Piano Di Marketing Per Le Oasi Wwf

Transcript

<4/6/0::8 VMHSFP\H^Ê NH ZH\D “ CDLBI^Ê NH FLBMBAHD ZHDMB NH ADPEF^HMK ZFP IF BD\H [[C Sdifrhd \lbttb Pbsdtb “ \divdtbrf Ndmhfif \ldid “ Mhebibv Mhebidy Zfrhbnb 0:4:-0:40 <4/:6/0::8 Hmnhlf nfi phdmb I‘dzhfmnd   Nfslrhzhbmf Ahsshbmf I‘hnfd nh adrefthmk  Dmdihsh nfi nfi lbmtfstb lbmtfstb       Dspftth strutturdih nfi afrldtb ^rfmn Dmdihsh pbrtdcbkihb bdsh Lbapbrtdafmtb f ldrdttfrhsthlof nfi lbmsuadtbrf thpb Lbmlbrrfmth \[B^ Dmdiyshs B`hftthvh nh adrefthmk \trdtfkhd nh adrefthmk    \lfitd nfi vdmtdkkhb lbapfththvb ^drkft adreft Zbshzhbmdafmtb Adrefthmk ahx     Zrbnbttb Zrfzzb Lbaumhldzhbmf Nhstrh`uzhbmf Zrfvhshbmf nfiif vhshtf, nfiif hslrhzhbmh f nfiif spbmsbrhzzdzhbmh, `unkft nh adrefthmk, dmdihsh nh @rfde Fvfm Zbhmt Lbmtrbiib Nflihmdzhbmf bpfrdthvd <6 Fxfluthvf suaadry 0 Ib slbpb nfi prfsfmtf phdmb nh adrefthmk ï qufiib nh hmlrfafmtdrf hi muafrb nh vhshtdtbrh prfssb if bdsh nfi [[C mbmloè sfmsh`hihzzdrih dh tfah da`hfmtdih di chmf nh duafmtdrf hi muafrb nfiif hslrhzhbmh. Hi tdrkft prfslfitb ï lbapbstb shd ndh vhshtdtbrh pbtfmzhdih, lhbï h khbvdmh b h abitb abitb khbvdmh (`da`hmh), shd ndh sbkkftth adkkhbrafmtf sfmsh`hih nh ftê lbaprfsd trd >6-;: dmmh, h qudih mbm nfvbmb fssfrf mflfssdrhdafmtf ’mdturdihsth‑ ad pbssbmb fssfrf hmtfrfssdth dh prbnbtth thphlh drthkhdmdih, diif dtthvhtê spbrthvf f luiturdih, chtmfss, `fmfssfrf chshlb f abrdif b dmlof sphrhtudihtê. F‘ prfvhstb nh bttfmfrf um hmlrfafmtb nfiif fmtrdtf rfidthvf dii‘hmtfrb  shstfad nfiif Bdsh di chmf nh dzzfrdrf hi chmdmzhdafmtb nfi [[C (lhrld ;::.::: ₩ i‘dmmb, bsshd lhrld hi 0:% nfi tbtdif nfh lbsth). Kih hmvfsthafmth nh adrefthmk vfrrdmmb lbmlfmtrdth suii‘ duafmtb nfii‘dwdrfmfss nfh lbmsuadtbrh sui shstfad Bdsh, mbmloè sui i‘hmlrfafmtb nfi ihvfiib qudihtdthvb nfiif vhshtf mfiif rfidthvf Bdsh. ^uttb lhð di chmf uithab nh duafmtdrf hi prfsthkhb nfi adrlohb [[C pfr bttfmfrf uitfrhbrh spbmsbrhzzdzhbmh. I‘dzhfmnd Nfslrhzhbmf Hi [[C Htdihd shm ndiid cbmndzhbmf od hmvfsthtb mfi lfrldrf nh trdnurrf hm prdthld if suf ldapdkmf nh sfmsh`hihzzdzhbmf sui tfad nfiid lbmsfrvdzhbmf nfiid mdturd f nfiid `hbnhvfrshtê. D nhccfrfmzd nfiif ditrf dssblhdzhbmf ’sbrfiif‑ dii‘fstfrb, f nfiid adkkhbr pdrtf nfh ’ lbmlbrrfmth‑ da`hfmtdihsth hm Htdihd od dlquhstdtb b prfsb hm kfsthbmf nhvfrsf drff nh hmtfrfssf mdturdihsthlb di chmf nh prbtfkkfrif f cdrmf id`brdtbrh nh rhlfrld fn fnuldzhbmf. If Bdsh nfi [[C sbmb mdtf pfr lrfdrf abnfiih nh kfsthbmf nh drff mdturdih pfr id lbmsfrvdzhbmf f id cruhzhbmf nfi pu``ihlb, f dmlbrd bkkh svbikbmb qufstb rubib, hmtfkrdmnb diid chmdihtê nh tutfid f qufiid nh prbabzhbmf nfiib svhiuppb sbstfmh`hif. Ditrd ibrb ldrdttfrhsthld ï qufiid nh dsshlurdrf tuttb lhð mbm sbitdmtb hm cbrzd nh vhmlbih tfrrhtbrhdih, pfrditrb, mbm sfaprf prfsfmth, ad dmlof sbprdttuttb krdzhf diid abndihtê nh kfsthbmf lof vfnbmb lbhmvbitf if daahmhstrdzhbmh ibldih f h prhvdth hm umb scbrzb lbaumf. Id prhad bdsh nfi [[C cu dlquhshtd ndii‘dssblhdzhbmf m fi 483; (hi Idkb nh @urdmb mfiid prbvhmlhd nh Krbssftb). Nbpb >: dmmh if bdsh bkkh sbmb lhrld 40:, lbprbmb <6.::: fttdrh nh tfrrhtbrhb, sbmb vhshtdth nd phø nh 6::.::: pfrsbmf , haphfkdmb phø nh 46: pfrsbmf trd nhpfmnfmth f khbvdmh nfiif lbbpfrdthvf. Vm shstfad nh drff prbtfttf lbapifssb f drthlbidtb, hi prhab hm Htdihd kfsthtb nd um‘dssblhdzhbmf prhvdtd ï trd h prhah hm Furbpd. Mfiif bdsh sbmb rdpprfsfmtdth qudsh tutth kih da`hfmth mdturdih nfi mbstrb pdfsf. Vm shstfad nhstrh`uhtb hm tuttd id pfmhsbid f mfiif hsbif ï lustbnhtb nhrfttdafmtf b hm lbiid`brdzhbmf, lbsthtuhtb nd drff prfsf hm kfsthbmf nd prhvdth b dcchndtf di [[C ndiif daahmhstrdzhbmh mdzhbmdih, rfkhbmdih b ibldih. Lh sbmb pbh drff dlquhstdtf krdzhf d ldapdkmf nh sbttbslrhzhbmf pbpbidrf, ditrf nbmdtf b idslhdtf hm frfnhtê. If bdsh odmmb um rubib cbmndafmtdif dmlof pfr i‘fnuldzhbmf da`hfmtdif f id rhlfrld slhfmthchld. <6 < Ahsshbmf Id ahsshbmf nfi shstfad Bdsh [[C mbm ï qufiib nh nhccbmnfrf sfapihlh mbzhbmh mdturdihsthlof b slhfmthchlof, ad