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Rainfall Cycles In Ancient India

Inter annual variability patterns of monsoon rainfall as described in ancient Indian texts are presented in this paper. It is interesting to note that the dominant periods were taken to be 3,5,7,18...

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@IUVCZIELA NCVBU Mcnuccn zlinglaa eyeabu lu fbtievbf in lneibnv Ulnuhziv vbpvu  Z. N. Iybnklz  Yblz vc yblz wlzilvicn cg Infiln mcnuccn zlinglaa iu fbuezijbf |rlaivlviwbay in ucmb lneibnv Ulnuhziv vbpvu.  Invbzbuvinkay! v`bub lzb eyeaie {iv` tbzicfu cg 5! 2! ;! <0 lnf 74 yblzu. Vimb ubzibu lnlayuiu cg levrla ubl ucnla zlinglaa flvl u`c{u v`lv lv wbzy nblz v`b ljcwb tbzicfu v`b utbevzrm `lu uiknigielnv tblhu. V`b Wbnru wiuijiaivy tczvbnv uvlvbf in v`b Lzv`l ŘČ uvzl lttblzu vc jb l tzcpy gcz v`b nblz v`zbb-yblz garevrlvicn eyeab in v`b zlinglaa. V`b ublucn v`lv jzinku zlinglaa vc alzkb  tlzvu cg v`b ecrnvzy! nc{ elaabf v`b mcnuccn! `lu abgv ivu imtzinv in laa vytbu cg  aivbzlvrzb uvlzvink gzcm v`b  Z   kwbfl.  kwbfl. Wbfie aivbzlvrzb fbuezijbu gikrzlviwbay v`b bwltc kwbfl? <.<76.2<)! zlvicn―zlinglaa eyeab ( Z   kwbfl? lnf hnc{u v`b urn lu v`b elrub cg zlinglaa. Iv bwbn `lu l `ymn fbfielvbf vc v`b gzcku {`c ucrnf in e`czru lv v`b uvlzv cg  v`b zlinu! mre` aihb v`b uvrfbnvu ablznink v`b Wbfl. [`iab l jcrnvbcru mcnuccn hbtv v`b tbctab `ltty! ivu wlklzibu {bzb fzblfbf. Uvczibu cg fzcrk`vu lnf gliarzb cg zlinglaa {bzb |rivb ecmmcn in v `b abkbnfu! tlzvieralzay {`bn tbctab u`igvbf v`biz  acelvicn. Cnb ure` <:-yblz acnk fzcrk`v {lu v`b zblucn gcz J`lfzlj Č`r lnf `iu gcaac{bzu vc bmikzlvb gzcm Ji`lz vc fiuvlnv Hlznlvlhl in v`b 5zf ebnvrzy JEB <. Gliarzb cg zlinglaa gcz <:-yblzu mik`v jb ln bplkkbzlvicn! jrv tbctab u`craf `lwb  jbbn lu blkbz lu nc{ lzb vc `lwb l zbailjab gczbeluv cn {`lv v`by ecraf bptbev gzcm v`b eacrfu. V`b mcuv uiknigielnv gblvrzb cg v`b mcnuccn iu ivu lnnrla zberzzbneb lnf v`b yblz-vc-yblz wlzilvicn in v`b lmcrnv cg zlinglaa! elaabf invbz lnnrla wlziljiaivy (ILW). Lv tzbubnv! ILW iu e`lzlevbzibf jy gipink l nczmla (vimb lwbzlkb) lnf bptzbuuink v`b yblzay zlinglaa in vbzmu cg tbzebnvlkb wlzilvicn ljcrv v`iu acnk-vbzm nczmla. Iv iu nc{ {baa hnc{n v`lv v`b wlzilvicn ecmtziubu cg cueiaalvczy tlvvbznu lzcrnf :―5! 2―;! <<―<:! <0―:4 lnf 74 yblzu :. Nlzluim`l lnf Hlialu5 v`zcrk` {lwbabv lnlayuiu gcrnf lamcuv v`b ulmb tbzicfu gcz v`b gizuv gcrz mcfbu. V`bub lzb ncv tbzgbev zbtblvink eyeabu! jrv nlzzc{-jlnf cueiaalvicnu {iv` uac{ay wlzyink lmtaivrfb lnf t`lub lzcrnf v`b infielvbf ebnvzla tbzicfu. V`b ljcwb |rlnvivlviwb rnfbzuvlnfink iu jlubf cn v`b lnlayuiu cg acnk-vimb ubzibu flvl cg Infiln zlinglaa gcz v`b aluv <44 yblzu. @c{bwbz! laa tbzucnu fbtbnfbnv cn v`b mcnuccn gcz v`biz tzcgbuuicn zbecknib ILW cg v`b ublucnla zlinglaa in v`biz c{n {ly. Iv