Transcript
Science Investigatory Project about
³Bilimbi
flower as ink´
Prepared by: Rosselu Dominique Pasaol Mariella Yzabelle Aliling Christine Sarah Llanza Katarina Santos Patricia Mae Lacson
August 26, 2011
Science Investigatory Project about
³Styrofoam
as an effective glue´
Prepared by: Rosselu Dominique Pasaol Mariella Yzabelle Aliling Christine Sarah Llanza Katarina Santos Patricia Mae Lacson
August 26, 2011 Introduction I.
Background of the study This study is about kamias flower as ink of ball pe n. Also known as Averrhoa
bilimbi, it is a small tree growing to 12 meters high. Filipinos generally call it kamias but there are about a dozen other native names. Kamias fruit is rich in vitamin C. The fruit is used as flavoring, refreshing drink for fever and to stimulate the stomach. While the leaves is decoction used as bath after childbirth. It can apply on p imples, mumps, itches and painful joints if the leaves are prepared as paste. While the flower, infusion taken in for cough. The kamias has its own properties which is astringent, stomachic, refrigerant, and antiscorbutic.
II.
Statement of the problem
Can Kamias flower be consistent basis of ball pen i nk? Is the ink produced by the kamias flower will be much better than the original inks of the pen?
III.
Hypothesis 1. Kamias flower can be consistent basis of ball pen ink. 2. The ink of kamias flower will be much better than the original inks of pen.
IV.
Significance of the study We need ball pens to jot down notes, important information, etc. But every ball
pen user has one problem, the ink. The pens they always use sometimes run out of ink. Thats why we think of an alternative to the i nk. And we thought of Kamias flower for it has an element in order to make an ink. Its now efficient, easy and light on the pocket for the ballpen users especially when they run out of ink for the ballpen, they will not buy another ball pen but instead theyll just pick a kamias flower and use its extract as ink.
In view of the fact that kamias is bare in our country, we think about the kamias flower as an alternative ink. The good thing about it, is that its cheaper, motherly nature ink and easy to make because kamias tree is not that hard to find and the materials used can be found in our homes.
V.
Scope and Limitation
We are trying to conduct a new project if kamias f lower can be a source of inks of pen. If we are able to prove that, then all students can make their own pen. By that, students can help their parents to save money. It will help the poor also by doing our project. Even though they dont have book to use, they can still review at their home. They just need to provide a notebook and they do nt have to worry about pen which they can do by picking up a flower of kamias.
CHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature
KAMIAS TREE
The bilimbi, Averrhoa bilimbi , L., (Oxalidaceae), is closely allied to the carambola but quite different in appearance, manner of fruiting, flavor and uses. The only strictly English names are "cucumber tree" and "tree sorrel", bestowed by the British in colonial times. "Bilimbi" is the common name in India and has be come widely used. Bilimbis are all much the same wherever they are grown, but P.J. Wester reported that a form with sweet fruits had been discovered in the Philippines. The bilimbi is a tropical species, more sensitive to cold than the carambola, especially when very young. In Florida, it needs protection from cold and wind. Ideally, rainfall should be rather evenly distributed throughout most of the year but there should be a 2- to 3-month dry season. The bilimbi is not found in the wettest zones of Malaya. The tree makes slow growth in shady or semi-shady situations. It should be in full sun. While the bilimbi does best in rich, moist, but well-drained soil, it grows and fruits quite well on sand or limestone (Morton, 1 987).
Some of the folkloric uses of kamias are in skin diseases, especially with pruritus, reduce the leaves to a paste and apply tolerably warm to areas of affected skin. It is used as a postpartum and rectal inflammation while in infusion of leaves it is used in mumps, acne, and localized rheumatic complaints. Paste of leaves applied to af fected areas. Warm paste of leaves also used for pruritus. In Fever, Fruit can be a cooling drink and it can be also used for a variety of maladies: beriberi, cough, prevention of scurvy. The Infusion of leaves also drank as a protective tonic after childbirth. In Java, the fruits combined with pepper are eaten to cause sweating when people are feeling "under the weather". A paste of pickled bilimbis is smeared all over the body to hasten recovery after a fever. The fruit conserve is administered as a treatment for coughs, beri-beri and biliousness. A sirup prepared from the fruit is taken as a cure for fever and inflammation and to stop rectal bleeding and alleviate internal hemorrhoids. Fruit used to remove stains from clothing
and
for
washing
hands.
