. Despitevariationsinsleepquantity andquality,bothrelatedtoageand 21 betweenindividuals,studiessuggestthattheoptimalamountof sleepneededtoperformadequately,avoidasleepdebt,andnothave problemsleepinessduringthedayisabout7–8hoursforadultsand atleast10hoursforschoolagedchildrenandadolescents. Similar amountsseemtobenecessarytoavoidanincreasedriskofdevelopingobesity,diabetes,orcardiovasculardiseases. Qualityofsleepandthetimingofsleepareasimportantasquantity. Peoplewhosesleepisfrequentlyinterruptedorcutshortmaynotget enoughofbothnonREMsleepandREMsleep. Bothtypesofsleep appeartobecrucialforlearningand memory—andperhapsforthe restorativebenefitsof healthysleep,includingthegrowthandrepair of cells. Manypeopletrytomakeupforlostsleepduringtheweekby sleepingmoreontheweekends. Butifyouhavelosttoomuchsleep, sleepinginonaweekenddoesnotcompletelyeraseyoursleepdebt. Certainly,sleepingmoreattheendofaweekwon’tmakeupforany poorperformanceyouhadearlierinthatweek. Justonenightof inadequatesleepcannegativelyaffectyourfunctioningandmood duringatleastthenextday. Daytimenapsareanotherstrategysomepeopleusetomakeupfor lostsleepduringthenight. Someevidenceshowsthat shortnaps(uptoanhour)canmakeup,atleast partially,forthesleepmissedontheprevious nightandimprovealertness,mood,andwork performance.Butnapsdon’tsubstitutefora goodnight’ssleep. Onestudyfoundthata daytimenapafteralackofsleepatnightdid notfullyrestorelevelsofbloodsugartothe patternseenwithadequatenighttime sleep. Ifanaplastslongerthan 20minutes,youmayhaveahard timewakingupfully. Inaddition,lateafternoon napscanmakefallingasleep atnightmoredifficult. H   o w M  u  c  h   S  l    e   e   p I    s  E  n  o  u  g h  ?  22 Top10 Sleep Myths Myth 1: Sleep is a time when your body and brain shut down for rest and relaxation.  No evidence shows that any major organ (including the brain) or regulatory system in the body shuts down during sleep. Some physiological processes actually become more active while you sleep. For example, secretion of certain hormones is boosted, and activity of the pathways in the brain linked to learning and memory increases. Myth 2: Getting just 1 hour less sleep per night than needed will not have any effect on your daytime functioning.  This lack of sleep may not make you noticeably sleepy during the day. But even slightly less sleep can affect your ability to think properly and respond quickly, and it can impair your cardiovascular health and energy balance as well as your body’s ability to fight infections, particularly if lack of sleep continues. If you consistently do not get enough sleep, a sleep debt builds up that you can never repay. This sleep debt affects your health and quality of life and makes you feel tired during the day. Myth 3: Your body adjusts quickly to different sleep schedules. Your biological clock makes you most alert during the daytime and least alert at night. Thus, even if you work the night shift, you will naturally feel sleepy when nighttime comes. Most people can reset their biological clock, but only by appropriately timed cues—and even then, by 1–2 hours per day at best. Consequently, it can take more than a week to adjust to a substantial change in your sleep–wake cycle—for example, when traveling across several time zones or switching from working the day shift to the night shift.   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y Myth 4: People need less sleep as they get older. Older people don’t need less sleep, but they may get less sleep or find their sleep less refreshing. That’s because as people age, the quality of their sleep changes. Older people are also more likely to have insomnia or other medical conditions that disrupt their sleep. 23 Myth 5: Extra sleep for one night can cure you of problems with excessive daytime fatigue.  Not only is the quantity of sleep important, but also the quality of sleep. Some people sleep 8 or 9 hours a night but don’t feel well rested when they wake up because the quality of their sleep is poor. A number of sleep disorders and other medical conditions affect the quality of sleep. Sleeping more won’t lessen the daytime sleepiness these disorders or conditions cause. However, many of these disorders or conditions can be treated effectively with changes in behavior or with medical therapies. Additionally, one night of increased sleep may not correct multiple nights of inadequate sleep. Myth 6: You can make up for lost sleep during the week by sleeping more on the weekends.  Although this sleeping pattern will help you feel more rested, it will not completely make up for the lack of sleep or correct your sleep debt. This pattern also will not necessarily make up for impaired performance during the week or the physical problems that can result from not sleeping enough. Furthermore, sleeping later on the weekends can affect your biological clock, making it much harder to go to sleep at the right time on Sunday nights and get up early on Monday mornings. Myth 7: Naps are a waste of time.  Although naps are no substitute for a good night’s sleep, they can be restorative and help counter some of the effects of not getting enough sleep at night. Naps can actually help you learn how to do certain tasks quicker. But avoid taking naps later than 3 p.m., particularly if you have trouble falling asleep at night, as late naps can make it harder for you to fall asleep when you go to bed. Also, limit your naps to no longer than 20 minutes, because longer naps will make it harder to wake up and H   o w M  u  c  h   S  l    e   e   p I    s  E  n  o  u  g h  ?  24 Top10 Sleep Myths (continued) get back in the swing of things. If you take more than one or two planned or unplanned naps during the day, you may have a sleep disorder that should be treated. Myth 8: Snoring is a normal part of sleep.  Snoring during sleep is common, particularly as a person gets older. Evidence is growing that snoring on a regular basis can make you sleepy during the day and increase your risk for diabetes and heart disease. In addition, some studies link frequent snoring to problem behavior and poorer school achievement in children. Loud, frequent snoring also can be a sign of sleep apnea, a serious sleep disorder that should be evaluated and treated. (See “Is Snoring a Problem?” on page 30.) Myth 9: Children who don’t get enough sleep at night will show signs of sleepiness during the day.  Unlike adults, children who don’t get enough sleep at night typically become hyperactive, irritable, and inattentive during the day. They also have increased risk of injury and more behavior problems, and their growth rate may be impaired. Sleep debt appears to be quite common during childhood and may be misdiagnosed as attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder.   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y Myth 10: The main cause of insomnia is worry.  