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Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte WEIBLICHE ELITENIN DER FRÜHGESCHICHTE FEMALE ELITES IN PROTOHISTORIC EUROPE Internationale Tagung vom 13. bis zum 14. Juni 2008 im RGZMim Rahmen des Forschungsschwerpunktes »Eliten« Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 2011 Dieter Quast (Hrsg.) Sonderdruck aus Dieter Quast Weibliche Eliten – eine Einführung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Hierarchien und Selbstdarstellung weiblicher Eliten in der Frühgeschichte Matthias Hardt Königstöchter – Konkubinen – Hausherrinnen. Gesellschaftliche Stratifizierungenweiblicher Mitglieder der merowingerzeitlichen Oberschicht anhand schriftlicher Quellen . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Ursula Koch Hierarchie der Frauen merowingerzeitlicher Hofgesellschaften . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Ulla Lund Hansen Women’s World? Female Elite Graves in Late Roman Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Max Martin Merowingerzeitliche Wagengräber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Antoinette Rast-Eicher, Patrick Périn Die merowingerzeitlichen Frauenbestattungen aus der Basilika von Saint-Denis.Neue interdisziplinäre Untersuchungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Gabriele Graenert Grabausstattung und Standesbewusstsein – eine Problemskizze zur romanischen Beigabensittemit Fallbeispielen aus der Burgundia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Orsolya Heinrich-Tamáska Frühe »Awarinnen« und späte »Germaninnen«? Bemerkungen zur Interpretationreicher Frauengräber der Frühawarenzeit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Lotta Fernstål Female Boat Graves in Sweden. Aspects of Elite and Cosmopolitanism during the Late Iron Age . . . .111 Dieter Quast Der Schatz der Königin? Völkerwanderungszeitliche Schatzfunde und weibliche Eliten . . . . . . . . . . . .121 Weibliche Eliten in Kult, Religion und Jenseits Michael J. Enright Warlords and Women in the First Millennium. The Case of the Prophetess,and the Experience of the Followers’ Wives and Daughters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 INHALT Jacek Andrzejowski Out of the Social Structure? A Late Roman Period Female Grave from Jartypory, Eastern Poland . . . .185 Eszter Istvánovits, Valéria Kulcsár Satana and Others: Priestesses, Witches and Queens of the Steppe-Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 Rudolf Simek The Late Roman Iron Age Cult of the matronae and Related Germanic Deities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219 Margrethe Watt Images of the Female »Elite«? Gold Foil Figures ( Guldgubbar )from the 6 th and 7 th Century Scandinavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229 John Ljungkvist Mistresses of the Cult –Evidence of Female Cult Leaders from an Archaeological Perspective . . . . . .251 Anne-Sofie Gräslund Female Elites in Viking Age Scandinavia during the Christianization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267 Antje Kluge-Pinsker Weibliche Würdenträger in klerikalen Kontexten des Frühmittelalters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279 Vernetzung weiblicher Eliten Timo Stickler Römisch-barbarische Heiratsbeziehungen in der Völkerwanderungszeit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297 Jan Schuster Frühe Gräber weiblicher Eliten bei den Germanen und ihre Vernetzung im Barbaricum . . . . . . . . . . .307 Marzena J. Przybyła Die Regionalisierung der reichen Frauentracht und die Nachweismöglichkeiten jüngerkaiserzeitlicher Heiratskreise am Beispiel Nordeuropas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321 Karen Høilund Nielsen Animal Style and Elite Communication in the Later 5 th and 6 th Centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361 Alexandra Pesch Gold Bracteates and Female Burials. Material Culture as a Medium of Elite Communicationin the Migration Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377 Dieter Quast (unter Mitwirkung von Dominique Wiebe) Zusammenfassung und Ausblick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399 Verzeichnis der Autoren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409 JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI OUT OF THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE?A LATE ROMAN PERIOD FEMALE GRAVEFROM JARTYPORY, EASTERN POLAND THE SITE The cemetery from the Roman Period at Jartypory (Masovian Voivodeship) in Eastern Poland ( fig.1 ) 1 wasprobably the largest gravefield of the Wielbark Culture in the eastern zone of its settlement from the LateRoman Period 2 . So far, almost 400 graves of this culture were uncovered in an area of about 1,550m 2 ,dating from phase B2/C1 to phase D, i.e. from the last third of the 2 nd century to the turn of the 4 th centuryor even the early 5 th century AD. Originally, the Wielbark Culture cemetery may have occupied an areamore than twice as large. A large part of the site has been destroyed by an extensive gravel mine. Findsindicate the existence of a Przeworsk Culture cemetery at the same site, set up during the Late Pre-RomanPeriod and continued until the early stage of the Migration Period 3 .1 Weibliche Eliten in der Frühgeschichte· Dieter Quast (Hrsg.) Fig. 1 Location of thecemetery of Jartypory,Masovian Voivodeship/PL( • ) in the background ofthe Wielbark Culture settle-ment from phases B2/C1-C1a (in Pomerania and Gre-ater Poland) and B2/C1-C2(to the east of the Vistulariver, including the so-calledMasłomęcz group). – (AfterAndrzejowski/Przychodni2008). Among the graves are cremation burials (nearly allof them without urn) and inhumations, which is, ingeneral, typical for a cemetery of the Wielbark Cul-ture 4 . Many show evidence of a multiple-phaseburial ritual and complicated stratigraphic sequen-ces 5 ; this makes it difficult to determine both thenumber of graves and the ratio of cremation toinhumation graves; even so, it seems that skeletonburials comprise around 30% of the graves exposedso far 6 .The geological conditions at the site at Jartypory(acid sandy podzol soils) are responsible for the verypoor survival of bone in inhumation graves. In manycases, the amount of bone observed in cremationgraves was also definitely less than expected, andthere is archaeological evidence to suggest that the pars pro toto principle was used during burialrituals.All of this is responsible for disturbing the image ofthe cemetery as a reflection of the local communityin a degree unknown to us, and – which is worse –in accordance with rules unknown to us. Owing tothe limited possibility of determining the relation-ship between »die wiederentdeckte Kultur« and»die tote Kultur« 7 , any deductions regarding thesocial structure are based rather on a barely con-scious projection of contemporary knowledge thanon results of an analysis of archaeological andanthropological data.The rudimentary analysis of the »richness« of gravefurnishingsisofnohelp, as it would be necessaryto separately analyse inhumation and cremationsgraves, and this could lead to an unjustified conclu-sion on the connection of the inhumation rite witha more elevated social status. The cremation ritual(and the degree of burning corpses/grave goods)effectively eliminates amber from the field of obser-vation and significantly limits the survival of glassand smaller items of silver and gold jewellery.During the Late Roman Period, after the so-calledWielbark Baroque 8 , there was a time of universalimpoverishment of the repertory of dress acces-sories and ornaments present in female graves 9 .Certainly, graves recorded at Pielgrzymowo (Warm-ian-Masurian Voivodeship) 10 prove that within the2 Andrzejowski · Out of the Social Structure? A Late Roman Period Female Grave from Jartypory, Poland Fig. 2 Jartypory, Masovian Voivodeship, grave 269: a leatherbelt with bronze mountings (–120cm). – b »Container« of enameled bronze beakers (–95cm). – c Antler comb covering a silver handle and a bronze needle (–115cm). – d Clay spindlewhorls (–115cm). – e Iron staples and rivets (–60/–120cm). – (Drawing J. Andrzejowski).
