Transcript
How
WRITE
TO
RULES
EXER""$]"S
AND
ENGLISH
CLEARLY.
COMPOSITION.
BY
REV. HEAD
THE
EDWIN MASTER
THE
A. OF
AUTHOR'S
ABBOTT,
CIT^'OF
THE
LONDON
COPYRIGHT
BOSTON: ROBERTS
BROTHERS.
1876.
M.A., SCHOOL.
EDITION.
MOSES BERNARD
Cambridge
:
Press
of
John Wilson and
Son.
PREFACE.
ALMOST so
English
every
far
least
at
of words.
boy
clearness
as
Force,
difficult
to
teach,
writing
can
be
writing
clearly
depends and
elegance, and
far
the
the of
variety
rules.
to
main
of
clearly,
arrangement
style learn
to
are
more
but
;
teach
the
these
Rules
To
object
write
to
upon
difficult
more
reduced is
taught
be
can
clear
of
art
and
Exercises.
Ambiguity but
also
from
other from
and
words,
arise,
may
removable
by
not
neglected,
are
obscurity dozen
of
art
clearly.
writing
almost
acquisition
forcible
But mere
manipulation
of
implies
more.
much
forcibly valuable
as
"
a
Parliament, all,
above
lutions reso-
of
instances
abundant
of
neglect
monotonous
tinually con-
some
rules.
simple
The
the
from
arising
this
suggest
to
in
Speeches
furnish
though
few
and
articles, and,
and
are
in
some
ambiguity,
case.
public meetings,
at
out
single
causes
considered
point
to
of
each
in
narratives
newspaper
is
of
therefore,
prominently
causes
remedies
These
and
rules,
rather
recurring definite
definite
arrangement,
misuse
the
from
"
bad
from
thought.
not
object
My
causes
confused
not
book.
only
not
781074
is
;
it is
of a
not,
of
art
and
higher
writing
clear
like
mechanism much
valuable
a
course, the
as
expression
question words
is, of
of
power,
pression, ex-
the and
6
Preface. Writing clearly
man
think
may
himself,but will)
be
able
clearly is
a
reason
may
(though
and
be
clearlyexpressed writing is the
other
(to
must
Jews
"
by Titus.
implies knowledge, and
it
have
must
well
implies to
eyes
words
as
writing, and
of
forcible
who
often
a
vivid
a
the
vivid
sentence
help
knowledge
writing ; in
the
The
Latin
and
forcible far less
to
the
Greek
them
a
of
stand
in
long
a
ThucydMes
idiom
our
rules.
write
to
periods that
as
exercises, clear
devoted
links
writer
hence, though
and
the
into
It
of knowledge,
Hence
space
The
?
everything,
sees.
easily rendered of
great deal
of
terminated ex-
imply
writing also, is
enable
to
clearly. not
are
the
of
this
side
he
tasteful is clear
"almost
as
imagination.
what
studying
of
English
Cicero
most
are
need
some
very
writing is exemplified
especial and
does
see
than
writing occupies Boys
what
and
captured,"
but
But
also
course
"
as
subdued"
describe
to
of rules
matter
and
write
forcibly, describe illustration)
salt,"not
"
being
as
the
it.
is to
man
a
with
sown
not
if
of
it reveals
when
beneath
can
medium
transparent
well-known
"
is concerned
illogicalthought
or
the
meaning
a
Writing
that.
repeated according
beneficial
hand,
use
Jerusalem as the
indeed,
of the
illogicalnature he
and
obscure
least
not
he
that
adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions,
Even ;
probable
all
for
Dogberry
as
of words
auxiliaryverbs, placed
definite rules.1
On
clearly
of
to
clear
it is not
arrangement
as
matter
mere
obscurely
as
write
to
A
imply thinking clearly.
not
and
far
so
"
"
he
does
connect
without
English
an
sentence.
There
is
logical,than
as
1
Punctuation referred
slovenly fault
better
scarcely any
is to
of
in
the
task
fullydiscussed this book
trustingtoo
only much
of
training,rhetorical
to
far
English Grammars, as
is necessary
punctuation, and
to too
and
point
little to
well into
construing Thucydides
in most so
as
is therefore out
the
ment. arrange-
Preface. genuine English English
and
in for
the
and
examinations
our
language.
should
pupils
our
By
Greek
construing good
and
Latin
pupils systematically unlearn pick
to
I must Bain's
treatise to
his
been
able
to
agree
taste
; but
I find
the be
"
of
use
better
known.1
between
for
instance,
latelyin are
a
pedants
and
Rhetoric,"
Bain
and
matters
of
admiration
for
to
as
express
my
"
Bain's
; it is
the
rule
8) deserves
(see Rule
of
his
of
suggestiveness
which
forms
always
not
ambiguity produced by
Radical
many
the
fusion con-
is not
Relative
a
Take,
practicallyserious.
is "and
they, i.e. all
"there that
admitting Therefore, have
a
whether
say
members
his useful
to
to
stress
point
House
who
Christian."
a
the in the
members
meaning House," of
the
Bain, apparently rule,amends
to me
seems
laying due
the
being
Professor
that
endeavoured
for
Radical
many
"c."?
manner
while
is to
the Radical
exceptions
no
in
Minister
who
good
a
cannot
in
sentences
hence,
are
members
Prime
years
rule, I
Shakespeare.
following sentence, which appeared ablest of our There weekly periodicals:
forgive the
House
from
the
Twenty
or
"
and
two
been
"
one
good
cannot
"
have
our
may
particular,Professor
In
The
these
fiction of
mere
that
English,
I have
Professor
it difficult to
Composition.
on
bad
they
English Grammar. with
college for
and
Composition
systematic thoroughness
book
to
and
native
their
large obligations to Professor
very
"English
on
also
on
what
Milton
acknowledge
and
the
from
up
into
current
pass
over
school
at
rated tole-
increasing the
of
possess
marks
getting
to
instead
Greek-
is often
that
is allowed
diminishes
English,
that
allowed
long-winded
flat,vague,
Latin-English imposture
genuine
power
; but
7
on
out
many
intolerablyharsh. the
utilityof
the
and
explain
the
exceptions. 1
Before between
meeting the
with
Professor
Relatives
"Shakespearian Grammar,"
is
Bain's
generally
paragraph
259.
rule, I had observed
shown
that
the
by Shakespeare.
ence differSee
Preface.
8 rules
The intended
stated
are
not
the
while
is
of
given
given, are
exercises
The
viva with
the
made.
unclassified his
; but
for the
own
common
is the fault in each
what
Besides
each
references
sentence,
to difficulty
any
that
be
how
tioned ques-
they
require
not
any
non-arrangement mixed
together anything show
industry, to
exercises
first been
for
alterations
it is
rules, notes
the
used
relyingupon
him
be amended.
to
attached
are
ought
painstaking boy
a
has
he
provided
the
to
so
and
revised,
may
purposely
and
case,
be
will rather
or
been
sense
also
several
prevent the pupil from
to
and
them,
teachers
have
rules.
the
out
are
being shut, the pupils,
before
arrangement
They
may
by
that
examples
written
they
rules
illustrate
to
books
The
reasons
of the exercises.
be
to
exercises
the
few
but
prove,
Experienced
explanation of
The
ference re-
exercises.
the
prove
are
for
as
the
at
to
attempt
intended
written to
as
but
to
usually are
their
have
not
instruction.
voce
working
examples.
are
exercises
as
is
no
themselves
by
use
pupil
Consequently, there accumulations
for
much
so
possible,and
brieflyas
as
not
of twelve
to
present
thirteen,
or
fairlytrained
to
in
English
grammar. The
"
Continuous
and those
for whom
modernize,
to
of
the and
and
Clarendon, and
intended
are
authors,
but
to
show
intended.
speak,
to
improve how
upon
their
modern
by teacher
is
1
from
Sir Archibald this
author
pupil,there Alison
are
stands
intended
on
to
a
exhibit
the
older
than
My
ambitious,
different
dangers
object has,
style of might
The
loss is
these
be
recognized
footing.
pressed ex-
of the
charm
in my
of
attempt
style of Burnet,
the
nothing,
very
culty, diffi-
appear
English. if the
more
The
meaning
style is necessarilylost,but and
the
explanation.
some
to
somewhat
Butler,1 may
Bishop
clearlyin
more
boys are
clarify,so
been
not
for
rather
present
Exercises
perhaps requires course,
"
Extracts
both
opinion, to The
extracts
verbosity and
geration. exag-
Preface. counterbalance Bain
speaks
exercise, the of
method
better
it
expression.
imperfectly
respects
laws
the
to
writers
and
the
be
might
exclusively, drawn
not
be
other
or
prescribe passages
some
older
Our
proprieties of style. though
in
English
an
way
to
according
amended
be
to
some
than
but
containing good matter, worded,
For
:
pupil disciplinedin giving
the
no
in
"
l
effect
same
should
matter
supplied, and I know
the
to
fessor Pro-
exercises.
utilityof such
obvious
the
9
tensively, ex-
for
upon
this
purpose." To
of the
some
I
indebted
am
desire
I
to
and
of
Fellow
St.
the
of London
; also
to
School,
particular the
in
already
English People," these
revising
pages.
the
to
of
several
R.
for
School,
Rev.
J.
I must
Fellow
Vardy,
and
copious
colleagues
my
whom
among
A.
Rev.
been
John's College, Cambridge,
of St. Paul's
Master
suggestions
in
for
especial obligations
valuable
City
help
has
help
Lessons
further
express
Second
whose
English
for
Lupton, late
H.
"
in
acknowledged
friends
at
mention
of
Trinity
College,Cambridge.
Before I wish book of
electrotypingthe to
has
Rules
say
one
been for
word
used
reference
construing, from
36, 37,
about
Metaphor
and
correcting faults I have
middle
may
of
be
classes *
"
their
Thucydides
5, 30, 34,
of
of
and
in
our
to
of
great
have their
the
a
collection
Latin in
have
been and
rules
Greek
well
schools. Rhetoric,"
found
useful
this way, as
In
The
use.
also
highest
English Composition and
this
construing lessons.
hopes that, used service
Edition^
in which
manner
especially, I
400,
Climax
taste
the
Revised
highest class,as
my in
Rules
book
to
as
by
and
Fourth
p. viL
positions. com-
this as
in
to
little the
CONTENTS.
PAGE
INDEX
OF
RULES 11"13
RULES 14
40 "
SHORT
63
EXERCISES
41 "
CONTINUOUS
EXERCISES
64
CLARENDON
70 "
"
BURNET "
70"73
"
BUTLER
74"75
"
SIR "
"
ARCHIBALD
ALISON
76"78
INDEX
RULES.
OF
I.
CLEARNESS
AND
FORCE.
WORDS.
USE
1.
words
in
their
2.
exaggerations.
3.
Avoid
useless
4.
Be
careful
circumlocution
in
the
.
.
.
careful
in the
careful
the
5.
Be
6.
Report a speech ambiguity.
avoid
Use
a.
speaker 6 b.
7.
you
cases
Do
9.
or
First
where
Person,
where
"
the
he
"that," "
words
exact
use
of
the
"
"
it,"
and
or
if
use
allows.
euphony "
"
for
"while," what
"
"
or
is
which,"
or
he"
"for
Person.
"
who
"
Pronoun,
which
and
to
necessary
in
Relative
and
"
use
not
"it,"
be
to
that
the
using meaning is
other
"he,"
the
in
words, e.g. " certain." "'they," "these," "c.
given. a speech in the Third use a Participle implying "when," show "that," clearly by the context
When
if the In
.
ambiguous
Person
"
of
Omission
When
of
use
intended
not
are
of
use
Third
the
"though," implied. 8.
in
writing."
"not
or," "that."
"not
Be
a.
6
of
use
"fine
and .
"only," 4
sense.
proper
Avoid
for
it."
Exceptions.
which."
: (a] Participle or Adjective ; Equivalents for the Relative "c. ; (d) "Ifaman-" "whereto," (b] Infinitive ; (":)"Whereby," "And "c. of he," "and this," (e) (g) omission ; (/) "what;"
10.
Relative. 10
non-repetition Use
11. 1 1
the
Repeat
a.
causes
particular
Avoid
a.
Verbal
12.
Use
particular
13.
Use
metaphor
14.
Do
confuse
not
14
a.
Do
14
b.
Do
any for
mix
not not
use
persons instead
Avoid Verbs
where instead of
of
literal
a
the
38.
See
ambiguity. general terms.
Nouns
Relative, where
the
before
Antecedent
Nouns.
abstract be
can
used.
class.
statement.
metaphor. metaphor with literal to poetic metaphor
statement.
illustrate
a
prosaic
subject. ORDER
Emphatic
15. the
most
15 end.
a-
part,
OF
words at
the
Unemphatic Exceptions.
WORDS
must
IN
stand
beginning words
or
must,
SENTENCE.
A
in the as
emphatic positions ; i.e.,for end a
of
rule,
the be
sentence.
kept
from
the
Index
r.2
15 " 1
An
6.
of Rules.
gives emphasis. interrogationsometimes if ferred Subject, unusually emphatic, should often be transthe beginning of the sentence. for Object is sometimes placed before the Verb
The from
17. The
emphasis. 1
the
8.
Where
several
words
emphatic, make
are
emphatic. Emphasis can word. epithet,or an intensifying most
an
Words
19. which
should
be
as
sometimes
possible
as
near
grammatically connected. Adverbs should be placed next 20. intended to qualify. 21. Only" ; the strict rule is that they
to
is
given by adding the
with
words
are
"
before
it clear which
be
the word
to
"
the
words
"
should
only
they be
are
placed
it affects.
also," see that each is only" precedes "but of same speech. by part and other adverbial adjuncts,someAt times least," always," 23. produce ambiguity. the Nouns that they define. should be placed near 24. Nouns the Nouns should follow to which they refer, 25. Pronouns When
22.
followed
"not
the
"
"
without
the intervention
26. as
Clauses
close
27.
be
must
28.
distinct from Where
29.
the
on
that
there
are
word
same
antecedent
or
be
are
those infinitives,
that
distinct
from
be
must
see 55. "if-clauses"
should
preceded by independent.
several
kept
kept
clauses.
the consequent
"that"
clauses
those
the
sentences,
distinct from
Dependent
Noun.
are
conditional
kept
other
should grammatically connected parentheses. But possible. Avoid
that
together as
In
of any
be
are
kept dent depen-
those
that
not.
are
principleof Suspense. duce It is a violation of the principle of suspense to intro30 a. short and unexpectedly at the end of a long sentence, some unemphatic clause beginning with (a) not," (b) which." be excessive. not 31. Suspense must In with sentence a "if," when," though," "c., put the 32. 30.
The
"
"
"
"
"if-clause,"antecedent, or protasis,first. or 33. Suspense is gained by placing a Participle that
the qualifies
34. the one
Subject, before
Suspensive Conjunctions, hand," "c.,
add
the
e.g. clearness.
Adjective,
vSubject. "either,"
"not
only," "on
its omission would cause Repeat the Subject, where obscurityor ambiguity. 36. Repeat a Preposition after an intervening Conjunction, if especially a Verb and an Object also intervene. Pronominal 37. Repeat Conjunctions, Auxiliary Verbs, and Adjectives. after the Conjunctions "than," "as," "c. 37 a. Repeat Verbs
35.
Index the
38. Repeat
Subject, or
of what
summary is difficult
Clearness
39.
the
prepares the whole
other
some
increased, when
is
for
forming
13
emphatic word, or so long that
been
the
way
Rules.
is said, if the sentence of meaning unbroken. thread
has
keep
to
of
the
middle,
kind
a
the
of
the sentence
beginning of
and
the middle This
ascent.
a
it
for the
end,
is called
ascent
"climax." the
When
40.
feebleness,and
of
A
a.
Epigram.
43.
each
Avoid
The
as
descends,
The
descent
introduced
pectedly. unex-
clearness.
only
and
one,
principalsubject
sentences.
different
be
must
sentences
of
Conjunctions, by means beginning of the sentence. between two long sentences short intervening sentence
kept other
some
the
at
requires thought. a
or
paragraphs showing the
of
transition
BREVITY.
II.
46. Metaphor General
47.
be
or
connection
sometimes
one,
between
used
connecting words 45.
but
the result.
not
often
heterogeneous
connection
The
and
have
sentence
Adverbs
by
up
force
adds
Let
thought.
should
construction
new
42.
44.
ascend,
to
confusion, is
sometimes
Antithesis
41.
expected
"bathos."
is called 40
is
thought
is briefer
terms
literal statement.
than
less
briefer,though
are
forcible,than
ticular par-
terms.
A
be expressed by a word. phrase may sometimes often be used brief (though sometimes 48. Participles as may ambiguous) equivalents of phrases containing Conjunctions and 47
a.
Verbs.
Participles, Adjectives,ParticipialAdjectives,and Nouns be used as equivalentsfor phrases containing the Relative. may be brieflyimplied instead of sometimes 50. A statement may being expressed at length. be omitted. Adverbs, e.g. "very," 51. Conjunctions may "so." Exaggerated epithets, "incalculable, ''"unprecedented." t?.^. 49.
51
a.
may
if "c."
"
be used for may be used, so as to
imperative
Apposition
52. into
The
convert
two
sentences
one.
53. common
several
Condensation
Subject of Verbs
or
Prepositions.
Repeating
54.
Tautology.
55.
Parenthesis
56.
Brevity often
firstconsideration.
be effected by not repeating (i) the may several Verbs Object of ; (2) the common
maybe
used
clashes
what with
with
be
implied. advantage to brevity. See may
clearness.
Let
clearness
be
26. the
CLEARNESS
FORCE.
AND
Numbers
brackets
in
refer
Rules*
the
to
WORDS.
1. Use
words
Write,
not
"His
him,"
but
"occur,"
"
"his and
This
rule
power
"power"
is used
for
also
forbids
rule
This
this,
Avoid
"The
"
Here
often
are
Avoid
"
Her
See
"c.
of
in
use
of
different
senses.
since
Here
I
the
have
second
"nice,"
"awfully,"
(2).
Majesty of"
"Partook
here
heart
that
of
the
with
the
circumlocution
implies
"
The
follows.
pendous "stu-
and
"fine
is
writing,"
'
Write
and
sharing,
for
way.
and
of lunch.
partook
sufficed
"very,"
loose
same
almost
what
"incalculable," in
furnished
empire
have
would
is inconsistent
used
useless
the
corn,
"
inexhaustible
"
3.
slovenly
the
"unprecedented,"
words
it,"
together.
and
request, do
and
verse," "con-
"authority."
plains
supplies population."
the
twice
in
and
exaggerations.
boundless
inexhaustible
owning dis-
"
and
confused
word
your
in
transpire
"reverse"
same
lawfully
may
"
often
are
the
refuse
"glorious,"
"delicious," 2.
I
"event,"
of
use
to
power
my do
to
the
"supernatural," and
friends
"Conscious"
guilt."
"elicit,"
and
forbids
in
is
"
his
guilt justified
evident
circumstance
"eliminate"
sense.
proper
apparent
"unnatural"
"aware,"
"It
their
in
'
"
lunched.
incorrect
as
well
as
lengthy. So,
do
not
"individual
4. .
.
1
while
Be .
the
for
careful
and,"
For,
use "
at
"apex"
for
"man,"
"assist"
how
"any,"
the
reader .
beginning: is finding
use
you
"only," of out
a
sentence, whether
"species"
"top," for
the
"help,"
following .
sometimes
it is
used
"kind,"
"c.
words
:
"not
or," "that."1
"not .
for
.
causes as
a
temporary
conjunction
doubt, or
position. pre-
Words. And.
below, "Or."
See
Any.
"I
"
send."
15
this
Does
bound
not
am
mean
receive
to
or
every,
that you messenger single? Use "every" or
a
any
single."
-a
Not. enemy
(i) "I do "c." ought to
reason
for not
intend
not
"
(2),
mean
you, because you I intend not to help you,
help
to "
are helping you is,because you used intend "I to mean (3), wrongly
it is often
are
my
and
my But
enemy." help you,
my to
not
because
(but because you are poor, blind, "c. you are my enemy the latter case, not ought to be separated from intend. the influence of not distinctly marking the limits to which
)."
In
the
Only
is often
to
me
ambiguity
to
sentences
But
21.
see
Or. used
like
"
be
"You butter
butter
don't ;
I, on
this "
honey
or
is
there
The
"
:
me
so
much
a.
Be
4
different much
so
Write
The
uses
.
.
used "
same
that
careful
form
in
alone."
of
use
"
not .
.
honey
you
"
butter
.
want
want
honey
or
I
and
that
"
of
I
that"
use
of
"
not
for "I
I don't neither
want
of
slightestdanger
I
see
see
"
I do
neither
them
produce
not
see
reply past
"so" of
I
"
see
ambiguity,
that
what read
Thomas
both
much
this statement
desirous
am
scarcelyknow
in the
"
that
rare,
.
for
I do
surprised by
statement
jay
in the
"you
and."
not
resigning,that I scarcelyknow has impossibleto tell,till one the first "that" depends upon
whether
and
is the
it is
Here
but
nor.
"
of
butter
meaning is so regularlyused
"
am
for
strict
contrary, do not
"
e.g. "I
used
The
both
want
the
honey." But where ambiguity, it is desirable to use The same ambiguity attends Thomas and John is commonly but it nor John ; might mean, only one of them." "
helping;"
:
nor
That.
This
both."
them
butter
is often
of
help
rest
wait."
to
me
instead
The
"
however, Practically, want
advise
"nor."
like
nor
you
honey
or
I want
"
"
alone.
is
follows
as
say
for
preceded by a negative,as "I do not honey," "or" ought not, strictly speaking, to be
and,"
would
or
"or"
or
"
only"
"you
When
"
butter
want
ambiguously myself; you only "you only advise,
mean,
similar
removed.
used
revenge
ought
be
may
By tends, ex-
"
I to
sirous de-
am
make."
resigning,"
"statement"
or
resigningsurprises
"c."
ambiguous
words,
e.g. "certain."
L
sound, but different
in
meaning.
Even
where
there
is
6
1
Clearness obscurity,the juxtapositionof
no
inelegant,
"
(Bain),
e.g.
He
and
Force.
the
same
word
to
the
left and
turned
twice
used
lejt the
in two
is
senses
room."
I have known the followingslovenly sentence misunderstood : "Our object is that, with the aid of practice, we sometime arrive the where at point may " think eloquence in its most we To lie " has been praiseworthy form to lie" " deceive." to supposed to mean
careful
5. Be the
* *
He
hour
of
use
his
told
he
thought ambiguity is
different
to
that
if he
did
also caused
by
"God, certain
The
ambiguity arising
is well known. persons feel better in half an not
better return."
this sort, "c. foreseeingthe disorders
in this way,
us
friend
8.)
see
applying
he had
Much as
he
"it," "they,"
"he,"
use
you
(For "which"
"these," "C. from
how
(6) for remedy.