qufiib nh suslhtdrf mfh lhttdnhmh umd adkkhbrf lbmsdpfvbifzzd suh prb`ifah nfii'da`hfmtf f umd ldpdlhtê f vbibmtê nh rfdkhrf di nfkrdnb. Id ibrb chmdihtê ï qufiid nh bttfmfrf um lda`hdafmtb luiturdif lof ahrd d lbmshnfrdrf i'da`hfmtf lbaf umd rfditê umhld, um hmshfaf prfzhbsb, f quhmnh pdssdrf nd umd luiturd lbmsuahsthld d umd luiturd nfiid vdibrhzzdzhbmf f nfiid lurd. Hmchmf, Hmchmf, i‘dssblhdzhbmf ï lbmvhmtd lof if pfrsbmf shdmb ldpdlh nh lda`hdrf hi prbprhb lbmtfstb nh vhtd pfr ahkihbrdrmf id qudihtê f lof dii'hmtfrmb nfiif lbaumhtê lh shd id cbrzd, id lrfdthvhtê f if lbapftfmzf pfr pbtfr hmtfrvfmhrf sui tfrrhtbrhb7 pfr qufstb abthvb lfrldmb nh dtthvdrf prblfssh lof pdrtdmb ndi `dssb. I‘hnfd nh adrefthmk Hi shstfad bdsh [[C hmtfmnf nhccbmnfrf id lbmbslfmzd sui vdibrf nfiid `hbnhvfrshtê f sui ifkdaf trd hi `fmfssfrf nfkih flbshstfah f hi `fmfssfrf nfii‘ubab5 pbrtdrf i‘dttfmzhbmf suh lda`hdafmth lihadthlh fn hi rhsldindafmtb kib`dif lof ahmdllhdmb hmtfrh flbshstfah, d ldusd nfii‘duafmtb nfii‘hmtfmshtê f nfiid crfqufmzd nfh ’lbshnnftth‑ fvfmth lihadthlh fstrfah ’(urdkdmh , diiuvhbmh, bmndtf nh ldinb)‑. Cdr lbmbslfrf afkihb hi shstfad fmfrkfthlb f lrfdrf umd mubvd kfmfrdzhbmf nh lhttdnhmh dtthvh, lbmsdpfvbih fn ’fcchlhfmth pfr mdturd‑. Hi lbmsuafr hmshkot  nfi shstfad bdsh ï qufiib qufiib nh pfrafttfrf nh usucruhrf d lohumquf ib vbkihd nfkih spdzh hmlbmtdahmdth pbhloè bkmh khbrmb vhvhdab hm da`hfmth ldbthlh f spfssb abitb hmquhmdth lof lh cdmmb pfrnfrf hi lbmtdttb lbm qufiid lof ï id rfditê brhkhmdif nfi mbstrb phdmftd. Hi `fmfcht ï lbsthtuhtb ndiid ldpdlhtê nfiif bdsh [[C nh prfsfrvdrf f lbmsfrvdrf da`hfmth hmlbmtdahmdth lof bkkhkhbrmb sbmb sfaprf phø rdrh f pfrafttfrf id ibrb cruhzhbmf dttrdvfrsb vhshtf kuhndtf lof pfrafttbmb nh duafmtdrf id lbmsdpfvbifzzd lbmsdpfvbifzzd nfii‘hapbrtdmzd ldphtdif lof fssf rhvfstbmb. Id rfdsbm woy  mdslf bitrf lof ndii‘fspfrhfmzd nflfmmdif mfi ldapb nfiid lbmsfrvdzhbmf nfiid cibrd f nfiid cdumd nd pdrtf nfi [[C dmlof ndh sfrvhzh bccfrth ndiif bdsh rdpprfsfmtdth ndi pdtrhabmhb mdturdif, ndi pdfsdkkhb f ndiif spflhf dmhadih f vfkftdih lof ib ldrdttfrhzzdmb. Dttbrmb d qufstb mulifb lfmtrdif ï pbssh`hif hmnhvhnudrf dilumh sfrvhzh ’hmtfkrdthvh‑ lof rfmnbmb i‘bccfrtd nfii‘drfd phø dttrdtthvd f phø nhsthmthvd rhspfttb dn ditrf drff tfrrhtbrhdih lbmlbrrfmth. Hm pdrthlbidrf7 4. Dii‘hmtfrmb nfiif bdsh, lbaf pfr fsfaphb if hmcrdstrutturf pfr id cruhzhbmf ( lfmtrh vhshtd , sfmthfrh, pdrlofkkh, vhshtf kuhndtf) 0. Dii‘fstfrmb nfii‘drfd 7 rhstbrdmth thphlh , prbnbtth drthkhdmdih ibldih b fmbkdstrbmbahlh, di`frkoh f dkrhturhsah fll… <6 I‘DMDIH\H NFI LBM^F\^B > Dspftth strutturdih nfi afrldtb [[C ï ifdnfr hmnhslussb nfi sub afrldtb krdzhf diid sud fspdmshbmf tfrrhtbrhdif f diid ldphiidrhtê lbm luh ï nhstrh`uhtb sui tfrrhtbrhb mdzhbmdif. If bdsh nfi [[C sh hmsfrhslbmb hm um da`htb phø vdstb lof ï qufiib nfiif drff mdturdih prbtfttf, lof hm Htdihd, mfkih uithah dmmh, od dvutb um lbmshnfrfvbif svhiuppb, sbprdttuttb hm tfrahmh qudmthtdthvh. Bkkh hi 08% lhrld nfi tfrrhtbrhb htdihdmb ï hmtfrfssdtb nd drff nfsthmdtf diid lbmsfrvdzhbmf nfiid mdturd . Hi shkmhchldthvb hmlrfafmtb nfiif drff prbtfttf lof sh ï rfkhstrdtb mfkih uithah dmmh hm Htdihd od hmfvhtd`hiafmtf lbapbrtdtb um prbkrfsshvb dvvhlhmdafmtb nfiif drff prbtfttf dh tfrrhtbrh hmtfrfssdth nd cbrth prblfssh nh ur`dmhzzdzhbmf f nh svhiuppb prbnutthvb, nftfrahmdmnb um hmfvhtd`hif duafmtb nfiif prb`ifadthlof rfidthvf diid kfsthbmf lbapifsshvd nh qufsth tfrrhtbrh, f i‘hapbssh`hihtê nh prfslhmnfrf ndh lbmtfsth nh rhcfrhafmtb hm luh if stfssf sbmb hmsfrhtf5 n‘ditrd pdrtf, sbmb dmlof hm dttb prblfssh nh nfkrdnb f ditfrdzhbmf nfii‘da`hfmtf lof kfmfrdmb uitfrhbrh lbmcihtth trd hmtfrfssh flbmbahlh, sblhdih, luiturdih f id tutfid nfiif rhsbrsf mdturdih, prbcbmndafmtf nhvfrsh nd qufiih dccrbmtdth di abafmtb hm luh if pbihthlof nh prbt fzhbmf odmmb prfsb i‘dvvhb. ^rfmn Hi trfmn nfi turhsab mdturdihsthlb mfiif Drff Zrbtfttf, dmlof sf lbm cdsh ditfrmf, ï nfsthmdtb d admtfmfrsh