Soldagem Maravilha Moderna Soldagem

Transcript

UNIVERSIDADE COMUNITÁRIA DA REGIÃO DE CHAPECÓ  “UNOCHAPECÓ” ÁREA DAS CIÊNCIAS C IÊNCIAS EXATAS EXATAS E AMBIENTAIS SOLDAGEM MARAVILHA MARAVILHA MODERNA MODER NA SOLDAGEM Chapec ! SC "# %$ UNIVERSIDADE COMUNITÁRIA DA REGIÃO DE CHAPECÓ  “UNOCHAPECÓ” ÁREA DAS CIÊNCIAS EXATAS E AMBIENTAIS SOLDAGEM MARAVILHA MODERNA SOLDAGEM & T'a(a)h* ap'e+e,-a.* pa'a a ./+c/p)/,a .e S*).a0e12 P'*345 D/*0* Be))62 .* c7'+* .e 0'a.7a89* e1 E,0e,ha'/a Mec:,/ca2 ;< pe'=*.*2 pa'a a *(-e,89* .e ,*-a pa'c/a)4 A)e++a,.'* P/,-* R/ca'.* B/a,che- Chapec ! SC "# %$ 3 1. RESUMO................................................................................................... 4 2. INTRODUÇÃO........................................................................................... 4 3. MARAVILHA MODERNA SOLDAGEM..........................................................5 • SOLDAGEM COM ELETRODO.................................................................6 • SOLDAGEM POR EXPLOSÃO.................................................................. 6 • SOLDAGEM SECA E MOLHADA.............................................................. 7 • SOLDAGEM POR PONTOS......................................................................7 • SOLDAGEM POR FRICÇÃO..................................................................... 8 4. C!"#$%&................................................................................................ 8 5. REFERENCIA 'I'LIOGR(FICA....................................................................) • M*+*,-#*% M/0+!*% %#/*0 "#0. D-%!,0# 0......................) 4 $4 RESUMO P*' .e3/,/89* a +*).a0e1 6 71 p'*ce++* >7e 7,e 1a-e'/a/+2 17/-* ap)/ca.a e1 ,*++* c*-/./a,*2 )*0* * >7e ?e1 a 1e,-e >7a,.* +e 3a)a e1 +*).a0e1 +9* 3e''*+ e a8*+2  p*'61 c*1* *(+e'?a1*+ ,* ?=.e* h*@e e1 ./a ca,eca+2 ap/-*+ e e1(a)a0e,+ .e  p)+-/ca+ +9* 3e/-a+ a-'a?6+ .* p'*ce++* .e +*).a0e1 >7e 7-/)/a .e+.e e>7/pa1e,-*+  pe+a.* e1 p'*ce++*+ .e 17/-a+ 3a=+ca+ e .e1*'a.