See
excessive
of such
use
phrases
of
passions
and
affections
disorders.
objects are, these compassion." Repeat the noun
Of
human
which
has
nature, arise
this sort
these
"Among
:
of
from,
given whose
or
fear, resentment,
are
affections
passionsand
are
fear"c." Two
distinct
of
it may
be
noted.
when
//,
referringto be something precedes, may "retrospective;" but when that to follows, something "prospective." In "Avoid indiscriminate it is retrospective.1 In charity: it is a crime," "// is a crime to give indiscriminately," "it" is prospective. The prospective it,"if productive of ambiguity, can often be omitted criminately by using the infinitive as a subject: "To give indisuses
that
called
"
"
"
is
speech in the First,not the Third Person, to avoid ambiguity. Speeches in the necessary
Report
6.
where third
crime."
a
a
afford
person
particular,though
a
the
generalambiguity
his
friend
to his
6
friend,
*
If/
Sometimes,
a.
words, and
if he
that
where
or
mentioned
did
the uninteresting-,
Essex
is asking
Sir
not
don't
(QIC you]
where the exact
in
feel
the
(5).
Cecil
feel better
writer
that
Person "
is
some
It
had
place which
deserved
1
require condensation,
and
the
Bacon
Thus,
may is in Lord
becomes
then
be
where
appointed Macanlay's
tedious
it drops
exact
lengthy
or
preferable.
it
said
"
know
always
told
"He
unimportant,
Francis
He
of
and
interesting un-
into the Third
:
Sir Robert the
to
to
as
case, "
write
"c.'
cannot
Attorney-General, the dialogue is (as it almost writings) in the First Person, except where so
"c.,"
better
words are Third Person
Robert
very common Instead of
such
should Noun
a
nothing to he hoped
mark
refer
superior
of
say
but
that
he
thought
his
own
that his father's obtain, and gratitude from the Queen." to
abilities equal long services
(i)either to the Noun immediately preceding, or (2)to in emphasis. all intervening Nouns to See (25).
Words.
17
in a speech reported in the Third of "that" 6b. Omission third person, that need when Even Person. a speech is reported in the Thus, instead of "He not always be inserted before the dependent verb. write, not said that he took it ill that his promises were believed," we may This gives a little more life,and sometimes He took it ill,' he said, that "c.'" "
"
"
"
'
'
7. When
is
what
walking," implying that,"make it clear by
"
implied.
the first
Republics,in
"
as Participle,
a
"while," "though,"
context
"
use
you
"when," the
also.
clearness
more
instance, are
desired
never
for their
they will finallybe desired at all, unaccompanied'by courtlygraces and good breeding." since they the meaning is Here there is a littledoubt whether are, or, //"theyare, unaccompanied." sakes.
own
I do
think
not
"
That
when.
or
walk)
on
is better
It
they
instead
(1) " While (2) "Because
relative
is meant,
to
walk,"
that
"men
use
when
"men
mean
participle. he
)
was
he
r-...
\
was
WalkmS
on on
road, ) h( ice, \
\ (i) the
,
j (2) the
"
f
"
precedes the subject,it generallyimplies participle Otherwise it generallyhas its : "Seeing this, he retired." He retired,keeping his face meaning, e.g. participial us." at If there is any ambiguity,write "on seeing," time, or while, keeping.
When a
walking"
men
use
If the
of the
they
when
or
fall." "
to
walk."
walking (that walk,
"Men
"
ice sometimes
the
cause
"
proper towards
"
"
"
the
same
8. When and
"which"
"for
the
using
the
where
he, it,"c."
Relative
nevertheless stood
he ((3)
will
Pronoun,
meaning
In other
/(i)he
retreat."
use
"who"
he, it,"c.," "that," if euphony
is "and
use
cases
soon
allows. "
the
I heard
guard
"
Fetch
that travelled
(all)the
me
pamphlets, which An
adherence
Thus
"There
:
door
a
was
the train. that
this rule
to a "
great nuisance a
with books
lie
;"
this (i.e. the
public-housethat
much
door,
would
ambiguity.
which
fact of its
the (i.e. B
the floor."
on
remove
that
whereas
table, and also the
the
will find
public-housenext
and
it from
"
on
would
heard
(and he)
who inspector,
(and these) you
was
nuisance," means was
the
this from
was
being
have
meant
public-house)
a
was
great
door)
next "
Next
a
great
1
and
Clearness
8
nuisance." about
whereas
antecedent,
"
introduce
"
be, maintained
cannot It is not, and in Elizabethan
(Probably a general impression
authors.
has assisted "who" to refer to persons of relative.) But the convenience
used as
a
that
English, is observed
observed
this
by in
the
the
modern
is
be
cannot
supplanting rule
with
in
best
"that"
that
with
rule, though
our
that"
*'
great that
so
adhere
advantage composition may who of where the The cases followingare some mostly used, contrary to the rule, instead of that.
beginners
thing some-
travelled
is
to
fact
new
or incomplete defined. unabove, "inspector" is a new fact about him;
incomplete, and requires "that complete the meaning.
"guard"
a
introduces
is
Thus, in the first example introduces complete in itself,and "who" train
"
that
antecedent
the
which
without
"c.
"which,"
"Who,"
the
Force.
the rule.
to
which
and
are
Exceptions
:" antecedent
the
When
(a)
English
who
uses "
to
His
say
is defined, e.g. by a It is rare, of that. English friends that had those
English friends, or (3)
That
ill when
sounds
possessive not
him"
seen
English friends, that had
of his
separated
from
its verb
from
and
modern
case,
it would
though
instead
not
be
ful,1 use-
for
"the
him."
seen
its antecedents,
and are that, though emphasized by isolation : "There many persons and good-tempered, that, if not strongly commonly unscrupulous, are Incited by self-interest,are ready for the most part to think of the interest ivho after that when of their neighbours." Shakespeare frequently uses the relative is repeated. See " Shakespearian Grammar," par. 260. be that. is qualifiedby that, the relative must not (c) If the antecedent is the Addison other Besides disagreeable. considerations, repetition " that I made That remark ridicules such language as yesterday is not I had made." I said that I regretted that that that hence the throws be preceded by a preposition, and cannot (d) That is to" This is the I adhere "This rule that prepositionto the end. avoided. sometimes unnecessarily But, though English, perfectlygood is harsh and objectionable,e.g. with some prepositions,the construction Such the prejudices that I jumped This is the mark were beyond" of these is that some The above." that he reason rose disyllabic prepositionsare used as adverbs, and, when separated from their nouns, give one the impression that they are used as adverbs. modern Engl'sh (e) After pronominal adjectivesused for personal pronouns, "
"
"
who.
prefers
There
are
others, several, those, -who
many,
can
testify"c." (f )
a
used
that
After as
relative.
9. Do
not
as
a
conjunction there
is sometimes
redundant
use
"and"
book I gave him a very interesting five shillings." me
"
cost
In short
a
dislike to
use
that
(c).
See
it is less evident, and
a
very
"which."2
present, and
absurdityis evident, but
the
sentences
before for
in
which
long sentences
common.
presented for rescindingthat portion of the petition to support bye-laws which permits applicationof public money "A
1
here 3
was
So
useful
and
Of
in several course
consideration, I am disposed of the following exceptionalcases.
that, on "and
mature
which
"
may
be used
where
"
which
M
to
adopt
precedes.
"that
"
Clearness
20
after which
I confess
had
"I
"
Write,
expected."
important
rule. the
nor
truth),
that
he
would
not
the
Here
would,"
refusal,or, (38).
or
not is
sometimes
of
"I
have
a
a
danger
in this
The
use.
be,
not, hear confess I had
I
This
neither
procuring them," of bread, nor crust
me,
may
would
favour, that
a
hear
even
meaning he
"that
of
means
There
"
but
he
expected."
Instead
I have
CAUTION.
that
Force.
particularfor general terms."
of
"
said
a
See
11. Use
He
had
I
expected
me."
life
"
negative :
a
and
is
a
most
necessaries
the
(if you can with to buy one." penny
write a
is
meaning
imperfect.
vividly expressed
of bread may exaggeration ; on the other hand, if the speaker is destitute not only of bread, but also of shelter and clothing,then crust of 'bread is an
be
be
may
exaggerated
philosophy and inclusive
be
to
be
Crust
an
imperfect expression of In
or
the
meaning.
science, where
and
the
language ought very particularterms
brief,general and
not
often must
used.
11
Avoid
a.
Nouns
where
Verbs
be
can
used
The
instead. that, unless
sometimes
are
Verbal
is this, Nouns disadvantage of the use of Verbal they are immediately preceded by prepositions,they liable to be confounded with participles. The
following is an instance of an excessive use of Verbal Nouns : The confession of the collusion pretended only secretary was of the king's favouring popery, to lay the jealousies still which hung upon him, notwithstanding his writing on the Revelation, and all occasions to enter into controversy, asserting on affecting in particular that the Pope was Antichrist." Write that he and affected "c." wrote "notwithstanding "
12. Use "
the
particular Person
a
What
is the
beauty
of
the
beauty
Under
this
head
may
An
This
of
a
"
daisy ? the
come
forcible
of Noun
use
for
of
itself."
fortress is weakness
this
use
is
and
"
shadow
of
13.
Use
African
mimosas,
Metaphor
"The the
class.
lengthy pedanticallybombastic, following paraphrase for "in every British colony:" Indian palm-groves, amid Australian gum-trees, in the
excess
e.g., the "under
a
"
a
with
Adjective :
of
compared with splendour of the greatest monarch What is the splendour of Solomon flower?"
compared
"
instead
ship ploughs sea," and shorter
cleaves the land."
the than
and
instead sea" "the
beneath
pines."
Canadian
of literal statement.
is clearer
ship
than
cleaves
the
"the sea
ship cleaves a plough as
Words. Of be
not
there
course
used.
14. Do "
In
See
was
them, deluging their
upon
invaders."
with
country
the thunderbolt
moment
a
should
Metaphor
Metaphor.
confuse
not
and
(14 a]
which
subjects for (14 b}.
some
are
21
The
Mr. Speaker, : followingis attributed to Sir Boyle Roche I smell a rat, I see him brewing in the air ; but, mark me, I shall him in the bud. yet nip "
"
Some
words, once good writers
many
metaphorical, have "
under
say
these
ceased
to
be
circumstances"
so
Hence
regarded.
instead
of
"in
these
circumstances." excessive of pedantry : disregard regard for disused metaphor savours unparalleled complications," but inelegant. Write, not, unprecedented
An
is
"
^
and
complications;"
"
he
threw
light
obscurities," instead
on
"
of
he
ravelled un-
obscurities."
14
Do
a.
after
literal statement
introduce
not
immediately
Metaphor.
"He
father
the
was
and
of Chemistry,
brother
to
the
Earl
of
Cork." "
He
was
And
was
not
Do
14 b.
a
of war, very thunderbolt lieutenant of Mar." to the Earl
poetic metaphor
use
Thus,
prosaic Subject.
we
poet soars"
"a
say
may
to illustrate or
even,
but you could not to greatness," soars though rarely, a " Even soared to 944-" Consols commonplace subjectsmay nation
"
illustrated
by metaphor to
commonplace commonplace.
say
OF
Emphatic
of the
end
rule, should a left the room
metaphor, Q\
illustrated
IN
part,
A
say be
and
objectionable, quite unBut jumped 944." by metaphor that is
to
SENTENCE.
stand
must This
sentence.
rules
common
most
a
mounted,
WORDS
words
i.e. for the
it is
be
subjects must
ORDER
15.
for
:
Consols
"
a
at the
in
emphatic
beginning
or
tions; posiat the
rule
occasionallysupersedes the about position. Thus, the place for an adverb, as be between the subjectand verb : He quickly "
"
;
but
if
quickly is to end, as in "I
be
emphatic,
it
must
come
told ,him to leave the room beginning or left he but quickly." slowly, "if" and Adjectives,in clauses beginning with "though," for often come the at beginning emphasis : "Insolent though he at
was.
the
he
was
silenced
at
last. "
Clearness
22
15
words
Unemphatic
a,
from
the
end
of the
break
this
rule
by placing
the end
at
"
To
the
"is
short
A
abrupt
useful,"
"
want
useful, "c." kind
words no
emphasis and
must
Latin
"
A
"
of"
witness
Bear
with is
; e.g. I loved
to
phatic em-
He
does
him"
writing,
become
to
or.
in bad
"
letter-
spear,
common
attached
how
It is
the
"ground,"
the
writhing to chippy" ending
pronouns from the end
moved
avoided.
be
fell
styles, especially in be so frequent as not
all
final
a
obtrusive
monotonous.
15 b. An "
"
ending,
be
not
I hear
In
.N.B.
is to
soldier, transfixed
The
Prepositions and
need
that
few
a
his inferiors he is."
to
though emphatic, "
longer
a
"
but
invariably been."
has
in the agonies of death." construing from Virgil.
harm
nothing
It is
writhed
Exceptions.
to
unemphatic predicate
how
he
"chippy" ending, even unrhythmical, e.g. We
fault
common
a
at the end, auxiliaryverb comes the position,e.g. justifies emphatic adverb
and
-writhed"
is
and
if it be
even "
proves
an
very
rule, be kept
a
adjective or
an
of
addition
above,
"
evidence
where
Often,
it
short
a
as
sentence.
Latin,
some
must,
sentence,
useful." Write,
the
"
long
a
know
roots, is So
of
Force.
and
No
one
doubt
can
guilty,would emphatic
as
have "Who
one
removed
ever
than
worth
Went
names
harsh the
been
remorse," signs it possibleto doubt, who
Wentworth,"
those
he
of
majesty
so
?"
"c.
ing think-
without
him
names
ever
features, ennobled
dark
really
is not
of
some
"But
thinking of expressioninto more
prisoner,had
the
doubt, Is
can
without
be
that
shown
"No Contrast of "c." with
16. The
gives emphasis.
interrogation sometimes
by
their
antique Jupiter?
an
subject, if unusually emphatic, should from the beginning of the sentence.
"
often The
is an emphatic position,though mostly beginning of the sentence the not end. Therefore so the principal subject of as emphatic a sentence, early in the being emphatic, and being wanted sentence at
we
to
us
what
the
the
near
want
to
from
Thomas"
or
Thus, mere
is due
emphasize
to
the
"
It
the was
emphasis
place for unusually, we
usual
"
Thomas
beginning: Thomas on
"This
conqueror
ought
benefactors
not
a
rule,
house
the
subject,if
must was
remove
built
by
that built this house."
"conqueror"
the great
as
comes
built this house."
"
"
is about,
sentence
Thomas beginning : since the beginning is the Hence, or
"Thomas"
"A
tell
to
obtain of
is not from
mankind,"
us
quite so strong the as
in
reverence
"We
in
that
ought
Order not
to
the
bestow
mankind, upon a emphasis and greater "
thus
Sentence.
a
is due
23
the great benefactors
to
conqueror"
mere
Considerable,
(19) \villbeobtained
smoothness We
:
in
that
reverence
of
the sentence
Words
of
ought
not
bestow
to
but
less
by writing a
upon
mere
queror con-
"c." Where
the
subject
same
rises in
and
first in several
stands
consecutive
it
sentences,
emphasis, beginning, even though unusual emphasis be required : "The soul of the expedition. He the life and first pointed captain was the possibility of advancing ; he warned them out of the approaching scarcity of provisions; he showed how stock "c." they might replenishtheir exhausted need
be removed
not
from
the
placed before the verb object is sometimes is in antithesis. This for emphasis. most common "Jesus 17. The
I
and
know,
Paul
I
know
;
who
but
he put to death." there is no antithesis
'*
ye?"
are
Some
he
imprisoned, others where
Even
the
inversion
is not
common un-
: "
Military courage, the boast of the sottish German, of the and prating Frenchman, of the romantic and arrogant Spaniard, he neither possesses nor values."
frivolous
This
inversion
sometimes
father
slew," and Sometimes the
and
Take
as
who
gentlemen
the
on
king
son
the
appropriate by some, interpretationsof the morning the nobles and
different
to
in
the
assembled
in
the
dreadful here they began to talk of what a ; and could scarcelyunderstand before. But Macbeth
castle
The
be considered
"Early
example,
an
attended
"
e.g.
in prose.
used
positionof a word may inappropriate by others, according
sentence.
in poetry,
ambiguity
creates
sparingly
be
must
storm
hall of the great it had been the
what they said, for he has been amended last sentence by Professor could Bain into " What they said, Macbeth scarcely understand." But between antithesis the guiltless nobles who there appears to be an can think about who the weather, and the guiltyMacbeth cannot. Hence, " what
night was thinking of something
they
said
"
ought
"Macbeth
not,
and
worse."
"
The
"
Macbeth
ought,
to
be
emphasized
:
and
fore there-
"
ought to be retained at the beginning of the sentence. The author alters, The praise of judgment Virgil has justly contested same with him, but his invention remains Virgil has yet unrivalled," into justly contested with him the praise of judgment, but no one has yet rivalled "
"
his invention" the antithesis
"
an
alteration
between
what
which had
does
been
'
not
to
seem
contested,' on
emphasize sufficiently one hand, and what
the
remained
the other. as on yet 'unrivalled' More Bain alters," He judiciously Professor how task he undertakes a must great ; for he maintain more to one," into " for, to maintain
more," putting the emphatic
words
in their
several words 18. Where are Which is the most emphatic. made, their
under
the
contention
pretence to
each
whether pleasantlydoubtful be to emphatic. parties
of of
that
tells
be
forced
one,
he
a
lie is not invent
sensible
invent
twenty
to
must
emphatic place,at
the end.
emphatic, make Thus,
serving
in
"The
it, in realitythe
it clear state
was
prize of
opposite parties,"it the writer means (i) state these
twenty
is or
un"
(2)
and
Clearness
24 If
for
(i), "As
the
Force.
parties,under the pretence servingit,converted it into a prizefor their contention.'1 If (2),write,"Though served in profession, the state was in reality converted into a prize for their contention by these two parties" In (l) partiesis subordinated, in (2) state. Sometimes the addition of some to serves intensifyingword instead of To all effect this they used emphasize. Thus, write "To effect this they used able conceivdevices," we can every device" want to So, if we emphasize fidelityin "The business will task your skill and write "Not we can fidelity," times only your skill but also your fidelity." This, however, somestate, Jhese
two
of
"
leads Sometimes
this,but the
antithesis
emphasis
"will make
antithesis
You
do not
know
be
cannot
expressed by turning sentence, it," or by some addition, as "You
should
which
they to
20
intended
be
used, I
"
as
For
should to
as
near
exceptionssee
be
placed
affect.
When
between
the
between
the parts of the compound has quickly left the "He
subject and
possibleto
as
shall
the words
grammatically connected.
are
29.
20. Adverbs are
"
it."
19. Words
Paragraphs
it." Where
in
as
the
know
you
hereafterknow
with
be
must
(2).
gives emphasis,
shall know
you
See
exaggerations.
to
the
See
30.
next
to the words
unemphatic,
adverbs
they come
is
if the tense
compound, tense : quickly left the ;" room room ;" but, when emphatic, after the verb: "He quickly"* left,or has left,the room When such a sentence the latter is followed as by a present there arises ambiguity. told him "I to go slowly, participle, but he left the room the the floor." on quickly, dropping purse Does quickly here modify leftor dropping ? The remedy2 is, to give the adverb its unemphatic place,"He quickly left the room, "He the else avoid to dropping "c.," or participle,thus: He and left the room," or quickly dropped the purse dropped verb,
or,
"He
"
the purse
21.
and
affected
"only"
Sometimes Of
course
should
be
use.
placed
strict3 rule the word before The
by it.
transposition of 2
the room."
requires careful
"Only"
is, that
1
quickly left
the an
emphatic Adverh Auxiliary Verb,
punctuation
oneself clearly,as express 3 Professor Bam.
will far
as
comes "
Gladly
at
do
the
beginning, and
causes
the
I consent."
it is better the ambiguity ; but remove possible,independently of punctuation.
to
Words
of
Order
followingis ambiguous
The
"The
heavens
The
and
the faithful
to
open
* '
placing using only
avoid
to
Sentence.
a
25
:
rule is to avoid
best
words,
not
are
in
only
"
"
"
only at intervals." two emphatic
between
where
alone
"
"
used
be
can
instead. In strictness
the
perhaps
followingsentences
three
only beat three, He beat only three, (2) (3) He beat three only, ought to be explained, severally,thus : than beat, did (1) He did no more
(2) He
beat
He
(3)
no
beat
the
ought he
of the
to
mean
.till he
but
was
die
not
all he did. (Here only modifies depreciatesthe action.)
was
and
" He word. only lived " " but He sacrifice ;" only great any " lived He 8. means only till v. 40)
or
(Macbeth, also, Who^w/j'
man
a
"
Compare
Only at the beginning of a statement you'llforgive me." only I know you, favour asked letters.
Very often, only
at
came,"
bring
a
friends
few
Before This
the
beginning of a Caesar approved."
"Only ambiguity of only is illustrated ten
of
yours
to
hath but.
=
listen to me."
"Only
:
on
an
use
immortality."
I don't like to importune the imperative it diminishes to of only is mostly confined "
is used
sentence
by such shoot
the
the
transpose make
"
was
man."
a
that
sometimes
did
he
kill,three.
not
three.
sentence
authors
best "
lived
than
more
three, and
whole But
:
He
(1)
for alone
"
:
Only
The is less ambiguous. " hesitate Don't to sentence as, five time. at Only estate any
A lone a
my
"I don't mind afeiv; only might mean, yesterday," which Don't hesitate to else bring a few or as fifteen ; many than five came yesterday." In conversation, ambiguity is no more more; fortunate unprevented by emphasis ; but in a letter,only thus used might cause "no Write mean mistakes. Yesterday only five came," if you
(fifteen)came don't
bring
"
"
so
"
than
more
five."
22. When
"not
is followed
each "He
Write
only
not
"He
ether
"
hand,
gave He
that
only" precedes "but also," see part of speech. by the same gave
me, not
me
not
but
advice
only advice,
only
gave Take an
also but
help" is help."
also
wrong. On the
but also lent me grammar, " He instance. spoke not only
me
a
dictionary,"is right. (adverbs),and this too, not only before forciblybut also tastefully small a audience, but also in (prepositions)a large public not only successful,but also meeting, and his speeches were (adjective) worthy of success."
a
23.
I think
"
as
not
least," "always," and other sometimes produce ambiguity.
"At
cousin's.
my
perhaps
good, yet, Latin "My "I
you
think
at all
at
"
my
all
will find my this Does
Latin mean
adverbial
exercise, at all events, as good (I ) " my Latin exercise, though
exercises;" or (2), Though Write events, as good as my cousin's"? other
juncts, ad-
"
not
for
very
(i),
exercise, at all events, you will find "c." and for (2), cousin's, find my Latin exercise as good as my you will
events."
is to avoid
The
remedy emphatic words. As "
and
Clearness
26
example of
an
From
City
that the funds
and the of
is often
adverb
practice,an
used
the sentence:
emphatic
guide
the
to
that
mean
"breaking
out
the
word, where
remote
is very
position
declared
the
in
Exchange,
the
on
This
word.
adjunct,take
ought
qualifya
to
emphatic than any nearer Adjunct is placed in an this very "On spot our
two
reports, but out
not (as is intended) that place in the City.
