Transcript
Geologic Hazards A Field Guide for Geotechnical Engineers
Roy E. Hunt, P.E., P.G.
This material was previously published in Geotechnical Engineering Investigations Handbook , Second Edition © 200 5 by CRC Press, LLC.
CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to origi nal U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of A merica on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 1-4200-5250-0 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-5250-3 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A w ide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of thi s book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in a ny form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permi ssion from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC i s a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses a nd registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been a rranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infr inge. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hunt, Roy E. Geologic hazards : a f ield guide for geotechnical engineers / by Roy E. Hunt. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-4200-5250-0 (alk. paper) 1. Engineering geology--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Natural disasters. I. Title. TA705.H844 20 06 363.34’9--dc22 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com
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Contents
Author .............................................................................................................................................. ix Introduction ....................................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1 Landslides and Other Slope Failures ................................................................3 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................3 1.1.1 General........................................................................................................................3 1.1.2 Hazard Recognition..................................................................................................4 1.1.3 Rating the Hazard and the Risk ............................................................................9 1.1.4 Elements of Slope Stability ....................................................................................11 1.2 Slope Failure Form Characteristics ..................................................................................18 1.2.1 Creep ........................................................................................................................18 1.2.2 Falls ..........................................................................................................................19 1.2.3 Planar Slides in Rock Masses ................................................................................20 1.2.4 Rotational Slides in Rock ......................................................................................27 1.2.5 Rotational Slides in Soils........................................................................................27 1.2.6 Lateral Spreading and Progressive Failure ........................................................29 1.2.7 Debris Slides ............................................................................................................45 1.2.8 Debris Avalanches ..................................................................................................47 1.2.9 Debris Flows ............................................................................................................52 1.2.10 Rock-Fragment Flows ............................................................................................52 1.2.11 Soil and Mud Flows................................................................................................53 1.2.12 Seafloor Instability..................................................................................................57 1.3 Assessment of Slopes ..........................................................................................................59 1.3.1 General......................................................................................................................59 1.3.2 Stability Analysis: A Brief Review........................................................................59 1.3.3 Slope Characteristics ..............................................................................................76 1.3.4 Weather Factors ......................................................................................................87 1.3.5 Hazard Maps and Risk Assessment ....................................................................90 1.4 Treatment of Slopes ............................................................................................................92 1.4.1 General Concepts ....................................................................................................92 1.4.2 Changing Slope Geometry ....................................................................................97 1.4.3 Surface Water Control ..........................................................................................101 1.4.4 Internal Seepage Control ....................................................................................102 1.4.5 Side-Hill Fills ........................................................................................................106 1.4.6 Retention ................................................................................................................108 1.5 Investigation: A Review ....................................................................................................117 1.5.1 General....................................................................................................................117 1.5.2 Regional and Total Slope Studies ......................................................................123 1.5.3 Detailed Study of Cut, Fill, or Failure Area ......................................................126 1.5.4 Case Study ............................................................................................................127 1.5.5 Instrumentation and Monitoring........................................................................130
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References ....................................................................................................................................132 Further Reading ..........................................................................................................................135 Chapter 2 Ground Subsidence, Collapse, and Heave ..................................................137 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................137 2.1.1 General....................................................................................................................137 2.1.2 The Hazards ..........................................................................................................137 2.1.3 Scope and Objectives............................................................................................137 2.2 Groundwater and Oil Extraction ....................................................................................138 2.2.1 Subsurface Effects ................................................................................................138 2.2.2 Surface Effects........................................................................................................139 2.2.3 Physiographic Occurrence ..................................................................................140 2.2.4 Significant Examples ............................................................................................141 2.2.5 Subsidence Prevention and Control ..................................................................144 2.3 Subsurface Mining ............................................................................................................148 2.3.1 Subsidence Occurrence ........................................................................................148 2.3.2 Longwall Panel Extraction ..................................................................................151 2.3.3 Room and Pillar Method (Also “Breast and Heading” Method) ..................152 2.3.4 Strength Properties of Coal ................................................................................155 2.3.5 Investigation of Existing Mines ..........................................................................156 2.3.6 Subsidence Prevention and Control and Foundation Support......................159 2.4 Solution of Rock ................................................................................................................160 2.4.1 General....................................................................................................................160 2.4.2 Solution Phenomenon and Development ........................................................160 2.4.3 Investigation ..........................................................................................................165 2.4.4 Support of Surface Structures ............................................................................168 2.5 Soil Subsidence and Collapse ..........................................................................................169 2.5.1 General....................................................................................................................169 2.5.2 Collapsible or