*+2 c*1* +*).a' 0'a,.e+ ?/0a+ .e 3e''* a-6 p'*ce++*+ .e #4" +e07,.*+ c*1* +*).a' 71 ap/-* .e p)+-/c*2 c*1 * a7/)/* .e 3'e>7,c/a+ a)61 .a capac/.a.e pe'cep-=?e) h71a,a4 "4 INTRODUFÃO A +*).a0e1 .e7 ,*?a+ 3*'1a+ + e+-'7-7'a+ >7e -e1*+ h*@e4 C*,+-'78e+ c*1 .e+/0,+ ./3e'e,-e+2 ca.a ?e 1a/*'e+ e *3e'ece,.* 'e+/+-,c/a a -e,+9* a a+ e+-'7-7'a+ .e+-e+4 O >7e ,* /,/c/* ,9* e'a p*++=?e)2 .e?/.* a* 7+* .e 'e(/-e+4 O e+-7.* .a +*).a0e1 ?e1 .e+-e e,-e,.e' c*1* *+ -*1*+ +e c*1p*'-a1 a* 'ece(e' e,e'0/a2 e,-e,.e'  c*,ce/-*+ c*1* * a'c*!e)6-'/c* e a+ p'*p'/e.a.e+ .*+ 1a-e'/a/+4 E/+-e1 16-*.*+ pa'a a 7,/9* .e ./3e'e,-e+ -/p*+ .e 1e-a/+2 7-/)/a,.* ep)*+/?*+ 3e/-*+ .e p'*.7-*+ c*1e'c/a+ >7e 0a'a,-e1 71a 7,/9* >7a+e /,+-a,-:,ea .a+ 1a-6'/a+ e1 c*,-a-*4 E c*1* ?a1*+ ?e'2 a +*).a+ ac*,-ece1 -a,-* e1 3('/ca+2 >7a,-* ,a+ a)-7'a+ .a+ c*,+-'78e+ e a-6 1e+1* e1 a)-* 1a'4 A .e1a,.a p*' +*).a.*'e+ c'e+ce e a+ pe+>7/+a+ ,e+-a 'ea e+-9* 'e)ac/*,a.a+ p'/,c/pa)1e,-e e1 0'a,.e+ e,e'0/a+ c*,-'*)a.a+ e 3*ca.a+2 c*1* * p*.e' .a e)e-'/c/.a.e2 .a+ ep)*+e+ e .a+ *,.a+ +*,*'a+4 4 MARAVILHA MODERNA SOLDAGEM4 O 3*'@a1e,-*2 71a +*).a0e1 '7./1e,-a' >7e +e'?/a (e1 pa'a a 6p*ca 1e./e?a)4 A-7a)1e,-e /,c*'p*'a1*+ e+-e c*,ce/-* e1 -6c,/ca+ 1a/+ a?a,8a.a+4 Pe.a8*+ .e 1e-a/+ e'a1 a>7ec/.*+ ,a 3*',a)ha e c*)*ca.*+ +*('ep*+-*+ ,* a,?/)2 +9* 1a'-e)a.*+ a-6 a 5 7,/9* .e+-e+ 1a-e'/a/+4 O 'e+7)-a.* e 71a 37+9* (e1 +7ce./.a .e+-e+ 1a-e'/a/+2 0e'a)1e,-e a8* e *7 3e''*4 Pa'a e,-e,.e' c*1* e+-e p'*ce++* 3*/ p*++=?e)2 .e?e1*+ e,-e,.e' * >7e ac*,-ece c*1 *+ -*1*+ .e+-e+ 1a-e'/a/+4 E+-e+ p*++7e1 e)6-'*,+ 0/'a,.* e1 -*',* .a +7a ,7?e1 e)e-'J,/ca2 +a(e1*+ >7e a* 3*',ece' e,e'0/a Kca)*'2 .a 3*',a)ha2 p*' ee1p)*2 a ?e)*c/.a.e e1 >7e *+ e)6-'*,+ c*1e8a1 a +e 1*?/1e,-a'2 a71e,-a a p*,-* .e c*)/./'e1 *+ -*1*+ e,-'e +/2 * >7e *ca+/*,a a 37+9* .e+-e+4 Va)e 'e++a)-a' >7e ca.a 1a-e'/a) -e1 71 c*1p*'-a1e,-* ./3e'e,-e2 *7 +e@a2 a)07,+ e+-9* +7@e/-*+ a a-/,0/' e+-e p*,-* .e 37+9* 1a/+ 3ac/)1e,-e >7e *7-'*4 C*1* ,* ca+* .