"hearing," the panic,"took
latter is more the Adverbial
broken
panic fast falling." This
a
between
adverbial
an
favourable
most
had
were
and
In
misplacing of
the
that
heard
all events"
placing "at
received
he
abroad he
Force.
beginning of
the
at
that
when
common
had
Oaverhouse
fallen."
24.
Nouns
they
define.
In
of
announced the
should Mr.
"
obliged
begin
to
"c."
works
to
regret
of
the
an
refer without
referred
however, to
by the :
son
author
an
the
of,
we
be
whose
by writing
"
We
of Mr.
death
"At
Smith,
money
of two
one
the
more
pronoun,
this
even
:
he
moment
is
nouns
be
may
the
they
noun.
this
gave me Avoid
also
Avoid, book," "
John
off."
well
very
decidedly superior presumed
came
to
inferior
of
noun
colonel
the
who
of who.
(John) was
preceding emphatic though
to which
nouns
of another
is the antecedent
with
emphasis, Thus
was
removed
follow the
of Thomas
Smith
supplied Thomas in
a
informed
are
should
the
Thomas
When,
we
the intervention
"John Smith,
other
difficulty
"c.,"
works
feeling that, if announced," we shall
He
be
is
death
author, "c."
25. Pronouns
unless
sentence,
or,
is
"
can
announce,
John Smith,
Smith
John
new
a
But
Mr.
"The
whose
author from
that
nouns
sentence
John Smith, an probably made
death
The
the
near
common
very
transpositionis
write
the
the
placed
be
up,
and
be
to
the
emphasis
the
noun
venes. inter-
the place of naturally refer
took
he would general. He gave orders to halt." Here that a intervenes. A conjunction will often show to colonel, though general the subject of the preceding sentence, and another to refers to not pronoun "The sentinel at once took aim at the approaching soldier, intervening noun. and fired. He then retreated to give the alarm." be called It is better to adhere, in most Rule to cases, 25, which may instance Rule of Emphasis, of which an (Bain) the Rule of Proximity. The sometimes A distinction in the last is was paragraph, misleading. given might be drawn by punctuating thus : " slew Goliath." "David the father of Solomon, who David, the father of
wounded
Solomon each
is
of
mercy
26.
be
who
case
built the Temple." questionable, and
But
the
it is better
propriety of omitting a to
write
so
as
not
to
in
comma
be
at
the
commas.
Clauses
kept
as
that
close
are
grammatically connected
together
as
possible. (But
see
should 55.) The produced
parentheses violatingthis rule often The result of these serious ambiguity. Thus, in the following: to be in oppositionto the view now observations appears generally introduction
of
"
and
Clearness
28
repliedthat
"He
(3)
Force.
wished
he
.
(2), though theoreticallyfree from
ambiguous, owing
unnecessarily.
to
loose
a
It would
be better
,
ambiguity,
habit
of
intended," "c.,
or
there
Where
any
there
When
dependent
are
said
"He the
that
capitaland meaning is
the
on
those
from
to
of
danger (2).
is
preferenceto (i) or 29.
replied,"c.
"He
Thus
several
the
same
that
he
indeed
(3)
(4)
or
in
that those infinitives, tinct word be kept dismust
his friend
to take
medicine."
study
and
intended, "c."
He
not.
are
wished
he
subject
:
help them,
ambiguity, use
are
the
conjunctionalword
a
a
practically
is
repeating
insert
to
full stop between the two statements. " He to repliedthat he wished (4)
or
that he intended."
and .
.
with
him
whether
it is doubtful
Here
visit
to
"
"
said that he
He
wished
take
to
his friend
(1) and also to visit the (2) "that his friend might visit study medicine," or visit to the capital, and a (3) "on
with
him, study medicine,"
capitaland
the
capitaland
or
might
that he also wished
also
study
to
medicine." the three
From
ambiguity
be
must
it will be
versions
different
(a] by using
met
perceived that
"that"
for "
this
"to," which in (2)],and
auxiliaryverb \e.g."might (b] by insertingconjunctions. As to insertions of conjunctions,
allows
repeat
an
(37).
see
"In
that "
to
us
to," and "for (wherever there is
expresses
a
purpose of," can
the
order
be
ambiguity) between
any and
used an
to
tinguish dis-
infinitive
infinitive that does an not, e.g. his order call to to friend, to) give (in upon till he about the trains,and not to leave him
purpose,
told his servant
He
him
information
started."
30. The "such may
principleOf
a that, until way feel the sentence
he has to
Write
Suspense.
be
the
to
come
incomplete.
your
sentence
in
full stop, the reader other words, keep
In
(i) by placing the "if-clause" firsthand not sentence ; (2) by words before the they qualify; (3) by using placing participles suspensive conjunctions, e.g. not only, either ; partly', on the one hand, in the firstplace, "c. reader
your
The sense "
in
in suspense.
followingis draggles,and
Mr.
Pym
was
an
example
of
it is difficult to
looked
upon he had
parliaments,| where of business, | being
a, man
Suspense last,in a
an
is caused
conditional
unsuspended sentence.
an
keep
up
one's
The
attention.
of greatest experience served very long, | and was always officer in the Exchequer, | and of a as
the
man
Order
Sentence.
a
reputation generally,j though known
good the
in
Words
of
Puritan
Eng.
party
leading men who
yet
;
of
not
those
furiously resolved) against the
so
had
were,
of
nothing
| and wholly devoted that spirit."
be
to
furious
29 inclined
resolutions
Church
to the
Earl
of
(Mod.
the
as
to
other
Bedford,
"
of the might have ended at any one foregoing sentence marked above. When : eightpoints suspended it becomes "Mr. in the Pym, owing to his long service in Parliament above all others for his Parliamentary Exchequer, was esteemed for his and He had also a knowledge of business. experience good reputation generally; for, though openly favouring the Puritan closelydevoted to the Earl of Bedford, and, party, he was like the Earl, had none of the fanatical spirit manifested against the Church by the other leading men." The
"
30
a.
It is
violation of the
a
principleof Suspense
introduce
unexpectedly, at the end short and unemphatic clause
some
not"
"...
(a)
"
reform
This
of
classes
Write
"not,
"After was
as
persuaded,
am
industry, self-
wastefulness, but
say,
journey, the
tedious
and
little
dangerous owing safelyat York, which
a
arrived
I
all
wastefulness"
say, some
long
a
will,
to
frugality."
and
dependence, (b)
some
as
(a)
industry,self-dependence,and frugality,
us
among
encourage and not,
and
countrymen,
our
beginning with
highly beneficial
been
already
has
long sentence,
a
which."
"...
(b)
or
of
to
last
part
of which
the
roads, we
of
to
the
is
fine old town."
a
state
When the short final clause is intended to be Exception. with it in comes thing someappropriately, unexpectedly unemphatic, of the sting of an epigram.. See (42). Thus : have been old miser said that he should The delighted to the fellow b ut most a shilling, give unfortunatelyhe had poor "
"
left his parse
has
are
we
been
home
pointed is
"
a
habit
of
waiting, i.e. out
the
on
that
above
objectionable,
his."
increased
naturally throws
Suspense for which
at
a
emphasis end
of the
especially
letter
words
the
sentence.
of
monotony in
on
final
writing
It phasis em-
and
conversation. Excess 31. Suspense must not be excessive. mon of suspense is a com" from fault in boys translating Latin. Themistocles, having secured fleet being now he had the safety of Greece, the Persian destroyed, when the bridge down to break unsuccessfully attempted to persuade the Greeks in full flight,and the Hellespont, hearing that Xerxes was thinking across
that
it
might
be
profitableto
secure
the
friendship of
the
king,
wrote
as
and
Clearness
30 follows
him."
to
The
Greece
the
idiom
English
more
safety of unsuccessful
secured
Force. is:
Themistocles
"When
destruction
by the
of
Persian
the
had
fleet, he
the the Greeks break down to made to persuade an attempt Soon the Hellespont. afterwards, hearing "c." bridge across introbe intolerable is tolerable in the duction in prose A that would long suspense Paradise Lost of the interval the See at to beginning a long poem. pare Comfirst disobedience" and "Of man's between Sing, heavenly Muse." "
also the
beginning
"
High
on
with
the
where
opening
wealth
the
Showers
on
Satan
throne
a
Outshone Or
of Paradise
II.
:
of royal state, tvhich far and of Ormuz of Indy hand
East with richest the gorgeous her kings barbaric pearl and
gold
"
"
exalted of
Book
Lost*
sat.
Keats'
Hyperion
:
shady sadness of a vale, the healthy breath from oj mom, and Far eve's one star" from the fiery noon Sat grey-haired Saturn, quiet as a stone."
"Deep Far
In
in
the
sunken
sentence long conditional clause,"antecedent, or protasis,first.
32.
Every with
that
If thou
didst
O, God Revenge
Ghost.
forces
"
ever
thy father's most him," as compared
Revenge love
of
expression
an
I should
"
thy dear father
from
agony
love
! his foul and
most
almost
complicated,and
clause."
didst
ever
effect is sometimes
long and
flatness of
"if-
the
"
Hamlet.
The
the
if thou
suspense
in
Ghost.
"
see
murder,
the
Hamlet
will
one
unnatural
put
a
ludicrous
when
it
murder."
unnatural when
the
consequent
precedes the antecedent
or
is
"if-
be
delighted to introduce you to my friends, the objects of interest in our show and to city, and the you beautiful the if here." in were neighbourhood, scenery you Where if-clause the comes last,it ought to be very emphatic : "
"
"if you were only here." of The introduction of
middle
a
clause with
"if"
though in the ambiguity, especiallywhen
often cause may of the sentence a great part depends on " that answered that, for the sake of preservingthe would
sentence
keep
cowardice would
they See
a
was
quiet the
put
for
motive off the
the
present, though
of
the
trial
delay, and to
a
"
"
or
more
"
:
"
His
enemies
public peace, he
that
declared for
convenient
this
they that
reason
season."
(27).
Suspense l is gained by placing a Participleor before the Subject. the Subject, Adjective that qualifies 33.
1
See
(30).
Order Deserted
"
those
if
and
had
that
deserted
Of
He
forced
was
But
stated
be
this cannot
if
write, "He, unduly emphasized ; to his enemies, recourse
have
we
effect is very flat. "He deserted was
where
done
to
recourse
he is
friends,"the by write might sometimes
we
"c."
to
31
have
to
Here,
"c.,"
his
deserted
been
course
forced
"
forced
was
forced
Sentence.
a
enemies."
his
been
write,
in
friends, he
his friends, was
by
we
having
his
by
Words
of
the
and
"desertion"
is
but
implied. participlequalifyingthe subject is introduced late in the sentence, it causes With this positiveambiguity : small force the general determined the foe,flushed with to attack recent victoryand rendered negligentby success." be
to
not
when
Often,
a
"
An
excessive
of the suspensive participle is French and objectionable: use with business of think to by nature, and too much engaged fabulous a spoiled by a long-established liberty and morrow, perity, prosof war, allow generations forgotten the scourge we having for many
"
e.g.
the
Careless
ourselves
remedy "
a
to
is
to
Because verb
"c.,
drift
we
the
therefore
the
only,"
"
nature
the
"oil
following sentence: in which
course,
"You
"
the
else
ruinous, or Here, the
as
uncertain,
convert
We
take
must
is
success
to
are
this
and
The
conjunction
a
:
the
participleinto by nature careless,
is liable
extremely perilous
failure
liberty of
meaning
on
e.g. "either," "not Take the clearness."
hand," add
one
the times."
signs of depending
Suspensive Conjunctions,
34.
well
of
verb
or careless, "c. ; with the principalverb, e.g. " allow we ourselves, "c."
by
are
co-ordinate
and
taking heed participleinto a
without
on
convert
your be
to
disgraceful,as country
is
dangered." en-
misunderstood,
"Either has gone half through the sentence. Write from the and the reader is, first, "c., prepared for an
tillthe reader you must," alternative.
Other
for our part though ; on 35. Cause
in one
hand.
Repeat the Subject when ambiguity or Obscurity "
likelyto "
;
the
suspensiveconjunctionsor phrases are partly, the firstplace; it is true ; doubtless ; of course ;
obscurityafter
cause
a
the The
Relative
omission
omission
is
"
professesto be helping the nation, which sufferingfrom his flattery,and (he ? or it ?) will not The
give
Relative
several
Verbs.
gentle
and
shades
should "
All
obedience
of life,and
be
liberal, which which, by a bland
are
to
be
dissolved
repeated when pleasing illusions
the
the sentiments politics "
realityis permit anyone in
it advice."
into
reason.
particularly
standing as Subject :
He
else to
would
by
that
this
new
it is the which
harmonized
Subject made
the
of
power
different
assimilation,incorporated beautifyand soften privatesociety,
conquering empire
of
lightand
and
Clearness
32
Force.
Repeat a Preposition after Conjunction, especiallyif a Verb and 36.
intervening Object also
an an
intervene. "
he
forgetsthe gratitudethat
He
he
when
all his
companions poor (to) John Smith in particular." Here, omit be "that helped all his companions, may
"companions,"
and
from
to, and and
and
which
on
meaning
the
John
in
Smith
"
object,"helped
ambiguity.
several Verbs
are
Conjunction
a
this
causes
there
When
37.
of the verb
intervention
particular."The
helped
uninfluential,and
and
was
that
those
to
owes
at
distance
some
they depend, repeat the
Conjunction.1 "
When made
have
look
we
in the
the havoc upon national of our
back ranks
that two
hundred
authors-
refer their
to
the
did
not
years
all,
-and, above
quick succession
rapid disappearance cannot help being dismayed at the competitors we of the present day." that writers lies before the prospect substitute a parenthetical omit Here "when," and we at once clause. for what is reallya subordinate statement be In reportinga speech or opinion, that" must continually of what the avoid the writer says to confusing danger repeated, (when)
of
we
new
"
"
with
others
what
"We
might
Christians
;
rightly or
say.
evidence
only
37
in secret
frankincense
throw
but
on
of the
Repeat Verbs
a.
the
Caesars
(that) they only punished men wrongly, with burning Rome,
foulest abominations to
that
say
assemblies
the altar
of
crime."
who
committing
and
(that) the
; and
Jupiterwas
But
after
persecute the were charged,
the
the
not
the
refusal
crime,
(6 b).
see
conjunctions "than,"
"as," "c. "
I think
like
me,"
"
the
he
or
better
me
likes
you."
Richelieu
hated
"he
Cardinal
Spaniard Olivares." 38.
If the
keep the subject,or what
The
conducive
some
and
populous nation.
thread
"
"
you
;
i.e. either
"did,"
is
so
and
as
you
long that
"
than
you
sincerelyas did cause ambiguity.
it is difficult to
of
unbroken, meaning other emphatic word, or a
repeat
the of
summary
said.
cotton,
cities
than
Buckingham
Omit
sentence
been
has
"Gold
1
likes
these
banks are
not
and
railways, crowded
the elements
ports, and
that constitute
a
great
Adjectives
is also
"
repetitionof Auxiliary to
clearness.
Verbs
and
Pronominal
Order
Words
of
in
Sentence.
a
33
This
repetition(though useful and, when used in moderation, with not common speakers than with unpleasant) is more writers,and with slovenlyspeakers than with good speakers. "The
country
fair
some
is in such
and
I say, if we that
condition, that
if
much
adopt
if
more, unwise
so
more
whatsoever
is in such
policy,the country
a
the satisfy
all reform
refuse
we
delay longer
we
of reform, sufficient at least to
measure
moderate,
a
"
"
a
dition con-
a revolution." precipitate is either implied (in a participle)or often be repeated also. In the must repeated,the antecedent have the not sentence we following only in Subject icpeated we
Where
may
relative
the
the final summary, " if there But church
regarded to
its
also
but
the
as
antecedent
:
"
were, part of the world, a national any heretical as mitted by four-fifths of the nation com-
care
in
church
; a
established
and
producing twice as many riots which, though possessing great wealth though long backed by persecuting laws, had, sword;
church
a
as
church
found
generations, been
many and
barely able
maintain
unable
to
by the conversions; a
maintained
and in
the
of
course
its doctrines, odious that
propagate
its
and
power,
church
ground ; against its clear rightsof property, fair church whose were generally regarded as play ; a ministers were preaching to desolate walls, and with difficulty obtaining their lawful subsistence by the help of bayonets, fraud
to
violence, when
and
a
so
used
"
such
Churchyon
a
could principles,
our
not,
must
we
own,
be defended."
39. It is
a
help
clearness,when
to
for the prepares the way for the end, in a kind of ascent,
the sentence middle "
called
following there
terms
"To
first
middle
part of
and
the
This ascent is
climax."
the
In
three
the
:
are
of which
climaxes, each
two
has
"
gossip(a)
is
fault (b) ; to
a
crime
libel(ti\a
(b');
to
slander (a"),a sin(b")." the
In
they
following,
contribute
"Man, declare
there
climaxes, and
several
are
to the clearness
of
a
long
sentence
:
note
how
"
contrived '(a) the Atlantic Cable, but I far more think that it astonishes $"} me to ft"\.forhismere
working,
amusement
created^}
has
(c), that
to
Othello'
and
*
entertain '
a
Lear,' and
mere
I
am
idle
hour(d),
more
than
he
has
astonished, I
make
of his nature inexplicable elasticity of from turning away ("} calamity him, instead of to ("'}them, or merely defying actually (e), grief draw his and from amusement to them the material of (ft),
the
"wildest
am
which and
awe-
struck
enables
($\
at
that
instead
agoniesof
a '(e') spirit pleasure which
the human C
is
and
Clearness
34
only not crue^f), but ennobling({'}."
is in
not
The flow
neglect of climax
produces an Thus, if Pope,
thought.
of
Force.
the
highest degree pure
abruptness in his
that interferes
ironical
address
with
the
mankind,
to
and
even
had
written" "
where science mount Go, wondrous creature, guides the tides ; Go, measure earth, weigh air, and state Wisdom how rule" to Go, teach Eternal
;
"
the
ascent
"nd
from
would
have
been
investigating "
the
Instruct Correct
Go,
the
the
40. When
with first
The
thought
the
to
is
from earth to heaven, by the intervening climax "
orbs
to
run
the
;
Sun
th' empyreal perfect,and
:
sphere, first fair."
expected to
sometimes
and
ascend
and
confusion
yet
is the
is called "bathos." the
describe
can
pen agonies, the
transition
regulate
first
good,
descent
"What
and
Plato
descends, feebleness result.
The
is prepared
planets in what
Time,
old
soar
To
rapid.
too
governing,
to
animated
the
tears,
lamentations, the
of
remonstrances
unfortunate
prisoners?" She
of
accomplishments and virtues, winning in her address, a kind friend, movements, affectionate faithful and mother, and she a loving wife, a most played beautifullyon the pianoforte "
was
a
woman
many
gracefulin her
"
INTENTIONAL sometimes
For
humorous
incongruity and abruptness that climax ending with the line"
is
after the Wisdom
Eternal
how
to
rule,"
adds"
"Then
40
a
example,
teach
"Go, Pope
has
BATHOS
forcible.
a.
Without
A
drop into thyself,and
construction
new
should
a.
fool."
not
be
introduced
apparentlyunnecessary change of construction awkwardness and roughness at least,and somecauses times breaks the flow of the sentence so seriouslyas to cause plexity. pervirtuous and accomplished," or "of Thus, write many virtues and accomplishments," not "of many virtues and accomplished ;" "riding or walking" or "on foot or horseback," not foot or riding." In the same "on do not put adjectives way, and active and forms of participles, verbs, in too close passive the following: such sentences as juxtaposition. Avoid cause.
"
A sudden
be
and
"
"
"
He
had
good reason (accidental) but
to beliez"e that
the
not an delay was (to premeditated, for supposing else, for believing,above) that the fort,though strong or suppose, both be forced by art and naturally (nature), would by the and the indolent treachery of the governor (indolence of the)
accident
general to capitulatewithin
and
a
week."
36
Clearness
The "
of
of
name
An
educated
epigram
sometimes
may
should
man
and
know
Force.
he
something
antithesis ; e.g. given to a mere of everything, and everything
something."
43. Let each
have
sentence
one, and
only one, principal
subject of thought. "This
eldest, heir
the
George,
principal estates property
the
to
the
on
of many
memory three
were
Cumberland, shortly afterwards
September, actions, of them,
one
;
his father's virtues, as
well of
most
situate, and
was
of
noble
sons
where
in
I7th
elected
to
(2) "George," (3)
man,"
considered
father's for
member
should
county," disputingwhich if not three principalsubject. Two,
the
have
sentence
level.
The be
must
kept
Of each
up
some
of their
Pitt
His
in
was
biographer
the
of the
one
it will
be
meaning
:
.
.
had
.
so
the
seen
for
army
had
a
in
to
ever
this sort
scarcely ever praise as
of
not
was
with
every
the main
of
scene
action.
The
which
is
a
publiclife of
lived Pitt.
complete
Pitt
(,on
this
lence. excela
person He was
and
wellof
or
criticised in
and
esse
Hampden be
viewed
be
to
if
have
(Buf)
merely a great poet in example of moral
(Btif]his
man.
would
lived.
finished
is,that] there
little claim
of peace.
confessing, that,
service, he
that
not a
on
our
the
commanders
( The truth
in time
months
few
remained
ablest
as
public life of proportioned greatness. The resembles drama which Somers a regular can and
sentences
necting conjunctionsand other conthat the following sentences
insists (accordingly!]
(undoubtedly] a great
whole,
one
"
Pitt (,//seems,)was general in posse, but
great
subjects on
different
used
out
all.
is not
who
between
Leave
"
the
cornet
young
been
long
a
Conjunctions, or by at the beginning other connecting words
words, and "
different
many
Adverbs
by
Sentence.
lose much
is to be sentences
Carefully avoid
one.
family good
heterogeneous.
connection
of
means
of
made, instead this, treatingof
It is called
44.
"the
been
like
his
to
as
his
had for several generations returned this county, which in Parliament." Here serve we have^(i) the "great and
the
a
died
man
him
family,of whom
numerous
a
good
behind
1683, leaving and
and
great
as
a
connection
the other
hand,)
is," "c.
following
The
adverbs,
or
are
of
some
connecting phrases
similarity,repetition,
or
the :
most
(i) expressing
resumption
of
therefore,then, naturally, so that, thus, more,
to
resume,
to
continue,
to
sum
connecting
common
up,
a
in
in
consequence,
subject accordingly, "
this way,
fact, upon
once again, this ; (2) expressing
however, opposition nevertheless,in spiteof this,yet, still, the contrary, on the other hand ; (3) expressingsuspension "
but) on
"
Order
but ; indeed
undoubtedly the other ; partly .
