Transcript
Bapu R. Thorat M.Sc. SET. NET Assit. Professor
Dept of Chemistry & Dept of Biotechnology, Government of Maharashtra, Ismail Yusuf College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Co mmerce, Jogeshwari Jogeshwari (East),
Planning of organic synthesis The major goal of the organic synthesis is the construction of organic molecules (target molecule) and their synthesis by applying various synthetic strategies. The choice of target molecule is the starting of synthesis.
Research
Selection of Target molecule
During the selection of target molecule, Scientist suggested that- what is most important is not a choice of a given target, but how the goal is going to be achieved is important. important.
Why this molecule is choose as target or final molecule?
How it can be synthesized?
1. Why this molecule was chosen as a target molecule? And molecule? And 2. Where Where do I begin? How?
Planning of organic synthesis The answer of the question (1) is 1. Thee nee Th need d an and d int inter eres estt of th thee sy synt nthe heti ticc chemist. 2. It ma may y hav havee ch chal alle len ngi gin ng stereochemical problems or functional group combinations. 3. The mo mole leccule ma may y po posse sesss un uniq iqu ue chemical and or biological biologica l properties. 4. Thee cha Th challle leng ngin ing g pr pro obl blem em in th thee tot total al synthesis of given target molecule provides many opportunities opportunities to find new reactions, process or strategies which may be of value to other reactions. 5. The lea earn rnin ing g opp ppo ortu tuni nitty. 6. More Mo re glo loba ball and and im impo port rtan antt re rega gard rdin ing g the destination and usefulness of pure science. 7. Does no nott imm immed edia iatte be bene neffit itss to humanity, but in foreseab foreseable le feature. Industrial application. 8. Nece Ne cess ssar ary y to el elim imin inat atee to toxi xicc ef effec ect, t, explosive material, minimize the hazardous effect, effect, etc
Need and Interest
Selection of target molecule
Challenging Stereochemical & Functional gr gr.. Combination
Unique chemical & biological property Provides opportunities opportunities to find new reactions, process & strategies
Learning opportunity
Global & important in pure science
To eliminate side effect
Useful in feature & industrial applications
Planning of organic synthesis •
The chemical reaction can be viewed in two directions the synthetic direction corresponding to laboratory operations and the retrosynthesis (or antithetic). Retrosynthesis gives the answer of the second question- Where do I begin? These simple molecules are obtained by the degradation of the molecule which will be synthesized is called as retrosynthesis. It is a technique completely theoretical and used for solving problems in synthesis synthesis planning, especially those represented for complex problems. Required well trained eyes of professional to identify the fragment(s) fragm ent(s) present in i n the complex target molecule which is to be derived. –
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Elias James Corey (Nobel Price in Chemistry 1990)
OH N
Where do I begin? HO T.M.
O
These simple molecules are obtained by the degradation of the molecule which will be synthesized. Retrosynthesis
HO
O O
O
Theoretical and used for solving problems in synthesis planning
O
Planning of organic synthesis
The target molecule can be fragmented to by more than one way to gives simple starting molecule by starting disconnection from any site of the complex molecule. The starting molecule is- simple, small, easily available (fossile sources, nature, leaving organism), chief. This starting material was converted into product by applying your knowledge of reactions, reagents, synthetic and analytical methods. For transforming one to another intermediate, following parameters are considered i.
The sel The selec ecti tion on of ch chem emic ical al rea eact ctio ion n for for tr tran ansfo sform rmin ing g one one synthetic intermediate intermediate to next in the synthesis. synthesis.
ii.. Th ii Thee sel selec ecti tion on of of spec specif ific ic rea eage gent nt.. iii.. Th iii Thee des desig ign n of of expe experi rime ment nt.. iv.. Ex iv Expe peri rime ment ntal al cond condit itio ions ns and and analy analysi sis. s.
O Ph
O2N O
O Target Molecule O
O
O Ph
O2N
Ph
O2N
O
O2N
O
OH
H O
O TM
O O2N
H O OH
O2N O OH
H OH
O2N
H
For all these stages- observations, discoveries (experimental results taken for references), references), inventions, inventions, and theorems are very important. Therefore Therefore someone can achieve their target target in small period or even longer term basis.
Ref: Elias James Corey brought a more formal approach to synthesis design based on retrosynthesis analysis for which he won the noble prize p rize for chemistry in 1990.
C2H5 HO
H
C2 H5 H
OH
H
H O
The organic synthesis has been designed by the concept retro-synthesis. Retrosynthesis is used to developed synthetic route to a target molecule. Multistep molecule. Multistep synthesis of the complex target molecule from specified starting material becomes one of the most challenging problem. The design of the synthesis of simple molecule is very simple. E.g.- Synthesis of meso-3,4-hexanediol from 3-hexyne, most of students realized that alkyne was reduced to cis or trans-3hexene and then undergoes glycol formation. Therefore, there is more than one procedure for the synthesis of desired product.
transH
H
CaC2
Lindlar cat. or 9-BBN/AcOH
Na/liq.NH3
3-Hex 3-Hex ne
H3O+
3-Hexyne
m-CPB A
H
H O
H3O+
C2H5 HO
C2H5 H H
OH
cis-
1 OsO4 2 NaHCO3
Planning of Organic Synthesis
Organic synthesis is the construction of a organic molecule via chemical processes or reaction. The synthesis of a organic molecule is difficult as compared to inorganic molecules in various aspects such as yield, purity, time etc. There are two areas of research in general of organic synthesis are- Total synthesis and methodology.