* 3e''*2 -e1 p'*p'/e.a.e+ >7e 3a?*'ece1 a c*,.7-/?/.a.e -6'1/ca e e)6-'/ca2 p*'-a,-* 3a?*'ece a a-/,0/' * p*,-* .e 37+9* .e+-e 1a-e'/a)4 De+-e p'/,c/p/* 6 >7e +e p*++/(/)/-*7 a /,-'*.789* .a +*).a0e1 e1 0'a,.e+ c*,+-'78e+2 pa'a 37,./' ./3e'e,-e+ 1a-6'/a+2 c*1* chapa+ .e 1e-a) e 6 7+a.* a-6 e1  ('/,>7e.*+ e e1(a)a0e,+ .e p)+-/c*4 A ?a,-a0e1 .* 16-*.* .a +*).a0e1 6 >7e ,9* +e 7-/)/a 1a-e'/a) e-'a pa'a 3/a'  a+ pa'-e+2 c*1* * 7+* .e c*)a2 p*' ee1p)*2 * e)* c'/a.* e,-'e *+ 1a-e'/a/+ pe)a +*).a0e12 +e (e1 3e/-*2 * 1a-e'/a) *'/0/,a) ce.e p'/1e/'* >7e a +*).a4 A,-e+ .e a +*).a0e1 +e' ace/-a2 a3/,a) -*.a .e+c*(e'-a pa++a p*' 71 pe'=*.* e1 >7e 17/-*+ /'9* ./+c7-/' pe+>7/+a' e -e+-a' a e3/cc/a .* 16-*.* a-6 >7e +e c*1p'*?e +7a e3/cc/a2 p*.e1*+ *(+e'?a' >7e ,a+ c*,+-'78e+ c/?/+ p'/,c/pa)1e,-e2 a,-e+ .a +*).a0e1 * 7+* .e 'e(/-e+ e'a c*,+/.e'a.* 1a/+ ?/?e) pa'a 3/a' a+ pa'-e+4 C*1 * a?a,8* -ec,*)0/c* >7e -e1*+ h*@e2 3/ca c)a'* >7e e+-e 16-*.* ,9* e'a * 1e)h*'2 a3/,a) c*1* +e  @ ,9* (a+-a++e *+ '/+c*+ .e -'a(a)ha' ,e+-a+ c*,+-'78e+ e1 0'a,.e+ a)-7'a+ 2 >7a,.* +e -'a(a)ha?a c*1 'e(/-e+ 2 a+ ?/0a+ .e 3e''* .e?/a1 +e' p'/1e/'a1e,-e 37'a.a+2 e'07/.a+ e c*''e-a1e,-e p*+/c/*,a.a+2 e,>7a,-* 71 *pe''/* a>7ec/a * 'e(/-e ,* 3*',* e * )a,8a?a  pa'a *7-'* >7e e+-a?a c*1 71 a)/ca-e pa'a pe0a'2 a++/1 e'a e1p7''a.* ,* 37'* e 3e/-* a ca(e8a .* 'e(/-e .* *7-'* )a.*4 C)a'a1e,-e e+-e 16-*.* c*)*ca?a e1 '/+c* *+ 37,c/*,'/*+ e -/,ha +7a+ )/1/-a8e+ e+-'7-7'a/+2 e'a p'ec/+* 71a 0'a,.e >7a,-/.a.e .e 'e(/-e+ e ?/0a+ pa'a 3ae' * /,-e'/*' .a+ e+-'7-7'a+2 /++* pa'a a07e,-a' -*.a a -e,+9* * 1a-e'/a)2 pe'.e,.* 17/-* e+pa8* .e c*,+-'789* e1 +7a+ e+-'7-7'a+4 • SOLDAGEM COM ELETRODO O+ p'/1e/'*+ p'6./*+ c*,+-'7=.*+ 7-/)/a,.* /,-e/'a1e,-e * 16-*.* .a +*).a0e1 c*,+e07/a1 a07e,-a' 1a/*' -e,+9* .*+ 1a-e'/a/+ e a/,.a p'e+e'?a' e+pa8* .* /,-e'/*' .e +7a+ e+-'7-7'a+2 *7 +e@a2 c*1 a +*).a0e1 * ,71e'* .e ?/0a+ 7-/)/a.* pa'a 71a 1e+1a c*,+-'789*2 e'a (e1 1e,*' e a)61 .* 1a/+2 a +*).a0e1 pe'1/-/7 >7e e,0e,he/'*+ e a'>7/-e-*+ p7.e++e1 c'/a' e+-'7-7'a+ >7e 3*++e1 ./3e'e,-e+ .