.
.
.
a
conjunctionat all
no
"Blake made and
with
war
45.
The
hand
one
.
.
on
.
others. .
.
which
Bishop Burnet, "and"
with
happened
; and
gether stringsto-
"so,"
or
; and
did."
who
at those
be
to
with
or
"
two
he
ashore,
went
only paid
Write
before
Malaga,
seamen
not
between
requires
at
of his
some
about
connection
sometimes
the
; on
37
:
carried
it,but laughed
to
yet
.
.
sentences
Spain
upon the Host
met
.
Sentence.
a
some
y
of
that
fleet
the
.
partly
.
.
a style like of number
Avoid
in
Words
of
no
respect "c."
When
Blake
long
sentences
intervening sentence, thought.
short
a
of
showing the transition
ness the fierceopposition,it (chivalry)subdued of pride and to the ; it obliged sovereignsto submit power x of social esteem, soft collar compelled stern authorityto submit dued to elegance,and gave a dominating vanquisher of laws to be subBut now (allis to be changed:} all the pleasing by manners. made illusions which monized gentleand obedience liberal,which harpower "Without
force
or
the different shades
of
empire
reason."
light and
transition
would
which, by
a
bland
lation, assimi-
that beautifyand incorporatedinto politicsthe sentiments dissolved be this to new privatesociety,are by conquering
soften
the
of life,and
would
be
If the words
abrupt
too
:
italicized
the
omitted,
were
conjunction but
alone
insufficient.
be
BREVITY. briefer
is
46. Metaphor (13).
than
literal
statement.
See
"The
crown,"
where
effect of
47. than matter
poems
a
of a sovereign often responsibilities
and
cares
sleep,"is not
so
brief
the
heavy
General
"Uneasy
as
effect of
crown
care
pressingon
terms
Thus:
or
kind," is histories,no matter what
1
This
metaphor
the mind
head
shorter
is not
what,
disturb
that
his
wears
is assimilated
to
a
the
the head.
briefer, though
are
particular terms. of
on
lies the
"He.
than, he
recommended
less
devours "
Novels
devours
forcible,
literature, no or
them
for imitation.
sermons,
all."
Brevity.
38 47
A
a.
phrase
expressed by
be
may
word.
a
be forgotten,i.e. are indelible" never impressions can be is of such a nature The that it cannot style of this book i.e. unintelligible." understood, "These "
The
"of
words
inserted.
See
such
the
that"
nature
a
Sir Archibald
from
extract
often
are
unnecessarily
Alison.
brief (though often be used as Participlescan sometimes taining ambiguous) equivalents of phrases conConjunctions and Verbs. 48.
instances.
more
this
Sometimes
"though 49. used
he
retired."
the
doors,
our
"
contain
done]
was
So
that
"phrases
See (7) for heard) this, he advanced." "phrases containing conjunctions" means This, done, (for, when conjunctions."
he
(when
"Hearing
participle"being" is omitted. no sees danger nigh," for "France
he
"France
being"
Participles and participialadjectives may like Adjectives, as equivalents for phrases
"The
50. A
instead
could
write
not
statement of
taining con-
clamouring ocean," "the licence of inventingparticipial
"the
instances. drenching rain," are adjectivesby adding -ing to
poetry.
be
Relative.
nQver-ceasingwind,"
You
or
is."
France
the
at
"
The a
the
noun,
is almost
crannying
sometimes
may
being expressed
at
be
length.
restricted "
wind
to
in prose.
brieflyimplied Thus,
of
instead
was spiritof Christianity humanizing, and therefore "c.," or "Christianity, since it was (or being) of a humanizing spirit, write more briefly and can discouraged "c.," we effectively, "Gladiatorial shows first discouraged, and finally put were down, by the humanizing spiritof Christianity" So instead of "The of youth is thoughtless and sanguine,and therefore nature "c.," we can write, "The depreciated danger of the voyage was the of the island exaggerated by and the beauty natttre thoughtless of youth" "
The
Sometimes was
in vain
a
preferredby they were
by
mere
that the
hardy
mountaineers
all honest
name
or
he offered
men,
epithet implies a
the Swiss
terms
mountaineers" and
but
hardy.
the
i.e. "
Government
' *
The
: "
statement.
war
by
"It
deliberately
was
the Swiss, because
deed
affected
was
to
applauded treat
it
as
Brevity.
39
head
set
a
the
of
(him whom they called) the assassin" The conqueror of Ansterlitz might be expected to hold different language from the prisoner of St. Helena" i.e. Napoleon elated by the victoryof Austerhtz,"and "Napoleon when when depressed by his imprisonment at St. Helena." and
murder,
price upon
"
"
CAUTION.
Different
"
must
names
be
not
for the
used
same
unless
person
from its context. derives an Thus, if we appropriateness Charles be in very bad are taste writing about II., it would to avoid third repeating " he" by using such periphrasesas the following : "The each
of them
of the
Stewarts
fourth
year
forcible
certain
the
business," age," "c.
Conjunctions may
51. a
hated
of his
Monarch
Merry
be omitted.
abruptness,e.g.
"You
died
The this
say
in the
omission :
I
(on
fifty
gives
the other
hand) deny it." When
be
may
short, as
Macaulay's writings,conjunctions advantageouslyomitted.
sentences
are
is intended, the Where a contrast for the second of the two contrasted talks truthfully and
51
The
a,
conjunction but usually "
the way
prepares
is good but dull." of bid, the incongruity savours of epigram : " He " false." He is always amusing and prosily."
instead
is used
and
in
terms
He
:
Imperative Mood
for "if."
be used
may
Where
always
strip]Virtue of the awful authority she of mankind, and you rob her general reverence majesty."
"Strip (for,if you derives
from
of half
her
the
Apposition may
52.
into
sentences
called
"We of
"
than,
of
(1) the
a
person and, what This
"He
subject of
resided of
esteem
to, and
came
He
came
Such no
here
this
unemphatic words,
"This
often
a
is
such
Tautology. is
good friend
as
to
briefer
and
clear as,
by
several
verbs
for many
city,-and
condensation
several times
a
letters
not
repeating
verbs,
(2) the
prepositions.
or
years,
the
obscurity,there
54.
had
we
and, after he had won So, (2) "He citizens,(he) died," "c. induced to reside in, this city,"is shorter than
all
was
to
is more, is
effected
be
may
object of several
(i)
two
musician, "c."
common
common
the
was
to convert
as
to whom
a
of music,"
Condensation
53.
is
the house
students He
so
one.
introduction,a musician,
all young
"
at
used
be
"
a
as
The
was
causes
certain
induced
reside
and, obscurity, harshness
to, in, "c., fault
to
of
as
in
in it."
even
where
pausing
on
there
light,
in the first example.
repeating the
same
unnecessarilyis called tautology ', e.g. : circumstance it is circumstance a painful ;
word
that I
Brevity.
40 much
the
But
fault
the
mean
is
thing, that
such
that
is
a
"
the
of instances
are
is
judgment
unnecessary
the
Alison,
thirst for
conquests
ardent
an
universal
of
is
"
of
end
teristic charac-
a
"c."
Other
men;"
all
deceived
never
the
at
that
passion
opinion
it is
words
See, for
word.
same
Archibald
Sir
that infallible
so
the
arrange
no
a
greatly
slightlydifferent
in
repetitionof
It is
"The
"
will
is to be
may
meaning
burning
this nation.
there
event;
also
to
it is
stance painful circumstance, a circumwill cause him, deep regret."
from
"A
he
words
a
same
the
extract
Thus
book.
the
the
than
fault
is
and
me,
painful
a
remedy
true
that
different
by using is
regret, and The
This
repetitionof
examples,
as,
"This
manner
:
causes
worse
avoided
circumstance"
regret the
much
be
much
I
a
repetition,thus The
will
occurrence"
the in
words
to
not
same
circumstance lament
also
he
regret, and
"His
"c.
\
Parenthesis
55.
with
used
be
may
to
advantage
brevity. "We
have
we
a
Extreme
the
of
a
long
at
the
forcible
more
would
been
ment treat-
the
than
appended ?"
be offended
not
that
taken
be
let clearness
parenthesismay
a
sentence.
be the first consideration.
at beginners, not to aim so much Horace forcible, as at being perfectly clear. fall into I take pains to be brief, obscurity,"and fere of the rules for brevity interthat several seen
for
all events
It is best, at
being brief,
however,
meaning
and
indeed,
Who,
:
offended
be?)
parenthesishad
if the
"
Caution:
56.
not
is shorter
been
must,
care
obscure
not
have
sentence
separate
would
(and who received,"
would
sentence
in
all
are
or
While I says, be it may easily with the rules "
for
clearness.
of style springs from (i) vividness and (2) exactness and ness (2) exactthought, and from a corresponding (i) vividness Forcible
in the When
(1) and
describe
who
was
cut
of
use
words.
as
run
you the
If you before you,
it.
see
are
writing
man
writing about the capture of a city,was surrendered, starved out, or demolished surprised, Was routed,crushed, repelled,defeated, an army you
are
in the
(2) Exactness of
their
cannot
meanings be
discussed 1
See
and
differences.
here.
English
of words
use
is
a
about
a
it
man
executed,
If hanged? the city stormed, ? beforesurrender or
annihilated
exact
1
Lessons
see
?
knowledge and study by itself,
requiresan This
to
he
and
ask, was through the body, butchered, shot, or
killed,see
d"nvn,
endeavour
describing anything,
are
you it
for English People,
pp.
1-53.
EXERCISES
For cises
intended
are
A
of the
explanation
an
number
used,
be
to
(43), (40 d}, refers
e.g.
Letters
explanations
(iotf)
N.B. "
(10 a')
"
Rule
(36)
(37
estranged
"
had
(a)
2.
This
(a)
soon
the
(a)
purpose,
friend,"
of
the
naturally
which
(a) (40
(wrongly)
the
give
to "
Begin
to
attempt
he
(a)
"
"
with
that
(/")(10
by
by
(8) which
he
or
Carelessness Nature
to
particularly
(2)
"a
in
failure
the
that
needs
the to
be
once
good
no
being
leisure"
restless"
could
be
not
.
naturally,
are
the
at
the
failure
of
the
Government
certainly
to
either
and
not
bold at
be
regretted."
(i)
"an
attempt
the
that
"c."
Admiralty
weaken
had
."
"which,"
for
"
Also "
nature
of is
which
a')
friend,"
beautiful
to
use
why
elated
supporters
(b) Write,
unjustifiably." "c.,"
4.
two
his
that
could
Government
the
had
nature"
reason
Restless
justification,
return
election,
recent
of
opponents without
a)
than
becama
in
"purpose."
at
stops
than
even
retirement
restless
(15)
"
(2)
or
solitude
of
leisure
being
(30)
sentence
The
him
companions
two
.
"
for
friend."
his
tired
pleasures
employed.
3.
(10)
of Rule
attractions
the
than
grew
(36)
seems
his
for
attractions
and
for,
pined
than
more
He
(36)
scenery,
"
(i)
"
sentence.
(10).
more
and
th"
to
a} gradually"
(15
Write
(a)
had
friend,
letter ",
a
($}, refer
e.g.
section
first Rule
excitement
his
#)
the
to
by
followed
each
to
following
and
Pleasure
1.
(a)
the
to
appended
refers
Exer^
Preface.
brackets,
in
hints
or
these
Rules.
the
to
themselves
by
the
see
by itself, or
brackets
in
which
in
manner
departments
moral
thought
power
of
efficient
has a
in
co-operated Government
(a)
(5)
this
j
Exercises.
42
respect,(b) (29) desire
(c}(47 a)
(a) Write
general distrust of its please everybodyin Foreign Affairs."
to
a
"the
Navy." (b} Instead distinguish the different
to
as
"
counterbalance
to
(a) He
cessive ex-
of "to" write "in order to," so infinitives, (c) "obsequiousness."
sometimes
supported by Austria, who, oddly have been to enough, appears more friendly to Italy than (37 a) France, (30) in this line of action." 5.
was
under
with
(a] Begin
"In
"There
(a) (4) one
had
Beust
line of action."
so
of
discoveries
nez"erbeen
yet (47 a) attained
not
*'
(b) Write
than
was
in (a) (5) this assertion, startling to be were previous investigators
though they Jiad
as
Why?
was."
France
something
was
(b) (47 a) treated who
than
or
the
that
this
"
France"
6.
Count
the
made,
(4) that
manhood
of
age
and
had
for centuries superseded grey-headed philosophers(8) who\\z" patiently sought after the truth, (4) that (a) (5) it naturally the
derision."
provoked
"
it," cause (a) "This," "that," and that the startling assertion youth," "a mere (c) "a mere "
7.
of the recommendations
One
depended) province should
each
of
oversight council
a
Write
either "
8. that
(i) its
in
"
(on which
"
"The
ignored."
(a) (26) (47, a)
very
that
was
council
a
in
councils, each to have the (b) (37) report to a central (c}(5) it."
smaller
of Education
in
"
Derive
recommendations."
cardinal."
should, report,"or (2) "and
and
(b)
stripling."
district, and
"cardinal
." .
.
Commission
establish
small
the state
on
(a)
to
(b) Write,
report." (c)Write
"district."
province," or
(a) (i) period an (b] (il) event (f)(i)transpired The last hopes of peace. king fell from his destroyed "
At
this
the
horse
and
died
by from
his return
(a) What
is
a
"
thus:
king
fall
the
(d) (30), which mole-hill,while he was
"period
"
(c) What While
fell and
done
that his honour
the "c."
?
(") Express is the
king The
(c}on
with
(c) "to
the
meaning on
was
cause
particularkind transpired "
of
should
of event
"
his return
.
.
?
on
("
dent acci-
(d) Transpose
his horse .
precede
sellingall
.
.
.
;
the
the effect
his estates,
and,
as
soon
(40 a), to (c} qtiitthe country, (a) (33) believing demanded
this sacrifice and
his creditors. satisfying
(a) Begin
was
"
determined
9. "He this was
hope
after
stumbling on a reviewing hi 's soldiers.
").
of
hours
two
his horse's
occasioned
as
the
of
much
little perplexity. Write
a
discoveries.
Believing that "c." (b) sell" or "on quitting." "
(40) (40 a)
in
(b) the
"
"
hoping thereby to satisfy"c."
Exercises.
44 1
"
6.
bribes
(a)
poor elections
Write
"
than
(i) "Than think
they 17.
think! themselves
The
at
We
the rich the rich
with
themselves
disgraced," or (2)
think
"
Than
disgraced."
Mahmoud, by his perpetual had filled his dominions (a) tyranny, (a) (41) (b](l) misfortuneand (c)(n) calamity,and greatly (d) (n) the
diminished had
Sultan
he
that he
had
language
his
population
was
a
humorist
learned
of
or
from that
birds, so
that
of
the
its mouth,
Persian
This great Empire. We are not (/) (55) (15) informed enthusiast,(g)but he pretended (h)
Vizier.
(e)(50) a
whether
bird
by offeringthem."
told that the Sultan
are
(41) and
wars,
(a)(37
disgracedby taking
more
no
a) the rich
an
how to understand one (i)(1 1 ) some what he (j) (5) knew said by was One he with was (k) (44) evening
the any
the opened Sultan, returning from a hunting. They saw couple of owls which (10 g) were an sittingupon a tree (/)(8) which grew near old wall out of a heap of rubbish. Sultan The said (6)he should like to know owls were what the two saying to one another, and asked
the
Vizier to
of it.
account
the
to
Sultan but
(m)
and
him
give
Vizier, (n) (31) pretending to be
very
an
tive atten-
He to the owls, approached the tree. (0) returned heard their said that (6) he had of conversation, part what it was. wish to tell him (/) (5)He, not (q] (31)
and
did
The
listen to their discourse
not
being satisfied with
this answer,
forced
him
repeat everythingthe
to
(20) exactly, (r} (44) (5) (6) He told (5) him that the owls were arranginga treaty of marriage between their children, and that one of them, after agreeingto settle five hundred villages female the God would had that (6) owl, prayed upon grant a life Sultan he to because as long Mahmoud, reigned over long as owls
them
had
said
they would
(s)thai (/) (5) Aewas he (a) (39) from that that
people,and had
been
(a)
he
ruined
want
never
touched time
with
forward
rebuilt
the
villages. the
story
says
fable, (30) and
(s) that the (15) good of his villages(v] which
consulted and
towns
The
destroyed."
"abroad
at
...
home."
(e) "The is emphatic, we
therefore
of
(d] "half
(c) "desolation."
"c."
(/)
"
We
are
peopled." un-
informed
not
"
he was, be inverted, "whether when (g) " but he "will be omitted " "the Vizier" tended" Preis made the subject of (k} "pretended." meant once "claimed," "professed." Write "professed." (z) a certain dervish." (/ ) Introduce a new subject that youmay bird could substitute "Vizier its "for "he, "thus that nota so : open mouth, but the Vizier knew "c." (/")"As he was, one evening, "c." This (/) Note that the tree is represented as growing out of niins.
"c.,
and
(b) "ruin." Vizier
should
informed."
not
are
"
"
is in accordance
(m)
Omit
with
this.
Mahmoud the story of the mischief of "is out place
(") "Suspense
had in
done.
simple owls." ("?) a
ends with " like this ; the sentence therefore Sultan" "The return." be not "Upon (g] "would (/) know satisfied." must (s] Omit. then, "c." (/) "so (r) "You here uses that." touched (u) end with "people." (v) Addison
narrative,
his
.
.
.
Exercises. "which,"
because
probably between
the
of
sound
45
"Which"
implies that the destroyed, whereas
choose been the villages in the country had been had only (see above) "half country to
all
1
8.
"
this great king never the duties of state, which
with
and
himself
kept or
amusement
in
the
the
to
chase, of
considered
to be
importance,
that he
allowed
yet he
and
no
terfere in-
superior (a)(37)
pursuit
one
took
(54)great pleasure (b} (2) excessively (54)fona \ and for created several large parks of considerable excess,
any
he
of which
purposes
control
to
run
which
he
of paramount
far under
so
unpeopled."
permitted any pastime to
Though
(54) all other claims
to
"
preceding
clearness.
and
was
he
(54) magnitude." (a) Either
"though,"
repeat
begin
a
sentence
new
between
leave their country, with
and
their
(a) (n)
the
"excess."
"excessively"
inundate
""To
19.
strikeout
else
or
after
first
(3) Point
what
though the
out
"
and
diction contra-
precedes.
land, to
all its miracles
"
their
man
of art
and
ships,to industry,its
cities,its villas,and its (b} (ll) pastures buried under the waves their (d ) (1 1 ) faith and (c} (1 1 ) ; to bear to a distant climate their old (e)(n) liberties;to establish,with auspices that (10 a) the be constitution new might perhaps (/) (n) happier, of their commonwealth, in a (g) (n) foreignand strange (//)(n) land, in the Spice Islands of the Eastern the plans which Seas, (38) were
they had
the
(a) Introduce
"
(/;) Introduce dykes." something "canals," "tulip gardens." (c) e.g.
Dutch, Ocean." old to
(d) The Dutch Batavia," so
times "
what
the
Calvinists.
were
"
denote
(f)
"
form.
spiritto
"
that
Dutch
(e)The "
Batavian inherited
had
Stadthaus," the German
peculiar "of
would from
for "town-hall."
the
to
country be a fit
their
the
German was
in
epithet
forefathers.
(g) "other
stars."
(h) "strange vegetation."
"During
20.
(a) which
the wealth
its branches
higher
on
become
(a) Omit.
been
had
the
no
for
better
great author,
deliver decisions
shot
funds
attained
ever
(14 a) up and extended had (14 a] soared to a before,(b) (15) speculation
a
sentence
new
(a) (16) a mere name) had been
and
:
"This,
or
Prosperity,had
increased
speculation."
that time
"At
deserves
unexampled prosperity,during
general."
(") Begin
the taste
a
side, and
every had than point
had
21.
years of of the nation
twenty
as
which
productions of literary
the could the
narrow-minded set
day.
"
by
the
alone (b} critic,
supreme never
up
pedant (forhe world literary as
be
(b}reversed
qualified to (15 a) tht upon
Exercises.
46 "
with
(a) End
.
a
"
.
.
"
reversed
intending also him,
to
he
himself
clear
to
ascertain
to
could "
else
or
;
how
were.'* suit had
"The
23. numerous
forward the
as
of the earth plenty,when
(a) Mention
"
24. sudden
He
(11}
the
"
I
the
out
saw
Point
26.
out
old at
Street
and
"He
and the
remove
that
they
had
"and
(a)
27. neither
"
The did
were
in the
were
sometimes,
Commons
they
of
his
own
should
war
be
of Palestine.
asked
it to
his
it
remove
the
for his
reason
refusal
annul
to
the
great displeasureto
by (8)or (10 a'}.
again by first
accident
mere
when
Exhibition, (19) walking
in at the
while
House
(52) was
a
"
shops.
at
a
.his
he
would
yet condemn
debate used
not
to
say,
was
indeed
taken
him,
he used
good as a comedy. (17) sudden turn in
as more
own
speech
practice with
mind, and
sometimes seen
his
common
his sated
this memorable
as
of
shade
(n)
was
of the
never
that which
the
ambiguity.
Majesty certainly comedy of intrigue,either than
phets, probe as
products (a) (1 1 ) abundant an (54)
create
(10 a')gave
looking
; which debates amused
(a] (6 b}
say
he
and
the time
remained
the
"
trees
schoolfellow
into consideration because
should
"
owed
he
ambiguity,
my
Regent
as
their
"
classes.
in London
was
down
"
"products,"
or
the
when to
instruments
treaty, (a) (8) which
poorer
its descendants
beneath
rest
of peace.
uses
testimony
latter "c.,"
teaching of
the
when
should
unpopularity,that
25.
time
increased
when
.