lbstdmtf, b dn duafmtdrf, rhlohdadtb ndiid lrfslfmtf nhccfrfmzd nh qudihtê da`hfmtdif lof sh od dii‘hmtfrmb nh qufsth da`hfmth rhspfttb d qufiid nfh tfrrhtbrh mbm tutfidth, purtrbppb sbkkftth hmfsbrd`hiafmtf d trfmn nh nfkrdnb phø fifvdth. Hi rubib lrfslfmtf, mfiid lbapfthzhbmf trd nfsthmdzhbmh mdturdihsthlof, nfiif lbapbmfmth sbct nfii‘bccfrtd, bsshd7 qudihtê nfi lbmtfstb sblhb-luiturdif5 hmtfkrdzhbmf nfiif strutturf rflftthvf lbm id rfditê ibldif5 prfsfmzd nh ibldihtê nh hmtfrfssf stbrhlb-drthsthlb5 pbssh`hihtê nh turhsab hm cbraf mbm trdnhzhbmdih. Dmdihsh pbrtdcbkihb bdsh ^urhsab sbstfmh`hif7  vhshtf f bsphtdihtê. Bdsh nbtdtf nh pdrthlbidrf dttrdtthvd turhsthld (vhshtf khbrmdihfrf b sbkkhbrmh). Dilumf,nbtdtf nh strutturf rflftthvf, bccrbmb dmlof id pbssh`hihtê nh brkdmhzzdrf ldaph nh 6 fnuldzhbmf da`hfmtdif pfr rdkdzzh. Mf sbmb um fsfaphb7 Br`ftfiib(Ldsdif nfiid Khdmmfiid)5 Sdmzdkb ( lof nhspbmf nh strutturf pfr i‘fnuldzhbmf da`hfmtdif f pfr i‘b rkdmhzzdzhbmf nh fvfmth lbiiftthvh). Vr`dmf7 rhlrfdzhbmf fn fnuldzhbmf. Bdsh u`hldtf hm um lbmtfstb ur`dmb lof svbikbmb hi rubib nh pdrlb lhttdnhmb pfr ib svdkb f id cruhzhbmf qubthnhdmd. \bmb pdrthlbidrafmtf dndttf dii‘fnuldzhbmf da`hfmtdif pfr if slubif f pbssbmb lbmtdrf suii‘hmnbttb nfiid lhttê(vhshtdtbrh qubthnhdmh). Mf sbmb um fsfaphb7 Dstrbmh d Mdpbih5 @bslb \dm \hivfstrb d Ldsfrtd. Zrbnutthvf7 Bdsh lof, d prfslhmnfrf ndi vdibrf mdturdihsthlb-da`hfmtdif, odmmb dmlof umd vdifmzd dkrhlbid- dzhfmndif f quhmnh um pbtfmzhdif prbnutthvb hmnhrhzzd`hif diid prbnuzhbmf dkrbdihafmtdrf `hbibkhlb. Mf sbmb um fsfaphb7 Sdmzdkb (Ahidmb) f Abmtf \. Fihd (^drdmtb). Lbmsfrvdzhbmf f rhlfrld slhfmthchld7 Bdsh lof pfr vdibrh mdturdihsthlh sbmb prhmlhpdiafmtf vbtdtf diid lbmsfrvdzhbmf nfiid `hbnhvfrshtê. D prfslhmnfrf ndiid nhafmshbmf f u`hldzhbmf tfrrhtbrhdif/kfbkrdchld, lbmtrh`uhslbmb diid strdtfkhd nh lbmsfrvdzhbmf nfi [[C. Mf sbmb um fsfaphb7 @bslb Pbllbmh-Dahdtd f Brth @bttdkbmf - Zhba`hmb. Hm lbmsfkufmzd nh qufst‘dmdihsh i‘brhfmtdafmtb strdtfkhlb vfrtfrê suiib svhiuppb f hi pbtfmzhdafmtb nfiif bdsh lof afkihb sh dndttdmb di turhsab sbstfmh`hif f diid prbnuzhbmf. ^dif b`hftthvb sdlrhchld h kudndkmh haafnhdth hm btthld nh ahkihbrdafmtb nfiid qubtd nh afrldtb. Lbapbrtdafmtb nfi lbmsuadtbrf Ndii‘hmndkhmf svbitd ndiid KMPF\FDPLO suh vhshtdtbrh nfiif bdsh prbtfttf nfi [[C fafrkf umd krbssd pfrlfmtudif nh vhshtdtbrh lof sbmb stdth sbnnhscdtth ndi sfrvhzhb sfrvhzhb bccfrtb. \flbmnb h rhsuitdth, hi lbmsuadtbrf lbmsuadtbrf ï nhspbstb dn fccfttudrf umd sflbmnd vhshtd mfiif bdsh fn ï hmtfmzhbmdtb d sukkfrhrf h pdrloh prbtftth dn ditrh sbkkftth. I‘hmndkhmf lbmnbttd prfssb h vhshtdtbrh nfiif bdsh nfi [[C od fvhnfmzhdtb if  pbtfmzhdihtê lof sbmb ifkdtf diid vhshtd dn drff da`hfmtdih sha`bib nfiid `fiifzzd f, mfiib stfssb tfapb, nfiid nf`bifzzd nfiid mdturd. Id sbnnhscdzhbmf pfr id vhshtd diif bdsh prbtfttf nfi [[C ï pdrthlbidrafmtf fifvdtd, lbsé lbaf i‘hmtfmzhbmf d sukkfrhrid dn dahlh/pdrfmth f lbmbslfmth7 hi ;4% nfh vhshtdtbrh mbm od rhslbmtrdtb fifafmth mfkdthvh. Dmlof id sbnnhscdzhbmf rfidthvd dh nhvfrsh dspftth nfiid vhshtd ï mbtfvbif, i‘umhlb dspfttb lof rhslubtf um ahmbr krdnhafmtb ï ’hi ausfb f ib spdzhb hmcbradthvb‑. Id qudsh tbtdihtê nfh vhshtdtbrh nfiif bdsh nfi [[C ï prbpfmsd d rhpftfrf i‘fspfrhfmzd pfrloè dad stdrf <6 dii‘drfd dpfrtd f lbmbslfrf id mdturd. 3 Lhð lof sfa`rd admldrf ï i‘blldshbmf nh rhtbrmb diif bdsh prbtfttf nfi [[C, lof pbtrf``f fssfrf lrfdtd lbm umd lbaumhldzhbmf ahrdtd fn fcchldlf. \flbmnb h ndth rfidthvh di ldaphbmf , hi >6% nfh vhshtdtbrh od fccfttudtb umd vhshtd mfkih uithah nuf dmmh, afmtrf, sbib hi 0:,;% nfh lbmsuadtbrh odmmb vhshtdtb if bdsh mfkih uithah sfh afsh. Zfr qufiib lof rhkudrnd if hslrhzhbmh di [[C, sbmb muafrbsh h vhshtdtbrh lof hmtfmnbmb nhvfmtdrf nhvfmtdrf sblh, lhbï hi ;<,<%. Hi abthvb pfr pfr luh hi 3:% nfh lbmsuadtbrh odmmb vhshtdtb um bdsh ï id vbibmtê vbibmtê nh fssfrf hm lbmtdttb lbm id mdturd. H rhsuitdth suiid strutturd nfi ldaphbmf sbmb lbmnbttf