Although worry or stress can cause a short bout of insomnia, a persistent inability to fall asleep or stay asleep at night can be caused by a number of other factors. Certain medications and sleep disorders can keep you up at night. Other common causes of insomnia are depression, anxiety disorders, and asthma, arthritis, or other medical conditions with symptoms that tend to be troublesome at night. Some people who have chronic insomnia also appear to be more “revved up” than normal, so it is harder for them to fall asleep. SleepMyths  25 WhatDisruptsSleep? Manyfactorscanpreventagoodnight’ssleep. Thesefactorsrange fromwellknownstimulants,suchascoffee,tocertainpainrelievers, decongestants,andotherculprits. Manypeopledependonthe caffeineincoffee,cola,orteatowakethemupinthemorningorto keepthemawake. Caffeineisthoughttoblockthecellreceptors thatadenosine(asubstanceinthebrain)usestotriggeritssleep inducingsignals.Inthisway,caffeinefoolsthebodyintothinkingit isn’ttired. Itcantakeaslongas6–8hoursfortheeffectsofcaffeine towearoffcompletely. Thus,drinkingacupofcoffeeinthelate afternoonmaypreventyourfallingasleepatnight. Nicotineisanotherstimulantthatcankeepyouawake. Nicotine alsoleadstolighterthannormalsleep,andheavysmokerstendto wakeuptooearlybecauseofnicotinewithdrawal. Although alcoholisasedativethatmakesiteasiertofallasleep,itprevents deepsleepandREMsleep,allowingonlythelighterstagesofsleep. Peoplewhodrinkalcoholalsotendtowakeupinthemiddleofthe nightwhentheeffectsofanalcoholic“nightcap”wearoff. Certaincommonlyusedprescriptionandoverthecountermedicinescontainingredientsthatcan keepyouawake. Theseingredients includedecongestantsandsteroids. Manymedicinestakentorelieve headachescontaincaffeine. Heart andbloodpressuremedications knownasbetablockerscanmake itdifficulttofallasleepandcause moreawakeningsduringthenight. Peoplewhohavechronicasthma orbronchitisalsohavemore problemsfallingasleepandstaying asleepthanhealthypeople,either becauseoftheirbreathingdifficultiesorbecauseofthemedicines SZE-PING “ ” W h   a   t   D  i    s  r   u  p  t    s   S  l    e   e   p ?  26 theytake. Otherchronicpainfuloruncomfortableconditions— suchasarthritis,congestiveheartfailure,andsicklecellanemia— candisruptsleep,too. Anumberofpsychologicaldisorders—includingschizophrenia, bipolardisorder,andanxietydisorders—arewellknownfordisruptingsleep.Depressionoftenleadstoinsomnia,andinsomniacan causedepression. Someofthesepsychologicaldisordersaremore likelytodisruptREMsleep. Psychologicalstressalsotakesitstoll onsleep,makingitmoredifficulttofallasleeporstayasleep. Peoplewhofeelstressedalsotendtospendlesstimeindeepsleep andREMsleep. Manypeoplereporthavingdifficultiessleepingif, forexample,theyhaverecentlylostalovedone,aregoingthrougha divorce,orareunderstressatwork. Menstrualcyclehormonescanaffecthowwellwomensleep.Progesteroneisknowntoinducesleepandcirculatesingreaterconcentrationsinthesecondhalfofthemenstrualcycle. Forthisreason, womenmaysleepbetterduringthisphaseoftheirmenstrualcycle. Ontheotherhand,manywomenreporttroublesleepingthenight beforetheirmenstrualflowstarts. Thissleepdisruptionmaybe relatedtotheabruptdropinprogesteronelevelsthatoccursjust beforemenstruation. Womenintheirlatefortiesandearlyfifties, however,reportmoredifficultiessleeping(insomnia)thanyounger women. Thesedifficultiesmaybelinkedtomenopause,whenthey havelowerconcentrationsofprogesterone. Hotflashesinwomen ofthisagealsomaycausesleepdisruptionanddifficulties. Certainlifestylefactorsalsomaydepriveaperson ofneededsleep. Largemealsorvigorous exercisejustbeforebedtimecanmakeit hardertofallasleep. Whilevigorousexercise intheeveningmaydelaysleeponsetfor variousreasons,exerciseinthedaytimeis associatedwithimprovednighttimesleep.   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y Ifyouaren’tgettingenoughsleep oraren’tfallingasleepearly enough,youmaybe overschedulingactivitiesthatcanpreventyoufrom gettingthe 27 quietrelaxationtimeyouneedtoprepareforsleep. Mostpeople reportthatit’seasiertofallasleepiftheyhavetimetowinddown intoalessactivestatebeforesleeping. Relaxinginahotbathor havingahot,caffeinefreebeveragebeforebedtimemayhelp. In addition,yourbodytemperaturedropsafterahotbathinaway thatmimics,inpart,whathappensasyoufallasleep. Probablyfor boththesereasons,manypeoplereportthattheyfallasleepmore easilyafterahotbath. Yoursleepingenvironmentalsocanaffectyoursleep. Clearyour bedroomofanypotentialsleepdistractions,suchasnoises,bright lights,aTV,acellphone,orcomputer. Havingacomfortable mattressandpillowcanhelppromoteagoodnight’ssleep. Youalso sleepbetterifthetemperatureinyourbedroomiskeptonthecool side.Formoreideasonimprovingyoursleep,checkoutthetipsfor gettingagoodnight’ssleepbelow. TipsforGettinga Good Night’s Sleep l l l Stick to a sleep schedule.  Go to bed and wake up at the same time each day. As creatures of habit, people have a hard time adjusting to changes in sleep patterns. Sleeping later on weekends won’t fully make up for a lack of sleep during the week and will make it harder to wake up early on Monday morning. Exercise is great, but not too late in the day. Try to exercise at least 30 minutes on most days but not later than 2–3 hours before your bedtime.  Avoid caffeine and nicotine. Coffee, colas, certain teas, and chocolate contain the stimulant caffeine, and its effects can take as long as 8 hours to wear off fully. Therefore, a cup of coffee in the late afternoon can make it hard for you to fall asleep at night. Nicotine is also a stimulant, often causing smokers to sleep only very lightly. In addition, smokers often wake up too early in the morning because of nicotine withdrawal. W h   a   t   D  i    s  r   u  p  t    s   S  l    e   e   p ?  28 TipsforGettinga Good Night’s Sleep (continued) l l l l l l   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y l  Avoid alcoholic drinks before bed.  Having a “nightcap” or alcoholic beverage before sleep may help you relax, but heavy use robs you of deep sleep and REM sleep, keeping you in the lighter stages of sleep. Heavy alcohol ingestion also may contribute to impairment in breathing at night. You also tend to wake up in the middle of the night when the effects of the alcohol have worn off.  Avoid large meals and beverages late at night.  A light snack is okay, but a large meal can cause indigestion that interferes with sleep. Drinking too many fluids at night can cause frequent awakenings to urinate. If possible, avoid medicines that delay or disrupt your sleep. Some commonly prescribed heart, blood pressure, or asthma medications, as well as some overthecounter and herbal remedies for coughs, colds, or allergies, can disrupt sleep patterns. If you have trouble sleeping, talk to your doctor or pharmacist to see whether any drugs you’re taking might be contributing to your insomnia and ask whether they can be taken at other times during the day or early in the evening. Don’t take naps after 3 p.m.  