.
very
"c."
replied (32),when
(a) Point
I
a
so
man
some
commercial the
be
each
to the
converted
to
.
the prosecutor,
"The
sentence,
new
heavenly (1 1 ) bodies ', and
should
trees, and
(a] (n)
(b) Begin a been begun
Jewish nation, relyingon
looked
be
supreme
this
(40 a) far
corroborated, and (a) (40 a] the motives of (b} (43) who had begun the suit last Christmas." "The
the
name
never
personification: "a
a
was
(a) "what
better
no
his promise, and (40 a) fulfilling from the suspicion that attached
intention of
determined
deserves
(b) "Which
be
the
With
he
for
"
into condensed may criticism." of contemporary
Minos
"
was
pedant." expressed in one word
be
can
reversed"
22.
who
one
.
narrow-minded
mere
to
His any
play-house or the Duke's, produced." as
approve
good the
"c."
war
(20)expressly; (a) (18)the
it (20)expressly ; and
Exercises.
king might with
of
Declaration Write
"
*'
Indulgence
was
a
supply
for
continuinghostilitie? of (I)} redressinggrievancesconnected which the of affairsat home, among a
important (d} (15 a)
very
one."
the even (3) Use ready to grant the king "c." all this into one ing subject. (T)Condense adjective,mean"that which takes place at home," (d} End with a noun, importance," or "foremost place."
verb
28.
obtained
them, on (f) administration
the
(a)
have
even
condition
(19) from
47
they
with
"Next
were
a
thinking clearly,(a] (5) it is useful to speak hereafter be it positionin life may your be such be cannot not to as (54) improved by this, (b] so that while it is worth making almost any effort to acquire (c} it, if /'/ is not natural a gift:(d) it being an undoubted (d] fact that the effort to acquire it must be successful, to some extent at if it be least, (d) moderately persevered in." to
clearly,and
"
(a)
whatever
in
Next
utility
speaking clearly
comes
....
be of assistance
to
(b)
clearlyby nature, you "c." (c) "for undoubtedly, with moderate
"
a
"
"c."
you
"
power
that
"
If,therefore, you cannot this power." (d} Omit
must
speak "
fact ; "
"c."
perseverance
//
(a) (38)appears to me (15) a greater victorythan Aginand grander triumph of wisdom faith and courage than the English constitution even or (b}liturgy,to have beaten back, and stemmed in ever or even small a degree, fought against so those basenesses that (c) (10 a] beset human nature, which are 29. court,
held
now as
a
invincible
so
the fundamental (a) Begin with
"To for
that
axioms have
beaten
clearness
basenesses
"
30.
The
and of "c."
"c.," and emphasis,
us
forciblyof
the
effrontery(c}(which (26) he
of the
of them
science. end "the
Member
for
are
assumed
"
"
with
liturgy." (b) English." (c) "The
(a) (2) unprecedented impudence reminds
remarkable
the influences
of economic
of
our
unblushing almost
peat Resetting be-
presentative youthful re-
and
succeeds
(54) (40) in
ling) equal-
St.
Alban's, whom our (b] (i) neophyte (b] (i) alluded to, in the last speech with which he favoured those whom (47 a) he represents, (19) as his pattern and example." (a)
Show
' '
"
is inconsistent with what follows, unprecedented (b) What is the meaning of "neophyte," "alluded to"? (c) Begin a "Our new adventurer sentence, Sic.,"and end with "and young he almost in equalling his master." succeeds
31. "The is the more
because
that
of (a)(i ) veracity reason
for
in his remarks
this
story is questionable,and there doubting the (a) (i) truth of the narrator, the (i) observation of the Sabbath on he
Exercises.
48 (a) (i)alludes distinctly
to
that
custom
a
shown
be
can
to
never
existed."
have
"
between
(a) Distinguish
Show
"observance."
veracity" and "truth," "observation" "allude" the inconsistency between
and and
"distinctly."
Mr.
(a) (5) is
"It
32.
dwelt
has
Tucker
pleasuresin which active. assent
upon are
we
justdistribution,(loa) which the late so (b] largelyin his works, between passive,and pleasuresin which we are observer
every attentive that however to (c]this position, I believe
And
in which
occasionallybe
may
most
a
we
of human
life will
(d] grateful the sensations passive,it is
are
not
these, but satisfaction,
pleasures,(8)which constitutes of moderate laneous and miscelregularstream (e) (38)which supply happiness,as distinguished enjoyments in (ior) which from voluptuousness,consists." latter class of
the
our
that
"
(a)
often
Not
"The
33.
in this
used
now
those
mean
"c."
justice in
is great
There
(5) Omit "so." (e) Repeat
sense,
(c)" admit." (d" antecedent, 1 "
the
"c." (pleasures)
seemed
prince
before
have
to
him
limitless
a
(b]
prosperity,carefully(33) trained the throne, and stimulated by the (a)pattern of last breathed his (3) suddenly at the age (43)
of
tasks
who
of the
two, just after the conclusion (a)
Find
appropriate words,
more
overjoyed workmen intelligent (5) was
to
a
and
told
the
(a)
If
of
sixty-
(d] him
to
old
friend (a] (25) who for
sent
He
(b)
of his most
one
consider
himself" (e)his (f}himi" he (g)wished
take
not
sentence.
new
journey northward.
(c} he
service, (30) as he himselfcould about
his
a
an
and
him,
see
of
son
on
his
war."
(b) Begin
" On his way, he visited 34. him had asked him to call upon
(54) (a) father,
for the
prospect of unbounded
city." you
mean
friend's
him,"
son
write
that
the
who
;" if you
"
"son"
had
He
iourney northward, his way." (b) Use,
had mean
been
asked
his
"asked that
by
him,"
the an
write
"friend"
old
"An
had
friend
to
old
"asked
call,on
his
Accordingly he visited him on instead of he, some who name one meaning entertains others." (e) "the (c}Use participle, (d) "The man." have wished could stranger's." (/) "his guest." (g) Write upon
son.
"
"
to
it clear
make
35. "Tillotson both
by King
Dr.
Tennison,
36. that
was
"
died
William
Bishop
that
"
he
"
"
means
in this year. He was and by Queen Mary of
Lincoln,
was (a)The entertainment stupendous (l")perfectly
to
succeed
exceedinglybeloved (43), who
(c)most
nominated
him."
arranged with and
"
the host."
a
magnificence
unprecedented\
and
Exercises.
49
quite kept up his Lordship's unrivalled reputation for and, thanks to the unequalledenergy of unparalleledhospitality, is rapidly becoming one Mr. effective of the most Smith, who with the toasts in the kingdom, a spirit were toast-masters given indeed of this and occasions nature were we on ; quiteunexampled
which
forciblyreminded three
of
Point out the contradictions epithets,or soften them down. " remarkable it stands, in the sentence a as (b] Write magnificence that quite "c.," thus dispensing with the following is superfluous. "and." that "most" (c] Show
Omit
(a)
the
human
(15) knowledge of
the
in
Shakespeare with the other dramatic compare his wonderful superiorityto Elizabethan era,
we
of
authors them
of the
most
"If
37.
entertainment
of the inimitable
respect
(2)."
ago
years
this
in
is
nature
what
(15 a)
strikes us" principally The prince found himself at 38. provide himself with the commonest "
to
accustomed
they by quoting the example
himself and
the
to
(d)(44) (a)
country
William
"
English poetry, "
of you I as
delighted to
excuse
at
of
a
and
because
(b) (13)
they
selves them-
who
one
of the
prejudices of "c." had
he
at
native
once."
the
Shakespeare was and
itself to the succeeding
they were
nothing worthy
(37) done
to
40.
saries neces-
(c] (34) had controlled the Conservatives, (37) commended large by his unfailing good-humour,
the timidityand behind." (c)" while
"
41.
were
humoured
and
Liberals
even
coast, being (33)
timid
(a)(50),both because
prejudiced,and
the
or
desolate
policyrecommended
make-shift
ministers were
this
on
perplexityhow
sore
comforts
luxury."
to
39. "This
of
he landed
life,when
of
in
once
of
of statesman."
name
"
(Z") (d) had "
yet done."
the lesser
sun
among Stratford -on-
shelter themselves
A
von
lights
(14 a)."
(15 b] I think, gentlemen, you must confess that any one have done the same would (32),if you had been tempted
wasteful ragged among to acts of dishonesty luxury and comfort, deliberatelyinstigated had been from I infancyto love, (a) taught by those whom when I failed to mocked I when or stole, punished praised
then, placed starving and
was
(i$ a) do (b)so." (a)
Insert
another
infinitive
(b) Repeat
42.
refused
"
So to
far from
beside the verb
"love." instead
"Love"
being the first(54)aggressor,
prosecute
his
old
friend D
when
a
produces
dience." "obe-
so."
of "do
he not
favourable
(22)only oppor-
Exercises.
50
tunity presented itself for revenging also his friend's adviser,
but
suspected,if he
events
had
given "
"
43. and
them
.
Having spectacle of the
the
the
to
sentence
may
have
words
be
must
been,
altered.
all
at
events
qualify "suspected,"
apex of the
sun-rise, I found
Righi
to
enjoy the
incommoded
myself
so by a emerged from the hotel I determined to quit them at the therefore, without stopping to
who
had
that (a)(i)similar purpose, earliest practicable period ; and partake of breakfast,I wended my for
the
that he
of illiterate individuals
number
If
.
.
climbed
"
coming danger, and
paid 5^. per day to English navvies, navvies." preferenceto 2s. 6d. to French
6s., (19) in
44.
(a) at
"suspected."
after
It is quitetrue
even
."
suspected
place
him, all (23)
upon
Smith the
of
his friend
innocent
however
Smith
know
qualifies"Smith,"
all events"
Yet,
Smith.
John
not
thus
of it."
information
no
If "at
(a)
did
himself
a
back
way
with
possible
all
celerity." (3) "
{a}
"
45.
same."
the
that miracles
admit
You
and is wrong, is unnatural unnatural, it follows are
alliance
the
(a) Indian (a)
is the
"Who
46.
Insert
of
defence
of
or
other
are
dared
the
disputed
our
antithetical
some
has
Now
whatever
cles admission, mirawrong." (i)
own
your miracles
that
inhabitant
(a) (41)
the
since, by
that
man
natural.
not
are
call into
to
woods,
to
civilized
delegate to the
rights?
epithets.
of those who (a) very (n) small proportion indeed 47. "A have attempted to solve this problem (b)(19) have succeeded in a plausiblesolution." obtaining even (a) State
what in
one
48.
"
proportion succeeded, or, if you like,what hundred." all those that (b) Begin, "Of
suddenly (a) (47 a) brought
which
(8)
forces
submit
into
failed
:
"
not
"c."
contact
with
a
wholesale
imposture, naturally repels (a) being (40 a) barbarously ill-treated^
system and
be
To
a
to
one
to
to
(15 a) one." "
causes a (a) Write, either (i) Collision one (2) "When brought into contact. is emphatic), (3) "One (if"ill-treatment" or "c." collision with by
natural
....
.
49.
"
We
a
annex
to the
Editor
letter
which
the
editor
has
.
recentlyaddressed
of the
appeared undertaken
repulsion," ot
is naturally repelled," is naturally repelled
by
Mr.
's direction
in contradiction ,
equally untrue,
which
.
in to
that
of statements, periodical,and (a] (9)
insert
in the
next
number.
Exercises.
52 54. "A
life,and, the
(a) (10 d}
man
immersed
in
neglected the ordinary duties
who
himself
study,devoted
grand plans
to
of for
(b) (44) and refused to provide for the of those dependent on him, and suffered his aged relatives to wants because he would become not help them, (c)would, in my paupers benefit
mankind,
of
opinion, (34) be
bad
a
and
man,
altogether(d) (40 a)
not
without
hypocrisy." "
(a)
If
"
55.
"or
who
are
(d)
believe
have
may
been
he."
"
I cannot
whatever has
(b) " if he refused,"
man."
a man
a
shown
"
to
in the
while
extent
a
he
(c) " such
refused."
hypocrite."
guilt of (a)
said to the
been
"
or
some
(b} (10 e) who, be shown, and
one
contrary,
can
testimony proceeding from those examined the facts, in spite(23)of carefully
by competent
said to have
res'sted
all attempts consult his own
have
many
to obstacles,
leave
his situation,("r) (29) to of his own." a business
(29) induce
to
interests
him
and
to
(29)
to
establish
(a)
"
his
"c (b) (i) " for, whatever that, in spite of "c., he resisted."
guilt;"
"c. .
obstacles"
spite. "
write
"
We
.
between
"have"
of
purpose
and
consult
to
seek
must
consulting his
for the
own
.
interests
originof
can
be
shown
by
(2) insert "in "carefully." (c) (i) Or
establishing." by establishing"c."
and
.
.
it
and
.
the
"for
56.
.
.
(2)
Or
freedom, (a)(37)prosperity, only (b}that x portionof our our
(a) (37)glory,in that and The annals, (30) though it (c]is sterile and obscure. lish great Eng(d) then formed ; the national (e)disposition people was began which it has since (e) ever (d) then to exhibit those peculiarities and our fathers (d) then became possessed; emphaticallyislanders, and and (a) manners, (f) in their politics, (30 a) not (a) feelings, and
merely in
their
(a) Repeat
geographicalposition." the Pronominal
the
thus
sentence : by beginning "c." (^) "It was (c)Omit. marked words implying something more more forcible than "possessed;" in the (/) Repeat "islanders."
annals
our
57. "(0) He knew him, and
the universal
was
cemented
the
Adjective. (b) Express
that"
many
"
"
emphatic only portion of
It is in that
then
than
that "c." "
(e)Use "
disposition,and
latter case,
"retained."
(54)favouriteof'(54)all (8)who friendshipsat this period,(a) (33)
highest circle of society,and, as he (b} (50) had (moving ture), a (4 a) certain property, being independent of the profitsof literain the
and which
at
soon
the
foundations
completely extinguished the outset
of his
x
his
career
had
threatened
of slander to
sap
the
reputation." in
"c."
Show
that
Rule
That
-which
(a) Begin "Moving "c."
of
breath
treats
(") "rendered (14)is violated
independent of by the metaphors.
of the thirteenth
.
century.
.
.
.by
.Exercises. "
58. the
The
brief
reached
outward
and
period which
material
been
of that
form
citywhich, during
(10 a) is comprised in
the
highest pitch of this (a) (15) nature.
was
53
present book,
our
and military,artistic,
of
The
of
progress
literary glory, (b) (5)first has
the
already traced." with (a) Begin the sentence "military glory." "
59.
The
detachment
"Such
only
not
of their numbers
and
capture the small after some was,
force
was."
"
(b) By
the
failed to take the
the weakness
of the
that
was encamped sharp fighting,driven back
first" is meant
fort,(30) spite
also to but garrison, outside the town, and with
inconsiderable
loss." Point
the
out
"the
60.
ambiguity.
it
Remedy
by inserting either
"
which,"
or
assailants."
"(a) (b} Believing that these reforms can only (c] (21) be for and that (5)this will is as publicopinion them, prepared
effected be
more
or
less advanced
in different
localities,the Bill of the a (3) considerable period vSession of Parliament, next in regard to the points above-
has Association, (a) (31) in draft, and will be introduced in the provides for placing (d} (3) the control in the (3) hands mentioned 0/~the ratepayers which
power be
to
been
for
locality ; the exercised to be through representativeLicensing Boards elected periodically by them."
{a)
Place
the
parenthesisfirst,as
of the Association
has
of each
independent
an
been
sentence
"
:
The
Bill
"
Parliament
is noun (b) What ("r)"effected qualifiedby "believing?" Write " In the belief." in accordance with public opinion,which only so* far as they are "c." shall (d) "it,or, the Bill provides that the ratepayers .
.
.
.
receive
control
and .
61.
"I
.
shall exercise
.
.
this control."
.
think
they are very (i) nice persons, for they kept me a long (a) (ll) time togetheryesterday by their (i) nice,stories all about what they(b}have experiencedin Japan, where had been for they (a) ever so long, and (c] (43) where they said that the natives ripped up their (d) (5) stomachs."
amused
for
(a) Mention other
62.
"
To with
that which (a) A
63. of
some
"
"
"
or (3) experiences things,they told us "c." ("")"their
for
contend a
dislike
increases,(30) however
of
"
time.
some
one
compound
has
(c)"
among
own."
garded advantageous monopolies, which are rewhich and a daily (10 a) suspicion (a)
natural once
Upon enteringthe my
it may
be
to be
possessed,(15 a)
adjective can
refreshment,
adventures."
be
rustic nerves
annoyed
at
the loss
is useless."
used, including "daily."
place of were
entertainment
horrified
partake by lightingon a to
Exercises.
54
species singing some simultaneouslyimbibing that cup which, if individuals
of boisterous
number
of harvest
song, and also inebriates cheers,
who
were
from their societyby when, banished of the fragrant weed, I wended to the apartthe fumes ment way my had the in which I which one adjoined hoped to rest my of the fairer sex, found I assortment an limbs, interesting weary who were holding a separate confabulation apart from the revels it
of
their
"
rougher
spouses.
"village inn," "next See (3).
Write
"
64.
; and
room," "c.,
absurd
these
for
cutions. circumlo-
born, in 1782, Napoleon Burgoyne was boys (il)."
When
lington Wel-
and
both
were
Mention Brienne, Wellington at Eton. this, and, " WelArthur imply the boyhoody call Wellington
studied
Napoleon in
order
at to
lesley."
65. near
me
I
whom
(38) to
"
gratefulhomage
most
forgotten : virtues,and (52) can "
(a) Though
of the
yet "transitory,"
for
"To
neat
and
in the
"
for hour,
(b)
and
clean
"
this
artisan
the British
see
"
for
"
of
ephemeral" "
time, and for day. told "c."
the
on
children
the open
under
has
his wife
and their
cheerful,with
themselves (a) (19) disporting
moment
gentleman
most
is (52) the first of
short
a
the
of vice."
cause
for
day"
use
be
to
and
mute
are
recognized expression
a
to
live
prudence
longer, is objectionable. Write
a
future 66.
is
day"
us
that
used
be
never
will
but
all of
that
us
or
not
(a) hour when (b)(38) has told you
of
admiration
occasion, merely to the
upon entrusted
(a) day,
the
the
this
abilities
are
ones,
any
subject,(36) feelings of
this
on
of
perishable eloquence
on
can
is now, I believe, without refer occasion
who
mine,
(38) whose
;
former
some
upon
of
never
respect, and,
feelings of as
friend
honourable
"An
by
canopy
write
Sabbath,
their
of
hour"
Else
sides,
heaven,
is
(l$)pleasant." (a)
There
is
whether "
or
reasonable
no
he
ground
it clear
makes
context
;
for
but since
mistaking
the
sense
Shaftesbury
Lord
was
here, as the questioned '*
disporting to qualify artisan and his wife " porting disand, by their sides,their children "
meant
write
children," "c."
67.
"Even
if
such it is the
the
of
all the
(a)
called
more
intention
Omit "
(a)
it
"
that
it were."
author
deserve
of was
seem
in
one
(c) word,
"
that (c] it
was
perpetrating(e)it,to
possible,upon "
stances, extenuating circumreprobation,(b} and
severe
crime, in
the
(") " which."
of the crime
with
it would
for because
author
misery
attended
were
would
conduct
to
his victim." have
been."
("?)Use
the
See
the flict in-
($).
(*/)Express noun.
Exercises. 68. been
"The
of the heavenly bodies have must (a) (i) observance with great difficulties, before the (b)(30) telescope
attended
(a) (i)discovered, and
was
55
of astronomers
it is not
to
be wondered
gations at if the investi-
often
and failed to unsatisfactory, under these produce complete (a) (i) persuasion, (30) (15, a) disadvantages."
(a) What
is the
were
difference
"discover" "
(") Begin
between
"observance"
"invent,"
and
Before
"persuasion"
"
in
reaching a help, and (a) (35) was
for
Sir
became
John Burgoyne himself, face of the difference
(a)(i) conscious Sebastian
of San
weak
very
woman poor at last hauled
with (30)not content he and dangerous struggle, that was crying piteously safelyto shore."
more,
put and remedy the ambiguity by inserting writing." who," according to the meaning.
"
with
compared
is the exact (a) What repeating the
to
Metz
meaning
or
by
Todleben,
the fortifications
between
(10 e) was
(c)(12)
Paris."
or
the relative, (b) Avoid by weakness itself." (c) conjunction,
of conscious
?
"
with
name,
"he"
face with
Sebastopol, (b} which
of
and
observation,"
"conviction"?
Point
(a)
70.
and
"
"c."
He 69. plunged into the sea once his previous exertions. After a long succeeded
and
a
Upon Richard's leavingthe (c)stage, the Commonwealth which Cromwell had was (a) again set up ; and the Parliament broken was brought together; but the army and they fell into new again (a) broken by the army : and upon disputes: so they were like to fall into (b) (n) great convulsions." that the nation was "
71.
Eng., "broken question whether
Modern
(a)
a
is that that
regarded
as
the
"
with
.
retired
What
(a) (n) and
weapons,
way.
"
See
(18)and
unnecessary ended with
the
Commonwealth a
dispute
"c. with
"c.,
it
(43).
in the
militaryprofession!
He
began
(b) (li) inefficient formality, and (c}(b) (n) greatly improved fire-arms "
pipe-clay." (6) "Six-pounders and flint-locks" are loaders." compared with "twenty-four-pounders and breechantithetical to (a),perhaps (c) Something is wanted
drill"
"
or
open
order."
fear death in the same fear to go in the dark. Men is increased fear of children by tales. So is the fear
Children The
when
but, fallinginto
inefficient
"loose
73.
"
....
revolution
(a) "pig-tailand now
and ....
.
a
the Parliament Commonwealth, are on a stage." But this is extremely the principal subject : " When
the
puppets Parliament
....
was
."
.
many
Make
Parliament
was
72.
Richard,
so
doubtful. Richard
"
Richard
asserted
up." (b) "violently convulsed." (c) It is The metaphor is in good taste. ing meanfrom It might be retired public life."
this
56 of
Exercises. death.
and
contemplation of death,
passage a tribute
tions
due
death
on
the
as
world, is holy and
another
to
it, as -
The
religious.The
In nature, is weak. mixture is sometimes
unto
there
of
'wages
sin,'
fear of
religious meditavanity and of
of
superstition." Insert connecting adverbs
"I
have
often
or
heard
him
(44).
See
conjunctions. reiterate
(54) repeatedlythat he never to him, path was again, if a safe(54) and secure open prefer the perilous (54) road of danger, however alluring (54)and 74.
would
attractive "
75-
might be."
the latter I
whether
thought
I did
not
in my observe
dream
remarked
bold
atom
take
that if any
from
friend
my
in the
me
of the
of the birds
one
of
heap
asked
in the conduct
curious
anything
pigeons, I (a) (4 a) to
that when
was
so
midst
ot grain them, (31) (which (b) a detachment guarded, and which, being increased and continually never useless),all the eaten, seemed rest turned againsthim and pecked him to death for the (c)(50) as
an
a
action." (a) Point
the
out
and
(") This
ambiguity.
"
parenthesis. of them, guarded by not
as
.
useless
"
come
noticed
Being
.
.
yet." (c)
:
earlier in the sentence, a heap of grain in the midst to all appearcontinually ance, ,
should
I
a
.
.
.
theft."
"
76. If this low view of the royal office becomes generally adopted, then sovereigns who (8) have manded always hitherto comthe will of fall into Englishmen by degrees respect disrespect.'' Point
out
the
ambiguity.
Show
it
how
might
be
removed
(a) by punctuation,
(") by altering "who." "
77.
I struck
magistrate. to
the
such
would
rightto
do
78.