sflbmnb if vdrhd`hih sfssb, ftê, thtbib nh stunhb, id lbapbshzhbmf mulifb cdahihdrf, prfsfmzd nh chkih b mhpbth nh ftê ahmbrf nh 4> dmmh f hi pbssfssb nh dmhadif nbafsthlb. Mfiid stfssd hmndkhmf hmndkhmf mbmbstdmtf muafrbsh muafrbsh shdmb h cdttbrh pbshthvh lof vfmkbmb fvhnfmzhdth ndkih stfssh lbmsuadtbrh, fafrkbmb lbaumquf fifafmth nh hmsbnnhscdzhbmf lof d prhad vhstd pbtrf``frb sfa`rdrf hrrhifvdmth ad sbmb pfr mbh nftfrahmdmth pfr dtthrdrf um pu``ihlb phø vdstb hm qufsth qufsth lbmtfsth. Nh sfkuhtb fifmldth h pumtfkkh afnh rhkudrndmth if sbnnhscdzhbmh suh shmkbih dspftth nfiid vhshtd hm hmndkhmf prfssb i‘bdsh nfi [[C7 Lbmlbrrfmth ; H prhmlhpdih lbmlbrrfmth nfi [[C sh nhsthmkubmb hm `dsf d qubtf nh dssblhdzhbmf fn hm `dsf di muafrb nh bdsh pbssfnutf b kfsthtf, dmlof sf qudsh trf qudrth nfkih htdihdmh lbmshnfrdmb hi [[C sfmzd vfrh lbmlbrrfmth, lbaf ’ifdnfr‑ dssbiutb mfi sub afrldtb, hm qudmtb id sud mbtbrhftê htdihdmd fn hmtfrmdzhbmdif ï di ihvfiib nfiif krdmnh adrlof ifdnfr shd hm tfrahmh nh mbtbrhftê spbmtdmfd lof nh mbtbrhftê sbiiflhtdtd. If dssblhdzhbmh sbttbfifmldtf dnbttdmb pbihthlof da`hfmtdih shahih, cfrab rfstdmnb hi krdnb nh mbtbrhftê nh lhdslumd nh fssf, lof puð vdrhdrf d sflbmnd nfii‘dssblhdzhbmf lbmshnfrdtd. Hm `dsf diif qubtf nh dssblhdzhbmf7       Krffmpfdlf7 haadkhmf f mbtbrhftê fifvdtf5 adreft sodrf nfi 4>,0 4> ,0 % IHZV7 haadkhmf f mbtbrhftê afnhf5 adreft sodrf nfi 4:,0% 4: ,0% Ifkda`hfmtf7 haadkhmf f mbtbrhftê afnhb-ditf5 adreft sodrf nfi 3,4 % Dahlh nfiid ^frrd7 haadkhmf f mbtbrhftê `dssf5 adreft sodrf nfi >,4 > ,4 % CDH7 haadkhmf f mbtbrhftê afnhb-`dssf5 adreft sodrf nfi >,4 % Ditrd dssblhdzhbmf7 adreft sodrf nfi 0>,6% Hm `dsf di krdchlb sbvrdfspbstb sh ï pfrvfmuth diif qubtf nh adreft sodrf sbprd rhpbrtdtf nh lhdslumd dssblhdzhbmf da`hfmtdihstd, lbm hi rhsuitdtb lof hi [[C ï id prhad d nftfmfrf id qubtd nh afrldtb phø ditd lbm hi phø ditb muafrb nh sblh. Tubtd lof ï stdtd ldilbidtd pbmfmnb hi tbtdif nfkih hslrhtth lbaf qubtd pfrlfmtudif `dsf (4::%), rdppbrtdmnb bkmh shmkbid qubtd di tbtdif hslrhtth. hslrhtth. Hm `dsf diif bdsh kfsthtf b pbssfnutf7 ?    IHZV7 adreft sodrf 48,6 % (>6 bdsh) Ifkda`hfmtf7 adreft sodrf 40,6% (08 bdsh) CDH7 adreft sodrf 44,;% (0; bdsh) \[B^ dmdiyshs Cbrzf   Nf`bifzzf Haadkhmf nh sfrhftê f nh lrfnh`hihtê prfssb h lihfmth chmdih Nhstrh`uzhbmf ldphiidrf sui tfrrhtbrhb mdzhbmdif Phsloh   Ihahtdtd ldpdlhtê hmcbradthvd nbvutd dh rhnbtth hmvfsthafmth pu``ihlhtdrh, mbmloè sldrsd dttrdtthvhtê nfii‘bccfrtd bdsh sui sfkafmtb ’khbvdmf‑ Bppbrtumhtê Hi adrlohb [[C pbtrf``f dssuafrf um‘haprbmtd trbppb lbaafrlhdif, pfrnfmnb nh vhstd qufiid lof ï i‘fssfmzd prhmlhpdif nfi [[C  Fshkfmzd sfaprf lrfslfmtf nh rhtrbvdrf hi lbmtdttb trd i‘ubab f id mdturd  Lrfslfmtf mflfsshtê nfiid prfsfrvdzhbmf nfiif `hbnhvfrshtê B`hftthvh nh adrefthmk 4. Cdtturdtb nfi shstfad Bdsh [[C7 - 0:4:7 <,00 ahihbmh nh furb 0:447 <,?: ahihbmh nh furb 0:407 >.36 ahihbmh nh furb 0. Nhstrh`uzhbmf nfi cdtturdtb pfr ldmdif7 Shshtf7 6,4% Dssblhdzhbmhsab7 4,0% Nbmdzhbmh7 4:,4% \pbmsbrhzzdzhbmh f pdrtmfrsohp7 ?<,3% <. Adrkhmf nh lbmtrh`uzhbmf7  Shshtf , Dssblhdzhbmhsab, Nbmdzhbmh, \pbmsbrhzzdzhbmh7 - 0:4:7 + 0?8?,:: - 0:447 + <>0:,:: - 0:407 + >4?0,:: \trdtfkhd nh adrefthmk 8 \lfitd nfi vdmtdkkhb lbapfththvb Hi shstfad Bdsh [[C ï hmtfmzhbmdtb d lbmsfkuhrf h prbprh b`hftthvh nh adrefthmk vdibrhzzdmnb f pu``ihlhzzdmnb id `fiifzzd fsliushvd nfh iubkoh, h pdmbrdah f hi nfshnfrhb nfh lbmsuadtbrh nh vbifr stdrf dii‘drhd dpfrtd f, mfi lbmtfapb, nh bssfrvdrf fn daahrdrf if vdrhf spflhf dmhadih. ^uttb qufstb lbdnhuvdtb nd umd ifdnfrsohp mfiid ldphiidrhtê f mfiid vdrhftê nh nhstrh`uzhbmf nfiif nhvfrsf Bdsh. ^drkft adreft I‘dssblhdzhbmf hmtfmnf rhvbikfrsh di sfkafmtb nh lbmsuadtbrh khbvdmh b abitb khbvdmh (`da`hmh) f ndh sbkkftth adkkhbrafmtf sfmsh`hih nh ftê lbaprfsd trd >6-;: dmmh, h qudih mbm nfvbmb fssfrf mflfssdrhdafmtf ’mdturdihsth‑ ad pbssbmb fssfrf hmtfrfssdth dh prbnbtth thphlh drthkhdmdih, diif dtthvhtê spbrthvf f luiturdih, chtmfss, `fmfssfrf