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TÜRK D ! LLER ! ARA " TIRMALARI D ! Z ! S ! : 63 Ma m ! d al-K "#$ ar ’nin 1000. Do % um Yıldönümü Dolayısıyla Uluslar arası D v ! nu Lu "! ti’t-Turk Sempozyumu 5-7 Eylül 2008, & stanbul The D v ! nu Lu "! ti’t-Turk International Symposium: In Commemoration of Ma m ! d al-K "#$ ar ’s 1000 th Birthday 5 th -7 th September 2008, Istanbul Ayrıbasım / Offprint Yayımlayanlar: Hayati Develi Mustafa S. Kaçalin Filiz Kıral Mehmet Ölmez Tülay Çulha EREN ! stanbul 2011 Ma m ! d al-K "#$ ar ’nin 1000. Do % um Yıldönümü Dolayısıyla Uluslararası D v ! nu Lu "! ti’t-Turk Sempozyumu 5-7 Eylül 2008, & stanbul The D ! v ! nu Lu "! ti’t-Turk International Symposium: In Commemoration of Ma ! m # d al-K $%& ar ! ’s 1000 th Birthday 5 th -7 th September 2008, Istanbul Yayıma hazırlayanlar: Hayati Develi, Mustafa S. Kaçalin, Filiz Kıral, Mehmet Ölmez, Tülay Çulha Türk Dilleri Ara % tırmaları Dizisi: 63 Yayımlayan: Mehmet Ölmez © Mehmet Ölmez 1. Baskı, Kasım 2011 1 st Printing: Istanbul, November 2011 Eren Yayıncılık Kitap Da ' ıtım Ltd. " ti Tünel, ! stiklal Cad. Sofyalı Sokak No. 34 34430 Beyo ' lu - ! stanbul, Türkiye Tel.: +90 - (0) 212 - 252 05 60 Sertifika no: 18497 http://www.eren.com.tr/ ISBN 978-975-6372-51-7 TDAD # leti $ im adresi: Mehmet Ölmez Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Fen-Ed Fak. T. D. E. Bölümü Davutpa % a Yerle % im Birimi 34210 Esenler- ! STANBUL Tel.: (90.212) 383 44 47
[email protected] http://www.mehmetolmez.org/ “Kitap Matbaası”nda basılmı % tır Davutpa % a Caddesi No 123, Kat 1 Topkapı- ! stanbul Tel.: 90.212 482 99 10 Sertifika no: 16053 Ma mūd al - Kāşġar ‟ nin 1000. Doğum Yıldönümü Dolayısıyla Uluslararası D vānu Luġāti’ t-Turk Sempozyumu The D į vānu Luġāti‟ t-Turk International Symposium: In Commemoration of Ma ḥ mūd al - KāĢġar į ‘s 1000 th Birthday Maḥmūd Al - Kāšγarī‟ s Dīvān Luγāt -it- Türk and Foreign Elements Peter Zieme (Berlin) The srcin of many words of Maḥmūd al - Kāšγarī‘ s Dīvān luγāt -it- türk is still obscure. Here I would like to discuss some of such words that were usually regarded as hapax legomena by G. Clauson in his Etymological dictionary . I. Words of Indian or supposed Indian srcin In 2003 I investigated some words with possible Indian background: ägit , čurni , tadu, uragun, burda, yatan . 1 Other words of clearly identified Indian srcin are: ä rdini, čından , käpäz , kürküm , leš , muyan, nag, bibli / pitmül / murč , sondırı , yäk ( yēg ). 2 Other, mostly rare words with possible Indian srcin are: tada, arubat, irvi, čüvit , basar, mandar, bandal, tarmuz, käküš . 3 Now I would like to discuss three of them. 1. tada The DLT explains tada as ― the amount of land within eyeshot from ten paces ‖. 4 Following G. Clauson ‘ s idea that this word is ― perhaps a l[oan]-w[ord] ‖ I would like to refer to Skt. tata that denotes apart many other matters also something ― extended, stretched, spread, diffused, expanded ‖, also ― spreading over, extending to, covered over by ‖. 5 Questions like how this word entered the DLT and why the meaning narrowed in the supposed way (something stretched > a special distance measure) remain obscure. For the phonetical side one can see a parallel for the development of the 1 Zieme 2003. 2 See the entries in the editions of the DLT, ED etc. 3 Tryjarski 1993, p. 253. 4 ED 451b. 5 MW 435a. 24 PETER ZIEME inter-vocalic dental in tadu < Skt. dhātu . 6 2. arubat For the word arubat "tamarind ‖ G. Clauson writes ― no doubt an Indian l[oan]-w[ord] ‖. 7 But so far nobody presented an etymology deriving this word from an Indian one. Here I present the following hypothesis. Among the many names of ― tamarind ‖ in Indian dictionaries 8 there is only one word which can be regarded as a possible candidate, namely gurupattrā . At first sight this seems to be excluded. Regarding the fact that some mistakes in the nearly two centuries transmission of the manuscript are not impossible I propose the following development. When one tries to write the Indian word in Arabic script, one could imagine a form like * ستس . But regarding some phonetic changes a reduced form could develop like * تس . A misreading of the initial ك as could easily happen, and this is the form recorded in the DLT: تز . 