* >7e e1 3*'1a-* .e ca/a2  @ >7e +e 6 p*++=?e) c*)*ca' *+ 1a-6'/a+ +*('ep*+-*+2 6 p*++=?e) +e +*).a'2 * >7e e'a )/1/-a.* >7a,.* 7-/)/a.* ape,a+ 'e(/-e+4 O c*,ce/-* .e +*).a0e1 +e *'/0/,*7 a pa'-/' .e 16-*.*+ (e1 +/1p)e+ >7e 3*'a1 ?e'/3/ca.*+ .a +e07/,-e 3*'1a2 7-/)/a,.* )7?a+ .e (*''acha+ pa'a p'*-e89* e .*/+  pe.a8*+ .e 1e-a) *,.e 71 3*/ )/0a.*  e)e-'/c/.a.e2  1e./.a >7e +e ap'*/1a a1(*+ *(+e'?a'a1 a 3*'1a89* .* >7e cha1a1*+ .e a'c*!e)6-'/c* >7e +7'0e +*('e * ?9* e,-'e *+ .*/+ pe.a8*+ .e 1e-a)2 .e?/.*  c*,.7-/?/.a.e e)6-'/ca .* 1a-e'/a)4 E+-a pa++a0e1 .e 6 e,e'0/a )/(e'a ca)*'2 -a,-* >7e a* ap'*/1a' .e1a/+ * 1a-e'/a) e)e+3/ca'a1 p'e+*+4 C*1 e+-a *(+e'?a89* +e p*.e +7(+-/-7/' a 3*'8a ('7-a .* 1a'-e)* .a 3*'@a2 pe)a e)e-'/c/.a.e4 P*/+ c*1 * 3*',ec/1e,-* ce'-* .e e,e'0/a2 p*.e1*+ ca)c7)a' a -e1pe'a-7'a a-/,0/.a pe)* e>7/pa1e,-*2 p*' ee1p)*2 e+-/1a!+e >7e 71 a'c* c*171 a-/,@a ce'ca .e ## 7e +73/c/e,-e4 A++/1 .a,.* *'/0e1 a +*).a0e1 p*' e)e-'*.*2 *+ 1e-a/+ a +e'e1 +*).a.*+ +9* c*)*ca.*+ p'/1*+ .e -a) 3*'1a >7e 71 c*,.7-*' e )/0a.* ,a p*,-a .e 71 .e+-e+2 a c*''e,-e e)6-'/ca 3)7/ .e 71 0e'a.*' a-'a?6+ .e 71 (a+-9* Ke)e-'*.*2 a* ap'*/1a!)* .* 1e-a)2 * a'c*!e)6-'/c* +e 3*'1a e * ca)*' 37,./ * 1e-a)  1e./.a >7e * e)e-'*.* 6 c*,+71/.* ,a 37+9*4 7a,.* * 1a-e'/a) 6 'e+3'/a.* e 'a+pa.a a e+c*''/a p*.e1*+ *(+e'?a' *  c*'.9* .e +*).a 2 'e+7)-a.* .a 37+9* .*+ 1a-e'/a/+4 • SOLDAGEM POR EXPLOSÃO G'a8a+ a e+-e 16-*.* .e +*).a0e1 p*.e1*+ 37,./' 71a 0'a,.e chapa .e Ca'(*,*2 c*1 *7-'a 1a/+ 3/,a .e a8* /,*/.?e)2 +e 3*++e 7-/)/a' * 16-*.* .e +*).a0e1 c*1 e)e-'*.*2 e+-a'/a -7.* pe'./.*2 p*/+ e+-e -/p* .e 1a-e'/a) 0e'a)1e,-e 6 7-/)/a.* e1 /,.+-'/a+ *,.e *+ 1a-e'/a/+ e+-9* +7@e/-*+ a a0e,-e+ c*''*+/?*+ e -'*ca' .e ca)*' c*1* e1 p*)*+ >7=1/c*+ e 'e3/,a'/a+ .e pe-')e* e2 a)61 ./++*2 a +*).a0e1 c*1 e)e-'*.*2 ,9* c*,+e07e 37,./' -*.*+ *+ -/p*+ .e 1e-a/+2 p'e+e'?a,.* +7a+ ca'ac-e'=+-/ca+4 Pa'a >7e e+- 37+9* *c*''a 6 ,ece++'/* 71 16-*.* c*,-'*)a.* >7e e,?