Construction of carbon skeleton of target molecule
Carried out the synthesis in minimum number of steps
Construct the synthesis before carried out actual synthesis
Introducing, removing & transforming functional groups
Principles of Organic Synthesis
Try to maintain stereochemistry of product of each step
Functional group is less reactive, increase yield by using activating group
To avoid side product or to protect the group use protecting groups
Planning of Organic Synthesis
Recovery or recycling of expensive reagents/ catalyst and less number of side products
Starting compounds & reagents are cheaf & easily available.
Principles of Organic Synthesis
Used named reported reactions and reagents for the synthesis of new compounds because the yield, reaction conditions, by-products, reagents, etc are known.
Functional groups are altered, without change the carbon skeleton of starting material or change both functional group and carbon skeleton or without affecting the functional group, carbon skeleton can be changed.
OH
Et H
NH
H
NH
Et H
OH
OH
Et NH
NH
Et H
OH
(S,S) -isomer Tuberculostatic
(R,R)-isomer Cause blindness Ethambutol
OH
OH OH
OH
HNCOCHCl2
HNCOCHCl2
O2N
O2N (R,R)-isomer antibacterial
Chloromycetin
(S,S)-isomer inactive
O
S
NH
R O
OH
R HS
CO2H H
H2N Anti-arthritic
S HS
CO2H H
H2N
Penicillamine Toxic
S - isomer, beta -blocker
Propranalol
OH
R - isomer, Contraceptive
NH
Area of research in Organic Synthesis
Total Synthesis
Methodology
A total synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of complex organic molecules from simple, commercially available (petrochemical) or natural precursors. The choice of target molecule is the starting of synthesis. The target molecule can be synthesized in a series of steps which are performed one after another until the molecule is made is called as linear synthesis. It is applied for the synthesis of simple structure molecules. The chemical compounds made in each step are usually referred to as synthetic intermediate. For the synthesis of more complex molecules, convergent synthesis is often preferred. In this synthesis, several key intermediates are synthesized separately and then coupled together to give final product.
The father of modern organic synthesis is regarded as Robert Burns Woodward who received Nobel Price for chemistry in 1965 for several brilliant examples of total synthesis such as synthesis of strychnine in 1954.
Convergent synthesis
Divergent synthesis
Diversity oriented synthesis (DOS)
Total synthesis Carbon-carbon bond formation
Polar functions and Umpolung
Cascade reaction sequences
Multistep Transformation
1. Convergent synthesis
In chemistry, a convergent synthesis is a strategy that aims to improve the efficiency of multi-step chemical synthesis. It is more convenient than the linear synthesis.
Linear synthesis:-
80%
A
B
80%
80%
80%
D
C
E
80%
F
Overall yield is 32.8% (3.1% if 50% each step)
Convergent synthesis:-
A
80%
80%
U
B V
80%
C
80%
W
80%
F
Overall yield is 51.2% (12.5% if 50% each step)
2. Divergent synthesis
Divergent synthesis is a strategy with the aim to improve the efficiency of chemical synthesis. It is an alternative to convergent or linear synthesis. In one strategy, divergent synthesis aims to generate a library of chemical compounds by first reacting a molecule with a set of reactants. The next generation of compounds is generated by further reactions of another reagent with each compound in generation first. This methodology gives large number of new compounds. A generates A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, in generation first. A1 generates A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, in generation 2 and so on. In another strategy, divergent synthesis starts from a molecule as a central core from which generation of building blocks are added. ………
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e.g.:- Synthesis of dendrimers (in each generation new monomer reacts to the growing surface of the sphere).
3. Diversity oriented synthesis (DOS)
DOS is a strategy for quick access to molecular libraries with an emphasis on skeleton diversity. In following example- A Petasis reaction product (1) is functionalized with propargyll bromide leading to starting compound (2) having five functional groups. This propargy molecule can be subjected to whole set of reagents, each reaction yielding a unique skeleton already in generation one. Ph Ph
During this synthesis, in a majority of reactions involving a functional group modifications, proceeding or following smaller number of carbon-carbon bond forming reactions because functional group chemistry consist of such a vast number of addition, elimination, substitution, rearrangem rearrangement, ent, free radical, pericyclic, redox, etc reactions.
Ph N
EtOOC N O
COOEt
N
Ph OH
Ph
H Ph
3.81%
OH
OH 9.87%
H
4.89%
Ph Ph
Ph COOEt
HN
N
COOEt
Br
N
EtOOC Ph
Ph
Ph
OH OH
OH
H
H
5.85%
Ph Ph O
O
Ph
N
N
O H Ph
8.88%
H
N
EtOOC Ph
OH
COOEt
O Ph
6.85%
H
O
7.85%
During the synthesis, a stereochemistry of a product try to maintain along with regio- and stereo-control is important during this functional group modification.
4. Carbon-carbon bond formation
Numbers of useful and well tested reactions are reported for the effective carbon-carbon bond formation, ideally in regio and stereospecific fashion. These reactions are relatively small as compared with the reactions used to modify the functional groups.
Friedel-Craft alkylation and acylation.
Robinson Annulation
Addition of organometallic compounds to unsaturated compounds
Diels-Alder cycloaddition
C-C bond formation
Wittig and other ylide reactions
Alkylation of Acetylide anions
Claisen, Aldol, Dickmann condensation, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, etc
Alkylation of enolate anions
4. Carbon-carbon bond formation
Coupling reactions carried out by using transition metal catalysts
Addition of carbon radicals to multiple bonds
C-C bond formation
Photochemical cycloaddition and rearrangement reactions
Reaction of transition metal alkylidene complexes e.g. Olefin metathesis
In addition to development of these and other new reactions, many classic procedures have been modified and enhanced in scope byControl of regio and stereo-selectivity during the formation of reaction intermediates. Charge inversion in polar reactants, Umpolung. Applications of Tandem, Domino or Cascade reaction sequences.
IF ONE CAN DO, I CAN ALSO DO, IF NONE CAN DO DO,, I MUST DO……