Naps can help make up for lost sleep, but late afternoon naps can make it harder to fall asleep at night. Relax before bed. Don’t overschedule your day so that no time is left for unwinding. A relaxing activity, such as reading or listening to music, should be part of your bedtime ritual. Take a hot bath before bed. The drop in body temperature after getting out of the bath may help you feel sleepy, and the bath can help you relax and slow down so you’re more ready to sleep. Have a good sleeping environment. Get rid of anything in your bedroom that might distract you from sleep, such as noises, bright lights, an uncomfortable bed, or warm temperatures. You sleep better if the temperature in the room 29 is kept on the cool side. A TV, cell phone, or computer in the bedroom can be a distraction and deprive you of needed sleep. Having a comfortable mattress and pillow can help promote a good night’s sleep. Individuals who have insomnia often watch the clock. Turn the clock’s face out of view so you don’t worry about the time while trying to fall asleep. l l l Have the right sunlight exposure. Daylight is key to regulating daily sleep patterns. Try to get outside in natural sunlight for at least 30 minutes each day. If possible, wake up with the sun or use very bright lights in the morning. Sleep experts recommend that, if you have problems falling asleep, you should get an hour of exposure to morning sunlight and turn down the lights before bedtime. Don’t lie in bed awake. If you find yourself still awake after staying in bed for more than 20 minutes or if you are starting to feel anxious or worried, get up and do some relaxing activity until you feel sleepy. The anxiety of not being able to sleep can make it harder to fall asleep. See a doctor if you continue to have trouble sleeping. If you consistently find it difficult to fall or stay asleep and/ or feel tired or not well rested during the day despite spending enough time in bed at night, you may have a sleep disorder. Your family doctor or a sleep specialist should be able to help you, and it is important to rule out other health or psychiatric problems that may be disturbing your sleep. W h   a   t   D  i    s  r   u  p  t    s   S  l    e   e   p ?  30 IsSnoringaProblem? Longthematerialforjokes,snoringisgenerallyacceptedascommonandannoyinginadultsbutasnothingtoworryabout.However,snoringisnolaughingmatter.Frequent,loudsnoringisoftena signofsleepapneaandmayincreaseyourriskofdevelopingcardiovasculardiseaseanddiabetes. Snoringalsomayleadtodaytime sleepinessandimpairedperformance. Snoringiscausedbyanarrowingorpartialblockageoftheairways atthebackofyourmouth,throat,ornose. Thisobstructionresults inincreasedairturbulencewhenbreathingin,causingthesoft tissuesinyourupperairwaystovibrate. Theendresultisanoisy snorethatcandisruptthesleepofyourbedpartner. Thisnarrowing oftheairwaysistypicallycausedbythesoftpalate,tongue,and throatrelaxingwhileyousleep,butallergiesorsinusproblemsalso cancontributetoanarrowingoftheairways,ascanbeingoverweightandhavingextrasofttissuearoundyourupperairways.   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y Thelargerthetissuesinyoursoftpalate(theroofofyourmouthin thebackofyourthroat),themorelikelyyouaretosnorewhile sleeping. Alcoholorsedativestakenshortlybeforesleepalso promotesnoring. Thesedrugscausegreaterrelaxationofthetissues inyourthroatandmouth. Surveys revealthataboutonehalfofall JIM adultssnore,and50percentof theseadultsdosoloudlyand frequently. AfricanAmericans, Asians,andHispanicsaremore likelytosnoreloudlyandfrequentlycomparedwithCaucasians, andsnoringproblemsincrease withage. “ Noteveryonewhosnoreshassleep apnea,butpeoplewhohavesleep apneatypicallydosnoreloudly andfrequently. Sleepapneaisa ” 31 serioussleepdisorder,anditshallmarkisloud,frequentsnoring withpausesinbreathingorshallowbreathswhilesleeping. (See “SleepApnea”onpage38.)Evenifyoudon’texperiencethese breathingpauses,snoringcanstillbeaproblemforyouaswellas foryourbedpartner. Snoringaddsextraefforttoyourbreathing, whichcanreducethequalityofyoursleepandleadtomanyofthe samehealthconsequencesassleepapnea. Onestudyfoundthatolderadultswhodidnothavesleepapnea, butwhosnored6–7nightsaweek,weremorethantwiceaslikelyto reportbeingextremelysleepyduringthedaythanthosewhonever snored. Themorepeoplesnored,themoredaytimefatiguethey reported. Thatsleepinessmayhelpexplainwhysnorersaremore likelytobeincarcrashesthanpeoplewhodon’tsnore. Loud snoringalsocandisruptthesleepofbedpartnersandstrainmarital relations,especiallyifsnoringcausesthespousestosleepinseparate bedrooms. Inaddition,snoringincreasestheriskofdevelopingdiabetesand heartdisease. Onestudyfoundthatwomenwhosnoredregularly weretwiceaslikelyasthosewhodidnotsnoretodevelopdiabetes, eveniftheywerenotoverweight(anotherriskfactorfordiabetes). Otherstudiessuggestthatregularsnoringmayraisethelifetimerisk ofdevelopinghighbloodpressure,heartfailure,andstroke. Aboutonethirdofallpregnantwomenbeginsnoringforthefirst timeduringtheirsecondtrimester.Ifyouaresnoringwhilepregnant,letyourdoctorknow. Snoringinpregnancycanbeassociated withhighbloodpressureandcanhaveanegativeeffectonyour baby’sgrowthanddevelopment. Yourdoctorwillkeepacloseeye onyourbloodpressurethroughoutyourpregnancyandcanletyou knowifanyadditionalevaluationsforthesnoringmightbeuseful. Inmostcases,thesnoringand anyrelatedhighbloodpressurewill goawayshortlyafterdelivery. Snoringalsocanbeaprobleminchildren. Asmanyas10–15 percentofyoungchildren,whotypicallyhaveenlargedadenoidsand tonsils(bothtissuesinthethroat),snoreonaregularbasis. Several studiesshowthatchildrenwhosnore(withorwithoutsleepapnea) aremorelikelythanthosewhodonotsnoretoscorelowerontests thatmeasureintelligence,memory,andattentionspan. These childrenalsohavemoreproblematicbehavior,includinghyperactivity. Theendresultisthatchildrenwhosnoredon’tperformin I    s   S  n  o r  i   n  g  a  P  r   o  b  l    e  m ?  32 schoolaswellasthosewhodonotsnore.Strikingly,snoringwas linkedtoagreaterdropinIQthanthatseeninchildrenwhohad elevatedlevelsofleadintheirblood. Althoughthebehaviorof childrenimprovesaftertheystopsnoring,studiessuggesttheymay continuetogetpoorergradesinschool,perhapsbecauseoflasting effectsonthebrainlinkedtothesnoring. Youshouldhaveyour childevaluatedbyyourdoctorifthechildsnoresloudlyand frequently—threetofourtimesaweek—especiallyifyounotebrief pausesinbreathingwhileasleepandiftherearesignsofhyperactivityordaytimesleepiness,inadequateschoolachievement,orslower thanexpecteddevelopment. Surgerytoremovetheadenoidsandtonsilsofchildrenoftencan curetheirsnoringandanyassociatedsleepapnea. Suchsurgeryhas beenlinkedtoareductioninhyperactivityandimprovedabilityto payattention,eveninchildrenwhoshowednosignsofsleepapnea beforesurgery. Snoringinolderchildrenandadultsmayberelievedbylessinvasive measures,however. Thesemeasuresincludelosingweight,refraining fromuseoftobacco,sleepingonthesideratherthanontheback,or elevatingtheheadwhilesleeping. Treatingchroniccongestionand refrainingfromalcoholorsedativesbeforesleepingalsomaydecreasesnoring.Insomeadults,snoringcanberelievedbydental appliancesthatrepositionthesofttissuesinthemouth. Although numerousoverthecounternasalstripsandspraysclaimtorelieve snoring,noscientificevidencesupportsthoseclaims.   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y 33 CommonSleepDisorders Anumberofsleepdisorderscandisruptyoursleepqualityandmake youoverlysleepyduringtheday,evenifyouspentenoughtimein bedtobewellrested.