chshlb f abrdif b dmlof sphrhtudihtê. \h trdttd nh sfkafmth hm lrfslhtd, mfiif drff nh turhsab sbstfmh`hif f lbm vbldzhbmf prbnutthvd, rhspftthvdafmtf nfii‘ 4,:6% f nfii‘ 44,8;%. Zfrtdmtb, sh lbmthmufrê d prhvhifkhdrf ib svhiuppb nfiif bdsh d vbldzhbmf turhsthld f prbnutthvd, lof lbsthtuhslbmb hi iubkb nh vhshtd nh fifzhbmf pfr tdif thpbibkhd nh vhshtdtbrh. Id prfsfmtf td`fiid ï stdtd lbstruhtd tfmfmnb lbmtb nfiif vdrhd`hih nh mbtbrhftê f nh bdsh kfsthtf, mbmloè tfmfmnb lbmtb nfiid adreft sodrf pfr qudmtb lbmlfrmf id nhafmshbmf nfkih bvdih, adreft sodrf ldilbidtd hm `dsf di muafrb nh bdsh kfsthtf sbprd ldilbidtb. Id mbtbrhftê ï stdtd sthadtd tfmfmnb lbmtb nh dilumh ndth cbrmhth ndh shth Hmtfrmft nfh rhspftthvh lbmlbrrfmth, bvvfrb hm `dsf di muafrb nh sblh f sbstfmhtbrh pfr lhdslumd dssblhdzhbmf. Nh cdttb, ndi `hidmlhb 0::; nfi [[C sh fvhmlf lof lh sbmb ;::.::: trd sblh f sbstfmhtbrh (<::.::: sblh f >::.::: sbstfmhtbrh)5 hi shtb nh Ifkda`hfmtf lh hmcbrad lof h sbstfmhtbrh sbstfmhtbrh daabmtdmb d phø nh 446.:::, afmtrf IHZV mf lbmtd >0.::: trd sblh f sbstfmhtbrh. Hmchmf, hi `hidmlhb sblhdif 0::; nfi CDH lh dccfrad lof lh sbmb stdth >.<:: vbibmtdrh f 6.83< dnfshbmh. Adrefthmk ahx 4: Zrbnbttb Dii‘hmtfrmb nfiif Bdsh sbmb rdpprfsfmtdth qudsh tutth kih da`hfmth mdturdih7 ndiif prdtfrhf diphmf diif lbstf nh kfssb, ndii‘hmshfaf nh drff uahnf phø vdstb n‘Htdih d dh ldmybm sfivdkkh, ndiif ldsldtf diif krbttf, ndh `bsloh pidmhzhdih diif cbrfstf afnhtfrrdmff, ndiif lhaf hmmfvdtf diif stfppf. \h pbssbmb hmbitrf trbvdrf muafrbsf spflhf dmhadih hm vhd nh fsthmzhbmf lof, lbaf hi lfrvb sdrnb, id ibmtrd f muafrbsh ullfiih ahkrdtbrh, vh odmmb trbvdtb rhcukhb. Krdzhf dkih hmvfsthafmth prfvhsth hm qufstb adrefthmk pidm, vfrrê hapifafmtdtd id cumzhbmf turhsthld nfi shstfad Bdsh lbm i‘hmtrbnuzhbmf nh ausfh drthsthlb -nhndtthlh, lbstruhth lbm strutturf flblbapdth`hih, qudih `umkdibw hm ifkmb. Sfrrdmmb fccfttudth quhmnh hmvfsthafmth hmcrdstrutturdih pfr um tbtdif nh ₩ 6;6.::: hm trf dmmh pfr id lbstruzhbmf nh `umkdibw nh <6 aq dnh`hth diif abstrf. Vm uitfrhbrf hmvfsthafmtb sdrê nfsthmdtb dii‘daabnfrmdafmtb nfiif dttrfzzdturf rhkudrndmth if vhshtf kuhndtf trdahtf i‘dlquhstb nh dunhbkuhnf f ldrtfiih hmcbradthvh, lof lbmsfmthrdmmb um mbtfvbif rhspdrahb sui lbstb nfi pfrsbmdif, mbmloè duafmtfrdmmb id qudihtê nfiid vhshtd bvf hi pfrsbmdif mbm shd nhspbmh`hif5 qufstb pfr um vdibrf lbapifsshvb nh ₩ ;6.:::. Zrfzzb \h prfvfnf nh idslhdrf hmvdrhdtd id pbihthld nh prfzzb lof, pfr if bdsh d kfsthbmf nhrfttd nfi [[C, prfvfnf i‘hmkrfssb krdtuhtb pfr h sblh fn hi pdkdafmtb nh um `hkihfttb nh 6 ₩, < ₩, 0 ₩ pfr h mbm sblh. Zfr if bdsh kfsthtf nd [[C Bdsh s.r.i. fshstf um `hkihfttb sfpdrdtb pfr hmkrfssb f vhshtd kuhndtd, lof prfvfnf um `hkihfttb brnhmdrhb nh 6 ₩ + < ₩, um `hkihfttb rhnbttb nh < ₩ + < ₩ pfr h rdkdzzh ndh 3 dh 4? dmmh, pfr kih bvfr 36 f pfr h krupph nh ahmhab 4: pfrsbmf, fn hmchmf um `hkihfttb badkkhb, lbsthtuhtb ndiid sbid qubtd nfh < ₩ pfr id vhshtd kuhndtd pfr h sblh f pdmnd liu`, pfr h `da`hmh chmb d 3 dmmh f pfr kih dllbapdkmdtbrh nfh nhvfrsdafmtf d`hih. I‘umhlb lda`hdafmtb std mfi cdttb lof kih dvfmth nhrhttb di `hkihfttb rhnbtt b sdrdmmb dmlof kih stunfmth nfiif cdlbitê nh dkrdrhd, slhfmzf chshlof f mdturdih. Nhstrh`uzhbmf If Bdsh sbmb d``dstdmzd nhstrh`uhtf hm tuttb hi tfrrhtbrhb, ad sh rhifvd umd adkkhbrf nhstdmzd ndh krdmnh lfmtrh d`htdth. Zfr lbapfmsdrf qufstd ldrfmzd sh prfvfnf i‘brkdmhzzdzhbmf trdahtf dkfmzhf nh vhdkkhb ibldih nh dutb`us/mdvfttf pfr id vhshtd nfiif Bdsh. Hi tuttb sdrê chmdmzhdtb nd lhrld 43.:::₩ Lbaumhldzhbmf Hi `unkft prbabzhbmdif sdrê nfsthmdtb diid rfdihzzdzhbmf nh hmhzhdthvf nh hmlfmthvdzhbmf sui lbmsuadtbrf f di trdnf (sbmb prfvhsth hmvfsthafmth pfr lhrld 6?:.::: ₩ hm trf dmmh). <6 Sfrrdmmb rfdihzzdtf ldapdkmf nh dnvfrthshmk qudih7 pu``ihlhtê su rhvhstf mdturdihstf qudih Fihlrhsb f Cblus Gumhbr, mbmloè pu``ihlhtê pfr h phø khbvdmh su cuaftth lbaf ^bpbihmb5 ldrtfiibmh strdndih hm prbsshahtê nfiif 44 bdsh, but bc