(44). "He
perseverance
believe
not
Insert
a
explainedthis
Witnesses
me.
prison. exercised is.ararely me
right that
were
to
to
the
called He in
I remonstrated." adverbs.
conjunctions or connecting
attained and
It is
I
committed
He
this.
circumstances. See
in self-defence.
man
statements.
support my
had
the
He
a
common
distinguishedpositionby
very
sense,
which
mere
(15)
(52) (10 a] qualitiesare
perhaps mostly underrated, (30) though and not remarkable for general ability.
he
was
deficient
in tact
"
"
79. may
crime
be
which VindictivenesS) defined
but
as
anger
(a) (50) is a fault, (b) and (10 a) which is caused not by sin
by personal injury,ought
to
be
which
nor by carefullydistinguished
Exercises. from
which
resentment,
(49) which
is natural
unjust,because "The
(a)
it is
fault
is anger and which (a) (50) is a virtue,(!"} (c) right caused by an act (d) which is it is inconvenient." unjust,(300) not because and
;" yindictiveness
of
"
(c) *' Right
Omit,
(ft)"an
can.
57
virtue
of resentment." "
adjective,but
an
as
(b) righteous''
injustice."
of
act
"the
be used
cannot
"
80.
(a)He told his friend that (a)his brother was surprisedthat (a] ^hadlgiven so small a contribution,for (a] he was (b) (12) a rich in of his and losses bad state the recent (a) spite man, very of trade, (19) (30) compared with himself."
81.
"
citizen him
What
See
(b)
citadel
it be
must
.
universal
had
been
daylightby
a
been
This
address
the citizens been
captured in
the
and
enemy, admitted by
"
the
As
into
two
citadel
.
.
.
had
of
end
: .
The citadel
"The
"The
.
."
been
provided un-
postern gate,
a
;" or, Else, if one captured "c." .
broad
those
sentence.
a
sentences
therefore
Naturally captured
.
been
the
at
come
that the
was
tence sen-
had
opinion. be
sentence
surpassed all those who were living(a) at the in which he could him in the forcible(b} manner appeal to the popular sympathy, and in the ease towards could draw (a) himself the hearts of his
author
with
(c]an
which
with
.
.
for it had
used, write
must
converted
be
captured
...
of
number
"
"betrayed
case
time
(54)opinion of all
small
may
same
.
scaling ladders, and wearied by a long march."
much
any
"
?"
.
(15) betrayed,(30) having
very
with and
83.
proverbial for wealth?
was
(40).
"The
In
king
to (a) crucifyz. Roman (a) (15 b] It must be indeed wrong if to (b} (32) slay one is almost parricide,to (") scourge and him is an outrage. bind monstrous to a crime, (b} "
(a]
(15 a)
Asian
"
is
82.
(6). (b) What
Use
(a)
he
readers." (a) Express
84. a
the
the
great
statesman
quicksands
safe harbour
of
world.
It would
(a)
be
well
Trade
to
literal statement
"
The
; and
lawless
even
(15)
literalize
must
ministers
(43) (51) because were
He
of Protection
Free
of commerce, and pillar guided or impelled the people and false political to economy
indeed
was
(c) Omit.
with."
"force
a
(a)(14 a]
saved
the
country
millions."
several
85.
(b)
word,
one
in the financial
star
from
This
"
in
be
preceding metaphors.
changed
were
most
the
boldest
and
the
into
unwillingto of
them
desperate]had
Else
the
metaphor.
a
meet
(though too
much
the
Houses, (a)
their counsels value
for
his
Exercises.
58
unlawful
the
resorting to
had
that
of extortion
modes
of
think
(b) (li) personal safety to
familiar
been
to
(r) (12) the
ceding pre-
age." (a) Begin
Lawless and desperate though their of these (c) Insert some (b) "neck." modes, "benevolences, ship-money, and the other "c."
had
counsels unlawful
86.
"
We
may his poetry. "
of the
command.
(a)
writer
and
That "
We
will
"
87.
guess" and emphatic, (b) "Marah."
pretend be
to
captain asked
(15 a) scorn,
completely at intended
are
fiftymen,
a
his
dry."
never
was
despair"
allowed
be
to
"
in
eloquence of
(a) (15) despair (15 a] fountain (b} (12) of bitterness
to
The
Byron,
grandchildren
our
exhibited
as
the whole
had
ever
what
so
not
author
Lord
of
character
No
misanthropy,
"c."
been
(a) (15)pretend'toguess
will not
think
"
with
sentence
new
a
by
the
supply of
hundred and food, and (44) The one fifty breech-loaders. have general repliedcoldly that he could not let his subordinate forced The he that wanted. (a) (4) anything (44) captain was to out set (34) with an insufficient force, spite of the superabundance of soldiers doing nothing in the camp (34),and with by a general who from the first put in his way every obstacle had resolved not to give him even ordinary assistance, (b} (10 a') which
the
(a)
captain had
Point
and
out
which and
"
I
have
.
attractions
no
difference "
"
or
(b)Write, according ". .
.
.
a
resolution
to
the
that."
a
is not
(a) What
.
that
practicalman, and disbelieve in everything (8) amuse philosophers practical; theories (a) which
am
pedants
ambiguity,
the
assistance .
anticipated."
time
some
remove
".
meaning, 88.
for
"
that
in
for the
the
for me, would
meaning "
second
(30)for
which"
be
this reason"
caused
by
the
use
of
?
discovery drew no other seventy but the and the (n a) passing a sentence (li a) turning (a) him out of office, (b) condemning him to die for it (31) (which was presently and he restored to his after short confinement pardoned, was a all men believed that the king knew of the letter,(c)(43) liberty), and that (6 b} the pretended confession of the secretary was only collusion to lay the jealousiesof the king's (d] (n a] favouring him, (30) notwithstanding (e)(43) which still hung upon popery, his (e} writing on the Revelation, and his (e) affecting to enter all occasions into controversy, (e)asserting in particularthat on
89.* "Yet,
the
Pope
when
Antichrist."
was
(a) "expulsion that
from."
was
Begin it
that
was
a
soon new
"
(b)
sentence
said, 'was
pretended
a
manifested "
:
"c.'"
by 'The
sentence
his pardon
to
death
and
a pretence liberation." (c) "
secretary's pretended confession,' '* the the suspicion that king
(d)
Exercises.
60 94.
regret that I have
"I
which (a) (3) intelligence
some
which
and
(ioa)fs
tell you
I must
at once, of a most ($}painful nature, it should of your I like to account (40 on (c) a] defer though (b] had because (c} (40 a] you have already ill-health,and many the natural dislike which and to (8) a troubles, (40 a] owing is unpleasant. friend must always feel to say that (10 f) which Many old friends in this district have turned against you : I faithful to : only (21) I remain scarcely like to write the words sure you will believe you, and I am interests." which is best for your "
(a)
(3) In
news." if
a
a
is
period
letter these
and
"because because
of
...
remain
of your ."
come
they
is
(iof)
that
doing
am
(30)
must
....
I
should
words
desired, they
(c) Write troubles
that
;
are
last, after
ill-health
but
"
pleasant." un-
and
the
....
back word that the enemy had sent general at once other the side of the river,and [(35)or (37)] suddenly appeared on have shown // would then (a) retreated, (b} //was that(/;) thought
95.
"The
his (3) part if he had attacked the (c) (i) fortitude on tenable than which for week not were a more (d} fortifications, the (54) universal Such at all events. was opinion, at (23) least, of (54) all the soldiers." more
Point
(a)
the
have shown (b )"It was thought he would ambiguity, and fortitude (c) Distinguish between (d) "bravery." be if " that " for would the substituted were meaning
out
"c."
"
What "which"? "
"
96.
since
A
It will
Who so
morose
are
"
has
this
attained"
powerful that, unless
who less
are
liable
Ministry Write
?
it is
"
of
"which,"
these
go
"and
on,
that
this notion
has
(a)
it
become
." .
.
.
habituallysilent (a) (3) by dispositionand to
the
fault
are habitually (a) (3) fond (3) a pleasant disposition"
Each
is to
dispersed
who
(a)
for
has
what
"Those
97.
substitute
to
sprung up that the Premier, though he can has and attained influence which an govern,
notion
or
better
perhaps
they. "
legislate,cannot it imperative, if renders should be dispersed." (a)
be
"
periphrases
must
of
exaggerating than those of talking, and (40 a] of (a)
be
condensed
into
a
jective. single ad-
author, (a)(31) though he is not (b}altogether(^guiltless of which to be of are (c)faults exaggeration, in those found in his latest works he (d) which as as plentifully his when he was career as an author, yet, published beginning all who those these were surpassed (e)defects, notwithstanding living
98.
This
(b} occasional
61
Exercises. at the
he
(/)
could,
it were,
as
in the
and
see
power which he drew
with "who
the
could
not
that
power
a
(g) manner
clear
into the feelingsof indeed
toward
(/)
perused his works"
(f) (a)
"
in the
him
with
time
same
the
himself (54).
See
in which
people be (f)
large,
at
resisted
sympathy
"
"
of those
(") One of these parenthesisinto a separate sentence. dense One of these is unnecessary, (if)Con(":) words these as (e) Omit unnecessary. word, (g) clearness with." {f) Express all this in one the
Convert
is unnecessary. earliest." "his :
words
"
"
the North
Among
99. heard
of the
rushed
from
perpetrationof similar the
room
his tale half told, Make
(a)
it evident
American
whether
Indians,
his
use
his
regiment, out inspiredevery one "
Begin,
Out
he
"
101.
right of
who
were
"
that" repetitionof be replaced by some
is
can
"
102.
in the
It
happened
House
being
who
Point
out
the
day before, (19)
Though
wounded
had
shown
then
officer his
(a) that
"c and
.
must
there
"
have
(10 b] will
forgive the
fill."
to
suit what
were
."
.
.
intelligence(b) (18)
objectionable. Use other conjunction to
not
been
officer left in
only
considerations
that at this time
(8) could
had
Prime
"
(b} "and precedes.
few
a
be
and
Radicals
Minister
for
"
Christian.
a
he
(41) other
as
and
the
the
"
"c
are selectingan weight when we that will task in a placed position his fidelity"
(a) The
alive
and
in the recent
charge time
the
was
bravery
The
last the
at
and
arm,
"
well
as
the
stood,
lived the North among is " horror-stricken."
who
painful operation
wounded
officers
twenty headed."
Moral
heading
he
his crime"
at
once
show
this
admiration.
of
had
in
twenty
with
speaker
under
"His(i) bravery (I )fortitudehe had shown action, (30) though he was to
the
not, and
or
indeed
I had
where
wretch
(30) horror-stricken
100.
unable
Indians
atrocities ; but it seemed tolerabl inin a civilized land : and I
things should occur at once, leaving the
that such
with
(a) (23) American
difference
of
meaning, according
as
we
read
"who"
or
"that."
103. of and were
"//
cannot
would
men
be doubted be
left poor
and indisposition, taken
out
imaginations as (a) The
one
minds
(a) would,
(which original)is
meaning in the
"
to
vain and
the
minds
of
things,full
shrunken
unpleasing
of men's
the
'(15b] that
themselves,
of if
false
opinions, (15 a) like"
a
vast
melancholy (32) there valuations,
cannot
easily be
castles
in the air/' "pleasant fancies."
more
ber num-
tersely expressed
than
62
Exercises. "
104. His
God
ordinaryworks
mind
atheism
to
religion. (44)
to
scattered, it the chain
in
men's
While
may
acknowledge
the mind
confederate
atheism
of
to
(44)
That
school
which
clearly demonstrates
most
back
second causes upon when it beholds ; (44) together,it must needs
them
linked
and
minds
looks
man
in
rest
Providence.
a
of
a
philosophy brings
sometimes
of them
accused
refute it. (a) A
depth
:
miracle
refute atheism, because little philosophy inclines man's
wrought
never
the
is most truth
of
"
religion. (a)
Insert
"
suspensive conjunction.
a
See
(34).
The
spiritof Liberty and the spiritof Nationalitywere for all dead for a time once a pious duty, ; (a) (5) it might be but it could continue not always expedient or (c) (15) "(18) to (b}(13) mourn profitable (c)(15 a) for their loss. Yet this is the (b}(13)feelingof the age of Trajan." 105.
(a)
Omit.
(b)
Notice
by
"
"
by the
this
force
(a)
of
with
most
in
(a)
"
a
it to have
find for
dead
.
.
one,
To
or
the
a
"
sentence:
new
the
ball ; to
It
occasion,
was
a
force
"c."
description
amused
himself
of
inferior
authors
as
a
an
the
"
have
(d) What
done"
is the word
with
"
a
the
for "that central
some
passed (a)(3) in
write
and
by writing
sentence
"like
some
authors." instead
poet which
of
....
happens
around
object?"
manner self-satisfied own
through course
againstthe
; to
tide
the sole title to
English ministers a peculiarart of (d} sporting of a nation's destiny heavy, the awful responsibility jaunty grace of a juggler (I l) (e)playing with his golden have joked and intrigued,and bribed and (/) deceived^
distinction
with
(b) generations
many
their of office,letting things take years never have sagacity, (b} sailed with consummate of popular (c]judgment ; to have left on record as the
been
tempest."
in connection
have
twenty
with
of the force
nature
Longinus highlyrecommends because (a) (5)(c]he has not
poet." (3) Omit has."
"
the
was
almost
(b) Begin
upon
(c) Suspend
108.
"to
than
mentions,
he
The
.
therefore, by
emphatic
more
effected, (a) we
was
words,
raging of
the
it evident
are
(b} (15 a) have done, (30) but (c) has gathered together those (a1)(I ) events which are apt to terrifythe imagination,and (35) reallyhappen
whom he
because the
these
little fancies
genius,
words
(15 b) what
seemed
by Homer,
storm
a
had
I remember
"
Make
sentence.
these
(c) shown
theology."
Omit
107.
next
ask
we
change
that
of
"(38)
"
or
"c."
(a) If
which
the
by their grave;" "attitude." profitable are emphatic, as is
weeping
expedient
position,that
mourn
"
sit
"
in
yet
their
106.
"To
that
among
Exercises.
having done nothing (g\ (h) either for the indeed he did worse religion(for (/')which
result of
the
with
for (h} or nothing), (h}
for
or
basis
miserable
on
for the honour
science, (h} or
prosperityof
which
the
the
poor, than
or
cord con-
nation, (38) is surely
reputationof
man great (15) states-
a
(15 a] founded"
be (k)
can
and
art
the financial
even
or a
63
implies will and effort: use a word (") "Sail" (a) "complacently." to as a to contrast helpless ship, so peculiar paradoxically with sagacity." (c) Use a word implying less thought and is too often write deliberation. ing" "bearrepeated; (rf) With introduce the illustration as to so abruptly, (e) "tossing." word of a implying a particular kind deceit," not (/) Use the but to next (g) Insert the word "lying." "lying," thing with a preceding and intensifying adverb, "absolutely nothing." either," "or," repeat (/") Instead of nothing." (i) The parenthesis breaks the Write than rhythm. "nothing, or worse nothing." (k) to found." "
"
"
"
"
(i)conscious that glance at the clock will make you in the I therefore ask it is nearly three morning, and you, of this instead to time, wasting more gentlemen, question put to yourselves, Are or are we not, here, for the purpose we, truth ? of (l) eliminatingthe "
109.
A
'
' "
member, so far speech of the Right Honourable from unravelling (14) the obscurities of this knotty question, is eminently calculated to mislead his supporters (a) (Sa) who have be (b)(23) almost asserted It may made not a specialstudy of it. he has made that the very of every statement (8) which (i) "The
no.
is the fact."
converse
(a)
meaning
The
to
appears
be,
"
who : supporters is so grrat that that" his "
111.
provisions of
of the
Parliament
Point
out
"
the
Mrs.
vote
in the
(a) Substitute 113. "The cloud of evil
his
"all
supporters," but of writing "his
convenience
I should
be
the
of Canada
disposed
to
use
await and
"these
of
supporters "that." (6)
juxtapositionof
"
almost."
(8) require the
treaty which
meaning conveyed by which,
its
assembling."
by
that.
(26),in opposition to the been a reaction of the press, that (a) there had suffrage,that there had reallybeen a gain of
Smith
demonstrated
House
of
general dictum against woman's one
not
not
asserted,"requires the
"The
consent
112.
Every,"
"
the
"
instead
Commons."
of," and
erase
the
second
"
practiceof smoking hangs like the country." over
that."
a
gigantic(14 a)
EXERCISES.
CONTINUOUS
CLEARNESS.
THE
exercises
following
Butler,
and
other and
lost.
this, and the
the
is
It
The
the
that
necessary in mind
bear
altered
in
that
of
the
student sole
to
will
style,
author's
the
old-fashioned
the
view
a
version
unity
of
Burnet,
with
modernized
charm of
pleasant ring
highly
should
and
ambiguity. the to original
respects.
from
extracts
The
obscurity and necessarily be inferior some
of
modernized
Clarendon,
remove
in
consist
and
duality, indivi-
English, should is
object
are
recognize show
to
how
been clearly expressed. more might have have been not altered, being in as Occasionally expressions themselves obscure or objectionable, but as indicating a habit of in the which For beware. extract beginners should example, from is often in the he because, altered, not Burnet, particular because the but Burnet' obscurity, s context, presents pronoun any habit of repeating he is faulty. in These exercises used The be two can pupil may ways. either be have his book and the for on questioned reasons open each have versions, he may alteration, or, after studying the two the original version dictated and he then to him, reproduce may the parallel version, or like it, on something paper. in each
meaning
case
LORD The
principal (43),
use
(5),
pronouns
faults
in
CLARENDON. this for
phrases
of
excessive
style words
separation
long heterogeneous
are,
(47 a), ambiguous
of
words
tences sen-
of
use
grammatically
nected con-
together (19). ORIGINAL
It
(44) tinent
(50)
The
be
not
place
to
the
constitution
original metaphor the
it is better
is
metaphor to
avoid
the
in
now,
plain,
this
VERSION.
far
as
as
prodigious
an
present
take
place
in
of both
and
how
the*
to
uses so
And
imper-
discourse,
this
and
temper
PARALLEL
unnatural
present in
Though
will
nor
down
1
VERSION.
common
appearance
set
the
crown
as
as
scarcely
of
confusion.
a
which
prop, to
be
order
to
ex-
possible, how alteration so
short
a
royal seems
regarded
as
so
could
time, power
a
confusion.
a
metaphor,
Clearness.
Parliament, and (34) court itself, (30) that (5)
of
the
to
it may be the less wondered at, that so prodigiousan alteration should
(37) the
time, and
itself
appear
were
fallen
neither
follows
the
only
of
of
the to
or
and
of Church
or
were
set
the
the
on
all
foot
to
the
all that
We
sometimes
.overeign," "the
a
for
the for
the
to
intention
no
Church
was
to
State.
or
from
the
very to
necessary conceivable
every
sort re-
device
of perverting purpose honest bellion. majority into re-
With
They were dangers that and
the
some,
addressed
not
that
the
this
appeal was
their
to
patriotism.
warned that
the
"of
[all
threatened
precious in]the liberty of the property subject,
was
if the
laws
subservient
to
government deed, In-
country.
be doubted
in
outset, it
if
feel
to
great affection constitutional
Consequently,
for
court,
loyal respect and
alteration
their
say, brieflybut then temper," "c.
the
the peace of the kingdom make considerable any
to
or
ous preci-
of wisdom
whose
majorityhad
break
(43)
Commons
men
many
ancient
the
front the
subject(19) in
were
most
tions inven-
was
of
it cannot
to
Lords.)
House
of
liberty and their property, by tering overthrowing (47 a) or overmasthe law, and jecting (47 a) subit to an arbitrary (47 a) and by countenancing power, Popery to the subversion of the Protestant religion,"and then, 1
court
judgment high posed position and great wealth disdifference them, in spiteof their in-
the
ment govern:
the
king,
(15) beginning to work upon (5) them, and (n) corrupt (5) them, (43) (45) by suggestions "of the dangers (8) which threatened
the
and
a
dom, king-
State
(18)
of Parliament,
of
of
to
able consider-
any
alteration
therefore
mind
no
in
Houses also
House
there
plentiful
of
peace make
of both
In
(7) being possessed
had
who
men
the1
present composition, not
and
the
Commons
unfortunes,though they were the devoted to court, enough (19)had all imaginable duty for affection to the the king, and established (47 a) government by law or ancient custom ; (43) and without the doubt, major consisted that body (54) part of
break
of
but
descriptionof
and
great
nity, dig-
itself.
of wisdom
persons gravity,who
able un-
naturally,
most
account
(47 a)
a
of
House
support
temper
port sup-
to be
as
itself,its
it comes
some
majesty,
own
many
and
will be where
a
low
so
its faithful servants, it of use to set down here,
or
faithfulto it.
(Here In
so
would
who
those
nor
its
nor
short
crown
that it could
low,
so
in
made
be
fall
could
of
Houses
Popery the
to was
to
were
be
made
despotism, to be
subversion
and
encouraged of
the
testant Pro-
religion.'* perhaps idiomatically, the "
then
66
Continuous
Exercises.
by infusing terrible apprehensions into some, and their fears, upon
ing work-
so
(6b) "of in called ( 1 1 a] being question for somewhat had done," they stand by which (5) they would in need of (5) their protection ; and (43) (45) raisingthe hopes of others, that, by concurwith a) (5) them ring (47 (5) "
they should
be
offices
honours
and
of
there
were
too
misled
and
temptations
than
fierceness
barbarityof their
and
(19) no
had
they
court
and
;
government vested,nor (47 a) was had
who
would
then
done,
stand
in
of
those who help them this giving In others, timely warning." and were hopes excited, offices, were
now
and
out
preferments the
as
were
of adhesion.
reward
many there
that
malice
against the
had
tracted con-
the Church the
and
leaders
of
not conspiracywere many. flock was missive, large and subbut the shepherds
The
the
their
barbarity
they
But
court.
the
needed than
temptation
by
tions, tempta-
some
fierceness and
the
of
indeed
the
and
of these
were
very
few.
were
lead,
to
multitude
a
were
disposed
was
other
led away
were
many other
or
the absolute
authority (13) (13)
were
had
they
of the
innate
and
the
though
need
no
the
against ber (43) yet the numgreat of those in
not
was
rest
they
and
contracted
againstthe Church
there
and
one
other
from
natures,
own
malice
whom
something
others
needed
the
for
Too
corrupted many these several by
temptations, (40 a) who
(47 a)
others
"There appealed to. was "that danger," so1 it was said, they might be called to account
held
any
of
preferment." Though
kind
and
and
fears
honours,
obtain
to
sure
The
to
follow.
(44)(30) Mr. Pym
of greatest experience in parliaments,where
the
as
upon
Of
looked
was
man
long, (50) very of always (50) a man officer in business,(7) being an of a the Exchequer, (43) and good reputation generally,(30) inclined to be though known and
of
Puritan
against the leading
wholly The
party
furious
those
1
in
rest
he
was
the
to
was Pym superior to all the parliamentary experience. To this advantage
thought
served
had
he
these, Mr.
Church
men
devoted
were, to
;
to
and
the
inclined
other he
of
personalityof the tempters kept in the background.
be
set
(44)
Earl
of
his
business
continuous
in the
party, yet he
the other
the
from
He Exchequer. had also a good reputation generally ; for, though known
resolutions as
habits
acquired service
not
yet
added
and
to
was
the not
against the
so
Puritan cally fanati-
Church
as
leaders.