(See“CommonSignsofaSleepDisorder”on page34.) Morethan70sleepdisordersaffectatleast40millionAmericans andaccountforanestimated$16 billioninmedicalcostseachyear, notcountingcostsduetolostworktime,car accidents,andotherfactors. Thefourmostcommonsleepdisorders areinsomnia,sleepapnea,restlesslegs syndrome,andnarcolepsy. Additional sleepproblemsincludechronic insufficientsleep,circadianrhythm abnormalities,and“parasomnias” suchassleepwalking,sleepparalysis, andnightterrors. LAUREN “ My restless legs syndrome made me lose sleep and affected my quality of life. But I’m in a good place right now. I’m taking the right medicine for me, and I’ve adopted a healthy, active lifestyle. I am very passionate about taking control of my health. ”  C   o m m  o n  S  l    e   e   p D  i    s   o r   d   e  r   s  34 CommonSignsofa Sleep Disorder Look over this list of common signs of a sleep disorder, and talk to your doctor if you have any of them on three or more nights a week: l l l l l l l l l l l l   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y It takes you more than 30 minutes to fall asleep at night. You awaken frequently in the night and then have trouble falling back to sleep again. You awaken too early in the morning. You often don’t feel well rested despite spending 7–8 hours or more asleep at night. You feel sleepy during the day and fall asleep within 5 minutes if you have an opportunity to nap, or you fall asleep unexpectedly or at inappropriate times during the day. Your bed partner claims you snore loudly, snort, gasp, or make choking sounds while you sleep, or your partner notices that your breathing stops for short periods. You have creeping, tingling, or crawling feelings in your legs that are relieved by moving or massaging them, especially in the evening and when you try to fall asleep. You have vivid, dreamlike experiences while falling asleep or dozing. You have episodes of sudden muscle weakness when you are angry or fearful, or when you laugh. You feel as though you cannot move when you first wake up. Your bed partner notes that your legs or arms jerk often during sleep. You regularly need to use stimulants to stay awake during the day.  Also keep in mind that, although children can show some of these signs of a sleep disorder, they often do not show signs of excessive daytime sleepiness. Instead, they may seem overactive and have difficulty focusing and concentrating. They also may not do their best in school. 35 Insomnia Insomniaisdefinedashavingtroublefallingasleeporstayingasleep, orashavingunrefreshingsleepdespitehavingampleopportunityto sleep. Lifeisfilledwitheventsthatoccasionallycauseinsomniafor ashorttime. Suchtemporaryinsomniaiscommonandisoften broughtonbysituationssuchasstressatwork,familypressures,or atraumaticevent. ANationalSleepFoundationpollofadultsinthe UnitedStatesfoundthatcloseto halfoftherespondentsreported temporaryinsomniainthenightsimmediatelyaftertheterrorist attacksonSeptember11,2001. Chronicinsomniaisdefinedashavingsymptomsatleast3 nights perweekformorethan1 month. Mostcasesofchronic insomnia aresecondary,whichmeanstheyareduetoanotherdisorderor medications. Primarychronicinsomniaisa distinctsleepdisorder; itscauseisnotyetwellunderstood. About30–40 percentofadults saytheyhavesomesymptomsof insomniawithinanygivenyear, andabout10–15percentofadultssaytheyhavechronicinsomnia. Chronicinsomniabecomesmorecommonwithage,andwomenare morelikelythanmentoreporthavinginsomnia. Insomniaoftencausesproblemsduringtheday,suchasextreme sleepiness,fatigue,alackofenergy,difficultyconcentrating, depressedmood,andirritability. Thus,untreatedinsomniacan impairqualityoflifeasmuchas,ormorethan,otherchronic medicalproblems. Chronicinsomniaisoftencausedbyoneormoreofthefollowing: n n Adiseaseormooddisorder. Themostcommoncausesof insomniaaredepressionand/oranxietydisorders.Neurologicaldisorders,suchasAlzheimer’sorParkinson’sdisease, alsocanhaveinsomniaasasymptom. Chronicinsomniacan resultfromthyroiddysfunction,arthritis,asthma,orother medicalconditionsinwhichsymptomsbecomemoretroublesomeatnight,makingitdifficulttofallasleeporstayasleep. Variousprescribedandoverthecountermedicationsthatcan disruptsleep,suchasdecongestants,certainpainrelievers, andsteroids.  C   o m m  o n  S  l    e   e   p D  i    s   o r   d   e  r   s  36 n n Sleepdisruptingbehaviorsuchasdrinkingalcohol,exercising shortlybeforebedtime,ingestingcaffeinelateintheday, watchingTVorreadingwhileinbed,orirregularsleep schedulesduetoshiftworkorothercauses. Anothersleepdisorder,suchassleepapneaorrestlesslegs syndrome. Somepeople,however,haveprimarychronicinsomnia. Thisconditionislinkedtoatendencytobemore“revvedup”thannormal (hyperarousal). Peoplewhohaveprimarychronicinsomniamay haveheightenedlevelsofcertainhormones,higherbodytemperatures,fasterheartrates,andadifferentpatternofbrainwaveswhile theysleep. Doctorsdiagnoseinsomniabasedmainlyonsleephistory,oftenby reviewingasleepdiary. Anovernightsleeprecordingmaybe requiredifanothersleepdisorderissuspected. Doctorsalsowilltry todiagnoseandtreatanyotherunderlyingmedicalorpsychological problemsaswellasidentifybehaviorsthatmightbecausingthe insomnia. Often,peoplewhohaveinsomniaenterintoaviciouscycle—because they’vehadtroublesleepingonpreviousnights,theybecomeanxious attheslightestsignthattheymaynotbefallingasleeprightaway. Thatanxietycanmakeitmoredifficultforthemtofallasleep. The moretimetheyspendinbednotsleeping,andwatchingtheclock, themoretheiranxiety—andsleeplessness—increases. Tobreakthatcycleofanxietyandnegativeconditioning,experts recommendgoingtobedonlywhenyou’resleepy.Ifyoucan’tfall asleep(orfallbacktosleep)within20minutes,getoutofbed,go intoanotherroom,anddoarelaxingactivity(suchasreading)until youfeelsleepyagain. Thenreturntobed. Studieshaveshownthat thisreconditioningtherapyisaneffectivewaytotreatinsomnia.   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y Relaxationtherapyisanotherstrategythatworksforsomepeople whohaveinsomnia. Relaxationtherapymayincludemeditation andothermentalrelaxationtechniques. Italsomayincludephysical relaxationtechniques,suchasprogressivelytensingandthenrelaxingeachofthemusclegroupsinyourbodybeforesleep. Another methodistofocusonbreathingdeeply. Relaxationtherapycanhelp yourbodyandmindslowdownsothatyoucanfallasleepmore easilyatbedtime. 37 Sleeprestrictiontherapyalsoworksforsomepeoplewhohave insomnia. Calculateyouraveragesleeptimeoverthecourseofa week,andthenlimityournightlysleeptimetothataverage.Graduallyaddmoresleeptimeeachnightuntilyouachieveamorenormal night’ssleep. You shouldavoiddaytimenapslongerthan15–20 minutesduringsleeprestrictiontherapy. Nappingcanmakeitharderto fallasleepatnight,whichmayprolonginsomnia.Inaddition,during sleeprestrictiontherapy,avoiddrivingacaroroperatingdangerous machineryuntilyouaregettingenoughsleepatnight. Allofthesebehavioralchangesarepartofatreatmentcalled cognitivebehavioraltherapy. Cognitivebehavioraltherapyalsocan beusedtoreplacenegativethoughtsaboutsleep,suchas“I’llnever fallasleepwithoutsleepingpills,”withmorerealisticpositive thinking. Cognitivebehavioraltherapyiseffectiveinmostpeople whohavechronicinsomnia. Somepeoplewhohavechronicinsomniathatisnotcorrectedby behavioraltherapyortreatmentof anunderlyingcondition may needaprescriptionmedication. Youshouldtalktoadoctor beforetryingtotreatinsomniawithalcohol,overthecounteror prescribedshortactingsedatives,orsedating antihistaminesthatinducedrowsiness. Thebenefitsofthesetreatmentsare limited,andtheyhaverisks. Some mayhelpyoufallasleepbutleaveyou feelingunrefreshedinthemorning. Othershavelongerlastingeffectsand leaveyoufeelingstilltiredandgroggy inthemorning. Somealsomaylose theireffectivenessovertime. Doctorsmayprescribesedating antidepressantsforinsomnia, buttheeffectivenessofthese medicinesinpeoplewhodo nothavedepressionisnot known,andthereare significantsideeffects.  