obaf fn f-adhihmk nfnhldtf dkih fvfmth fvfmth f diif hmhzhdthvf phø hapbrtdmth, hapbrtdmth, di chmf uithab nh duafmtdrf i‘dwdrfmfss f nh lbaumhldrf if mubvf hmhzhdthvf7 Lbmlbrsh f abstrf cbtbkrdchlof f nh phtturd di i‘hmtfrmb nfiif bdsh, krdzhf diid lbstruzhbmf nfh `umkdibw hm ifkmb sbprdlhtdth. Hi prfahb pfr hi vhmlhtbrf lbmshstfrê hm umd sftthadmd nh sbkkhbrmb  prfssb hi ’pdfsf nfi pdmnd‑, id Lhmd mfiid lhttê nh @fhghmk. Zfr tutth h sblh f if haprfsf hmtfrfssdtf sdrê hsthtuhtb um lbmlbrsb `dsdtb suiid lidsshchld nfiif  nbmdzhbmh fccfttudtf mfii‘drlb nh um dmmb, fn hi vhmlhtbrf sdrê mbahmdtb ’vbitb nfii‘dmmb [[C‑. ^uttb lhð di chmf nh duafmtdrf i‘dwdrfmfss f id vhsh`hihtê nfi adrlohb [[C, rfmnfmnb abnfrmf fn fsliushvf if strutturf rflftthvf. @unkft nh adrefthmk, prfvhshbmf nfiif vhshtf, d ssblhdzhbmhsah, nbmdzhbmh, spbmsbrhzzdzhbmh, rhsuitdth Zrfvhshbmh nfiif vhshtf, dssblhdzhbmhsah, nbmdzhbmh, spbmsbrhzzdzhbmh (ahihbmh nh ₩) >::: <6:: <::: 06:: Shshtf 0::: Dssblhdzhbmhsab 46:: Nbmdzhbmh 4::: \pbmsbrhzzdzhbmh 6:: : 0:4: 0:44 0:40 @unkft nh adrefthmk (E₩) Shshtf - Dssblhdzhbmhsab Dssblhdzhbmhsab - Nbmdzhbmh\pbmsbrhzzdzhbmh 0:4: 0:44 0:40 Phldvh tbtdih d <00: 3>3 Lbsth Sdrhd`hih `1(l+n+f) <00 3> Lbsth pu``ihlhtdrh f lbmlbrsh l 43: 4??,?> 0<4,40 ^rdspbrth f ibkhsthld n >,<3 6,43 3,<0 Lbsth @umkdibws f 46?,;3 4?;,<3 008,0> Adrkhmf nh lbmtrh`uzhbmf c1(d-`) 0?8? <>0: >4?0 Lbsth chssh k <6:: <6:: <6:: Vthif Ibrnb o1(c-k) -3:0 -?: 3?0  Dmdihsh nh `rfde fvfm fvfm pbhmt pbhmt (rhldvh f lbsth vdrhd`hih vdrhd`hih umhtdrh, umhtdrh, lbsth lbsth chssh tbtdih, tbtdih, qudmthtê qudmthtê nh pdrfkkhb) pdrfkkhb) 40 Shshtf, Nbmdzhbmh, Dssblhdzhbmhsab 0:4: 0:44 0:40 Phldvh umhtdrh (afnhd) d 4? ₩ 4? ₩ 4? ₩ Lbsth vdrhd`hih umhtdrh ` 0,:0₩ 4,?;₩ 4,<6₩ Lbsth chssh tbtdih l 6;>.:::₩ 6;>.:::₩ 6;>.:::₩ Tudmthtê nh pdrfkkhb n1l/(d-`) <6.80: <6.6?3 <>.038 \pbmsbrhzzdzhbmh 0:4: 0:44 0:40 Phldvh umhtdrh (afnhd) d 406.:::₩ 406.:::₩ 406.:::₩ Lbsth vdrhd`hih umhtdrh ` 40.0<3 ₩  40.>:8₩  4:.>?<₩ Lbsth chssh tbtdih l 0.803.:::₩  0.803.:::₩  0.803.:::₩ Tudmthtê nh pdrfkkhb n1l/(d-`) 03 03 06 H ndth prfvhshbmdih sbmb stdth fid`brdth hm `dsf dn umd sthad nh lrfslhtd afnhd nbvutd dh lbrpbsh hmvfsthafmth pu``ihlhtdrh fn hmcrdstrutturdih fccfttudth, lof odmmb hmstdurdtb um lhrlbib vhrtubsb, mbmloè umd shmfrkhd trd h qudttrb cdttbrh nh hmtrbhth nfiif bdsh (vhshtf, dssblhdzhbmhsab, nbmdzhbmh, spbmsbrhzzdzhbmh f pdrtmfrsohp) Lbmtrbiih Sfrrdmmb fccfttudth nfh lbmtrbiih trhafstrdih suii‘diihmfdafmtb crd ndth fccftthvh f nh `unkft. Tudibrd nbvfssfrb vfrhchldrsh nfkih slbstdafmth supfrhbrh di <:%, sh dmdihzzfrdmmb if ldusf fn, fvfmtudiafmtf, vfrrdmmb fccfttudtf mubvf sthaf prfvhshbmdih tfmfmnb lbmtb nfiif autdtf lbmnhzhbmh nh slfmdrhb. 4< NFLIHMDWHBMF BZFPD^HSD BZFPD^HSD BD\H NH SDMWDKB - AHIDMB Hi @bslb nh Sdmzdkb ï stdtb slfitb lbaf nflihmdzhbmf bpfrdthvd pbhloè phø hmlihmf shd diid ahmhahzzdzhbmf nfh tfaph nh dppihldzhbmf nfiif strdtfkhf,shd diid pbssh`hihtê nh fccfttudrf um lbmtrbiib tfapfsthvb suii‘bpfrdtb, krdzhf diid kfsthbmf nhrfttd nfi [[C. Hi @bslb sh trbvd hm Zrbvhmlhd nh Ahidmb fn hi sub tfrrhtbrhb ï lbaprfsb mfh Lbaumh nh Sdmzdkb, Zbkihdmb Ahidmfsf fn fn Driumb. Id prbprhftê kfsthtd ï nh bitrf 4>< fttdrh. Dvfmnb i‘bdsh um‘ditd vbldzhbmf pfr if vhshtf f i‘bsphtdihtê, sh prfstd adkkhbrafmtf diib svhiuppb nfi turhsab sbstfmh`hif. Hi @bslb od d nhspbshzhbmf strutturf pfr i'fnuldzhbmf da`hfmtdif f pfr i'brkdmhzzdzhbmf nh fvfmth lbiiftthvh. Tufst‘  bdsh od um‘uitfrhbrf cumzhbmf ur`dmd, hm qudmtb h i pdrlb nh Sdmzdkb ï u`hldtb hm um lbmtfstb ur`dmb f svbikf hi rubib nh pdrlb lhttdnhmb pfr ib svdkb f id cruhzhbmf qubthnhdmd. I'bccfrtd f if ldrdtt frhsthlof cbmndafmtdih nfii‘ bdsh ahidmfsf Da`hfmtf nfiid rhsfrvd mdturdif ï qufiib thphlb pidmhzhdif, nfttb nfi ’phdmditb dslhuttb‑. Phifvdmtf id prfsfmzd nh spflloh n‘dlqud nh vdrhd prbcbmnhtê (pfr um tbtdif nh 40 fttdrh). Id ldapdkmd nfiid cdslhd phø fstfrmd ï rhlld nh prdth std`hih, nh shfph, chidrh, cdslf di`frdtf. I'da`hfmtf ï hm `ubmd pdrtf cruttb nh um hmtfrvfmtb nh rhqudihchldzhbmf da`hfmtdif bpfrdtb mfkih dmmh nd Vihssf Ldmtbmh, brhkhmdrhb prbprhftdrhb nfiid tfmutd, lof vbiif cdrmf idslhtb dii‘dssblhdzhbmf da`hfmtdihstd, dcchmloè sh pfrpftudssf mfi tfapb id sud lbmsfrvdzhbmf. 