Very acid bilimbis are employed to clean the blade of a kris (dagger), and they serve as mordant in the preparation of an orange dye for silk fabrics. The bilimbi is generally regarded as too acid for eating raw. Mainly, the bilimbi is used in place of mango to make chutney, and it is much preserved. The flowers are sometimes preserved with sugar. Very acid bilimbis are employed to clean the blade of a kris (dagger), and they serve as mordant in the preparation of an orange dye for silk fabrics. Bilimbi juice, because of its oxalic acid content, is useful for bleaching stains from the hands and rusts from white cloth, and also tarnishes from brass. (http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/bilimbi.html)
Properties of an Ink
Ink comes to us in various types, with different qualities from numerous manufacturers. When you are faced with them all in an art shop or pictures at an online shop, choosing the right o ne can be very daunting, especially for those taking their fi rst steps into pen work or calligraphy. Most inks will work in either situation, but the typ e of ink can make the difference between, a happy result and one that ends up in the bin! Whether an ink is waterproof or not makes a difference to the ty pe of pen you can use; how you clean your pen and if the surface of your work is to be wetted. Most pens and nibs will work successfully with non-waterproof ink, it's easy to clean the pen and mostly used for letter writing, calligraphy and some finished drawing work that will be protected by glass. Pelikan 4001 and Classical Transparent ink would fall into this category. Waterproof ink on the other hand it not recommended for fountain pens and most technical pens, but dip pens, quill, brush and Ruling pens are ideal. The ink is waterproof when dry therefore perfect for 'pen and wash' or where the surface is to we wetted, cleaning is not always as simple as washing the nib under the tap, as ink a llowed to dry on the nib can be quite difficult to remove. 'Drawing Ink A, Indian ink and Permanent Pigmented Ink' would fall into this category. Components of an Ink
Black writing inks, developed before 2500BC, wer e suspensions of carbon, usually lampblack, in water stabilised with a natural gum or materials like egg albumen. Modern ink formulations are rather more complex. In addition to the pigment, they contain many other ingredients in varying levels. Collectively known as 'vehicle', these additional ingredients include pH modifiers, humectants to retard premature drying, polymeric resins to impart binding and allied properties, defoamer/antifoaming agents to regulate foam efficiency, wetting agents such as surfactants to control surface properties, biocides to inhibit the fungal and bacterial growth that lead to fouling, and thickeners or rheology modifiers to control ink application.
References: http://www.jacquiblackman.co.uk/ink_use.htm http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2003/March/inkchemistry.asp
Introduction: Styrofoam is a trademark of The Dow Chemical Company for closed-cell extruded polystyrene foam currently made for thermal insulation and craft applications. In 1941, researchers i n Dow's Chemical Physics Lab found a way to make foamed polystyrene. Led by Ray McIntire, they "rediscovered" a method first discovered by Swedish inventor Carl Georg Munters. Dow acquired exclusive rights to use Munters' patents and found ways to make large quantities of extruded polystyrene as a closed cell foam that resists moisture. A. Background of the Study Many people find uses for Styrofoam inside the house. One of the main uses is decoration. Styrofoam in ball, cone and block shapes are commonly found and can be cut, glued, painted and covered with fabric or paper. It can also be covered with moss, glass rocks, seashells or beads and will make a beautiful candle or flower holder for your home. In food industry you can find Styrofoam in many shapes such as cups, trays, coolers and take home containers. Though companies are trying to find solutions to replace EPS in the food industry, it is still the most used material, as it is thermal resistant and a good insulator. In the packaging industry, EPS is common and offers g ood protection for shipped products. It can be custom shaped to fit any type of good or can be used as "peanuts." To custom shape Styrofoam, companies use special machines or wires to cut out the desired shape. Packaging peanuts are the small foam pieces that are shaped to interlock and prevent damage to fragile products during transportation. Styrofoam is widely used in construction to insulate the interior of the building from outside conditions. It insulates from moisture, temperature and noise. I t is used in the interior also for ceilings and pipe insulation. Insulation Styrofoam can be found in sheet, block and ball shapes of different sizes and densities. B. Statement of the Problem -
General Objectives y
-
To produce glue out of styrofoams.