Metastable Soils ..........................................................................169 2.5.3 Predicting Collapse Potential..............................................................................176 2.5.4 Treatment and Support of Structures ................................................................178 2.5.5 Piping Soils and Dispersive Clays......................................................................180 2.6 Heave in Soil and Rock ....................................................................................................183 2.6.1 General....................................................................................................................183 2.6.2 Swelling in Soils ....................................................................................................184 2.6.3 Swelling in Rock Masses......................................................................................187 2.6.4 Treatments to Prevent or Minimize Swelling and Heave ..............................190 References ....................................................................................................................................191 Further Reading ..........................................................................................................................195 Chapter 3 Earthquakes ........................................................................................................197 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................197 3.1.1 General....................................................................................................................197 3.1.2 Geographic Distribution ......................................................................................198 3.1.3 Objectives and Scope............................................................................................203 3.2 Earthquake Elements ........................................................................................................203 3.2.1 The Source..............................................................................................................203 3.2.2 Seismic Waves........................................................................................................206 3.2.3 Ground Motion......................................................................................................209 3.2.4 Intensity and Magnitude ....................................................................................214
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3.2.5 Attenuation ............................................................................................................220 3.2.6 Amplification ........................................................................................................223 3.2.7 Duration ................................................................................................................227 3.2.8 Recurrence and Forecasting ................................................................................228 3.3 Surface Effects on the Geologic Environment ..............................................................233 3.3.1 Faulting ..................................................................................................................233 3.3.2 Soil Behavior..........................................................................................................245 3.3.3 Subsidence and Liquefaction ..............................................................................248 3.3.4 Slope Failures ........................................................................................................255 3.3.5 Tsunamis and Seiches: Response of Large Water Bodies................................260 3.3.6 The Volcano Hazard ............................................................................................262 3.4 Earthquake-Resistant Design: An Overview ................................................................263 3.4.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................263 3.4.2 Structural Response ..............................................................................................265 3.4.3 Site Ground-Response Factors............................................................................269 3.4.4 Response Spectra ..................................................................................................271 3.4.5 Seismic Hazard Analysis ....................................................................................274 3.4.6 The Design Earthquake........................................................................................276 3.4.7 Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) Analysis ..........................................................282 3.5 Investigation: Important Structures in High-Hazard Areas ......................................287 3.5.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................287 3.5.2 Preliminary Phase ................................................................................................287 3.5.3 Detailed Study of Regional and Local Geologic Conditions..........................290 3.5.4 Evaluation and Analysis ......................................................................................292 3.5.5 Limitations in the Present State of the Art........................................................293 References ....................................................................................................................................295 Further Reading ..........................................................................................................................299 Appendix The Earth and Geologic History ......................................................................301 A.1 Significance to the Engineer ............................................................................................301 A.2 The Earth ............................................................................................................................301 A.2.1 General....................................................................................................................301 A.2.2 Cross Section..........................................................................................................301 A.3 Global Tectonics ................................................................................................................302 A.3.1 General....................................................................................................................302 A.3.2 The Hypotheses ....................................................................................................302 A.4 Geologic History ................................................................................................................303 A.4.1 North America: Provides a General Illustration ..............................................303 A.4.2 Radiometric Dating ..............................................................................................306 References ....................................................................................................................................307 Further Reading ..........................................................................................................................307
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Author
Now in private practice, Roy E. Hunt, P.E., P.G., has more than 50 years of experience in geo-technical and geological engineering. Hunt has been an adjunct professor of engineering geology at the Graduate School of Civil Engineering, Drexel University, and currently holds a similar position in the Geosciences Program at the University of Pennsylvania. He has been the consultant on two new nuclear power plants in Brazil; a toll road program in Indonesia and a new airbase in Israel; offshore mooring structures in the Philippines and Brazil; and on landslide studies in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Indonesia, Puerto Rico, and the continental United States. Assignments have also taken him to Barbados, England, France, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and locations throughout the continental United States. His past affiliations include Joseph S. Ward and Associates, where he was a partner, and WoodwardClyde Consultants, where he was director of engineering in the Pennsylvania office. His education includes an M.A. in soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Columbia University, New York (1956), and a B.S. in geology and physics, Upsala College, East Orange, New Jersey (1952). He is a registered professional engineer in New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; a registered professional geologist in Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Brazil; and a certified professional geologist. His professional affiliations include the American Society of Civil Engineers (Life Member), Association of Engineering Geologists, and the American Institute of Professional Geologists. He has received the E.B. Burwell Jr. Memorial Award, Geologic Society of America, Engineering Geology Division, and the Claire P. Holdredge Award, Association of Engineering Geologists, for his book Geotechnical Engineering Investigation Manual (1984); and the Claire P. Holdredge Award, Association of Engineering Geologists, for his book Geotechnical Engineering Techniques and Practices (1986) — both books were published by McGraw-Hill, New York.
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