4> Mfiid Phsfrvd sbmb prfsfmth krdm pdrtf nfiif spflhf dr`brff nfii'dmthlb da`hfmtf pdndmb5 hm pdrthlbidrf h `bsloh sbmb cbradth nd rbvfrh sflbidrh, cdrmhf, biah, dlfrh ldapfstrh, ldrphmh `hdmloh, thkih, lhihfkh sfivdthlh f ldstdkmh. \pifmnhnb mfiif stdkhbmh nfiid chbrhturd hi sbttb`bslb nbvf sphlld pfr `fiifzzd f hmtfmshtê nh prbcuab hi aukofttb f id pfrvhmld. Shlhmb dkih spflloh n'dlqud sh svhiuppd id vfkftdzhbmf pdiustrf, sbprdttuttb mfi `dlhmb Idkb Mubvb, ndi qudif fafrkf um hsbibttb lbibmhzzdtb ndkih bmtdmh, ndh sdihlh `hdmloh f nd um chttb ldmmftb. Hi Idkb Sfllohb, hmvflf, od dlquf phø bsshkfmdtf f bsphtd umd cdumd htthld phø ftfrbkfmfd (pfrshlh, iullh, thmlof, ldvfndmh). \bmb prfsfmth 40< spflhf nh ullfiih nh luh 6< mhnhchldmth. Nurdmtf h pdssh f hm hmvfrmb kih spflloh n‘dlqud sh pbpbidmb nh lbrabrdmh, kdiihmfiif n'dlqud, dizdvbif, abrhkihbmh, kfradmh rfdih, dhrbmh lfmfrhmh, mhtthlbrf f tuccftth. Mfiif uithaf stdkhbmh crfnnf ï lbapdrsb um vhshtdtbrf n‘fllfzhbmf pfr i‘drfd pdndmd7 hi krdmnf Dhrbmf `hdmlb. Mfi `bslb vhvbmb, trd kih ditrh, hi phllohb vfrnf f qufiib rbssb, hi rhkbkbib, i‘diibllb, hi kucb lbaumf, ib spdrvhfrb, i'dstbrf. ^rd h adaahcfrh, id nbmmbid, id cdhmd, hi tdssb, hi kohrb, id ifprf furbpfd f umd `ubmd pbpbidzhbmf nh ldprhbih, hi sha`bib nfiid rhsfrvd, dh qudih vfmkbmb idslhdth d nhspbshzhbmf umb nfh qudttrb tdkih nh chfmb nfh ldaph lbithvdth lbm lrhtfrh rhkbrbsdafmtf `hbibkhlh I‘drfd ï ldrdttfrhzzdtd ndii‘ditfrmdmzd nh drff prdthvf pbihchtf hm luh sbmb stdtf sfahmdtf ifkuahmbsf f krdahmdlff, ldaph lbithvdth, zbmf d `bslb f phllbif zbmf uahnf. \bmb hmcdtth prfsfmth nuf `dlhmh drthchlhdih, lbstruhth dmtflfnfmtfafmtf id kfsthbmf [[C pfr slbph vfmdtbrh f dihafmtdth nd um ldmdif sflbmndrhb nfi Shiibrfsh, bitrf d phllbih idkoftth lbiifkdth nhrfttdafmtf lbm h nuf `dlhmh. Sh ï hmbitrf um phllbib diifvdafmtb spfrhafmtdif pfr id rfhmtrbnuzhbmf nfiid vdlld `bvhmd abmtdmd b vdrzfsf7 sbmb tuttbrd prfsfmth qudttrb vdllof lof pdslbidmb ih`frdafmtf hm lhrld > fttdrh nh prdtb dr`brdtb. Dii‘hmtfrmb nfii‘bdsh sh prdthldmb stunh suh aftbnh nh lbithvdzhbmf `hbibkhld lbapdth`hih lbm um‘drfd prbtfttd7 sh dttud id rbtdzhbmf nfiif lbiturf sfmzd i‘uthihzzb nh nhsfr`dmth b lbm lhah lohahlh, sh lbithvdmb adhs, rhsb f sfkdif pfr um tbtdif nh qudsh 6: fttdrh. <6 46 Kih hmvfsthafmth pfr ahkihbrdrf hi prbnbttb f if dspfttdthvf Hi @bslb nh Sdmzdkb pbtrf``f `fmfchlhdrf nh tutth kih hmvfsthafmth prfvhsth hm qufstb phdmb nh adrefthmk. Id cdtth`hihtê tflmhld, flbmbahlb-chmdmzhdrhd fn da`hfmtdif nfi prbkfttb rhsuitd phø sfapihlf hm qudmtb i‘bdsh prfsd hm lbmshnfrdzhbmf ï nhrfttdafmtf kfsthtd ndi [[C. Hi sfkufmtf phdmb prfvfnf um rhtbrmb nfkih hmvfsthafmth hm trf dmmh, duafmtdmnb krdnudiafmtf h prbchtth, ad pfr qudmtb rhkudrnd if bdsh kfsthtf nhrfttdafmtf ndi [[C f qufiif vhlhmf diif lhttê phø krdmnh ï stdtb prfvhstb um rhtbrmb abitb phø vfiblf, vhstd id adkkhbrf dcciufmzd nbvutd diid vhlhmdmzd nfh krdmnh lfmtrh d`htdth lof rdpprfsfmtdmb um `dlhmb n‘utfmzd phø fifvdtb. I'hnfd prhmlhpdif pfr qudmtb lbmlfrmf id cumzhbmf turhsthld ï nh duafmtdrf if vhshtf nd pdrtf nfh rfshnfmth f nfh turhsth, rfmnfmnb um sfrvhzhb umhlb pfr tutth. Hm qufstb sfmsb sfmsb ï stdtd lrfdtd umd mubvd strutturd strutturd flblbapdth`hif (hi ausfb drthsthlb-nhndtthlb lof rhspfllohd if mbraf nh lbstruzhbmf rfidthvf diif bdsh [[C) 7 um `umkdibw hm ifkmb nh <6 aq. Hm bkmh ausfb vfrrdmmb abstrdth h nhvfrsh idvbrh drthsthlh I‘daabmtdrf nh qufstb hmvfsthafmtb ï pdrh d 43.::: furb. Brhfmtdtb vfrsb id abnfrmhzzdzhbmf f i'dutbadthzzdzhbmf nfh sfrvhzh rfsh, hi phdmb prfvfnf i'hmsfrhafmtb nh dttrfzzdturf rhkudrndmth if vhshtf kuhndtf trdahtf i'dlquhstb nh dunhbkuhnf f ldrtfiih hmcbradthvh, lof lbmsfmtbmb hm bkmh ldsb um mbtfvbif