C   o m m  o n  S  l    e   e   p D  i    s   o r   d   e  r   s  38 Totreattheirinsomnia,somepeoplepursue“natural”remedies, suchasmelatoninsupplementsorvalerianteasorextracts. These remediesareavailableoverthecounter. Littleevidenceexiststhat melatonincanhelprelieveinsomnia. Studieswithvalerianalsohave beeninconclusive,andtheactualdoseandpurityofvarious supplements,extracts,orteas thatcontainvalerianmayvaryfrom producttoproduct.Inaddition,becausemelatonin,valerian,and othernaturalremediesarenotregulatedbytheFoodandDrug Administration,theirsafetyisnotmonitored. SleepApnea Inpeoplewhohavesleepapnea(alsoreferredtoassleepdisordered breathing),breathingbrieflystopsorbecomesveryshallowduring sleep. Thischangeiscausedbyintermittentblockingoftheupper airway,usuallywhenthesofttissueintherearofthethroat collapsesandpartiallyorcompletelyclosestheairway. Eachpause inbreathingtypicallylasts10–120secondsandmayoccur20–30 timesormoreeachsleepinghour. Ifyouhavesleepapnea,notenoughaircanflowintoyourlungs throughyourmouthandnoseduringsleep,eventhoughbreathing effortscontinue. Whenthishappens,theamountofoxygeninyour blooddecreases. Yourbrainrespondsbyawakeningyouenoughto tightentheupperairwaymusclesand openyourwindpipe. Normal breathsthenstartagain,oftenwithaloudsnortorchokingsound. Althoughpeoplewhohavesleepapneatypicallysnoreloudlyand frequently,not everyonewhosnoreshassleepapnea.(See“Is SnoringaProblem?”onpage30.) Becausepeoplewhohavesleepapneafrequentlygofromdeeper sleeptolightersleepduringthenight,theyrarelyspendenoughtime indeep,restorativestagesofsleep. Theyarethereforeoftenexcessivelysleepyduringtheday. Suchsleepinessisthoughttoleadto moodandbehaviorproblems,includingdepression,anditmore thantriplestheriskofbeinginatrafficorworkrelatedaccident.   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y Themanybriefdropsinbloodoxygenlevelsthatoccurduringthe nightcanresultinmorningheadachesandtroubleconcentrating, thinkingclearly,learning,andremembering. Additionally,the intermittentoxygendropsandreducedsleepqualitytogethertrigger thereleaseofstresshormones. Thesehormonesraiseyourblood pressureandheartrateandboosttheriskofheartattack,stroke, irregularheartbeats,andcongestiveheartfailure. Inaddition, 39 JIM “ ”  C   o m m  o n  S  l    e   e   p D  i    s   o r   d   e  r   s  40 untreatedsleepapneacanleadtochangesinenergymetabolism(the wayyourbodychangesfoodandoxygenintoenergy)thatincrease theriskfordevelopingobesityanddiabetes. Anyonecanhavesleepapnea. Itisestimatedthatatleast12–18 millionAmericanadultshavesleepapnea,makingitascommonas asthma. Morethanonehalfofthepeoplewhohavesleepapneaare overweight.Sleepapneaismorecommon inmen. Morethan1in 25middleagedmenand1in50 middleagedwomenhavesleep apneaalongwithextremedaytimesleepiness. About3percentof childrenand10 percentormoreofpeopleoverage65havesleep apnea. ThisconditionoccursmorefrequentlyinAfricanAmericans, Asians,NativeAmericans,andHispanicsthaninCaucasians. Morethanonehalfofallpeoplewhohavesleepapneaarenot diagnosed. Peoplewhohavesleepapneagenerallyarenotaware thattheirbreathingstopsinthenight. Theyjustnoticethatthey don’tfeelwellrestedwhentheywakeupandaresleepythroughout theday. Theirbedpartnersarelikelytonotice,however,thatthey snoreloudlyandfrequentlyandthatthey oftenstopbreathingbrieflywhile sleeping. Doctorssuspectsleepapnea ifthesesymptomsarepresent,but thediagnosismustbeconfirmed withovernightsleepmonitoring. (See“HowAreSleepDisorders Diagnosed?”onpage44.)This monitoringwillrevealpausesin breathing,frequentsleep arousals(changesfrom sleeptowakefulness),and intermittentdropsin levelsofoxygenin theblood.   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y 41 Likeadultswhohavesleepapnea,childrenwhohavethisdisorder usuallysnoreloudly,snortorgasp,andhavebriefpausesinbreathingwhilesleeping. Smallchildrenoftenhaveenlargedtonsilsand adenoidsthatincreasetheirriskforsleepapnea. Butdoctorsmay notsuspectsleepapneainchildrenbecause,insteadofshowingthe typicalsignsofsleepinessduringtheday,thesechildrenoften becomeagitatedandmaybeconsideredhyperactive. Theeffectsof sleepapneainchildrenmayincludepoorschoolperformanceand difficult,aggressivebehavior. Anumberoffactorscanmakeapersonsusceptibletosleepapnea. Thesefactorsinclude: n n n n n n Throatmusclesandtonguethatrelaxmorethannormalwhile asleep Enlargedtonsilsandadenoids Beingoverweight—theexcessfattissuearoundyourneck makesithardertokeepthethroatareaopen Headandneckshapethatcreatesasomewhatsmallerairway sizeinthemouthandthroatarea Congestion,duetoallergies,thatalsocannarrowtheairway Familyhistoryofsleepapnea Ifyourdoctorsuspectsthatyouhavesleepapnea,youmaybe referredtoasleepspecialist. Someofthewaystohelpdiagnose sleepapneainclude: n n n n Amedicalhistorythatincludesaskingyouandyourfamily questionsabouthowyousleepandhowyoufunctionduring theday. Checkingyourmouth,nose,andthroatforextraorlarge tissues—forexample,checkingthetonsils,uvula(thetissue thathangsfromthemiddleofthebackofthemouth),andsoft palate(theroofofyourmouthinthebackofyourthroat). Anovernightrecordingofwhathappenswithyourbreathing duringsleep(polysomnogram,orPSG). Amultiplesleeplatencytest(MSLT),usuallydoneinasleep center,toseehowquicklyyoufallasleepattimeswhenyou wouldnormallybeawake. (Fallingasleepinonlyafew minutesusuallymeansthatyouareverysleepyduringtheday. Beingverysleepyduringthedaycanbeasignofsleepapnea.)  C   o m m  o n  S  l    e   e   p D  i    s   o r   d   e  r   s  42 Onceallthetestsarecompleted,thesleepspecialistwillreviewthe resultsandworkwithyouandyourfamilytodevelopatreatment plan. Changesindailyactivitiesorhabitsmayhelpreduceyour symptoms: n n n Sleep on your side instead of on your back. Sleepingonyour sidewillhelpreducetheamountofupperairwaycollapse duringsleep. Avoid alcohol, smoking, sleeping pills, herbal supplements, and any other medications that make you sleepy. Theymake itharderforyourairwaystostayopenwhileyousleep,and sedativescanmakethebreathingpauseslongerandmore severe. Tobaccosmokeirritatestheairwaysandcanhelp triggertheintermittentcollapseoftheupperairway. Lose weight if you are overweight. Evenalittleweightloss cansometimesimprovesymptoms. Thesechangesmaybeallthatareneededtotreatmildsleepapnea. However,ifyouhavemoderateorseveresleepapnea,youwillneed additional,moredirecttreatmentapproaches. Continuouspositiveairwaypressure(CPAP)isthemosteffective treatmentforsleepapneainadults. ACPAPmachineusesmildair pressuretokeepyourairwaysopenwhileyousleep. Themachine deliversairtoyourairwaysthroughaspeciallydesignednasalmask. Themaskdoesnotbreatheforyou;theflowofaircreatesincreased pressuretokeeptheairwaysinyournoseandmouthmoreopen whileyousleep. Theairpressureisadjustedsothatitisjustenough tostopyourairwaysfrombrieflybecomingtoosmallduringsleep. Thepressureisconstantandcontinuous. Sleepapneawillreturnif CPAPisstoppedorifitisusedincorrectly.   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y Peoplewhohaveseveresleepapneasymptomsgenerallyfeelmuch betteroncetheybegintreatmentwithCPAP.CPAPtreatmentcan causesideeffectsinsomepeople. Possiblesideeffectsincludedryor stuffynose,irritationoftheskinontheface,bloatingofthestomach,soreeyes,orheadaches.IfyouhavetroublewithCPAPside effects,workwithyoursleepspecialistandsupportstaff. Together, youcandothingstoreduceoreliminatetheseproblems. Currently,nomedicationscuresleepapnea.However,some prescriptionmedicationsmayhelprelievetheexcessivesleepiness thatsometimespersistsevenwithCPAPtreatmentofsleepapnea. 