iu ecmmcn lmcnk 666 glzmbzu lnf wiaalkbzu vc vlah cg l ublucn   jbink uimialz vc v`b cnb l gb{ yblzu   jleh. V`by invriviwbay zbecknib ILW in vbzmu cg uimialzivy cz aleh cg iv! ecm  tlzbf {iv` ucmb tluv yblz gzbu` in v`biz  mbmczy. V`iu {craf jb eablzay frb vc v`b ingarbneb v`lv zlinglaa `lu cn v`biz    tbzucnla aiwbu. L |rbuvicn v`lv lziubu in v`iu ecnnbevicn iu8 ecnuifbzink v`b fbbt ingarbneb v`lv mcnuccn `lu `lf cn Infiln eravrzb lnf aigb! `c{ {lu ILW fbuezijbf lnf e`lzlevbzibf3 [lu v`bzb lny bggczv in lneibnv Infil vc |rlnvigy ILW3 V`b tzbubnv ncvb lvvbmtvu vc lffzbuu v`bub |rbuvicnu jy vzleink ILWzbalvbf fbuezitvicnu in lneibnv Ulnuhziv aivbzlvrzb. Wbnru lttblzlneb eyeab Hlrviayl’u  Lzv`l ŘČ uvzl iu l jcch cn Uvlvbezlgv! {iv` ecnuifbzljab ingczmlvicn cn lfminiuvzlviwb tzcebfrzbu cg v`b kcwbznmbnvu cg `iu flyu (e ( e. 6v` ebnvrzy 6 JEB ) . @b fbuezijbu rnfbz v`b e`ltvbz cn lkzieravrzb (II.:6) `c{ vc mblurzb zlinglaa lnf lauc kiwbu v`b lmcrnv cg zlinglaa (tzburmljay ucmb hinf cg lwbzlkb) in v`b imtczvlnv tzcwinebu cg `iu hinkfcm. Uineb zlinglaa gikrzbu {bzb ecaabevbf jy bmtc{bzbf cggieilau lnf rubf jy v`b fbeiuicn mlhbzu! Hlrviayl’u mbv`cfu lzb bptbevbf vc jb zlvicnla. \rivb invzikrinkay! `b mbnvicnu v`lv zlinglaa gcz v`b ublucn fbtbnfu cn v`b wiuijiaivy cg Wbnru (vluyctlaljf`i`    ‧‧ ‧‧ ŘrhzcflyČ uvlmlyleČz   u      v  bj`yl`  ‧‧ ‧‧ Řrhz Čfwz  v iziviqq). iziviqq). Lv gizuv zblfink v`iu lttblzu vc jb ln luvzcackiela  tzbuezitvicn! jlubf mczb cn jbaibg zlv`bz  v`ln bmtiziela cjubzwlvicnu. @c{bwbz! cn eacubz uezrviny v`iu uvlvbmbnv iu ubbn vc zbgabev v`b nblz v`zbb-yblz cueiaalvicn in mcnuccn zlinglaa. Hlrviayl bptbevu kccf zlinglaa ig Wbnru {bzb vc jb uik`vbf in v`b bluvbzn uhy frzink v`b mcnuccn ublucn. V`b ublucn jbink cg gcrz mcnv`u leeczfink vc v`b vbpv! v`iu tzberzucz gcz  mlhink l gczbeluv u`craf zbgbz vc v`b gizuv mcnv` cg v`b ublucn. Nc{! Wbnru lu l mcznink cjobev iu wiuijab gcz ljcrv bik`v mcnv`u lnf jbecmbu inwiuijab gcz ljcrv 24 flyu! jbgczb ziuink in v`b bwbnink in v`b {buvbzn uhy. V`b uyncfie tbzicf cg  Wbnru iu nblzay 206 flyu. @bneb! cneb ubbn in v`b blzay tlzv cg v`b mcnuccn ublucn! Wbnru {iaa ncv jb ubbn in v`b urjub|rbnv ublucn! {`ie` iu cnay cnb yblz  l{ly. Lauc! {`bn ubbn nbpv lgvbz ivu eyeab cg 206 flyu! v`b ublucn {iaa ncv jb zliny. Jrv! invbzbuvinkay! lgvbz cnb mczb zcrnf! v`lv iu! lgvbz nblzay v`zbb yblzu! Wbnru {craf jb wiuijab in v`b jbkinnink cg v`b mcnuccn ublucn. V`ru! v`b eczzbalvicn tzbuezijbf jy Hlrv     iayl iayl iu jlubf cn ln rnelnny cjubzwlvicn cg ceerzzbneb cg  v{c ecnvbmtczlnbcru ecnvbmtczlnbcru nlvrzla bwbnvu {iv` nblzay v`b ulmb tbzicf. Uineb lny ure` eyeaie vzbnf iu ncv tbzgbevay tbzicfie! v`b eczzbalvicn {iaa fzigv cwbz vimb {iv` nc rni|rb tzleviela imtaielvicn. V`iu ecraf   jb v`b zblucn gcz v`b fbwbactmbnv cg  acnkbz eyeabu gcz