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State Of Haryana Vs Bahajanlal-air 1992 Sc 604

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Equivalent Citation: AIR1992SC604, 1992CriLJ527, JT1990(4)SC650, 1990(2)SCALE1066, 1992Supp(1)SCC335, [1990]Supp3SCR259 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Civil Appel !"# 5412 "$ 1990 %e&i'e' * 21#11#1990 Appell+*State Appell+*State of Haryana and oter! "!# Rep"'e+* C# $a%an &al and oter! Hon'(le )ud*e!: S#R# -'i ' .# J/&'r Re''/, JJ# Coun!el!: "r Appell+ Appell+-e+i -e+i+i"er +i"er-l -li+i$ i+i$$* $* !#S# e'e, e'e, A''i+i" A''i+i"ll S"li&i+"r S"li&i+"r eerl, eerl, Aru Ji+le/ Ji+le/ A''i+i"l A''i+i"l S"li&i+"r S"li&i+"r eerl, R## %+r, e+ Sr ' #.# -r', A'v# "r Rep"'e+%e$e'+* .# -rr, -# Ci'8r, R#.# r, A/ .ri ' I'u l"+r, A'v# Su(%e+t: Cri,inal A+t!-Rule!-Order!: C"+i+u+i" "$ I'i : Ar+i&le 226 ' 227; -reve+i" "$ C"rrup+i" A&+, 1947 : Se&+i" 5(1); I'i -el C"'e, 1<60 : Se&+i" 5(1), 161, 165 ' 307 Ca!e! Referred: S#!# Sr v# ipe .ur Ti=ri A!>SC01<21970 A!>SC01<21970;; Eper" per"rr v# .= .=? ? !@i !@irr A' ' A!>-R00071944 ; A8i A8i ' '  v# %ie %ie  A!>SC00541967 A!>SC00541967;; -l -l !r/ !r/ = =ii v# Eper" Eper"rr A!>-R00011939 ; A!>-R00011939  ; S&$$i'e v# S++e, 254 !B 651; S+ur+ v# rer  "$ Cu8 Ci+/, 117 !B <20; C"" v# Si Sier er Se=i Se=i  & &## C"#, C"#, 32 - 2' 430, 430, 431, 431, 13< 13< Cl Cl App App 41<; 41<; Epe Eper" r"rr v# Dil Dil8 8i i %e %ep p'e 'e A!>-R00091946;; >i+e' S++e v# C"r+e@ (19<1) 66 L= E' 2' (>i+e' S++e Supree C"ur+ Rep"r+); A!>-R00091946 %lli" v# C$$er/ (1954) 2 All ER 610;S++e "$ u?r+ v# "ll J# -"r=l A!>SC02<<19<7 A!>SC02<<19<7;; -ur? v# %#R# ."li A!>SC00<91961 A!>SC00<91961;; R#-# .pur v# S++e "$ -u?8 A!>SC00<61960 A!>SC00<61960;; !'ii S+p+/ v# -#L# %i %i A!>SC0139197< A!>SC0139197<;; -r8u %/l %e"r+ v# Te %i+ri&+ %i+ri&+ i+r+e, i+r+e, .rup A!>SC00561973 A!>SC00561973;; Sir Sir?u ?u''i ''i  v# S++ S++e e "$ 'r 'r  A!>SC015<1970 A!>SC015<1970;; S++e S++e "$ >++r >++r -r'e -r'e  v# = =+ + .i"re .i"re J"i A!>SC00661963;; @ri A!>SC00661963 @ri Ll up+ v# Re Re=r =r -r' -r' A!>SC01171971 A!>SC01171971;; Je Si v# %eli A'ii+r+i" A!>SC01471974 A!>SC01471974;; 'u Li/e v# S++e "$ r+r A!>SC01031977 A!>SC01031977;; .urue+r >iv >iver eri i+/ +/ v# S++ S++e e "$ r/ r/   A!>SC01021977 A!>SC01021977;; ui&i ui&ipl pl C"rp"r C"rp"r+i +i" " "$ %eli %eli v# -ur" -ur"+ + % % Ju?u=l Ju?u=l A!>SC009319<2 A!>SC009319<2;; S+# S+# !== !== v# Deer Sivlipp Sivlipp  ."?li ."?li A!>SC01731976 A!>SC01731976;; -r+i8 Ri v# Sur? .ur A!>SC009019<5 A!>SC009019<5;; 'vr" Ji=?i R" S&i'i v# S8?ir" C'r"?ir" Are A!>SC026119<< A!>SC026119<<;; Tl8 ?i ui v# 'ur -ur"++ "'er A!>SC002<195< A!>SC002<195<;; L#># J'v v# Srr" Srr" Ape8 -=r A!>SC011619<3 A!>SC011619<3;; J#-# Sr v# Di"' .ur Ji ' "+er A!>SC017<19<6;; >#-# A!>SC017<19<6 >#-# v# D#R#.# D#R#.# Sriv+ Sriv+v v A!>SC052619<9 A!>SC052619<9;; S# -r+p -r+p Si Si v# S++e S++e "$ -u?8 -u?8 A!>SC02721963;; S++e "$ r/ v# R?e'r Sree A!>SC06<71971 A!>SC02721963 A!>SC06<71971;; Epre !e=pper -v+# L+'# v# >i" "$ I'i A!>SC027319<5 A!>SC027319<5;; Se"' -= v# S++e "$ ir A!>SC020619<6 A!>SC020619<6;; Te .i v# ii+er ii+er "$ el+ el+ (1929) 1 .# # 619; Re v# ri+" ri+" C"rp"r+i" C"rp"r+i" e pr+e S""i+ S""i+,, (1907) 96 LT 762; Erl i+@=illi Be+="r+ E++e C"# L+'# v# ii+er "$ T"= ' C"u+r/ -li (1951) 2 .