In
this
spect re-
resembled
the
Earl
of
organizers of the conspiracy is
posely pur-
68
Continuous
founa in Parliament, (30) (43) it was (44) when covered quickly dishe the that,as ling darwas of his father, so (5) he like to make was soever good whathad
he
for many
years
Exercises. Parliament.
Then,
indeed, it
that quickly likely to fulfil even fond hopes of his father the high promise of discovered
was
he
was
the and
years.
many
promised. The
(5) was
a
other, Sir of
man
H.
Vane,
great natural
*
(45) and of very profound dissimulation,of a quick conception,and of very ready,
parts
and
sharp,
weighty
Fiennes'
coadjutor, Sir
Vane,
was
natural
ability.1 Quick
a
and
H.
great
in understanding
impenetrable
dissembling,he with
of
man
could
also
in
speak
aspect, which, though it might
point, and weight. His singular appearance, though it might naturally
naturally proceed
proceed
He
father
had
and
which
an
life made
and
very
in Oxford,
the
great exactness,
after
his
care
not
(43)
he
a
not
full
reverence,
that he had
the form
the
turgy, Li-
generally who
where
Oxford,
at
Magdalen
In
much to
sentence
he
studied
spite
supervision of
very
by tutor, Soon after spent and
a
a
severe
leaving in
of
an
the
by
Church,
not,
were
is
a
which
he
After he
ceived con-
hatred
not
many,
was
also
but
Liturgy,which was and general reverence. or
by his displeasureof at
was
the
in France,
Geneva.
intense
at
worthy morality.
Oxford
littletime
some more
the
not
was
characterized, in
please, dis-
able, highly conformexceedingly sharp
This
by
behaviour
College,
of
disliked
against the held in great
cur, seeming to ingiddiness, the his father, who
that time, beside strictly forming conto the Church himself, very
bitter
stillappeared
against those
confirmed
was
of his life. His
whole
Incurring
(30) (43) his father, who
who
thing some-
extraordinary,an impression that
even
were
other.
giddiness,which displeased,or seemed
and
in him
the
only against the government
then
his
belief
beauty,
with
men
prejudice
(15 a)
many
for their
impressed
yet
who
parents,
returning to England,
and was
his
(43) England,
against
of those friends to (5) the
with
spent
and,
;
of the government (43) which
great
very with
againstthe
both
Church,
a
lived
bitterness
and
of
into
retuni
(38) contracted
in
College (43) though
Geneva
in
more
his
in France, and
little time
some
time
from
where,
tutor, he
worthy
tion. imagina-
from noted
not
were
traordinary ex-
Magdalen
under
promptness,
whole
short
returned
in
was
that
a
of
(52) his
good
he
persons, think there
in him
Within
he
of
neither
men
:
after
his
beautiful
somewhat
studies
from
mother,
were
yet (19) made was
expression. (50) unusual
left his home This
preliminary summary
against
conformists, Non-
Vane the young for New England.
colony had of what
been
follows.
planted
Clearness. transportedhimself into New England, (43) a colony within few years before planted of all religions,1 by a mixture which disposed the professors (5)
he
dislike
to
the
the
who
to
choose
government
and
charter
under
that
choosing
man
to
hence,
nor
years
the
them
of
scruple amongst complying with those so
:
from
far
men
tions obligain
were,
He
(45) there,
landed made
was
no
sooner
his
but
parts
him
quickly taken notice of, (26) and very probably his quality,being the eldest son of a Privy-councillor, might give him
advantage
some
season
of
for
came
their
the
was
their governor: (30)(45) (43) in which place he had so ill
(26)(his working
unquiet fancy raising and a
and fusing in-
scruples of
conscience, which not nor
1
(5) they had with brought over them, heard of before) (19) that he "
If
which"
their differences that but 2
I have The
between
were
found
is used "
;
of
here
if it is used a
nature
difference
following words the infancy and
also
with
the
arrival
this
was
had
he
landed
to
notice
:
he
was
of
changed. than
all
Vane No
sooner
his
ability, his extent perhaps to some eldest of son a position, as recommended Privy-councillor, and
him
election
and
at
the
chosen
new
next
vernor. Go-
post, his restless
and
unquiet imagination found opportunity for creating and tious consciendiffusinga thousand scruplesthat had not been or ever brought over, even heard of, by the colonists. His
proved
government
failure
:
governor
and,
mutually
(45) governed Vane parted.
a
satisfied, disand re-
according to Rule (8),the meaning is,(a) "and for gions that,"the meaning will be, (b) all reliI believe (a) is the meaning to dispose "c." ; "
"
of opinion on the question. to be emphatic, bringing out appear
the
supremacy." been
had
slightest scruple. Indeed, lawfuloaths scruples against "2 unknown in the infancy were of the English schism. But
In his
election
magistrates,he
thousand
oaths
the
for many years the afterwards,without exciting
next
chosen
fortune
take
allegianceand
much inso-
;
the
(51) that, when
should
not
but
infancy (i$}of their schism, refusing to take lawful
oaths.
own
nal only by all the origion planters, receiving their charter, before leaving England,
was
after
least
the
of
taken,
selves they transported themfrom
it
their
These
"
in many
of the
government
happened privilege(accorded king's charter) of
man
every oaths
the
premacy suallegiance and which (30) (43) (5) ; all the first planters did, when their charter, they received
there
religions, J disposed them
ment governject subwas governors this obligation,"that
of
before
of
men
and
own
take
by
and
Now,
their the
by
governors,
should
sorts
Church.
obligation, "that
the
every oaths
their
of
to dislike the
king's
the
before
years
their differences
(30) (43)
by qualified
(44) were
few
all
of
government
Church;
a
development
of schism.
the difference
Continuous unsatisfied with with
him,
himself
and
retransported England ; (30)(43)
into
(44) having
sowed
such
there,as
prosperously,and divided
into several
they
he
of dissension too
them
Exercises. turned
to
till he
had
England, but not accomplished his
mischievous
seed
had
task, the
sown
miserable
grew up ably miser-
seeds
of
those
dissensions
afterwards
the
till he
not
which
only
grew
too
perously, pros-
till
colony poor sions factions,and divi-
they split the wretched colony into distinct, and hostile, mutually persecuting
and
persecutions of each (15 a] other (30) (43) which still continue to the great (54) prejudice of that plantation: insomuch of (5) them, as some the of their first ground upon expedition, liberty of conscience,
factions.
His
work handi-
,
have
withdrawn
from and from
the
it is -remains, and owing to (15) him that some of the colonists,on the pretext of
liberty of conscience, the of their emigration, originalcause
selves them-
their
(5)
obtained
still
from
tion, jurisdic-
other
fresh
of
men
government, they have enlarged their plantations,within new limits to adjacent (5) (15 a)
forms
of
the other.
borders
colonial
have
obtained
from
charters
These
(30) (43)
forms
other
selves them-
old
the
and jurisdiction
ters char-
king, by which,
in
withdrawn
have
the
king.
established
have
government,
new
unduly
their boundaries, and the rival settlements on
enlarged set
up
of the
originalcolony.
BURNET.
The
principalfaults
(see 43)
sentences
styleare
in Burnet's
(b]
;
(a) the
of heterogeneous
use
of suspense want (see the omission (d] (see 5) ;
the
of pronouns
30)
;
of
(c) the ambiguous use and an excessive use of and connecting adverbs and conjunctions, one topic to abruptness in passing from (see 44) ; and (e) an faults necessarily correction of these another (see 45). The
lengthens the
honour
his
maintaining the
of
foreign countries (l)vanity which
nation
of which
he
was
carefulthat, though a
head,
crowned
had
ambassadors
paid them
which
ambassadors
ever
all
in
is very natural
so
(30) (43) (15) (17 a)
;
he
was
He
the
gratifiedthe
(50) to Englishmen
not
yet his (40 a)
(15)kings'
had
(6 b) the dignity of
:
the
he said crown
lish gratifiedthe Engby feeling of self-respect also
nation So
foreign countries.
in all
jealous
he
was
crowned
head, he
paid
been
had
not
was
yet secured all the respect
for his ambassadors that
this
on
he
point that, though a
of the
the honour
maintaining
all the respects our
VERSION.
PARALLEL
VERSION.
ORIGINAL
And
version.
altered
of
ambassadors
The
king, he said, received
simply
as
our
the
to
kings.
the
spect re-
nation's
Clearness. was
the
upon
of the
account
nation, of king was (50)only the representative head; which
the
so, the nation being the same, he would have the same gards re-
paid to (41) his Another2
pleased with
of
(5) this
much.
Blake
the fleet happened^}
to be
Malaga before he made upon Spain : (44) and some at
his
seamen
went
met
the Host
carried
and
war
of
ashore, and
about; (44)
only paid respect it,but laughed at those who of did; (43) (30) (51) so one the priests put the people upon not
this
resenting indignity; and and they fell upon (5) them beat them severely. When returned to their ship (5) they they complained of (5) this and
usage;
upon
to demand
the
the
chief
over
the not
The
the
not
were
viceroy
he
was
in that
swered viceroy anno authority
the
to
of following instance jealousyfor the national honour When much. pleased him Blake his at Malaga with was with before his war fleet, Spain, of his It happened that some sailors
but
prieststo resent the people fell beat
their
a
kind
the
instigator of the outrage. The that he viceroy answered could not touch him, as he had the priests. no authority over
their
of the
2
No
that,
complaint (5)it,(5)he would
of antithesis instance
has
sent
burn
sent
a
is
this ill-
within
answered
meaning
of
Blake
to the viceroy to messenger demand the priest who was
To
this Blake
"
his, and
between
yet been
"
have and
mentioned.
and
would people towns-
condition at
once
his
of
the
But
sailors.
plied reEnglish (50) Admiral that a complaint should
been then
punished the
he
The
fended arrival,he dehimself, alleging the
insolence
"
hours,
town.
On
sent.
therefore the nation
three the
being in no the priestwas resist,
seamen.
The
On
shipthe
a
the
x
scoffers
burn
but
petulant behaviour
of
the
whereupon
usage,
the
severely. to
complained
seamen
who
indignity,
the
on
it,
to
of
one
the
them
return
Host,
those
at
Incited
and
ing meet-
respect
no
laughed by
even
did.
and
processionof the
only paid
not
the
(5)Aim
ashore
within
him,
(43) and
to
going
the
if he
to
power
condition
(44) Blake (5) he had
paid
three
word
inquirewho
not
would
if
be
nation's ministers.
The
to
;
no
1
the
same,
respect should
same
(5) they,being to resist him, the priest to him, (43) sent who himself upon (44) justified town
in
was
since
send
him
sent
the
replied,that he intend did to not inquire to whom the authoritybelonged, if the sent not but, priestwere
sent
(i)
so
Blake
disposeofhim.
priest to
hours,
the
(15) priests, and
that upon that he would
the
Blake
priestwho
had
he
could
that
(l) instrument
ill-usage.
had
to
trumpet
a
nation
no
to
sent
the
ministers.
instance
him
head, and, representative
forwarded he them
would
the
nation's
him, have
severely, for
nation's, ministers." "
to
There
ministers."
is
Continuous have
them
punished
since his
(5)
to
men
not
affront
the
set
on
Spaniards
for he would
it ;
only
was
so
mercy. Cromwell
much
of
name as
that of
ever
had
been. were
(5) him
that
him
a
in such
dread
took
they
of
give (43) (44) and the
his brothers
to
king
or
Royal,
(23) within
after,(5) they deputation to States
give
them
that no
tavus
Algernon not
was
speak
1
The :
"
of
a
that
me
the
was
spected rename
countries
of
Cromwell
the
in such
were
that
they
to
care
free
on
not
these
; and
only with
of Sweden favourite
under
Charles
whom
he
confidential terms,
most
also
kingdom
Cromwell's
Gustavus,
or
was
of
name
much
as
ever
with
said, "I
the
dread
ally;
mended com-
ally
ing Read-
in council
other
was
under
Christina.
was
but Both
tions sovereigns had just nopublicliberty; at least,
of
is implied, and
favourite
conduct.
letters
Holland
The
who
think
kings,
(5) to
thought Cromwell's
to
delighted
of
(44) CarolusGus-
well him
this
two
should
Sydney, (io#)
back.
give him no sort of ever umbrage. Accordingly, whenhis brothers the king or Princess the to see came Royal their sister, they were always warned in a day or two by a Cromwell had that deputation required of the States to give them no harbourage.
he lived in great conjunction of counsels. Even (44) inclined
him
much
was
Blake's
with
offender
entertained
sent
States
alliance
favourite
\vasSweden.1
Cromwell
took
harbour.
Cromwell's and
;
know
(5) they
(50)
Blake
and civilly
Among
required of
had
at his mercy,
of
send
to
them
let
Cromwell
that the
used
having
as
came
or
only to man." English-
of Roman."
Princess
day
a
is
satisfied
the
hope an Englishman
anytime
at
sister the
their
see
when
my all the
I shall make
to
care
trymen counyour work ; for I world know
he great satisfaction,
of
umbrage
sort
no
on
Then,
(15 a) States
set
do
had
the
great
The
it ill that
take
Englishman punished by an
with
the
as
"I
an
be
with
make
Roman
(44)
Holland
to
lighted de-
said he
; and
should
English man
an
place "But,"
should
him
and
(5) this, (43)
great satisfaction
(6) hoped
any
will have
at his
him
the letters in council
he
lished estab-
;
was
with
the
religion of added,
that
be
affront
to
(5)
all the
should
they touched.
you
Englishman punished by
satisfied that he had
read
he
the
him
sent
he
(43) (44) and priestcivilly, back (30), being
he treated
and
; but
an
to be
Englishman
an
where
do
to
have
that
to know
world
place
ill,that
his sailors
allowed
lished estab-
any touched
it
of
none
suffer
of
religion which at (5) he (5) (6) he took the
severely,
would
he
Exercises.
should a
be
expressed, by
free country.".
the
words, is
Clearness. said he
(5)had justnotions of public liberty; (44) (43) and added,
that
seemed
to
But
at
have
(44) she
from
us
Queen them
a
true
the
from
All
and
was
up
the
and
over
for (5) it.
executed
our
than
Nor
offend
the
whose
keeping
up
character
of
land,1 Holof
name
him
durst
the
great (50)
fleet scoured and
Mediterranean; gave up Hyde,
even
tion. na-
dreaded
died.
Protector
then
factious
the
at
and
Cromwell,
(23)(43),
king brought
less
Italy,no trembled
ambassador
there
the
kept
for she
;
complained of the unruly spiritof
till he ; and the Turks Turks offend him livered ; but de-
up Hyde, the character of an
Rome
at
Mediterranean
who
was
also held
and
(A^ a] of our princes. at the (44) All Italy trembled of seemed and name Cromwell, under a (i)panic as long as he lived ; (43) his fleet scoured the not
He
same
her
on
commands
durst
this
me
of Gustavus.
tainly cer-
favour
opinion of Queen Christina ; but, if so, she was much I waited changed when
her
on
royalty,assured
the
changed
with
readily comply
not
likewise.
; for she complained of factious nation, that did
Rome as
of
I waited
that,when
Algernon Sydney, a man not prejudicedin
Christina
much
was
73
in
they for
who,
Turkey
ambassador
the from
the
king, was brought England and executed. (44) (ii a) The brother of the ambassador
putting the king of Portugal's for
death
to
very in the strictness
nations, it
is
own
exempted
of the
only the (4) any
(47 a) sends him, yet
the
to him.
his
foreigners
is
of
the
brother
of
law
the
to
ambassador's Successful
(41) (44)Cromwell good (n) under-
was
in
than
no
nations
alone, yet
exemption
has
of
the
the
whole
suite.
abroad, Cromwell
less successful
selectingable for
for
tion foreignjurisdic-
practicethe
extended
practice has
of
carried
the ambassador
that
verity se-
the
justice For, though in
far.
from
exempts
rity authoin
of "
Cromwell
"
very strictness
in favour of all that the gone ambassador owned long (47 a} to beshowed
towards
murder
sador's ambas-
but his masters
instance
Portuguese ambassador
the
of
law
that
person from
another
execution
der, mur-
(n a) carrying justice far ; (43)since,though
was
In
to
at
and
home
worthy
ally public duties, especi-
nothing of law. for the courts In capable and seeking2 out for all employmore nothing did he show ments, worthy men his natural but most insight, particularly clearly great standing
\\\
more
men
in
1
The
remarks
about
Christina
are
a
digression,and
Burnet
is
now
ing return-
by foreign nations. "find" is not neces2 He not only sought, but sought successfully. That the word of the in the out" "seek use proved by. seems irilyimplied by out very and ii. 17 : "He Ai.uthorized Version, 2 Tim. diligently, sought me found me. to
the respect
in which
Cromwell
was
held
Continuous
74
of law, (43)
for the courts which
(lOtf)
Exercises.
(30^7) general
a
gave
nothing contributed popularity,
and
more
his
to
satisfaction. BISHOP The
in this
principalfaults sometimes
(5), and would
be
BUTLER.
(b) the
Some
certain that been
(5)one But
revelation
no
a
a
as
(15 b]
in
man
the
had
the
ness serious-
the
simplicitycan possibly considers (5)so, who of state religion in the it
heathen
world
and in
tion, revela-
borrowed
of
(12) greatest men thingsof the utmost well
as
natural
It is
have
reasoned
system
have
and
which
been
(15 a) rance igno-
1
"To
2
It has
even 4
as
style,but
revealed mark tention inatof the
even
by
doubtful a
vital
Socrates
subject
a
of
immortality
soul ; and
then and
lightof
the
in seriousness
sincerity
the
that
can
he
tain main-
Nature
is
whole
It is of
deny
genuine supersti-
in
that
impossibleto
course some
second
4
totle Aris-
might have reasoned out, its genuine simplicityand incredible,"
inconceivable."
Wanting"
This
its of
the
ceived re-
sufficient ?
to
call natural
we
yet
ignorance
so
the
those
of
also
language held on
that
in
not
"to put forward," "maintain." pretend" once meant been suggested, however, that by "in its very notion "
is meant
able
that
out
religion, (30) in simplicity,clear
4
the
as
and
natural
the
but
masses,
in general. of mankind (34) impossibleto say (12)
would
"
the
vailed preworld
all,let him
merely
let
(41)
once
have
and
concerning (1 1 ) importance,
inattention
who
3
of
some
But
heathen
light
to or
spiritual
prevails
that
; above
not
as
would
the
revelation,
the
no
sense
needless
given.
the
still
truth
light from (5) it; particularly(19) the doubtfulness
been
in
(41)
been
revelation
no
that
regions
(5) present state (n) places (8) which
assuredly,
a
consider
before
is in
Nature
revelation
its
those
have
before
And
in such
any man darkness
ground
Nature
light of
have
tially essensarily neces-
the
lightof
itself sufficient.
ever
useless.
wanting,or
and
fictitious, on that
2
as
incredible
useless,
render
to
avowedly
persons revelation
rejectall
and think
word
a
VERSION.
Some
render
the
sufficient
been
sense 3
not no
phrase, where
sufficient
would
had
given, (32) Nature
such
of pronouns
use
vague
a
PARALLEL
(15) upon sufficiency of pretence the light of Nature, avowedly reject all revelation as, in its (47 a) very notion, incredible, and what (47 a) mtist be fictitious. indeed And (32) it is
in
use
VERSION.
persons, of the
l
light of
of
enough (47 a).
ORIGINAL
have
(a)
style are
use
is used
of the
it adds
for modern
"wanted."
particular for the general would
clearness.
be
out
of
place in
Butler's
Continuous and
boundless
is a
great and
affairs.
has is
make
to
lastingimpression
human
on
that it
resources,
obviously destined
been
Its
(50) progress (5)it"1
slow, but
that account the only on be durable. to likely (5) has not suddenly risen to
more
It
greatness, like the in ancient Alexander that of
or
force
the
of individual
the accidents
genius, or (54) casual fortune, but has slowly advanced, and (40 a) been firmly consolidated (15) of ages, during a succession of
the
from
and
the
is, Russia
contains
marine
leagues,
million
two
square about one
or
the
times
and
hundred
one
Great
thousand.
below)
(40 a)
north
as
productive
a
Russian
Empire empires of
the
and
Great
the
raised
been
poleon, Na-
sudden
to
greatness by the genius of
fortune, enlarged
or
the
accidents
but
has
been
and
dividuals in-
of
slowly
firmly
dated consoli-
tion by well-guided ambiand persevering energy,2 of during a long succession ages.
of fertility leled territoryfurnish unparal-
The her
and
extent
facilities for the increase
population
of her
the
to
one
thousand
geographical miles,
square
Ireland.
and
Britain
or
Great
of
surface
the
times
ten
the
contains
hundred
two
is,
of
west
Mountains,
Ural
power.
that
Russia,
European Russia
and
face sur-
twentypart, no with
territoryis covered
forests, or
J
like
of
to
of
lies
be food
This
by
far to
so
almost ;
mountains
Apparently "it" means, Not "energy," but "a
but
unno
arid
or
not
arid
no
much
territoryis
vast
(54, see
doubt, of this immense
ranges
has
land, contain, including Ire-
which
the
The
more
Islands,
British
the
of
durability
probable. not, Alexander
only
progress
miles,
geographical
being
her
The
thousand
hundred
ten
fifty
hundred
four
thousand
square
of her
million
"
and
hundred
a
ward west-
Mountains
Ural
of the
two
Russia
the
to
the
in
(47 a)
enjoys.European
that
"
nation
strength
of
elements
no
"world
slowness
crease facilities of in-
to furnish
and
suck
territoryare
Russian
"which
history a great influence.
lasting
renders
of fertility
and
extent
(54) as
course
and
on
skilfullydirected (15^) perseveringly
energy
The
of
influence
combined
ambition
of
the
of
empire (19)(31),
to exercise
viouslydestined
in modern,
Napoleon
from
times,
Exercises.
mountain
no
of it is rendered
unproductive of
food
though almost either
by
of forests,or by northern the
the denseness
severity of
the
"progress,"
long succession
ranges,
and
deserts;
sected inter-
of
but
the
"
Russian
ages," needs
to
be
empire." emphasized.