rhspdrahb sui lbstb nfi pfrsbmdif. Hi @bslb nh Sdmzdkb nhspbmf nh pfrsbmdif cbradtb pfr id kuhnd nfh turhsth. Tufstb sfrvhzhb ï prfvhstb sbib mfh khbrmh nh \d`dtb f Nbafmhld. Lbm kih hmvfsthafmth cuturh sh kdrdmthrf``f um ihvfiib std`hif nfi sfrvhzhb bccfrtb nurdmtf tutth h khbrmh, ndii'dpfrturd diid lohusurd nfi pdrlb. Bvvhdafmtf qufstb ahkihbrdafmtb sh trdnurrf``f hm um duafmtb nfi sbnnhscdlhafmtb nfi lihfmtf f nh lbmsfkufmzd ib svhiuppb nh um pdssdpdrbid pbshthvb. Hi lbstb nfii‘hmvfsthafmtb ï nh 0.::: furb. Kih hmvfsthafmth prfvfnbmb umd pdrtmfrsohp lbm Id Krbdmf ^rdspbrth f Ab`hihtê \.p.D. lof bpfrd mfii'da`htb nfi sfrvhzhb nfi trdspbrtb pu``ihlb, pu``ihlb, fn hi Lbaumf nh Sdmzdkb. Hm qufstb abnb sdrê cdlhihtdtb hi rdkkhumkhafmtb nfi pdrlb ndiif krdmnf lhttê mfiif vh lhmdmzf. F‘ prfvhstb i‘uthihzzb nh > mdvfttf pfr lbiifkdrf hi lfmtrb nh Ahidmb lbm hi @bslb nh Sdmzdkb. Hi prfzzb nfi prbnbttb \h prfvfnf nh idslhdrf hmvdrhdtd id pbihthld nh prfzzb lof, pfr if bdsh d kfsthbmf nhrfttd nfi [[C, prfvfnf i‘hmkrfssb krdtuhtb pfr h sblh fn hi pdkdafmtb nh um `hkihfttb nh 6 ₩, < ₩, 0 ₩ pfr h mbm sblh. I‘umhlb lda`hdafmtb std mfi cdttb lof kih dvfmth nhrhttb di `hkihfttb rhnbttb sdrdmmb dmlof kih stunfmth nfiif cdlbitê nh dkrdrhd, slhfmzf chshlof f mdturdih. Hmbitrf, hmliusb mfi prfzzb, lh sdrê hi sfrvhzhb mdvfttd. <6 43 Nhstrh`uzhbmf Hi Zdrlb Sdmzdkb sh trbvd d 4? lohibaftrh nd Ahidmb. Hi rdkkhumkhafmtb nfii'bdsh vhfmf quhmnh lbmnhzhbmdtb nd dilumh cdttbrh, lbaf dn fsfaphb id nhspbmh`hihtê nh dutbvftturf nd pdrtf ndh lihfmth. Zfr loh mbm nhspbmf nh um‘dutbvftturd, hi phdmb prfvfnf umd rfidzhbmf nh pdrtmfrsohp lbm Id Krbdmf ^rdspbrth f Ab`hihtê \.p.D fn hi Lbaumf nh Sdmzdkb, lof prbvvfnfrê dii‘dlquhstb nh mdvfttf dn hnrbkfmb b dn fifttrhlhtê d cdvbrf nfiif bdsh. Hm qufstb abnb sdrê cdlhihtdtb hi rdkkhumkhafmtb nfi pdrlb ndiif krdmnf lhttê. Lbaumhldzhbmf I'dllbrnb lbm Id Krbdmf ^rdspbrth f Ab`hihtê \.p.D. Zrfvfnf dmlof i'uthihzzb nfiif mdvfttf lbaf afzzh nh pu``ihlhtê. Kih hmvfsthafmth mfiif pu``ihlhtê rhkudrndmb id nflbrdzhbmf nfiif mdvfttf hm abnb tdif nd dttrdttf dttfmzhbmf. \bmb prfvhstf cfradtf hm lfmtrb lhttê, mfh iubkoh pu``ihlh, nbvf qufstd cumzhbmf dvrf``f phø sullfssb. Kih hmvfsthafmth tbtdih rhkudrnb if dzhbmh pu``ihlhtdrhf sbmb nh ?:08 furb nh luh 43;3,< sdrdmmb nfsthmdth d lbprhrf if spfsf rfidthvf diid nflbrdzhbmf nfiif mdvfttf f 3<60,3 furb pfr pu``ihlhtê suiid rhvhstd mdturdihstd Fihlrhsb, pfr ldrtfiibmh strdndih hm prbsshahtê nfii‘ bdsh, but bc obaf fn f -adhihmk Zfr hmlfmthvdrf if vhshtf diid bdsh ad diib stfssb tfapb if hslrhzhbmh sh prfvfnbmb if sfkufmth dtthvhtê f lbmlbrsh. - Lbmlbrsh f abstrf cbtbkrdchlof f nh phtturd dii‘hmtfrmb nfiif bdsh, krdzhf diid lbstruzhbmf nfh `umkdibw hm ifkmb sbprdlhtdth. Hi prfahb pfr hi vhmlhtbrf lbmshstfrê hm umd sftthadmd nh sbkkhbr mb prfssb hi ’pdfsf nfi pdmnd‑, id Lhmd. - Zfr tutth h sblh f if haprfsf hmtfrfssdtf sdrê hsthtuhtb um lbmlbrsb `dsdtb suiid lidsshchld nfiif nbmdzhbmh fccfttudtf mfii‘drlb nh um dmmb, fn hi vhmlhtbrf sdrê mbahmdtb ’vbitb nfii‘dmmb [[C‑. ^uttb lhð di chmf nh duafmtdrf i‘dwdrfmfss f id vhsh`hihtê nfi adrlohb [[C, rfmnfmnb abnfrmf fn fsliushvf if strutturf rflftthvf. <6 CBM^H F\^FPMF NH HMCBPADWHBMF 4; Adtfrhdif cbrmhtb nd www.prfahbadrefthmk.lba [hehpfnhd Lbmsuitdth h sfkufmth shth Hmtfrmft7 [[C, Ifkda`hfmtf, CDH Hi vdibrf nh ₩ 4? rfidthvb d vhshtf, dssblhdzhbmhsab f nbmdzhbmh, mfiid td`fiid nh `rfde -fvfm pbhmt, ï stdtb rhldvdtb sbaadmnb hi prfzzb afnhb nfi `hkihfttb (₩ >.6:), i‘fccftthvb hmtrbht b rfdihzzdtb dttrdvfrsb i‘dssblhdzhbmhsab (₩ ;), f if nbmdzhbmh fccfttudtf (₩3.6), vdibrf qufst‘uithab rhldvdtb ndh ndth nfi `hidmlhb [[C 0::;. Hi lbstb nfi `umkdibw ï stdtb rhldvdtb ndi shtb www.c`fwbbnihvhmk.ht Hi lbstb nfiif dunhbkuhnf ï stdtb sthadtb tfmfmnb lbmtb nfi vdibrf trbvdtb hm qufstb shtb7 ottp7//sobpphmk.efiebb.ht/ssl-4::08?40<-dunhbkuhnf-nhkhtdih.otai Ditrf hmcbradzhbmh (rhvhstf mdturdihsthlof, lbmlbrrfmth f lbapdkmhd trdspbrth) nd Kbbkif. 4?