# # 2<4; -#D# J+ J+ R" v# S++e "$ ri A!>SC0013196< A!>SC0013196<;; #!# Ri8u' ' I'er Si v# Te S++e "$ %eli A!>SC00491954;; S++e A!>SC00491954 S++e "$ '/ '/ -r'e -r'e v# u8r u8r  Ali A!>SC003<1959 A!>SC003<1959;; A#C# Sr v# %eli A'ii+r A'ii+r+i" +i" A!>SC00731973 A!>SC00731973;; A#R# A+ul/ A+ul/ v# R#S# R#S# !/ A!>SC00<219<4 A!>SC00<219<4;; ?"r ## r/ v# S++e "$ "8/ A!>SC01231961 A!>SC01231961;; u Ll v# S++e "$ >++r -r'e A!>SC00671963 A!>SC00671963;; S#!# "e v# S++e "$ ir A!>SC0063196< A!>SC0063196<;; ui Ll v# %eli A'ii+r+i" A!>SC01471971 A!>SC01471971;; .'u S"u %"i v# S++ S++e e "$ r r + +r r A!>SC01551972 A!>SC01551972;; .ri .ri   ll ll8 8  S S/ / v# C" C"i ii i" "er er "$ EFu EFuir ir/ / A!>SC037<196<;; S++e "$ -u?8 v# ur'il Si A!>SC04331979 A!>SC037<196< Autoritie! Referred: Be8+er Tir' I+er+i"l %i&+i"r/; C"rpu Juri Se&"'u D"l# <3; ="r' ' -re -re+ E'i+i" 40A; 1 Prior Hi!tory: r" +e Ju'e+ ' r'er '+e' Sep+e8er <, 19<< "$ +e -u?8 ' r/ i C"ur+ i C#B#-# !"# 9172 "$ 19<7:: Citin* Referen+e: S++e "$ Be+ el ' r# v# S=p .ur u ' r %i&ue' S++e "$ ir ' Ar# v# J#A#C# Sl' ' r# %i&ue' S#!# Sr v# ipe .ur Ti=ri ' r# %i&ue' Eper"r v# .=? !@ir A' %i&ue' S++e "$ ir ' Ar# v# J#A#C# Sl' ' r# %i&ue' A8i' v# %ie e+i"e' -l !r/=i v# Eper"r %i&ue' S&$$i'" v# S++e e+i"e' S+ur+ v# rer,  "$ Cu8 Ci+/ e+i"e' C"" v# Sier Se=i &# C" e+i"e' Eper"r v# Dil8i %ep'e e+i"e' >i+e' S++e v# C"r+e@ e+i"e' %lli" v# C$$er/ e+i"e' S++e "$ u?r+ v# "ll J# -"r=l %i&ue' -ur? v# %#R# ."li e+i"e' S++e "$ Be+ el ' r# v# S=p .ur u ' r# %i&ue' R#-# .pur v# Te S++e "$ -u?8 %i&ue' !'ii S+p+/ v# -#L# %i ' Ar %i&ue' S#!# Sr v# ipe .ur Ti=ri ' r# %i&ue' -r8u %/l %e"r+ e+&# e+&# v# Te %i+ri&+ i+r+e, .rup ' r# %i&ue' S++e "$ ir ' Ar# v# J#A#C# Sl' ' r# %i&ue' Sir?u''i v# S++e "$ 'r %i&ue' Te S++e "$ >++r -r'e v# =+ .i"re J"i %i&ue' S++e "$ Be+ el v# S#!#  %i&ue' @ri Ll up+ v# Re=r -r' ' Ar# e+& %i&ue' Je Si v# %eli A'ii+r+i" %i&ue' Ar !+ v# S++e "$ r/ %i&ue' 'u Li/e v# S++e "$ r+r %i&ue' .urue+r >iveri+/ ' Ar# v# S++e "$ r/ ' Ar# %i&ue' ui&ipl C"rp"r+i" "$ %eli v# -ur"+ % Ju?u=l ' r e+i"e' S+# !== v# Deer  Sivlipp ."?li ' r# %i&ue' -r+i8 Ri v# Sur? .ur ' Ar# %i&ue' 'vr" Ji=?i R" S&i'i ' r# v# S8?ir" C'r":?ir" Are ' r# %i&ue' S++e "$ ir v# ur' Ali . ' r# %i&ue' Tl8 ?i ui v# 'ur -ur"++ "'er ' Ar# e+i"e' L#># J'v v# Srr" A8e8 -=r e+i"e' J#-# Sr v# Di"' .ur Ji ' r e+i"e' S++e "$ >#-# v# D#R#.# Sriv+v ' Ar %i&ue' S# -r+p Si v# Te S++e "$ -u?8 e+i"e' S++e "$ r/ v# R?i'r Sree e+i"e' Epre !e=pper -v+# L+'# ' r# v# >i" "$ I'i ' r# e+i"e' Se"' -= v# S++e "$ ir ' r# %i&ue' Te .i v# ii+er "$ el+ e+i"e' Re v# ri+" C"rp"r+i" e:pr+e S""i+ e+i"e' Erl i+@=illi Be+="r+ E++e C"# L+'# v# ii+er "$ T"= ' C"u+r/ -li e+i"e' -#D# J+ R" ' r# v# S++e "$ ri ' r# e+i"e' #!# Ri8u' ' I'er Si v# Te S++e "$ %eli %i&ue' Te S++e "$ '/ -r'e v# u8r Ali e+i"e' A#C# Sr v# %eli A'ii+r+i" %i&ue' A#R# A+ul/ v# R#S# !/ %i&ue' ?"r E## r/ v# Te S++e "$ "8/ e+i"e' u Ll v# S++e "$ >++r -r'e e+i"e' S#!