*)?a 0'a,.e p'e++9* e -e1pe'a-7'a4 Pa++*7 a +e' *(+e'?a.a a pa'-/' .a 0'a,.e p'/1e/'a 07e''a *,.e pe+>7/+a.*'e+ pa++a'a1 a +e pe'07,-a * >7e ac*,-ec/a c*1 *+ e+-/)ha8*+ p'e+*+ ,*+ ca,he+2 ,9* + p'e+*+2 e+-a?a1 37,./.*+4 O p'*ce++* 37,c/*,a .a +e07/,-e 3*'1a2 .7a+ p)aca+ .e 1e-a/+2 +9*  p'/1e/'a1e,-e2 p*)/.a+ 7,/3*'1e1e,-e2 /++* e)/1/,a a0e,-e+ c*''*+/?*+ e /1pe'3e/8e+ .a+ chapa+2 a 1a/+ epe8a .e)a+ 6 cha1a.a .e (a+e4 A (a+e 'ece(e e+pa8a.*'e+2 >7e +9* c*)*ca.*+ 7,/3*'1e1e,-e a 3/1 .e .e/a' 71a )ac7,a e,-'e a +e07,.a chapa >7e ?e1 a +e07/'2 'e?e+-/1e,-*2 c*1* 6 cha1a.a a chapa 1a/+ 3/,a2 e c*)*ca e1 c/1a .a+ )ac7,a+4 U1a a'1a89* .e 1a.e/'a e c*,+-'7=.a e1 -*',* .* 'e?e+-/1e,-* pa'a +e .ep*+/-a' * p ep)*+/?*4 T7.* /++* .e?e +e' (e1 ca)c7)a.* .e+-e * -a1a,h* .a+ )ac7,a+ a-6 a >7a,-/.a.e .e ep)*+/?*+4 E++e +/+-e1a -*.* 6 cha1a.* .e c*,@7,-* >7a,.* p'*,-*4 O c*,@7,-* 6 p*+/c/*,a.* 17/-*+ 1e-'*+ ,* +7(-e'':,e* e -*.a e>7/pe -e1 > +a/' .* )*ca)2 * 7)-/1* h*1e1 a +a/' 6 a>7e)e >7e /,+-a)a *+ ep)*+/?*+ a* .e-*,a.*' e1 71 )*ca'  +e07'*2 -7.* p'*,-*4 Q/'e /, -he h*)e 2  B71 2 +*).a0e1 p*' ep)*+9*4 A ep)*+9* e -9* /,-e,+a >7e ,9* +e p*.e e,-'a' ,* )*ca) p*' $;h4 A ep)*+9* c*1e8a ,a p*,-a .* 'e?e+-/1e,-* e 6 c*,+71/.a 7,/3*'1e1e,-e .e?/.* a* :,07)* p'*p*'c/*,a.* pe)a+ )ac7,a+2 a 71a ?e)*c/.a.e c*,+-a,-e2 ,* .ec*''e' .a ep)*+9* * a' e /1p7'ea+ +9* e1p7''a.*+ pa'a 3*'a .a+ )ac7,a+ e * 1a-e'/a) 37,./7 >7a+e >7e /,+-a,-a,ea1e,-e a* e,-'a' e1 c*,-a-*4 A* 'e-/'a' a p)aca pa++a' p*' 71a +e'/e .e c7/.a.*+ a3/1 .e 'e1*?e'  .a,*+ ca7+a.*+ pe)a ep)*+9* e +9* +7(1e-/.a+ a 71a +e'/e .e -e+-e+ .e >7a)/.a.e+ a-6 /' pa'a * c*,+71/.*' 3/,a)4 7 • SOLDAGEM SECA E MOLHADA I0,*'a,.* *+ '/+c*+2 * 'e+7)-a.* 6 -/1* e a .e1a,.a e 0'a,.e2 .e?/.* a 0'a,.e epa,+9* .e (a+e .e /,.+-'/a+ ,* *cea,* c*1* a+ .e c*17,/ca89* e e,e'0/a4 Ne+-e+ 1e/*+ *+ .a,*+ >7e * 1a-e'/a) e+- +7(1e-/.* .e?/.* e+-a' +7(1e'+* ,a a07a +a)0a.a2 e/0e1 >7e * p'*3/++/*,a) 1e'07)he e1 a)-a+ p'*37,./.a.e+ e 'e+/+-a a p'e++e+ pa'a 'ea)/a' a +*).a4 A +*).a0e1 M*)ha.a p*.e +e' 'ea)/a.a p*' a'c*!e)6-'/c*2 +e,.