43 JIM “ ” Anothertreatmentapproachthatmayhelpsomepeopleistheuseof amouthpiece(oralordentalappliance). Ifyouhavemildsleep apneaordonothavesleepapneabutsnoreveryloudly,yourdoctor ordentistalsomayrecommendthis. Acustomfittedplasticmouthpiecewillbemadebyadentistoranorthodontist(aspecialistin correctingteethorjawproblems). Themouthpiecewilladjustyour lowerjawandtonguetohelpkeeptheairwayinyourthroatmore openwhileyouaresleeping. Aircanthenflowmoreeasilyintoyour lungsbecausethereislessresistancetobreathing. Followingup withthedentistororthodontistisimportanttocorrectanyside effectsandtobesurethatyourmouthpiececontinuestofitproperly. Itisalsoimportanttohaveafollowupsleepstudytoseewhether yoursleepapneahasimproved. Somepeoplewhohavesleepapneamaybenefitfromsurgery;this dependsonthefindingsoftheevaluationbythesleepspecialist. Removingtonsilsandadenoidsthatareblockingtheairwayisdone frequently,especiallyinchildren. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP)isasurgeryforadultsthatremovesthetonsils,uvula,and partofthesoftpalate. Tracheostomyisasurgeryusedrarelyand onlyinseveresleepapneawhennoothertreatmentshavebeen successful. Asmallholeismadeinthewindpipe,andatubeis inserted. Airwillflowthroughthetubeandintothelungs,bypassingtheobstructionintheupperairway.  C   o m m  o n  S  l    e   e   p D  i    s   o r   d   e  r   s  44 HowAre Sleep Disorders Diagnosed? Depending on your symptoms, your doctor will gather information and consider several possible tests when trying to diagnose a sleep disorder: l l   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y l Sleep history and sleep log. Your doctor will ask you how many hours you sleep each night, how often you awaken during the night and for how long, how long it takes you to fall asleep, how well rested you feel upon awakening, and how sleepy you feel during the day. Your doctor may ask you to keep a sleep diary for a few weeks. (See “Sample Sleep Diary” on page 54.) Your doctor also may ask you whether you have any symptoms of sleep apnea or restless legs syndrome, such as loud snoring, snorting or gasping, morning headaches, tingling or unpleasant sensations in the limbs that are relieved by moving them, and  jerking of the limbs during sleep. Your sleeping partner may be asked whether you have some of these symptoms, as you may not be aware of them yourself. Sleep recording in a sleep laboratory (polysomnogram).  A sleep recording or polysomnogram (PSG) is usually done while you stay overnight at a sleep center or sleep laboratory. Electrodes and other monitors are placed on your scalp, face, chest, limbs, and finger. While you sleep, these devices measure your brain activity, eye movements, muscle activity, heart rate and rhythm, blood pressure, and how much air moves in and out of your lungs. This test also checks the amount of oxygen in your blood. A PSG test is painless. In certain circumstances, the PSG can be done at home. A home monitor can be used to record heart rate, how air moves in and out of your lungs, the amount of oxygen in your blood, and your breathing effort. Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT). This daytime sleep study measures how sleepy you are and is particularly useful for diagnosing narcolepsy. The MSLT is conducted in a sleep 45 laboratory and typically done after an overnight sleep recording (PSG). In this test, monitoring devices for sleep stage are placed on your scalp and face. You are asked to nap four or five times for 20 minutes every 2 hours during the day. Technicians note how quickly you fall asleep and how long it takes you to reach various stages of sleep, especially REM sleep, during your naps. Normal individuals either do not fall asleep during these short designated naptimes or take a long time to fall asleep. People who fall asleep in less than 5 minutes are likely to require treatment for a sleep disorder, as are those who quickly reach REM sleep during their naps. It is important to have a sleep specialist interpret the results of your PSG or MSLT. See “How To Find a Sleep Center and Sleep Specialist” on page 56.  C   o m m  o n  S  l    e   e   p D  i    s   o r   d   e  r   s  46 LAUREN “ ”   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y 47 RestlessLegsSyndrome Restlesslegssyndrome(RLS)causesanunpleasantpricklingor tinglinginthelegs,especiallyinthecalves,thatisrelievedbymovingormassagingthem. PeoplewhohaveRLSfeelaneedtostretch ormovetheirlegstogetridoftheuncomfortableorpainfulfeelings. Asaresult,itmaybedifficulttofallasleepandstayasleep. Oneor bothlegsmaybeaffected. Somepeoplealsofeelthesensationsin theirarms. Thesesensationsalsocanoccurwhenlyingdownor sittingforlongperiodsoftime,suchaswhileatadesk,ridingina car,orwatchingamovie. ManypeoplewhohaveRLSalsohavebrieflimbmovementsduring sleep,oftenwithabruptonset,occurringevery5–90seconds. This condition,knownasperiodiclimbmovementsinsleep(PLMS),can repeatedlyawakenpeoplewhohaveRLS,reducingtheirtotalsleep timeandinterruptingtheirsleep. SomepeoplehavePLMSbuthave noabnormalsensationsintheirlegswhileawake. RLSaffects5–15percentofAmericans,anditsprevalenceincreases withage. RLSoccursmoreofteninwomenthanmen. Onestudy foundthatRLSaccountedforonethirdoftheinsomniaseenin patientsolderthanage60. ChildrenalsocanhaveRLS. Inchildren, theconditionmaybeassociatedwithsymptomsofattentiondeficit hyperactivitydisorder.However,it’snotfullyknownhowthe disordersarerelated.Sometimes“growingpains”canbemistaken forRLS. RLSisofteninherited.Pregnancy,kidneyfailure,andanemia relatedtoironorvitamindeficiencycantriggerorworsenRLS symptoms. Researcherssuspectthattheseconditionscauseaniron deficiencythatresultsinalackofdopamine,whichisusedbythe braintocontrolphysicalsensationandlimbmovements. Doctors usuallycandiagnoseRLSbypatients’symptomsandatelltale worseningofsymptomsatnightorwhileatrest. Somedoctorsmay orderabloodtesttocheckferretinlevels(ferretinisaformofiron). DoctorsalsomayaskpeoplewhohaveRLStospendanightina sleeplaboratory,wheretheyaremonitoredtoruleoutothersleep disordersandtodocumenttheexcessivelimbmovements. RLSistreatablebutnotalwayscurable. Dramaticimprovements areseenquicklywhenpatientsaregivendopaminelikedrugsor ironsupplements. Alternatively,peoplewhohavemildercasesmay betreatedsuccessfullywithsedativesorbehavioralstrategies. These  C   o m m  o n  S  l    e   e   p D  i    s   o r   d   e  r   s  48 strategiesincludestretching,takingahotbath,ormassagingthelegs beforebedtime. Avoidingcaffeinatedbeveragesalsocanhelpreduce symptoms,andcertainmedications(e.g.,someantidepressants, particularlyselectiveserotoninreuptakeinhibitors)maycauseRLS. If ironorvitamindeficiencyunderliesRLS,symptomsmayimprove withprescribediron,vitaminB12,orfolatesupplements. Some peoplemayrequireanticonvulsantmedicationstocontrolthe creepingandcrawlingsensationsintheirlimbs. Otherswhohave severesymptomsthatareassociatedwithanothermedicaldisorder orthatdonotrespondtonormaltreatmentsmayneedtobetreated withpainrelievers. Narcolepsy Narcolepsy’smainsymptomisextremeandoverwhelmingdaytime sleepiness,evenafteradequatenighttimesleep. Inaddition, nighttimesleepmaybefragmentedbyfrequentawakenings. People whohavenarcolepsyoftenfallasleepatinappropriatetimesand places. AlthoughTVsitcomsoccasionallyfeaturetheseindividuals togenerateafewlaughs,narcolepsyisnolaughingmatter. People whohavenarcolepsyexperiencedaytime“sleepattacks”thatlast fromsecondstomorethanonehalfhour,canoccurwithout warning,andmaycauseinjury. Theseembarrassingsleepspellsalso canmakeitdifficulttoworkandtomaintainnormalpersonalor socialrelationships. Withnarcolepsy,theusuallysharpdistinctionsbetweenbeingasleep andawakeareblurred. Also,peoplewhohavenarcolepsytendto falldirectlyintodreamfilledREMsleep,ratherthanenterREM sleepgraduallyafterpassingthroughthenonREMsleepstagesfirst. Inadditiontooverwhelmingdaytimesleepiness,narcolepsyhas threeothercommonlyassociatedsymptoms,butthesemaynot occurinallpeople: n   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y Sudden muscle weakness (cataplexy). Thisweaknessissimilar totheparalysisthatnormallyoccursduringREMsleep,butit lastsafewsecondstominuteswhileanindividualisawake. Cataplexytendstobetriggeredbysuddenemotionalreactions,suchasanger,surprise,fear,orlaughter. Theweakness mayshowupaslimpnessattheneck,bucklingoftheknees, orsaggingfacialmusclesaffectingspeech,oritmaycausea completebodycollapse. 