tzbfieviwb trztcubu. Giwb-yblz eyeab In v`b Wbfie tbzicf v`b ecrnvzy gcaac{bf l arni-ucalz elabnflz. [`iab v`b czikinla gczm lnf bwcarvicn cg v`iu iu ncv hnc{n in laa ivu fbvliau! {`lv `lu ecmb fc{n vc ru gzcm v`b Wbf Čnkl Oycviu    l2 iu l elabnflz  ecmtziuink giwb yblzu lu l rniv! elaabf v`b Yrkl. Yrkl. Iv lttblzu v`lv v`iu elabnflz {lu rubf viaa ljcrv 6―2 ebnvrzy EB! {`bn v`b yblzay elabnflz cg v`b  uiff`Čnvie luvzcncmy jbelmb tctralz. Wlz Č`l-mi`izl! in   `lv-ulm`iv  `lv-ulm`iv Č7! tzbubnvu v`b cafbz  `iu  Jz  giwb-yblz fiwiuicn gcz zlinglaa tzckncuiu. V`iu lttblzu in E`ltvbz 0! wbzubu :6 lnf :2. Ulmwlvulzc’kni`   tlziwlvulzc’zhl  ŘĨ vlmly Ĩ q if Čfihl`    ŘĨ  vlmlyŨh`lmČa Ĩ   Řeltylnrwlvulzl`    TzloČ tlvi Ř  Řlialurv Č tlvi Ř  Řelqq  uy Čfifwlvulzl`    Ř el qq ERZZBNV UEIBNEB! WCA. 9;! NC. 5! <4 LRKRUV :449 @IUVCZIELA NCVBU    u      v  Wz  v i` i`   ulm Čfyb tzlmrh`b Ĩ yb   tzj` ŨvlvcyČ hlv`ivl vz    v  Ĩ ybq   q fwiv Ĩ  v Ĩ   yb  Tl ŘeČ oolalm mrn  elvi elvi yleelvrzv`lm  uwlatcflhlm tln  elmlmljflmrhvlmqq elmlmljflmrhvlmqq [`bv`bz cz ncv v`b gczbeluvu elmb vzrb! v`b wlziljiaivy `bzb {lu vlhbn vc jb eyeaie {iv` l giwb-yblz tbzicf. V`b ecnebtv cg l nczmla yblz {`ie` kbvu zlinglaa bwbnay v`zcrk`crv v`b ublucn iu jluie vc v`iu mcfba. V`b giwb yblzu cg v`b Wbfie elabnflz {iv` v`biz nlmbu! zbkbnv fbivibu lnf zlinglaa e`lzlevbz lzb ulif vc jb? Ulmwlvulzl―Gizb8 Tlziwlvulzl―Urn8 If Čwlvulzl―Mccn8 Lnrwlvulzl―TzloČ tlvi lnf  Ifwlvulzl―Zrfzl. Zlinglaa {craf jb bwbnay fiuvzijrvbf in v`b gizuv yblz. V`b ubecnf yblz kbvu kccf zlinglaa in v`b jbkinnink cg v`b ublucn cnay. Zlinglaa {iaa   jb bpebuuiwb in v`b v`izf yblz. In v`b gcrzv` yblz cg v`b eyeab zlinglaa {iaa jb fbalybf. Zlinglaa {iaa jb fbgieibnv in v`b gigv` yblz. V`iu vytb cg wlziljiaivy lvvzijrvicn u`craf `lwb jbbn in wckrb uineb lneibnv vimbu! v`b zccvu cg {`ie` lzb acuv. V`iu lauc kiwbu zliub vc l |rbuvicn ljcrv `c{ vc fbeifb v`b tcuivicn cg l yblz in v`b eyeab. V`b lneibnv Wbf Čnkl Oycviu    l fbginivicn iu |rivb rnlmjikrcru v`lv v`b Ulmwlvulzl uvlzvbf {iv` v`b {invbz ucauvieb lv v`b uvlz F`lniu      v `Č (~JbvlFbat`ini). V`iu {craf `lwb jbbn v`b elub lzcrnf <644 JEB 2. @c{bwbz! Wlz Č`lmi`izl tzbuezijbu lncv`bz {ly cg gipink v`b yblzu cg v`iu eyeab! {`ie` iu ncv im tczvlnv gcz v`b tzbubnv fiueruuicn. {lu rubf ablfu vc ln invbzbuvink tlvvbzn. Tbz`ltu v`b lkzieravrziuvu cjubzwbf mczb wlzilvicn v`ln v`by {bzb ljab vc wbzjlaay fbuezijb in vbzmu cg v`b tzbwicru v`zbblnf giwb-yblz eyeabu. V`b yblzu in v`b ubwbn-yblz eyeab `lf nc nlmbu lnf `bneb l tberailz {ly cg tzckncuiu {lu   tzctcubf. Abv v`b yblz rnfbz ecnuifbzlvicn ecrnvbf gzcm v`b jbkinnink cg v`b şlhl Bzl jb  N . V`b gczbeluv cg v`b ublucnla zlinglaa gcz v`b yblz {lu jlubf cn v`b zbmlinfbz cg v`b gzlevicn X(5 N  X(5 N   :)#;]. V`b zbmlinfbz {craf jb cnb cg v`b ubwbn invbkbzu (