* >7e * e)e-'*.* 6 'e?e+-/.* a p'*?a .e a07a2 *+ 1e'07)ha.*'e+ che0a1 a /' a-6 ###1 .e p'*37,./.a.e2 e+-e+ .e?e1 pa++a' p*' /,-e,+*+ -'e/,a1e,-*+ e1 -a,>7e+2 7+a,.* '*7pa+ .e 1e'07)h*+2 71 capace-e >7e 3*',ece */0,/* e -a1(61 +e'?e c*1* p'*-e89* pa'a *+ *)h*+ c*,-'a ?/+7a)/a' * a'c*!e)6-'/c*2 a++/1 a 71a ?/+e/'a >7e +e a(a/a pa'a +*).a' e 6 )e?a,-a.a  pa'a +e ?e'/3/ca' * >7e e+- +e,.* 3e/-*4 S7a+ )7?a+ .e (*''acha +9* +7a ,/ca p'*-e89* c*,-'a a e)e-'/c/.a.e2 *7 +e@a2 +e -/?e' 71 37'*2 ?a/ 'ece(e' a ca'0a 2 p*'61 * 7+* .e c*''e,-e c*,-/,7a 2 -*',a 1e,*+ ,*c/?a e a +*).a 37,c/*,a (e1 @ >7e a 07a -a1(61 c*,.7 e)e-'/c/.a.e4 Ma+ ,* ca+* .a p'*37,./.a.e +e' a/,.a 1a/*' e 3*' ,ece++'/* 3/ca'e1 ./a+ pa'a c*1p)e-a' * -'a(a)h* .e +*).a2 *p-a1*+ pe)* 16-*.* .e +*).a0e1 a +ec*4 A +*).a0e1 a +ec* 'e>7e' 1a/+ e>7/pa1e,-*+2 /,c)7+/?e 71 ha(/-a- p'epa'a.* e 71 +/+-e1a .e c*17,/ca89* a?a,8a.*4 O ha(/-a- e .e 17/-a /1p*'-:,c/a2 p*/+ e)e 6 e,ca/a.* ,* )*ca) .a +*).a e ?e.a.*4 U1 -7(* 6 c*,ec-a.* ,* 1e+1* >7e @*0a a' pa'a .e,-'* e1p7''a,.* a a07a pa'a 3*'a2 a++/1 * a1(/e,-e 3/ca +ec*4 O+ +*).a.*'e+ 1e'07)ha1 a-6 * ha(/-a- e ,e+-e e+pa8* p*.e1 'ea)/a' a +*).a0e1 +e1 a+ '*7pa+ .e 1e'07)h*4 Ap+ * -7',*2 ?*)-a1 a* ,a?/* pa'a .e+ca,+a'4 • SOLDAGEM POR PONTOS A +*).a0e1 p*' p*,-*+ 7,e 3/,a+ chapa+ .e 1e-a)2 *+ ca''*+ +9* *+ ee1p)*+ 1a/+ c)++/c*+4 A -ec,*)*0/a ,*+ pe'1/-e /,-'*.7/' 71 p'*0'a1a a*+ '*(J+ pa'a >7e 'ea)/e1 * -'a(a)h* e1 1e,*' -e1p* e c*1 1a/*' p'ec/+9* c*,+-a,-e1e,-e4 U-/)/a,.* .*/+ e)e-'*.*+2 3e/-*+ .e 1a-e'/a) c*1 (*a c*,.7-/?/.a.e -6'1/ca e e)6-'/ca2 c*1* * c*('e2 p*' ee1p)*2 pa'a a pe'3e/89* .e+-a +*).a 6 ,ece++'/* p'e++9*2 p*'-a,-* >7a,.* a1(*+ *+ e)e-'*.*+ +9* p'e++/*,a.*+ e1 71 p*,-*2 a c*''e,-e e)6-'/ca e,c*,-'a 'e+/+-,c/a ,* 1a-e'/a) e,-'e e)e+2 ,* ca+* a+ 3/,a+ chapa+ .e 1e-a)2 *,.e * ca)*' .a  pa++a0e1 e)6-'/ca 7,e *+ p*,-*+4 P*' e++a p'ec/+9* .