Specific Objectives y
Can Styrofoam be made into a glue?
y
Is there a significant effect of using this kind of glue?
C. Hypothesis y
Styrofoam can be made into a glue.
y
There is a significant effect of using this kind of glue.
D. Significance of the Study With this study, the researchers can learn that styrofoams are not only used as a floating device but are also used as buoyancy, fishing bobbers, packing for moving, insulation in many forms, (cups, temp control at tic insulation, coolers), used under casting for broken bones prior to cast being used. E. Scope and Limitation We are trying to produce a new product if styrofoam c an be a source of glue. If we are able to prove that, then all students can make a cheaper and more affordable glue. By that, students can save or help their parents save money. They can help l essen the pollution by recycling the Styrofoam.
CHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature
STYROFOAM
I.
Properties Styrofoam insulates well, is buoyant and lightweight, can be easily cut or torn to precise sizes and shapes, retains its shape when wet and is relatively inexpensive to purchase. Styrofoam is not biodegradable and not easily
recyclable. Styrofoam consists of approximately
98 percent air. Styrofoam is chemically represented as (CH2-CH(Ph), which consists of a hydrocarbon chain attached with a phenol group to each of its carbon g roups. In addition, the (Ph) represented in the chemical equation also has a C6H5 ring with it.
Glue is a part of our everyday lives. In fact, we probably use items that are put together with glue several times each day. Glue is used in the m anufacturing process for items ranging from picture frames to fighter jets. Glue works because of the chemical bond is able to connect with numerous materials.
All adhesives have two properties. The first i s adhesion, which is the adhesive's ability to stick to the surfaces it is put on. The second is cohesion, which is its ability to stick to itself. Glue needs to have both adhesion and cohesion to make a strong bond between two materials. Glue is applied in the liquid form. Because of this, it seeps and pools in the pores, crevices and cracks of the materials it is applied between. When the glue dries in these crevices on either side of the materials it acts as an anchor and holds the two together.
II.
COMPONENTS Styrofoam, contain a non-kosher component that could make ones hot drink treif. This is inaccurate and is based on partially true assumptions. It is accurate that most likely, a nonkosher material is used during the processing of the cups. During the manufacture of Styrofoam cups, polystyrene beads are mixed with zinc stearate and filled into molds. The zinc stearate is used as a release agent that enables the cup to detach from the mold after the beads have been melted and fused together. A co mponent of zinc stearate is stearic acid, which may be tallow based from a treif animal. However, there are several considerations that should address this concern. The first consideration is that zinc stearate is tasteless, which could render it permissible despite being present in a mixture. The Shach has a well known position that a non-kosher substance that is tasteless remains prohibited in a mixture, unless its presence meets bitul proportions and becomes nullified.
Cyanoacrylate is the main ingredient of synthetic glue also known as superglue. It was discovered by Dr. Harry Coover in 1942, when he was working for Kodak Research Laboratories, towards development of an optically clear plastic for gunsights. Actually Coover first rejected cyanoacrylate because of its high sticky character. But later he realized that cyanoacrylate was a useful and in 1958 it was marketed and packaged as superglue. Industrial purpose synthetic glues are called epoxy adhesives. There are two basic components to which various modifying ingredients are added to enhance elasticity and improve there physical and mechanical properties. These additives usually include extenders, filling agents, curing accelerators and diluent. Here is a sample list of the ingredients used while manufacturing synthetic glue: y y y y y y
Low Molecular Weight Epoxy Resin (Modified), Molecular Weight 500 Aluminum powder Amorphous silica Sodium carbonate Na2 CO3.10H2O Sodium chromate Na2CrO4.4H2O Polyaminoamide (amine number 180-250)
References http://www.ehow.com/about_5393431_uses-styrofoam.html http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_uses_of_styrofoam#ixzz1W32Mauio http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrofoam http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_properties_of_styrofoam#ixzz1W3Pkh0
4O What Makes Glue Stick? | eHow.com
http://www.ehow.com/about_6571457_glue-
stick_.html#ixzz1W3QbdbVM Properties of Styrofoam | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/list_6145898_properties-styrofoam.html#ixzz1W3R2WSN3