49 SZE-PING “ ”  C   o m m  o n  S  l    e   e   p D  i    s   o r   d   e  r   s  50 n n Sleep paralysis. Peoplewhohavenarcolepsymayexperience atemporaryinabilitytotalkormovewhenfallingasleepor wakingup,asiftheyweregluedtotheirbeds. Vivid dreams. Thesedreamscanoccurwhenpeoplewho havenarcolepsyfirstfallasleeporwakeup. Thedreamsare solifelikethattheycanbeconfusedwithreality. Expertsestimatethatasmanyas350,000Americanshavenarcolepsy,butfewerthan50,000arediagnosed. Thedisordermaybeas widespreadasParkinson’sdiseaseormultiplesclerosis,andmore prevalentthancysticfibrosis,butitislesswellknown. Narcolepsy isoftenmistakenfordepression,epilepsy,ortheside effectsofmedicines. Narcolepsycanbedifficulttodiagnoseinpeople whohaveonlythesymptomofexcessivedaytime sleepiness. Itisusuallydiagnosedduringan overnightsleeprecording(PSG)thatisfollowed byanMSLT.(See“HowAreSleepDisorders Diagnosed?”onpage44.)Bothtestsreveal symptomsofnarcolepsy—thetendencyto fallasleeprapidlyandenterREM sleep early,evenduringbriefnaps.   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y Narcolepsycandevelopatanyage,but thesymptomstendtoappearfirstduring adolescenceorearlyadulthood. About1 ofevery10peoplewhohavenarcolepsy hasaclosefamilymemberwhohasthe disorder,suggestingthatonecaninherit atendencytodevelopnarcolepsy. Studiessuggestthatasubstanceinthe braincalledhypocretinplaysakey roleinnarcolepsy. Mostpeoplewho havenarcolepsylackhypocretin,which promoteswakefulness. Scientistsbelievethat anautoimmunereaction—perhapstriggered bydisease,viralillness,orbraininjury— specificallydestroysthehypocretingenerating cellsinthebrainsofpeoplewhohave narcolepsy. 51 Eventually,researchersmaydevelopatreatmentfornarcolepsythat restoreshypocretintonormallevels.Inthemeantime,mostpeople whohavenarcolepsyfindsometoalloftheirsymptomsrelievedby variousdrugtreatments.Forexample,centralnervoussystem stimulantscanreducedaytimesleepiness. Antidepressantsandother drugsthatsuppressREMsleepcanpreventmuscleweakness,sleep paralysis,andvividdreaming. Doctorsalsousuallyrecommendthat peoplewhohavenarcolepsytakeshortnaps(10–15minutes)twoor threetimesaday,ifpossible,tohelpcontrolexcessivedaytime sleepiness. Parasomnias(AbnormalArousals) Insomepeople,thewalking,talking,andotherbodyfunctions normallysuppressedduringsleepoccurduringcertainsleepstages. Alternatively,theparalysisorvividimagesusuallyexperienced duringdreamingmaypersistafterawakening. Theseoccurrences arecollectivelyknownasparasomniasandincludeconfusional arousals(amixedstateofbeingbothasleepandawake),sleep talking,sleepwalking,nightterrors,sleepparalysis,andREMsleep behaviordisorder(actingoutdreams). Mostofthesedisorders— suchasconfusionalarousals,sleepwalking,andnightterrors—are morecommoninchildren,whotendtooutgrowthemoncethey becomeadults. Peoplewhoaresleepdeprivedalsomayexperience someofthesedisorders,includingsleepwalkingandsleepparalysis. Sleepparalysisalsocommonlyoccursinpeoplewhohavenarcolepsy. Certainmedicationsorneurologicaldisordersappeartolead tootherparasomnias,suchasREMsleepbehaviordisorder,and theseparasomniastendtooccurmoreinelderlypeople. Ifyouora familymemberhaspersistentepisodesofsleepparalysis,sleep walking,oractingoutofdreams,talkwithyourdoctor. Taking measurestoassurethesafetyofchildrenandotherfamilymembers whohavepartialarousalsfromsleepisveryimportant.  C   o m m  o n  S  l    e   e   p D  i    s   o r   d   e  r   s  52 LAWRENCE “ ”   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y 53 DoYouThinkYouHavea SleepDisorder? Atvariouspointsinourlives,allofussufferfromalackofsleep thatcanbecorrectedbymakingsurewehavetheopportunitytoget enoughsleep.But,ifyouarespendingenoughtimeinbedandstill wakeuptiredorfeelverysleepyduringtheday,youmayhavea sleepdisorder.See“CommonSignsofaSleepDisorder”onpage34. Oneofthebestwaysyoucantellwhetheryouaregettingenough goodqualitysleep,andwhetheryouhavesignsofasleepdisorder,is bykeepingasleepdiary.(See“SampleSleepDiary”onpage54.) Usethisdiarytorecordthequalityandquantityofyoursleep;your useofmedications,alcohol,andcaffeinatedbeverages;yourexercise patterns;andhowsleepyyoufeelduringtheday. Afteraweekor so,lookoverthisinformationtoseehowmanyhoursofsleepor nighttimeawakeningsonenightarelinkedtoyourbeingtiredthe nextday. Thisinformationwillgiveyouasenseofhowmuch uninterruptedsleepyouneedtoavoiddaytimesleepiness. Youalso canusethediarytoseesomeofthepatternsorpracticesthatmay keepyoufromgettingagoodnight’ssleep. Youmayhaveasleepdisorderandshouldseeyourdoctorifyour sleepdiaryrevealsanyofthefollowing: n n n n Youconsistentlytakemorethan30minuteseachnighttofall asleep. Youconsistentlyawakenmorethanafewtimesorforlong periodsoftimeeachnight. Youtakefrequentnaps. Youoftenfeelsleepyduringtheday—oryoufallasleepat inappropriatetimesduringtheday. D   o Y   o  u T  h  i   n k  Y   o  u H   a  v   e   a   S  l    e   e   p D  i    s   o r   d   e  r  ?  54 SampleSleepDiary  Name:    g    n    i    n    r    o    M    e    h    t    n    i    e    t    e    l    p    m    o    C  Today’s date (include month/day/year): Monday*  Time I went to bed last night: 11 p.m.  Time I woke up this morning: 7 a.m. No. of hours slept last night: 8 Number of awakenings and total time awake last night: 5 times 2 hours How long I took to fall asleep last night: 30 mins. Medications taken last night: None How awake did I feel when I got up this morning? 1—Wide awake 2—Awake but a little tired 3—Sleepy 2 Number of caffeinated drinks (coffee, tea, cola) and time when I had them today: 1 drink at 8 p.m. Number of alcoholic drinks (beer, wine, liquor) and time    g when I had them today:    n   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y    i    n    e    v    E    e    h    t    n    i    e    t    e    l    p    m    o    C 2 drinks 9 p.m. Naptimes and lengths today: 3:30 p.m. 45 mins. Exercise times and lengths today: None How sleepy did I feel during the day today? 1—So sleepy had to struggle to stay awake during much of the day 2—Somewhat tired 3—Fairly alert 4—Wide awake 1 * This column shows example diary entries—use as a model for your own diary notes. 55 D   o Y   o  u T  h  i   n k  Y   o  u H   a  v   e   a   S  l    e   e   p D  i    s   o r   d   e  r  ?  56 HowToFindaSleepCenter andSleepSpecialist Ifyourdoctorrefersyoutoasleepcenterorsleepspecialist,make surethatcenterorspecialistisqualifiedtodiagnoseand treatyour sleepproblem. TofindsleepcentersaccreditedbytheAmerican AcademyofSleepMedicine,goto www.aasmnet.organdclickon“Finda SleepCenter”(underthePatients&Public menu),orcall708–492–0930. Tofind sleepspecialistscertifiedbytheAmerican BoardofSleepMedicine,goto www.absm.organdclickon “VerificationofDiplomatesof theABSM.”   