# "e v# S++e "$ ir e+i"e' ui Ll v# %eli A'ii+r+i" %i&ue' .'u S"u %"8i ' Ar# v# S++e "$ r+r e+i"e' -#D# J+ R" ' r# v# S++e "$ ri ' r e+i"e' .ri ll8 S/ ' r# v# C"ii"er "$ EFuir/ ' r# %i&ue' S++e "$ -u?8 v# ur'il Si %i&ue' Ca!e Note: 2 Cri,inal . inve!ti*ation . Se+tion! /0/ and /01 of Indian Penal Code2 /304 and Se+tion 1 5/6 of Prevention of Corru7tion A+t2 /89 . inve!ti*ation ordered a*ain!t re!7ondent for offen+e! under Se+tion! /0/ and /01 and under under A+t of /89 /89 (y a77ell a77ellant ant . Hi* Hi* Court Court +an+el +an+elled led FIR ter,in ter,in* * it affe+t affe+ted ed (y 7oliti 7oliti+al +al +on!id +on!iderat eration ion! ! *ranti *rantin* n* +o!t! +o!t! in re!7on re!7onden dent'! t'! favour favour . a77eal a77eal . 7ro7o 7ro7o!it !ition ion! ! laid laid (y Hi* Hi* Court Court un;arranted . in+o,in* -REE# 4# Ever/"e =e+er i'ivi'ull/ "r &"lle&+ivel/ i uFue+i"8l/ u'er +e upre&/ "$ l=# B"ever e / 8e, "=ever i e i, e i u'er +e l=# !" ++er "= p"=er$ul e i ' "= ri& e / 8e# 5# Te e+e' ' le+/ rue+ 'v&e' i eerl 8/ ll +e lere' C"uel " +e i+u'e ' +e ul+i:'iei"l &ue "$ &"rrup+i" ' l" 8"u+ +e p"i+ive ' &"+ru&+ive ree'il eure ' +ep +" 8e +e $"r i+ er'i&+i"  e&ei++e' u +" ive  8rie$ e"r'iu 8"u+ i+ peri&i"ue, +"u +ri&+l/ pei, =e ="ul' 8e "+er=ie "+ &"+rie' +" epre / "pii" " +i# 6# A+ +e "u+e+ =e / / ++ =e re "+ i&lie' +" e  eu+ive urve/ ' l/i 8"u+ +e +"/, 'iei" ' &ue "$ &"rrup+i"# I+ &"+ 8e ii' ++ +e u8iFui+/ "$ &"rrup+i" i l=/ "&i+e' =i+  "+iv+i" "$ priv+e i + pu8li& epee# 7# T"u +e i+"ri&l 8&r"u' ' +re+ "$ &"rrup+i" re revie=e' +ie $+er +ie; +e 'e$ii+i"l ' &"&ep+ul pr"8le re epl"re' ' +e v"lui"u &ue ' &"eFue&e "$ &"rrup+i" re &"++l/ 'e8+e' +r"u "u+ +e l"8e, /e+ +e evil "$ &"rrup+i" ' +eir u+" r&"+i& e$$e&+ p"e  re+ +re+ +" +e =el$re "$ "&ie+/ ' &"+iue +" r"= i e&i pr"p"r+i"# Tere$"re, +e &er "$ +e veli+/, i$ "+ $"u+ i+ " ll $r"+ ' + ll level, &e&e' ' er'i&+e', =ill 'e+8ili@e ' 'e8ili++e +e ver/ $"u'+i" "$ 'e"&r&/; =er =/ +e rule "$ l= +r"u "rl 'e&/ ' e +e e+ire 'ii+r+i" ie$$e&+ive ' '/$u&+i"l# <# ere re+"ri&l pre&i "$ p"+"li& er" li+i "u+ +e evil "$ &"rrup+i" ' rii l" =i+ &+&: ="r' re "$ " ue i +e 8e&e "$ pr&+i&l ' e$$e&+ive +ep +" er'i&+e +e; 8e&ue evil +"ler+e' i evil pr"p+e'# 9# A+ +e e +ie, "e "ul' l" 8e live +" &e =ere $le ' $riv"l"u &&u+i" "$ &"rrup+i" re li&i"ul/ 'e i+  'verr/ ep"i i +" "&il ri'i&ule ' "8liFue =i+  ul+eri"r "+ive "$ =rei vee&e 'ue +" p+ i"i+/ "r per"l piFue "r erel/ "u+ "$ pi+e rer'le "$ +e $&+ =e+er +e pr"&ee'i =ill ul+i+el/ &uli+e i+" &"vi&+i" "r "+# 10# Be ="ul' lie +" e i+ &ler ++ +e 8"ve e"r'il "+e i ive =i+"u+ &+i / peri" i+ / "$ +e pr+ie +" +e pree+ pr"&ee'i "r +"u&i +e i'ivi'ul eri+ "$ +e &e# 11# Te relev+ $&+ ivi rie +" +i ppel, +"u ve 8ee e+ "u+ i re+ 'e+il i +e ipue'  ?u'e+ "$ +e i C"ur+, C"ur+, ve +" 8e re&pi+ul+e' i "r'er +" +" e8le u +" ive "ur "= re" $"r +e $i'i $i'i 3 =i& =e =ill 8e rrivi + " +e i+erpre++i" "$ &er+i pr"vii" "$ +e Criil -r"&e'ure C"'e (+e C"'e $"r "r+) ' "$ +e -reve+i" "$ C"rrup+i" A&+, 1947 ( +e A&+ $"r "r+)# 12# Ti ppel 8/ r+ "$ pe&il leve i 'ire&+e' 8/ +e ppell+, el/, +e S++e "$ r/ ' +=" "+er ili +e ?u'e+ '+e' <#9#19<< "$  %ivii" e& "$ +e i C"ur+ "$ -u?8 ' r/ re'ere' i Bri+ -e+i+i" !"