* p*,-*2 .a p'a e,-e,.e' p*' >7e a  p'e3e'e,c/a .a+ 1>7/,a+4 Ma+ ,9* 6 )/1/-a.a + a +*).a .e p*,-*+2 a+ 1a>7/,a+ h*@e c*,+e07e1 'ea)/a'  -*.*+ *+ -/p*+ .e +*).a2 e,>7a,-* * h*1e1 -e1 >7e +*).a'2 pa'a e *)ha' e +*).a' .e ,*?* a+ 1a>7/,a ape,a+2 +*).a4 E1 ,1e'*+ 71a 1a>7/,a +*).a ;# .* -e1p* e,>7a,-* * h*1e1 "#4 • SOLDAGEM POR FRICÇÃO 7a,.* +e 3a)a e1 +*).a+2 )e1('a1!+e )*0* .e 1e-a/+2 3e''* e a8*2 p*'61 .e?e1*+ .e+-aca' >7e h*@e e1 ./a a +*).a 6 7-/)/a.a e1 p)+-/c*+ -a1(612 6 * >7e 3a c*1 >7e a)071a+ e1(a)a0e,+ +e@a1 e-'e1a1e,-e ./3=ce/+ .e a('/'4 8 A+ +*).a+ e1 p)+-/c*+ +9* 'ea)/a.a+ c*1 7)-'a++*14 Sa(e1*+ >7e a e,e'0/a 1ec:,/ca2  p'*?e,/e,-e .* a-'/-* e1 a)-a ?e)*c/.a.e2 0e'a ca)*' e e+-e c*,ce/-* 6 /,-'*.7/.* ,a +*).a0e1 p*' 3'/c89*4 E+-a 3*'8a 3*/ *(-/.a a-'a?6+ .a e,e'0/a ac+-/ca2 .a+ *,.a+ +*,*'a+ c*,ce,-'a.a+ e1 71 p*,-*4 A+ *,.a+ 3ae1 c*1 >7e e+-e+ pe.a8*+ .e p)+-/c*+ ?/('e1 71 c*,-'a * *7-'*2 0e'a,.* ca)*' ,a +7pe'3=c/e .e c*,-a-*2 'e+7)-a,.* ,a 37+9*4 E+-e p'*ce++* 6 -9* 'p/.* >7e ,9* p*.e +e' ?/+-* a *)h* ,74 A >7a-'* pa'-e+ .e 71a +*).a.*'a 7)-'a++J,/ca >7e 6 /1p*'-a,-e .e+-aca'4 A 3*,-e .e a)/1e,-a89* e+- >7e 'ece(e c*''e,-e c*171 .e %#h e -'a,+3*'1a e1 "#4###h4 O -'a,+3*'1a.*' 'ece(e e+-a e,e'0/a2 ,e)e *+ ./+c*+ .* -a1a,h* .e 1*e.a+ >7e c*1e8a1 a ?/('a' "#4### ?ee+ p*' +e07,.*4 O a1p)/3/ca.*'  ./'ec/*,a e+-a+ ?/('a8e+ pa'a * +*,*-'*.* >7e a+ ap)/ca ,a pa'-e a +e' +*).a.a4 A/,.a 7-/)/a,.* a 3'/c89*2 p*.e1*+ +*).a' p)+-/c*+ c*1 '*-a89*2 (a+/ca1e,-e 71 *(@e-* 3/ca 3/*2 e,>7a,-* * *7-'* a +e' +*).a.* 6 p*+-* ,* apa'e)h* .e '*-a89*2 a* e,ca/a' ,* 1a-e'/a) 3/*2 6 '*-ac/*,a.*2 * a-'/-*2 0e'a ca)*'2 >7e 7,e a1(*+ *+ 1a-e'/a/+2 c*1 *+ 3'e/*+ .* 1eca,/+1* -'a?a12 * 1a-e'/a) @ e+- 7,/.*4 M7/-* 7-/)/a.* e1 c*p*+ >7e c*,-e1 /+*)a,-e+ -6'1/c*+4 4 C*,c)7+9* E+-7.a1*+ ./?e'+*+ -/p*+ .e +*).a0e12 1a+ h a)07,+ .e-a)he+ >7e 6 ,ece++'/* e+-a' a-e,-*2 pa'a >7e a +*).a +e@a (*a 'ea)1e,-e e 0a'a,-/' a +e07'a,8a .* +*).a.*'4 A>7e)e+ >7e )/.a1 c*1 a'c*!e)6-'/c*2 p*' ee1p)*2 +e1 * 7+* .e -'a@e e a 1a+ca'a .e +*).a2 e+-9* c*)*ca,.