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y 57 Research  Researchershavelearnedalotaboutsleepandsleepdisordersin recentyears. Thatknowledgehasledtoabetterunderstandingof theimportanceofsleeptoourlivesandourhealth. Research supportedbytheNationalHeart,Lung,andBloodInstitute (NHLBI)hashelpedidentifysomeofthecausesofsleepdisorders andtheireffectsontheheart,brain,lungs,and otherbodysystems. TheNHLBIalsosupportsongoingresearchonthemosteffective waystodiagnoseandtreatsleepdisorders. Manyquestionsremainaboutsleepandsleepdisorders. The NHLBIcontinuestosupportarangeofresearchthatfocuseson: n n n n Betterunderstandingofhowalackofsleepincreasestherisk forobesity,diabetes,heartdisease,andstroke Newwaystodiagnosesleepdisorders Genetic,environmental,andsocialfactorsthatleadtosleep disorders Theadverseeffectsfromalackofsleeponbodyandbrain Muchofthisresearchdependsonthewillingnessofvolunteersto participateinclinicalresearch. Ifyouwouldliketohelpresearchers advancescienceonsleeporaboutasleepdisorderyouhaveand possibletreatments,talktoyourdoctoraboutparticipatingin clinicalresearch.(Formoreinformation,see“ClinicalResearch”on page58.) R   e   s   e   a  r   c  h  58 Clinical Research Researchers can learn quite a bit about sleep and sleep disorders by studying animals. However, to fully understand sleep and its affect on health and functioning, as well as how best to diagnose and treat sleep disorders, researchers need to do clinical research on people. This type of research is called clinical research because it is often conducted in clinical settings, such as hospitals or doctors’ offices. The two types of clinical research are clinical trials and clinical studies. l   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y Clinical trials test new ways to diagnose, prevent, or treat various disorders. For example, treatments (such as medicines, medical devices, surgery, or other procedures) for a disorder need to be tested in people who have the disorder. A trial helps determine whether a treatment is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for public use. In a clinical trial, participants are randomly assigned to groups. One group receives the new treatment being tested. Other groups may receive a different treatment or a placebo (an inactive substance resembling a drug being tested). Comparing results from the groups gives researchers confidence that changes in the test group are due to the new treatment and not to other factors. 59 l Other types of clinical studies  are done to discover the factors, including environmental, behavioral, or genetic factors, that cause or worsen various disorders. Researchers may follow a group of people over time to learn what factors contribute to becoming sick. Clinical studies and trials may be relatively brief, or may last for years and require many visits to the study sites. These sites usually are university hospitals or research centers, but they can include private doctors’ offices and community hospitals. If you participate in clinical research, the research will be explained to you in detail, you will be given a chance to ask questions, and you will be asked to provide written permission. You may not directly benefit from the results of the clinical research you participate in, but the information gathered will help others and will add to scientific knowledge. Taking part in clinical research has other benefits, as well. You’ll learn more about your disorder, you’ll have the support of a team of health care providers, and your health will likely be monitored closely. However, participation also can have risks, which you should discuss with your doctor. No matter what you decide, your regular medical care will not be affected. If you’re thinking about participating in a clinical study, you may have questions about the purpose of the study, the types of tests and treatment involved, how participation will affect your daily life, and whether any costs are involved. Your doctor may be able to answer some of your questions and help you find clinical studies in which you can participate. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn about being in a study and to search for clinical trials being done on your disorder: l www.clinicaltrials.gov l http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov l www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm ClinicalResearch  R   e   s   e   a  r   c  h  60 ForMoreSleepInformation ResourcesFromtheNationalHeart,Lung,andBlood Institute(NHLBI) National Center on Sleep Disorders Research DivisionofLungDiseases,NHLBI TwoRockledgeCentre,Suite10170 6701RockledgeDrive Bethesda,MD20895–7952 Phone: 301–435–0199 Fax: 301–480–3451 Website:www.nhlbi.nih.gov/sleep NHLBI Diseases and Conditions Index (DCI) TheDCIincludesarticlesonsleepdisorders,tests, andprocedures,alongwithvideos,podcasts,and Spanishlanguagearticles. Website:www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/index.html   NHLBI Health Information Center P.O.Box30105 Bethesda,MD20824–0105 Telephone:301–592–8573 TTY:240–629–3255 Fax: 301–592–8563 Email: [email protected] Website:www.nhlbi.nih.gov   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y NIH Office of Science Education Web site (forhighschool supplementalcurriculum: Sleep,SleepDisorders,and BiologicalRhythms) http:// science.education.nih.gov 61 ResourcesFromOtherSleepOrganizations American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) 2510NorthFrontageRoad Darien,IL60561 Telephone:630–737–9700 Fax: 630–737–9790 Website:www.aasmnet.org American Sleep Apnea Association 6856EasternAvenue,NW.,Suite203 Washington,DC20012 Telephone:202–203–3650 Fax: 202–293–3656 Website:www.sleepapnea.org Narcolepsy Network P.O.Box294 Pleasantville,NY10570 Telephone:401–667–2523 Fax: 401–633–6567 Email: [email protected] Website:www.narcolepsynetwork.org National Sleep Foundation 1010NorthGlebeRoad,Suite310 Arlington,VA22201 Telephone:703–243–1697 Email: [email protected] Website:www.sleepfoundation.org Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation 161014thStreet,NW.,Suite300 Rochester,MN55901 Telephone:507–287–6465 Fax: 507–287–6312 Email: [email protected] Website:www.rls.org F   o r  M  o r   e   S  l    e   e   p I   n f    o r  m  a   t   i    o n 62 Notes  ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________   p   e   e    l    S   y    h    t    l   a   e    H   o    t   e    d    i   u    G   r   u   o    Y ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 63 Notes  ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ N   o  t    e   s  Discrimination Prohibited: Under provisions of applicable public laws enacted by Congress since 1964, no person in the United States shall, on the grounds of race, color, national origin, handicap, or age, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity (or, on the basis of sex, with respect to any education program or activity) receiving Federal financial assistance. In addition, Executive Order 11141 prohibits discrimination on the basis of age by contractors and subcontractors in the performance of Federal contracts, and Executive Order 11246 states that no federally funded contractor may discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Therefore, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute must be operated in compliance with these laws and Executive Orders.