# 9172<7 Fui +e e+ire &riil pr"&ee'i i&luive "$ +e rei+r+i" "$ +e I$"r+i" Rep"r+ ' 'ire&+i +e e&"' rep"'e+, r# %r -l +" p/ +e &"+ +" +e $ir+ rep"'e+, C# ? Ll# 13# C# ? Ll =  ii+er i 1977 =e C# %evi Ll = +e Cie$ ii+er "$ r/ ++e ' e 8e&e +e Cie$ ii+er "$ +e ++e "$ r/ i 19<2:<7# %uri +e ii+i+i" "$ +i &riil pr"&ee'i i Fue+i", e = +e >i" ii+er $"r Evir"e+ ' "re+, "vere+ "$ I'i# 14# I +e eerl ele&+i" +" +e leil+ive e8l/ "$ +e ++e "$ r/ i Jue 19<7, S+# J %evi, +e =i$e "$ C# ? Ll &"+e+e' $r" A'pur &"+i+ue&/ " 8ei p""re' 8/ +e C"re (I) pr+/  i+ +e e&"' rep"'e+, r# %r -l =" =  "iee "$ +e L" %l# r# J %evi = u&&e$ull/ u&&e$ull/ ele&+e'# ele&+e'# %r -l pree+e'  ele&+i" ele&+i" pe+i+i" &lli i Fue+i" Fue+i" +e ele&+i" ele&+i" "$ S+# J %evi "  vrie+/ "$ r"u'# C# %evi Ll, +e +ir' rep"'e+ i +i ppel =" = +e e&"' rep"'e+ i +e =ri+ pe+i+i" l" &"+e+e' " L" %l +i&e+ ' 8e&e u&&e$ul# Tere$+er C# %evi Ll 8e&e +e Cie$ ii+er "$ +e S++e "$ r/ i 19<7# 15# I+ ee ++ $+er +e eerl ele&+i" +ere =ere  u8er "$ &riil pr"&ee'i 8e+=ee +e pr+ie "e "$ =i& 8ei  &riil pr"e&u+i" i+ %r -l >'er Se&+i" 307 I-C 307 I-C rei+ere' i A'pur p"li&e ++i"#  &&"u+ "$ +e p"li+i&l rivlr/ ' +e i+i+u+i" "$  u8er "$ &riil &e ' &"u+er &e +ere = 8':8l""' 8e+=ee C# ? Ll " +e "e ' ' C# %evi Ll " +e "+er# 16# Bile i+ = ", " 12+ !"ve8er 19<7 %r -l pree+e'  &"pli+ 8e$"re C# %evi Ll i &er+i eri"u lle+i" i+ ? Ll,  8rie$ "+e "$ =i& i ive 8el"=* 17# e$"re 1969 C# ? Ll =   "$ "r'ir/ e ' 'i' "+ ve / 'e$ii+e "ur&e "$ i&"e, 8u+ $+er e = i'u&+e' i +e C8ie+   ii+er ' pr+i&ulrl/ $+er e 8e&e +e Cie$ ii+er "$ +e S++e, e &&uul+e' ue pr"per+ie ="r+ &r"re "$ rupee i +e e "$ i $il/ e8er, rel+i" ' per" &l"e +" i 8/ iui i p"=er ' p"i+i" ' l" 8/ u'ervlui +e re+ pri&e ' ll +"e +r& +r&+i" +i"  re 8ei 8ei i &r& &r&+er +er## I +e &"pl &"pli+ i+,, r# %r %r -l  ive ive +e 'e+il 'e+il &i+i &i+i 20 i'epe'e+ lle+i", llei ++  pl+il "ue i 8ei &"+ru&+e' + ir + +e &"+ "$ 8"u+ R# 50 l ' ++ e+eive l' + vri"u pl&e ve 8ee pur&e' ei+er i +e e "$ i =i$e, J %evi, "r i +e e "$ i " .ul'ip ' C'er " "r 8ei i +e e "$ i rel+i" e+&# ' ++ +=" pe+r"l pup vlui 8"u+ R# 5 l ve 8ee i+lle' i +e e "$ i =i$e, ' ++ &er+i "p ve 8ee &"+ru&+e' e+&# ei'e +ee lle+i", i+ i i' ++ ? Ll  &Fuire' everl "+er pr"per+ie ei+er i i e "r i +e e "$ i 8ei'r u&  re i +e &ie "$ Sir ' A'pur, 8ei'e "=i +ru&, &r e+&# ' i p"ei "l', ilver ' 'i"' "re+ vlui 8"u+ R# 5 &r"re# Te &&uul+i" "$ ll +"e pr"per+ie i +e pe "$ 8uil'i, l', re ' "re+ e+&# i $r 8e/"' i lel e ', +ere$"re,  ive+i+i" "ul' 8e 'ire&+e' ' ppr"pri+e &+i" 8e +e i+ C# ? Ll# 1<#  +e &"pli+ pree+e' 8/ %r -l, +e $$i&er " Spe&il %u+/ (S%) i +e Cie$ ii+er Se&re+ri+ 'e  e'"ree+ " 12#11#19<7 i i'i, +e +rl+i" "$ =i& re' GC##  ee# "r ppr"p ppr"pri ri+e +e &+i"G &+i"G ' re' re' +e e +" +e %ire&+"r %ire&+"r eerl eerl "$ -"li&e -"li&e (%-), (%-), =" i +ur +ur 'e 'e  e'"ree+ " 12#11#19<7 i+el$ re'i G-lee l"" i+" +i; +e e&er/ &+i" ' rep"r+G ' re' i+ +" +e Superi+e'e+ "$ -"li&e (S#-#) ir# Te i' &"pli+ l" =i+ +e 8"ve e'"ree+ "$ S% ' %- = pu+ up 8e$"re +e S#-#, +e e&"' ppell+ " 21#11#19<7, " =i& '+e i+el$ +e S#-# 'e i e'"ree+ re'i G-lee rei+er  &e ' ive+i+eG# 19# Te S (+e +ir' ppell+) rei+ere'  &e " +e 8i "$ +e lle+i" i +e &"pli+ >'er Se&+i" 161 ' 161 ' 165 "$ 165 "$ +e I'i -el C"'e ' Se&+i" 5(2) "$ +e A&+ " 21#11#19<7 i+el$ + 6#15 -## ' +"" up +e ive+i+i"#  +e $""+ "$ +e ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+ (#I#R#) +e $"ll"=i e'"ree+  8ee 'e* -"li&e -"li&e pr"&ee'i pr"&ee'i  ++ ++ +e S#-# ir ir $+er $+er rei+ rei+eri eri  +e &e " +e 8"ve ppli& ppli&+i +i" "  "r'ere "r'ere' ' +" ive+i+e +e &e# T+ IR >'er Se&+i" 161, 161, 165 I-C# 165 I-C# 5#2#1947 -#C A&+  8ee rei+ere' + -#S# S'r ir# A Ipe&+"r, l" =i+ &"+8le Suer Si 