Brevity. the
intersect
deserts
almost
above) extent, and
see
the
Arctic
the of
capable for the
yieldingsomething of
use
The
man.
south
present (54) inexhaustible fields of pasturage, and give birth to those
and
numerous
the
empire,1as (15^)
states, The
of
their
(30) which
Dnieper, the
Volga, tributary streams, form so many (54)
outlets into
natural
which
stretch
shivering plains towards Archangel
shores
the
the
of
forests of at
fir and
ample
of
for
many
supersede searchingin
of (54) warmth
is from
Russ.a of
its 1
If
bowels
is
and
of
parable incom-
form the
the
empire.
rich arable lands
interior to
in the
produce grain enough
support four
times
population of yet leave
the
surplus to be Dnieper, the
vast
a
the present empire, and
the
transportedby Volga, and their into the Euxine
tributaries, other
or
seas.
the
Sea, and
for
materials
and
supplies
for
of
and
fir,
ing shipbuild-
of fuel
that
generations necessity of
many the
supersede searching for
the with
covered
forests of oak
furnish
will
plains Archangel
the shores
towards
immense
These
bleak
Lastly,the cold stretchingtowards White
generations the necessity
or
the
coal
(14 a)
"nothing
facture. manu-
power
the vast
territory,and
There
Oriental 2
as
turage pastribes
for the purposes
of the earth
Formidable
south
nomad
numerous
The
and
ing furnish-
(54)
will
bowels
those
chief defence
Sea
immense
oak,
fuel.
stores
of
whose
the
inexhaustible
an
to
and
shipbuildingand
for
supplies
present
(54)2 inexhaustible
once
materials
White
with
(48) covered
are
of
steppes
Euxine
the
orotherseas; (44)while the cold and
man.
The
the
in
affordpresent inhabitants,but ing a vast surplus for exportation
by
use
found.
be
lands
of the (54)empire produce an (2) incalculable quantity of grain,capable not only of maintaining four times (5) its
and
for the
all Oriental
heart
the
of
of
defence
is to
arable
rich
the
capable
horsemen
incomparable
the chief
horsemen
snows,
tribes, in whose
nomad
touches is
yieldingsomething of
(3)(54)
steppes of the
boundless
all,except
which
part
Arctic is
snows,
almost
winter, yet that
exceptingthat which
whole,
touches
(54,
vast
the in the
Much
of
extent
great context
Russia
we
as
of her
for the vastness
territory and that
dread
may
requires
the
of
her
words,
rapidly "as
of
all
states."
they of
were
really"inexhaustible," the "necessity of searching but be "superseded," not for "many," would
the earth"
generations.
in the for
all
Continuous
and
rapidly increasing
Exercises.
number
(54) subjects, (5) it is still the military more (5) so from and docile disposition by spirit guished. which (54) * distinthey are The prevailing (54) of
its
passion of the nation and love of conquest, burns
the
in
free
Europe,
of
accumulated violence
over
states.
The
all
as
how
grievances, for
foreign aggrandizement.
In
the
people hope
to
and
of
evils
find
a
more
a
as
great
as
how
great
hope
(15)
and in
the
domestic
the
evils,
the a
than
in
ances. griev-
internal
find
more
ritory, ter-
itself
soever, to
which
national
wastes
all
For
sians Rus-
tion, compensaa
conquest
sation, compen-
of
the
world.
pensation, com-
the
(15 a) for
all
interior
adminis"
their
Russians
energy,
the
rarely disputes about
sation, compen-
than
the
national
thirst
of the world
conquest
is
soever,
in the
retains
ceasingly discipline,unimpels their united against all adjoining
Domestic
great
of
states
strictest
The
the
territory rarely wasted
(54) overlooked
are
of
tion ambi-
free
states.
the
they inhabit, are in internal disputes.
it
the
adjoining
energies
people, great
the
forces
ceaseless
in
the
quest con-
passion
a
Europe. This passion unseen spring2 which,
while
their
docility
democratic
as
standard
the
3
Western
in
the
for
prevalent
as
Russia
is
is
in
the
thirst
burning
in
missive sub-
impels
forces
in
spring2
the
(54) under chief and
their
fear
people.
is
does
them
cause
her
A
Western
unseen
retains
both
which
of
states
is the
of
them
ambition
democratic
for
military spirit and
(54) (54) (54)
this
(54) desire, which as (54) fiercely in
ardent
as
is the
greater
there
numbers,
increasing
tration.
The
1
words
can
be
implied,
besides
and
they
are
in the
expressed
following
sentence.
a
3
; and spring" in
at "
be
metaphor
The
2
retain
The is
all
meaning great."
is questionable "spring, a ; for ought not passion a besides, the
qua
"
"
"
to
"spring, burn
"
in
one
does
not
line, and
next.
appears
not
to
be, "great
THE
END.
as"
(is),i.e. "though
the
tory terri-
LESSONS
ENGLISH FOR
PEOPLE.
ENGLISH
BT
EDWIN
REV.
THE
OP
MASTER
HEAD
J. R.
'*
I look
and for
It is not
a
fine
MODERN
OF
PROFESSOR
so
upon
much this
speaker."
"
a
A.
THE
13
knowledge ADAPTED
to know as
M.A.,
English for
as
it is
an
CICERO.
FROM
BOSTON: ROBERTS
BROTHERS. 1876.
OF
UNIVERSITY
THE
essential
M.A.,
SCHOOL;
LONDON
SEELEY,
HISTORY
merit
OF
CITY
ABBOTT,
a
shame
Englishman,
CAMBRIDGE.
not
and
to
know
not
it;
merely
CAMBRIDGE
PRESS
OF
JOHN
:
WILSON
AND
SON.
TO
G.
REV.
MORTIMER,
W.
F.
Paul's
of St.
Prebendary
THE
late
Cathedral,
DOCTOR
MORTIMER,
We
other
have
which who
pupils
City
the to
for
Looking
under
study
back
the
We
pupils of to
the
there
those
the
of
work
City of
old
your did
at
dedicate
us
Lessons
English
"
tude grati-
you
let
to
you
entitled
none
by
which
to
the
that
enjoyed
we
important
more
Shakspeare,
feel
both
we
which
advantages
stimulated
were
life,
school
was
of
works
than
the
and
we
special prizes
our
of
the
Endowment.
owe
to
you
rightly,
a
debt
teachers.
their
engrossing use
asking
have
educational
care,
school-fellows
Beaufoy
we
the
and
respect
all
by
you
for
our
upon
many
your
of
which
of
People."
English
among
the
appreciating
School,
London
little book
a
you
for
of
capable
are
of
felt
Master
beside
motives,
be
must
Head
School.
London
DEAR
D.D.,
activity or
to
of
gratitude
Many without
appreciate
who
having the
not
always
have
passed
been
right
into
by a
life
at
school
of, their
native
taught use
owed
DEDICATION.
iv
tongue, feelingthemselves
foreignersamid
their
with
turn
country, may the
teachers
reproach
Than
Or
unstringed viol
an
like
Or, being open, That
touch
knows
Doubly
portcullis'dwith
encouragingus native
our
Our
pupils,lead
as
advantages
The
on
me.
nurse,
the the
thank
you
instrument"
of
contrary,
"cunning
to
years ; many
will
The
seems
be
that
at
number
once
of
the
educational
our
to
as
this
from
recognized,not
great
so
small
a
when
become
of
time the
English as
an
course,
constitute
nothing
for
English
benefit. to
be
subjecthas
schools
study was
than
regular part
a
derived
we
the
that
anticipatethat
national
present
instruction.
to
which
more
literature
and
a
affect
did not us
optional but
of
lips,
ignorance
on
benefits
recollection
our
and optional,
short
the
of
study,and
the
and
tongue,
tongue.
sense
language
harmony;
teeth
a
study
to
tip,
pupil now.
a
pleasant duty,
our
more
engaoled my
my
upon
to be
far in years
the
attend
to
old to fawn
too
am
gaoler
my
cased
have
you
no
"
his hands
dull,unfeeling, barren
Too
It is
mouth
me
their
harp,
a
to tune
my
Is made
for
no
Within
I
or
cunning instrument
a
put into
And
Bolingbroke:
is to
tongue's use
My
language of
point against
some
of banished
the
have
a
critical
excited
moment
much
already taken
attention of late it up ; others
are
Roberts
Messrs.
ENGLISH
LESSONS E.
A.
Part
I.
Rev.
By M.
Brothers'
A.
III.
ABBOTT,
IV.
Part
Front
object of this book
by
use
large circle of
a
i6mo.
the London
readers
; and
use
a
of
are
Selection
Price
$1.50.
is
a
right place," .is
rare
and
one,
be
of the lessons whJfch
One
which
one
of
many
the Southern
the
no
hints
can
Every time it is looked
be exhausted.
never
culture, some
its relations to the
;
Review*
phaso
new
mind
;
into view.
starts
its history; its laws
by
at
origin
The
its development
;
;
thing
every
"
it is full of interest.
about
is
Here
a
delightfulbook, by School,
of London
Master
of Cambridge,
the
selection
and
All this in less than
be
cannot
treated
about
which is worth said in
saying, very
teacher
almost
exhaustively;
Within
pages.
and
no
possibly more.
But
about
The
on
each
to
this
and
that
or
we
which
all
topic some
are
here
is
so
so
of composition; on
Logic. subjects
many
Metre,
except
may
hensive compre-
vocabulary
sort
Appendix
an
this space
head
University
of the
treats
said
be
to
best things
given
more
; and
to
that
seems
of the
will desire to study
student
pleasant openings
will be thankful
book
The It
is,unless
one
devoted, and
stimulatingway. such
Homo.*'
appropriate
in the
History
miscellaneous.
as
hundred
are
of Modern
Ecce
the
"
of topics; Metre,
arguments
the subject into which
*'
recognized authority,
of
men
of
; Diction
three
eightypages "
a
author
that it seems
the English Language
two
the Professor
and
notable
in its scope
to
rangemen Ar-
for ordinary
its struggles; its triumphs ; its devices ; its puzzles ; its ethics,
of
Part
and
It is intended
years.
in the
accomplishment
The
of real abilityand
Language
on
SEELEY,
trulyadmirable.
study of Language
man
advanced
more
Front
The
Diction.
"
R.
though designed principallyfor boys, may
the right word
despise.
II.
is evidently a practicalone.
it professes to teach, "to should
J.
Athetueum.
of
here given
PEOPLE.
Prof.
Part
Hints
"
read with advantage by many
one
and
M.A.,
Appendix.
The
ENGLISH
Vocabulary.
"
Metre.
"
FOR
Publications.
are
thoroughly the
best
pared pre-
for the number
of strikingillustrations gathered up
of the
the volume
his hand. The
abundance
and
reading, without
Sold
by
all
freshness
reference
to
booksellers.
ROBERTS
quotationsmakes
very
tive attrac-
its didactic value.
Mailed,
postpaid,
BROTHERS,
by
the
lishers, Pub-
BOSTON.
PREFACE.
THIS
Grammar,
It
foreigners,
but
English,
of
Some
not
to
difficulties most
help
not
it with
write
to
is
merely
to
that
lessons
in
the
the
beyond
passed
strictest
teach
sense,
;
much
Our
perhaps
may
reader
so
lessons. to
ness. exact-
the
possesses
but
interest,
"
have
he
profiting from
of
in
to
edge knowl-
and
taste
presumed
that
presume
itself
familiar
a
of
and
address
not
already
knowledge
not
who
at
practical utility,the
which,
in
speak
the
in
the
and
common
when
difficulties, even
an
need
English
an
Grammar
of
does
of
as
object write
to
;
esting inter-
prove
routine
of
school
adapted
for
school
'
Aiming
of
having
still lessons,
classes.
and
who,
essays,
some
life,but
be
those
incapable
is, if possible, lessons,
and
do
we
him
render
readers,
of
place
knowledge
a
its
degree
nevertheless to
to
the
supply
to
presupposes in
idiom
English
intended
is not
book
of
way
correctly.
insufficient
of
course
most
teaching,
serious.
For
grammatical persons
First, there
is
;
not
the
merely
with
only
we
have
there
are
a
loose
to
many
been
attempting cramping
those
found
has
accuracy
English
vocabulary
deals
book
to
tained, at-
write
restriction and
inexact
viii
PREFACE.
of
apprehension a
of
ignorance
them
all; and
at
which
expression of the
very
common
studied
these
last are,
thought
any
ordinary
most
but accurately, and
words, as
for
that
the
deals
with
all similar.
at
are
Latin, and
words
to
his
trusts
too
knowledge
of
There
and
is also
differences
for his
their
words
very
something more
Lastly, where
much
the
a
between has
pupil of
knowledge
Latin
a
use
comprehension
notions.
concrete
also
to inability
an
rule, the
a
to appreciate the inability
that
words
other
used, and
commonly
are
them
many
absolutelynecessary
are
than
that
in using difficulty
consequent
total
words
many
lish Engis the
roots, there
of misderivingand misunderstanding a word, owing possibility
ignorance of
to
of derivation
the
changes
and,
;
a
result of all this
The
another.
to
reading very
hard
there
of
thinking it of
and
every
"
the
on
others
are
There
of words.
words
danger to
necessary "
ire
teacher,who
difficulties
attendingthe
is the
horse,"
of
correctly which
meaning
guage lan-
one
non-understanding a
habit
of
slovenly
acquired is
once
off.
shake
to
Then, following words,
when
slovenly writing,which
and
is
words
of slovenlyhalf-understanding
or
of
changes
danger
always experiences in passing from
almost
word
the
in the process
is the
misusing pedantically
ignorance of
an
there
hand,
the other
on
misunderstanding and derived,from
of letters introduced
"
write
instead
has
of
had
attending
choice
and
the
of
use
arrangement
fallinginto "poetic prose," "
of
much
steed "
"
or
"
charger
anger," and experience
the in
"
stead in-
like
;
looking
PREFACE.
examination
over
which
papers,
beginners are
in the
twice
same
and
page,
"tautology,"gives
liable.
dread rise
often of
to
this
Again,
there
from
circumlocutions,
humorous
objectionableand
most
avoided the
the
by
without
extreme
to
to
tion tempta-
is called of
up
all
at
scraps
would-be
stylesperhaps be
may
the and
known
Writing. Lastly,there
fault
owing
care,
styleof
Fine
of
name
what
of
periphrases,and
offensive,which
obscurity,a
of
danger
a
"
is the
made
patchwork
poetic quotations,unmeaning
of
danger
a
using a plainword
and simplicity,
a
is
using a plain word
fear from
senseless
a
unmanly
This
all.
with
shrink
to
that
admit
will
very
ix
which
uninflected
the
avoided
be
cannot
is
of
nature
our
language. All
difficulties
these
much
require as
and
attention,and
teaching
in
which,
present, receive
at
of
some
text-books.
place is an
the
Grammars, the
bull is
To the
To
accomplishment
of
that
perhaps
truth
and
as
an
excessive
the
rightword
less valuable
not
(carefullyrecorded
often
plural of
use
subjectsfor practical
much
as
inflicted
cherub
is
as
a
task
real, and
quite as
are
fit
are
schools, quite
our
our
dangers
upon
cherubim,
and
attention in the
than
in
points
many
right
the knowledge
English
most
pupils)
younger the
in
feminine
of
cow.
smooth
object of
connected is
the
reader's
the first three
with
Vocabulary
introduced, almost
through
way
Parts are
at
of
these
this
book.
considered once,
to
difficulties is
first.
Difficulties
The
Synonyms.
He
dent stu-
is
PREFACE.
x
taught
how
definea word,
to
He
synonyms.
is
is laid
scheme
or
are
which
is to
the
he reader
which
A
pursue.
enlarge
may
easilyand
naturallywith
which
often
are
often is also
at
the he
that, because the
reader
time
same
knows
throughout this without,
or
of
nature
been
selected
the
to
class
case
word, he
itself.
Exercises
which
be
can
more
with
their
against supposing
a
random
at
The
require.
may
many
;
of
practicaltest
Second with
who
1
Part
still
necessarily spersed inter-
are
worked
with,
out
of
exercises
have
them
experience,and
been
have
the
have
not
subjected
been
used
in
teaching.
The
also
of
roots
terms
information
words
him
himself
abstract
Some
connect
which
as English Etymological Dictionary,1
an
the
to
of the word
meaning
furnish
and
method
given by
or
all.
at
of
system
a
the
misused, and
caution
to
the
general
used
not
the
given to help
roots, and
knows
and
is also
and
word
a
processes
illustrate
to
vocabulary,and those
of its
exactly follow;
can
out
misunderstood
understood
not
he
system
his
aid
from
The
meaning.
subjoined,worked
examples
the
carefullyexplained:
are
down
without
eliminate
to
its
to
Elimination
Definitionand
and
how
essential
is riot
whatever
shown
with
An
deals
detail the
beginning to
are
"
some
Part
between
the
with
distinction
write
Diction
Chambers's
or
It often
"
English,and of
Etymological Dictionary
First Part.
Diction.
attempts
trate illus-
to
ignored by
sometimes
by
those
others
Prose, and that of Poetry. is necessary
Ogilvie'swill
answer
for
pupils studying the
purpose.
It
the
PREFACE.
endeavors
dissipatethat
to
excessive
tautology which, together rise
pleasantry,gives It
gives
with
the
to
in
written
venture
we
the
difference Both
for
English, and
for
rules
think, with
to
above. sentence
prose.
into
of
misplaced
long
a
it also examines
foreign languages
and, teaching,
dread
style described
writing originalEnglish composition,these used
for
writing
slang, conversation, and
translatingfrom
vulgar
fondness
a
for
clearlyand impressively ; and between
and
vicious
practicalrules
some
xi
have
been
encouraging
results. A
We
of Diction. a
in
more
reading
classical
our
how
not
understand see
writing,and
from in
and
too, vanish
the the
the
applied. thought
it.
All
that he does
More
not
this
by
expand
teachers
to inability
The
explanation
to
"
fusion. con-
expand
heads, the
and of
key
important still, perhaps, is
introduced
cannot
of
reallyastonishing
when
once
works
of this
how
it is
still
Metaphor.
a
perplex young at
subject
teaching,that
dissipatemuch
to
Simile;"
that, if he
knows
pupil to
ones
of
exactness
pupil
arises
difficulties that
is
"expansion" the
found
the
understand
meaning conveyed
its
many
old
sometimes
and
speaking
attempting to
been
into
Metaphor see
in
of
course
youngest pupils readilylearn
The
to
found, in the
of Proportion to principle
the has
Metaphor
concludes
Metaphor
English authors,
applicationof
a
and
literal
the
express
have
and
of confusion
great deal
of
Simile
Chapter on
will
understand
a
method.
The
metaphor, he
admit
any
that
to
thing is
does
force a
a
great
xii
PREFACE.
stride of progress. a
which
process
himself
It is difficult makes
it
into the belief
to
impossible for
that he
the value
exaggerate
pupil
a
understands
delude
to
he
when
of
does
not
understand.
Metre Part
is the
subjectof
(asalso, in
great
a
read
To the
metre
teach
the
on
the metrical
easy in
a
task
this
Part
been of
the
the
into detail. that in all
We
little is
this
subject.
of the of
may
been
in
that
suffers the
to
customs
commonest
English poets
receive
"
a
to
verting con-
so
English
as
rather
length. much
too
explanation,
an
will At
schools.
rapidly present,
perhaps known,
about
editioa of the works
inpugned
because
is in
the
of
master
(for it
fore there-
considerable
urge
the metrical
custom
hand
and varieties
of metre
consummate
versification is
to mark
as
of the rules stated
to enter
some
elaborate
recent
ciation. appre-
illustrations have
generally taught, and a
pupil
in teaching utility practical
explainedat to
seem
so
tioned men-
is not doggerel,
Many
and
desire,however,
In
the
the other
on
the different kinds have
verse
monotonous
of
Rules
mean.
skill of
epigrammatic lines he
found
importance
very
the
a
a
the study of English metre probability
more
Pope,
to read
supposed.
been
metre
Chapter
assume
be
given,and
same
This
have
hit
pupils to
line into
might
as
enable
is to
hand, without
one
Chapter just
the
Part)
how
one
any
of
this
objectof
and interest, intelligence,
with
English Poetry
The
Part.
measure,
Second
the
belonging to to
the Third
accent. no
sense
sanctioned
by
in
art
of
of his
one
When a
of
one
license)
Shakspeare,
PREFACE.
xiv
The
hints
are
possiblydelude are
elementary,and
so
the
youngest reader than
thing more
any
hints.
few, that they
so
into
They
study the subjectthoroughly in
when
he
has
will
leave
whatever
leisure
school
hoc.
propter
schools, forces not
are
to
end
of
test
his
home
rather
to
1
be
accelerated
the
of
Our
Some committed
kindly assisted
of the to
memory
and etc.
in
which are
in this
quoted
180, 181, 212, 237, 238,
the
higher such
been
this ; forms
lessons
used
to
and
to
also
in
at
student serve
as
classes.1
of
experience,that possible,has
as
misprintsand
other
the
followingpages,
has
been
due
allowed
to several
task, and
illustrate as
added
the
soon
as
found
thanks
passages
than
that
teachers
time
us
experience in
our
enabling
publication. Some
the short
correctingthem. have
of
contents,
some
possiblybe
may
of
necessary.
published
be
life,
post hoc,
error,
paragraphs have
of the
of
meaning
pupilsmore
prepared by pupik
should
lessons
in consequence
who
as
boy
a
case,
any
the
conviction
for the purpose
book,
knowledge
inaccuracies
for
different
desire, expressed by
these
the
us
upon
the
the
lessons
A
far
stimulates
interestingthan
more
Questions on the
knows
against the
lesson,so
after here-
for the work
in experience of debating societies,
our
of
be
No
interests and
teachinggoes, and
cautioned
him
complete treatise,
a
prepared
be, if he
may
has been
induce
opportunity; but, in
all the better
that work
induction,and ergo
and
imaginingthat they
may
to
cannot
who
style
are
friends
have
intended
repetition-lessons. See "
us
also
to
pp.
PREFACE.
aided
with
us
labors
conclusion,
In
use
in
regarded of
the
of
one
Abbott,
Mr.
Howard
School;
Assistant
the
of
Edwin
Mr.
Phil-
one
Uppingham the
who
some
have
English
exhaustive
an
It
foreigners.
a
hope have
ventured
People.
that
repeat
we
as
present
entertain
we
Quick,
and
School;
of
Master
G.
T.
and
Masters
of
School.
Harrow
be
H.
R.
Rev.
;
Philological
Mathematical
Candler,
Mr.
;
Oxford,
School
Rugby
the
of
Master
Head
the
of
Masters
Assistant
whose
Payne,
Joseph
known
College,
New
of
Fellow
late
well
are
suggestions.
practical Mr.
mention
to
French
Norman
on
potts,
desire
we
and
valuable
many
these
Among
xv
is
passed to
it
intended
give
it
the
of
boyhood
title
for
English be
of
found
;
book
our
for
adapted
as
or
of
possibly age
wish
not
primarily
state
may
the
do
treatise,
unsatisfactory that
we
boys,
education, not
and
English
in
unfit
this
Lessons
to
the
but,
we
for
hope for
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ami
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:
times.
aim
common
The The
several fine
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arts
is the
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rich and
Lessing differed widely Wieland, who
considered
he agreed with Aristotle,
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ago
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that of morality and
Klopstock,
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the
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the
us
a
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Laocoon"
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the
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of law.
It created an epoch in art criticism book be read and re-read. must On it first appeared, and its lessons are as fresh and weighty to-day as ever. which help one to an ever deeper appreciation eysry page great principlesare developed in art and literature. of the works of the great masters .
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