* e1 '/+c* +7a +a.e2 -a1(61 e ,ece++'/* e+-a' a-e,-*  e+c*)ha .* e)e-'*.*2 p*/+ * a' a-1*+36'/c* p*.e e,-'a' ,a +*).a2 e a* +e 'e+3'/a' *ca+/*,a' 37'*+4 P*'61 h*@e2 17/-a+ /,.+-'/a+ @ 3a('/ca1 e)e-'*.*+ >7e e1 +7a c*1p*+/89* >7=1/ca h c*1p*,e,-e+ >7e ce'ca1 a +*).a e a p'*-e0e1 .* a'2 * cha1a.* e)e-'*.* 'e?e+-/.*2 -a1(61 3*'1a1 71 )=>7/.* >7e p'*-e0e1 a +*).a +e1 *+ 0a+e+2 0e'a)1e,-e * e)e-'*.* 3*'1a 71a )/0a 1e-)/ca 1a/+ 'e+/+-e,-e4 Va)e 'e++a)-a' >7e * +*).a.*' .e?e +e'   p'e*c7pa' c*1 * 1a-e'/a) a +e' 7-/)/a.* pa'a ca.a +*).a e+pec/3/ca2 e/0e a,*+ .e epe'/,c/a pa'a >7e * 1e+1* -e,ha a +e,+/(/)/.a.e .e 1*?e' * e)e-'*.* .e 3*'1a c*''e-a2 p*/+ )*,0e .e1a/+ ,9* 3*'1a a'c* e pe'-* .e1a/+ p*.e 0'7.a'4 H -a1(61 '*)*+ .e a'a1e+ >7e a0e1 c*1* e)e-'*.*+2 pa++a1 ./'e-a1e,-e pe)* p*'-a e)e-'*.*+ e e+-9* e1 '*)*+ .e >7/)J1e-'*+ p*/+ a >7a,-/.a.e .e 1a-e'/a) pa'a +*).a0e1 e1 c*,+-'78e+ c/?/+ p*' ee1p)* e e,*'1e4 N* ca+* .*+ 1e'07)ha.*'e+2 ,9* 6 >7a)>7e'  71 >7e p*.e +a/' 1e'07)ha,.* pa'a 3ae' a +*).a2 e/+-e1 17/-*+ ce,-'*+ .e -'e/,a1e,-*+ p'epa'a.*+ pa'a ac*+-71a' * +*).a.*' a* a1(/e,-e2 ,a+ e1(a'ca8e+ -a1(61 a * c7/.a.* .e 1a,-e' * a1(/e,-e -*.* c*1* 3*++e a (a/* .a a07a2 a++e07'a,.* a +a.e .* 37,c/*,'/*4 I1p*'-a,-e -a1(61 * +/+-e1a .e c*17,/ca89* .*+ 1e+1*+2 a +*).a + e )/0a.* a pa'-/' .* * .* +*).a.*' @ ,* )*ca)2 >7e1 a-/?a a e)e-'/c/.a.e 6 a +a)a .e c*,-'*)e4 U1 37,c/*,'/* epe'/e,-e ,a 'ea .e +*).a+ -e1 a *p*'-7,/.a.e .e -'a(a)ha' @7,-*+ a*+ '*(J+ >7e c/-a1*+2 p*/+ 6 1a/+ /,./ca.a 71a  pe++*a >7e e,-e,.e1 .e +*).a pa'a p'*0'a1!)*+2 p*/+ e+-e .e?e +e' capa .e pe'ce(e'  c)a'a1e,-e >7a,.* 71 a'c* e+- e''a.*2 a3/,a) 71 '*(J + 3a * >7e 6 p'*0'a1a.* pa'a ) 3ae'4 P*' 3/1 e+-e 6 71 'a1* .e -'a(a)h* >7e h 17/-a .e1a,.a e *p*'-7,/.a.e +e p*.e -'a(a)ha' -a,-* e1 a)-* 1a'2 c*1* 3('/ca+ e1 -e''a 3/'1e e *7 ,a+ a)-7'a+ ,a+ 0'a,.e+ c*,+-'78e+4 4 REQERENCIA BIBLIOGRÁQICA Ma'a?/)ha+ M*.e',a+ +*).a0e1 c*1p)e-*4 D/+p*,=?e) e15  h--p+5WWW4*7-7(e4c*1Wa-chY?Z,@-ON[T+\4 Ace++* e1 #] .e 1a'8* .e "#$%4 •