700, R'ir Si 445, A++r Si 47 pr"&ee' +" +e p"+# C"+8le Sur Si 700, ' R'ir Si 445 =ere 'e' "ver "e ri$le l" =i+ 50 &r+ri'e e& ' &"p/ "$ +e IR   pe&il rep"r+ i 8ei e+ +r"u e' &"+8le +=r Si, 602 + +e rei'e&e "$ Ill i+r+e ' "+er "$$i&e# 4 Tr C', Ipe&+"r, -"li&e S++i", S'r# 20# Te +ir' pe+i+i"er (S) $+er $"r=r'i  &"p/ "$ +e $ir+ i$"r+i" rep"r+ +" +e i+r+e ' "+er "$$i&er &"&ere', iel$ +"" up +e ive+i+i" ' pr"&ee'e' +" +e p"+ &&"pie' 8/ +ree &"+8le "$ =" +=" &"+8le =ere 'e' "ver "e ri$le e& ' 50 &r+ri'e# 21# Bile +e ++er +""' +u, +e $ir+ rep"'e+ $ile' +e =ri+ pe+i+i" !"# 9172<7 u'er Ar+i&le 226 ' 226 ' 227 "$ +e C"+i+u+i" "$ I'i eei iu&e "$  =ri+ "$ &er+i"rri Fui +e $ir+ i$"r+i" rep"r+ ' l" "$  =ri+ "$ pr"i8i+i" re+rii +e pe+i+i"er erei $r" $ur+er pr"&ee'i =i+ +e ive+i+i"# I+ i ++e' ++ +e i C"ur+ r+e'  e:pr+e +/ =i& = +ere$+er 'e 8"lu+e# 22# Ii+ill/ 3 epr+e =ri++e ++ee+ =ere $ile' 8e$"re +e i C"ur+, "e 8/ Ipe&+"r .r+r Si (" 8el$ "$ +e S++e "$ r/, +e S#-# ' S### =" =ere rep"'e+ 1, 3 ' 4 i +e =ri+ pe+i+i" ' =" re +e ppell+ erei); "+er 8/ rep"'e+ !"# 2 C# %evi Ll (=" i +e +ir' pr"$"r rep"'e+ i +i ppel) ' +e +ir' "e 8/ rep"'e+ !"# 5 i +e =ri+ pe+i+i" (=" i +e &"pli+ ' +e e&"' rep"'e+ rep"'e+ i +i ppel)# Su8eFue+l Su8eFue+l/ / relii relii ++ .r+r .r+r Si = "+ &"pe+e+ &"pe+e+ +" $ile +e =ri++e ++ee+ " 8el$ "$ +e S++e, S- ' S i +er "$ +e Rule "$ uie, epr+e =ri++e ++ee+ "e 8/ +e +e S#-# Lei R ' Ar# 8/ Ipe&+"r Tr C' (=" rei+ere' +e &e) =ere $ile' " 14#7#19<<# "=ever, " =ri++e ++ee+ = $ile' " 8el$ "$ +e S++e "$ r/# Te i C"ur+ 8e$"re =i& everl &"+e+i" =ere rie' 8/ +e repe&+ive pr+ie eie' e& "$ +e lle+i" i 'e+il i +e li+ "$ +e epl+"r/ ' 'eil ++ee+ =i& &&"r'i +" +e i C"ur+  "+ 8ee ei+er eplie' "r 'eie' 8/ +e S++e ' re?e&+e' +e ple "$ +e ppell+ 2 ' 3 u8i++i ++ i+ i ="ll/ pre+ure +" / /+i =i+ rer' +" +e +ru+$ule "r "+er=ie "$ +e lle+i" ' "8erve'  $"ll"=* 1# ###i+ i &ler ++ +e lle+i" 'e re ?u+ iir/ ' $++i&# 2# ###i (rep"'e+ !"# 2 %r -l) "le "8?e&+ i pu++i &"pli+ Aeure -:9 = +" e+ +e &ier/ "$ +e &riil l= i "+i" i+ +e pe+i+i"er =i+"u+ veri$/i +e +ru+ "r "+er=ie "$ i "= lle+i" 8e$"re levelli +e i+ +e pe+i+i"er i +e &"pli+ Aeure -:9 ' ++ e = "lel/ 'epe'i up" +e $ii eFuir/ =i& / 8e u'er+e 8/ +e p"li&e i +e &"ure "$ i+ ive+i+i" =i+"u+ 8ei iel$ p"ee' "r "= +" "r ee / +eril "r '"&ue+ ?u+i$/i i lle+i" "$ 8ei pur&e, "r u'er vlu+i" "$ pr"per+/ llee'l/ pur&e' 8/ + e pe+i+i"er# 3# Alle+i" "8+ii i Aeure -:9 re, +ere$"re, +e "u+&"e "$  'epr+e, $ru+r+e' i'#### 4# Irrep"i8le er i =i& i'i&rii+e lle+i" ve 8ee levelle' 8/ %r -l, rep"'e+ !"# 5 i+ +e pe+i+i"er i Aeure -:9 i p+e+ $r" +e er+i" 'e i repe&+ "$ 8ei "=erip "$ "ue !"# 102<, rie' C"l"/, !e= %eli 8/ +e pe+i+i"er# 5# Rep"'e+ !"# 5 pper +" ve 'e +ee lle+i" "l/ +" &urr/ $v"ur =i+ rep"'e+ !"# 2 ' +" vee i "= iul+ "$ 'e$e+ i ele&+i" i+ +e pe+i+i"er =i$e# Te &re levelle' i +e &"pli+ Aeure -:9 8/ rep"'e+ !"# 5 i+ +e pe+i+i"er re, +ere$"re, ll r"u'le# 6# I+ = "l/ +e S#-# Lei R ' +e Ipe&+"r Tr C' 8"+ "$ =" $ile' +eir i'ivi'ul =ri++e ++ee+ " Jul/ 14, 19<< "re + ei+ "+ $+er +e $ili "$ +e =ri+ i %e&e8er 19<7, =" +rie' +" 8e "re l"/l +" +e i + +e i iel$ ' i +ur repe&+ivel/ "r'ere' +e rei+r+i" "$ +e &e i+ +e pe+i+i"er ' pr"&ee'e' +" +e p"+ ("' "= =i& "e ' $"r =+ purp"e) =i+ 'ul/ re' &"+8ulr/# l $i'e, i$ + ll +ee & 8e ++ri8u+e' re ++ri8u+8le +" S#-# Lei R ' Ipe&+"r Tr C' 8u+ "+ +" Cu'r/ %evi Ll, Cie$ ii+er r/ rr/e'  rep"'e+ !"