3. irvi The DLT entry irvi has two meanings which are very far from each other: ― a long tapering (ear )‖ ( irvi ( kulak )) and ― an Indian remedy ( dawā‟ hindī ) used for treating sick people ‖. 9 Considering the second meaning only I checked Indian words as a possible etymon. As G. Clauson already stated ― there is no immediately obvious Sanskrit srcinal ‖ 10 . Considering the fact that an initial i- might be a prosthetic vowel to facilitate the pronunciation of an Indian word with an initial r - I would like to suggest Skt. revā which denotes among other things ― the indigo plant ‖ 11 . As well known, the indigo plant is mostly used for dyeing, but it takes also a role in Ayurvedic medicine as one learns from the internet. 12 6 Zieme 2003. 7 ED 200a. 8 amlaphala, amlavarga, amlav ṛ k ṣ a, aml ikā, āmla, āmlīkā, gurupattrā , ca ṇḍacukrā, caritrā, cāritrā, ciðcā, ciðciṇī, ciðcinī, cukracaṇḍikā, cukraphala, cuðcurī, tintiḍ a, tinti ḍikā, tintiḍīdyūta, tintiḍīka, tintilīka, taittiḍīka, phalāmla, phalāmlapaðcaka, mahāmla, yamadūtikā, rasāmlā, viṣāṇī, vṛ k ṣāmla, śākacukrikā, śākāmlabhedaka . 9 ED 198b. 10 ED 198b. 11 MW 887c. 12 Ayurvedic uses range from cancer of the ovaries and stomach, epilepsy and other nervous system conditions (particularly depression), bronchitis, haemorrhaging, spleen disorders and disorders of the lungs and kidneys. Other traditional uses are for heart and urinary problems, as well as premature greying and hair loss. A paste made from the leaves is used to treat sores, stubborn ulcers and haemorrhoids. MA ḤMŪD AL - KĀŠΓARĪ‘ S DĪVĀN LUΓĀT -IT- TÜRK 25 AND FOREIGN ELEMENTS II. Words with a Greek or Western background Several words belonging to this category like ägir , batga, käväl , kirit, lagun 13 , nom, s⁄ırıčga 14 , and others have already been discussed. Here I would like to comment on two other rare words with a possible Greek or Western background. 1. anumı or anumi G. Clauson writes: ― probably a l[oan]-w[ord] (? Indo-European )‖ 15 , he translates the Arabic word رج given by the DLT as ― elephantiasis ‖, but according to Lane it denotes several diseases among which ― leprosy ‖ 16 is maintained, in this meaning the word entered Persian and Turkish, in the latter as cüzam . Although I am aware that Greek ‗ανομια ― anomia ‖ is not known as a name of neither ― elephantiasis ‖ nor ― leprosy ‖, I still see some possibility to regard the Greek word as the etymon of anumi . Derived from the well-known Greek nomos ― law ‖ 17 , anomia is understood as the ― absence of law, a state of lawlessness, the denial of law or right, lawlessness; a term used in philosophy, and especially in contemporary sociology in a narrower or broader sense deepening whether it refers to a complete (absolute, unconditional) absence of a legal system or norms, or the absence of an appropriate rule for conduct in accordance with a given situation. In modern medicine the ― nominal aphasia (Neur) is called anomie , ― loss of the ability to denote sth .‖. It is sure that the etymology fits better phonetically than semantically, further research is necessary. 2. satır G. Clauson translates the Arabic meaning of the word satır by ― a term of abuse meaning ‗ you without a pedigree ‘‖. 18 As ― lustful, drunken woodland gods with horse ears and tail ‖ or ― consorts of Bacchus who are playing instruments but have also a bad image ‖ the Greek satyroi (< Greek ζάησρος ) play an important role in theatre and art and may thus have found their way into Central Asia. On this or another way Maḥmūd al - Kāšγarī may have heard the word as well , but he recorded it only in the 13 Possibly connected to Khotanese lakāna ― vessel ‖ which may go back according to Huyse 2002, p. 227 to Greek λεκάν ―Schüssel, Becher‖ . 14 Menges 1962, p. 172 considers a relation to Latin silex , silicumî . 15 ED 187a. 16 Lane 398a. 17 It is interesting to note that the DLT calls just this word ― Chinese ‖ , cf. ED 777b. 18 ED 802a.