# 2 i +e =ri+ pe+i+i"# 23# Bi+ rer' +" +e &"+e+i" "$ ":ppli&+i" "$ i' " +e pr+ "$ +e p"li&e "$$i&il, +e i C"ur+ el' +u* I+ +u pper ++ +e lle+i" rer'i ppli&+i" "$ i' 8/ +e S### Ipe&+"r Tr C' "$ -"li&e S++i" S'r, ir  8ee 'e "l/ 8e&ue +e S#-# = $eeli ll"= u'er i $ee+### ++ ll = "+ =ell =i+ +e ' 8"+ "$ +e =ere $eeli &"l' u'er +eir $ee+  +" =" "+ +e ="ul' +e +e "'iu up" iel$ $"r vi '"e "e+i =i& = i $&+ "+ '"e 8/ ei+er "$ +e# &e' i+ +e =ll, +e/ $el+ &"pelle' " 14#7#19<< +" pu+ i "+& p"+& $$i'vi+ $"rei' =i& '" "+ i'i&+e / ppli&+i" "$ i' 8/ ei+er "e "$ +e, u& le +e Superi+e'e+ "$ -"li&e, ir, =" = "8lie' i l= +" '" "# 5 24# ill/ $+er i re$ere&e +" vri"u 'e&ii" "$ +i C"ur+ ' i pr+i&ulr +" S++e "$ Be+ el ' r# v# S=p .ur u ' r# A!>SC012019<2 A!>SC012019<2,, +e i C"ur+ &"&lu'e' ++ +e lle+i" '" "+ &"+i+u+e  &"i@8le "$$e&e $"r &"e&i +e l=$ul ive+i+i" ' r+e' +e relie$  pr/e' $"r ' ul&+e' +e $i$+ rep"'e+ =i+ +e &"+ "$ +e =ri+ pe+i+i"# I +e peul+i+e prrp "$ i+ ?u'e+, +e lere' Ju'e &i+e'  i+"ri&l eve+, el/,  &llee 'e 8/ -"re 8e$"re Al'er 8"u+ =i& =e =ill epre "ur vie= + +e ppr"pri+e pl&e "$ +i ?u'e+# Te ppell+ " 8ei rieve' 8/ +e ipue'  ?u'e+ "$ +e i C"ur+  pre$erre' +e pree+ ppel# A+ +i ?u&+ure =e ="ul' lie +" p"i+ "u+ ++ "e C8il %,  +ir' pr+/  $ile'  ppli&+i" &&"pie' 8/  $$i'vi+ pr/i +" iple' i   pr+/ ' ++i ++ e  "+ u$$i&ie+ +eril +" u8++i+e +e lle+i" verre' i +e &"pli+ "$ +e e&"' rep"'e+# A +e ppli&+ C8il % = "+  pr+/ +" +e pr"&ee'i 8e$"re +e i C"ur+, i ppli&+i" i re?e&+e'# 25# r# R?i'er S&r, +e lere' ei"r &"uel l" =i+ +e lere' A'v"&+e eerl "$ r/ S++e i+e' 8/ r# 8ir Si ppere' $"r +e ppell+ =il+ r# R#.# r, +e lere' ei"r &"uel ppere' $"r +e e&"' rep"'e+, %r -l " ="e &"pli+ +e ipue' $ir+ i$"r+i" rep"r+ ' 8ee rei+ere' ' +e ive+i+i" = &"e&e'# r# .# -rr, +e lere' ei"r &"uel l" =i+ r# -# Ci'8r, +e lere' ei"r &"uel i+e' 8/ r# "pl Su8ri ppere' " 8el$ "$ +e $ir+ rep"'e+# r# R?i'er S&r ' r# R#.# r 'e  &&'e "$ vi+ri"li& &"e+ " +e re" ie' ' +e &"&lui" 'r= +ere$r" 8/ +e i C"ur+ ' ile' +e ipue' ?u'e+ 8/ i  $r"+l 8ru+ ever+i ++ +e i+&e "$ &"rrup+i" &i+e' i +e &"pli+ 8/ %r -l =i& re i +e i&ree 8"+ i v"lue ' virule&e, +"u " $r i''e $r" +e pu8li& vie=, ' +"e lle+i" +e ei+er i'ivi'ull/ "r &"lle&+ivel/, uerril/ ' irre$r8l/ &"+i+u+e  &"i@8le "$$e&e =rr+i $ir+l/ +e rei+r+i" "$  &e  &"+epl+e' >'er Se&+i" 154(1) "$ 154(1) "$ +e C"'e ' e&"'l/ iper+ivel/ 'e'i  +"r"u ive+i+i" i &"pli&e =i+ +e vri"u ++u+"r/ pr"vii" pr+i&ulrl/ Se&+i" 156, 156, 157, 157, 159 e+&# 159 e+&# $lli u'er Cp+er HII "$ +e C"'e# A&&"r'i +" +e, +e i C"ur+  " ?u+i$i&+i" i ri'i i+ &ri"+ "ver +e +r& "$ ive+i+i" ' +ere8/ "8li+er+i +e e ' +e i C"ur+ i '"i "  &"i++e'  rve ' u8++il illeli+/ 8/ Fui +e ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+ ' +e $ur+er pr"&ee'i "$ +e ive+i+i"# 26# r# -rr vee+l/ ure' ++ +e ipue' ?u'e+ i  =ell &"i'ere' ' =ell re"e' "e ' e&e +ere & 8e " ?u+i$i&+i" $"r +i C"ur+ i 'il"'i +e uil8le &"&lui"# A&&"r'i +" i, +e 'eep r""+e' p"li+i&l i"i+/ ' rivlr/ ++ C# %evi Ll ' e+er+ie' " &&"u+ "$ i $ilure i i ++ep+ +" 8e&"e +e Cie$ ii+er "$ r/ S++e i 197< ' 19<2 =i& 8le= i =i+ "+ =e+er ' upli$+e' +e u8+er u8+err re e e+ e+ reul+ reul+i i i +e "u+:p"u "u+:p"uri ri  "$ &r& &r&+er +er  i i+i" +i"  i i++ C# ? ? Ll# Ll# Te &"pli+, %r -l =" u$$ere'  e$ul 'e$e+ i +e eerl ele&+i" el' i 19<< + +e ' "$ J %evi, =i$e "$ C# ? Ll ' =" i  +""e i +e ' "$ C# %evi Ll i ue'   i+rue+ +" pree+ +i &"pli+ &"+ii $le ' &urril"u lle+i"# 27# All +e lere' C"uel pperi $"r ll +e pr+ie +"" u& pi ' 'v&e' +eir el"Fue+ rue+ =i+ =i+ +e i' "$  erie erie "$ 'e&ii 'e&ii" " "$ +i +i C"ur+, C"ur+, 8u+ "&&i "&&i" "ll/ ll/ pu&+u pu&+ure' re' =i+ =i+ i$l i$le' e' re+"r re+"ri& i& ' ur&re' =i+ e"+i"# I ''i+i" +" +eir "rl rue+ +e/ l" $ile' =ri++e u8ii"# Be $+er &re$ull/ ' i'u"ul/ eii +e &"+e+i" ' &"u+er:&"+e+i" 'v&e' 8/ ll +e pr+ie 8"+ " +e lel ' $&+ul pe&+ ' $+er &rupul"ul/ &i +e +eril pl&e' " re&"r' ' eii +e =ri++e rue+ u8i++e' 8/ +e pr+ie, ="ul' lie +" 'el =i+ +"e &"+e+i" eri+i# 2<# e$"re 'i&ui =i& "$ +e u8ii" "u+ +" previl, =e ll i +e $"re"+ 'el =i+ +e lel pri&iple "veri +e rei+r+i" "$  &"i@8le "$$e&e ' +e ive+i+i" rii +ere"# Se&+i" 154(1) i +e relev+ pr"vii" rer'i +e rei+r+i" "$  &"i@8le "$$e&e ' ++ pr"vii" re'  $"ll"=* Ever/ i$"r+i" rel+i +" +e &"ii" "$  &"i@8le "$$e&e, i$ ive "rll/ +"  "$$i&er:i:&re "$  p"li&e p"li&e ++i", ++i", ll 8e re'u&e' re'u&e' +" =ri+i =ri+i 8/ i "r u'er i 'ire&+i", 'ire&+i", ' 8e re' "ver +" +e i$"r+; i$"r+; ' ever/ u& i$"r+i", =e+er ive i =ri+i "r re'u&e' +" =ri+i  $"rei', ll 8e ie' 8/ +e per" ivi i+, ' +e u8+&e +ere"$ ll 8e e+ere' i  8"" +" 8e ep+ 8/ u& "$$i&er i u& $"r  +e S++e "vere+ / pre&ri8e i +i 8el$# 29# Te 8"ve Su8:e&+i" &"rrep"'e+ +" Se&+i" 154 "$ +e "l' C"'e (A&+ "$ 1<9< +" =i& vri"u e'e+ re 'e 8/ A&+ HHDI "$ 1955 ' l" +" Se&+i" 154 "$ +e Cr-C "$ 1<<2 (A&+ H "$ 1<<2) e&ep+ $"r +e li+ vri+i" i ++ eprei" L"&l "vere+ ' 8ee ue' i 1<<2 i +e pl&e "$ S++e "vere+# -ree+l/, " +e re&"e'+i" "$ +e 41+ Rep"r+ "$ +e L= C"ii", +e Su8:e&+i" 2 ' 3 ve 8ee e=l/ ''e' 8u+ =e re "+ &"&ere' =i+ +"e pr"vii"  +e/ re "+ relev+ $"r +e purp"e "$ +e 'ip"l "$ +i &e e&ep+ $"r i "e re$ere&e + +e ppr"pri+e pl&e, i$ e&ei++e'# Se&+i" Se&+i" 154(1) reul+e 154(1) reul+e +e er "$ re&"r'i +e ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+ rel+i +" +e &"ii" "$  &"i@8le "$$e&e# 6 30# Te lel '+e erie' erie' i Se&+i" Se&+i" 154(1) i 154(1) i ++ ever/ i$"r+i" rel+i +" +e &"ii" "$  G&"i@8le "$$e&eG ( 'e$ie' >'er Se&+i" 2(&) "$ 2(&) "$ +e C"'e) i$ ive "rll/ (i =i& &e i+ i +" 8e re'u&e' i+" =ri+i) "r i =ri+i +" G "$$i&er i&re "$  p"li&e ++i"G (=i+i +e ei "$ Se&+i" 2(") "$ 2(") "$ +e C"'e) ' ie' 8/ +e i$"r+ "ul' 8e e+ere' i  8"" +" 8e ep+ 8/ u& "$$i&er i u& $"r  +e S++e "vere+ / pre&ri8e =i& $"r i &""l/ &lle'  Gir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+G ' =i& &+ "$ e+eri +e i$"r+i" i +e i' $"r i "=  rei+r+i" "$  &rie "r  &e# 31# A+ +e +e "$ rei+r+i" "$  &rie "r  &e " +e 8i "$ +e i$"r+i" 'i&l"i  &"i@8le "$$e&e i &"pli&e =i+ +e '+e "$ Se&+i" 154(1) "$ 154(1) "$ +e C"'e, +e &"&ere' p"li&e "$$i&er &"+ e8r up"  eFuir/  +" =e+er +e i$"r+i", li' 8/ +e i$"r+ i reli8le ' euie "r "+er=ie ' re$ue +" rei+er  &e " +e r"u' ++ +e i$"r+i" i "+ reli8le "r &re'i8le#  +e "+er ', +e "$$i&er i&re "$  p"li&e ++i" i ++u+"ril/ "8lie' +" rei+er  &e ' +e +" pr"&ee' =i+ +e ive+i+i" i$ e  re" +" upe&+ +e &"ii" "$  "$$e&e =i& e i ep"=ere' >'er Se&+i" 156 "$ 156 "$ +e C"'e +" ive+i+e, u8?e&+ +" +e pr"vi" +" Se&+i" 157# 157# (A =e ve pr"p"e' +" e  'e+ile' 'i&ui" 8"u+ +e p"=er "$  p"li&e "$$i&er i +e $iel' "$ ive+i+i" "$  &"i@8le "$$e&e =i+i +e 8i+ "$ Se&+i" 156 ' 156 ' 157 "$ 157 "$ +e C"'e i +e eui pr+ "$ +i ?u'e+, =e '" "+ pr"p"e +" 'el =i+ +"e e&+i" i:e+e"r i +e pree+ &"+e+)# I &e,  "$$i&er i&re "$  p"li&e ++i" re$ue +" eer&ie +e ?uri'i&+i" ve+e' " i ' +" rei+er  &e " +e i$"r+i" "$  &"i@8le "$$e&e, rep"r+e' ' +ere8/ vi"l+e +e ++u+"r/ 'u+/ &+ up" i, +e per" rieve' 8/ u& re$ul & e' +e u8+&e "$ +e i$"r+i" i =ri+i ' 8/ p"+ +" +e Superi+e'e+ "$ -"li&e &"&ere' =" i$ +i$ie' ++ +e i$"r+i" $"r=r'e' +" i 'i&l"e  &"i@8le "$$e&e, "ul' ei+er ive+i+e +e &e iel$ "r 'ire&+  ive+i+i" +" 8e 'e 8/ / p"li&e "$$i&er u8"r'i+e +" i i +e er pr"vi'e' 8 / Su8:e&+i" 3 "$ Se&+i" 154 "$ 154 "$ +e C"'e# 32# e i+ "+e' ++ i Se&+i" Se&+i" 154(1) "$ 154(1) "$ +e C"'e, +e leil+ure i i+ &"lle&+ive =i'"  &re$ull/ ' &u+i"ul/ ue' +e eprei" Gi$"r+i"G =i+"u+ Fuli$/i +e e  i Se&+i" 41(1)() 41(1)() "r () "$ +e C"'e =erei =erei +e eprei", eprei", Gre"8le Gre"8le &"pli+G &"pli+G ' G&re'i8le G&re'i8le i$"r+i" i$"r+i"G G re ue'# Evi'e+l/, Evi'e+l/, +e ": Fuli$i&+i" "$ +e ="r' Gi$"r+i"G i Se&+i" 154(1) ulie 154(1) ulie i Se&+i" 41(1)() 41(1)() ' () "$ +e C"'e / 8e $"r +e re" ++ +e p"li&e "$$i&er "ul' "+ re$ue +" re&"r'  i$"r+i" rel+i +" +e &"ii" "$  &"i@8le "$$e&e ' +" rei+er  &e +ere" " +e r"u' ++ e i "+ +i$ie' =i+ +e re"8lee "r &re'i8ili+/ "$ +e i$"r+i"# I "+er ="r', re"8lee "r &re'i8ili+/ "$ +e i' i$"r+i" i "+  &"'i+i" pre&e'e+ $"r rei+r+i" "$  &e# A &"pri" "$ +e pree+ Se&+i" 154 =i+ 154 =i+ +"e "$ +e erlier C"'e =ill i'i&+e ++ +e leil+ure ' purp"el/ +"u+ i+ $i+ +" epl"/ "l/ +e ="r' Gi$"r+i"G =i+"u+ Fuli$/i +e i' ="r'# Se&+i" 139 "$ +e Cr-C "$ 1<61 (A&+ HHD "$ 1<61) pe' 8/ +e Leil+ive C"u&il "$ I'i re' ++ ever/ &"pli+ "r i$"r+i" pre$erre' +"  "$$i&er i&re "$  p"li&e ++i" "ul' 8e re'u&e' i+" =ri+i =i& pr"vii" = u8eFue+l/ "'i$ie' 8/ Se&+i" 112 "$ +e C"'e "$ 1<72 (A&+ H "$ 1<72) =i& +ere$+er re' ++ ever/ &"pli+ pre$erre' +"  "$$i&er i&re "$  p"li&e ++i" ll 8e re'u&e' i =ri+i# Te ="r' &"pli+ =i& "&&urre' i previ"u +=" C"'e "$ 1<61 ' 1<72 = 'ele+e' ' i ++ pl&e +e ="r' i$"r+i" = ue' i +e C"'e "$ 1<<2 ' 1<9< =i& ="r' i "= ue' i Se&+i" 154, 154, 155, 155, 157 ' 157 ' 190(&) "$ 190(&) "$ +e pree+ C"'e "$ 1973(A&+ II "$ 1974)# A "verll re'i "$ ll +e C"'e e i+ &ler ++ +e &"'i+i" =i& i ie:Fu:" $"r re&"r'i  ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+ i ++ +ere u+ 8e  i$"r+i" ' ++ i$"r+i" u+ 'i&l"e  &"i@8le "$$e&e# 33# I+ i, +ere$"re, i$e+l/ &ler ++ i$ / i$"r+i" 'i&l"i  "ri@8le "$$e&e i li' 8e$"re  "$$i&er i&re "$  p"li&e &+i" +i$/i +e reFuiree+ "$ Se&+i" 154(1) "$ 154(1) "$ +e C"'e, +e v"i' p"li&e "$$i&er  " "+er "p+i" e&ep+ +" e+er +e u8+&e +ere"$ i +e pre&ri8e' $"r, ++ i +" /, +" rei+er  &e " +e 8i "$ u& i$"r+i"# 34# I +i &"e&+i", i+ / 8e "+e' ++ +"u  p"li&e "$$i&er &"+ ive+i+e  ":&"i@8le "$$e&e " i "=  i +e &e "$ &"i@8le &"i@8le "$$e&e, "$$e&e, e & ive+i+e ive+i+e  ":&"i@8le ":&"i@8le "$$e&e "$$e&e u'er +e "r'er "$  i+r+e vi p"=er +" +r/ u& ":&"i@8le &e "r &"i+ +e e $"r +ril =i+i +e +er >'er Se&+i" 155(2) "$ 155(2) "$ +e C"'e 8u+ u8?e&+ +" Se&+i" 155(3) "$ 155(3) "$ +e C"'e# ur+er, u'er +e e=l/ i+r"'u&e' Su8: e&+i" (4) +" Se&+i" 155, 155, =ere  &e rel+e +" +=" "$$e&e +" =i& +le+ "e i &"i@8le, +e &e ll 8e 'eee' +" 8e  &"i@8le &e "+=i++'i ++ +e "+er "$$e&e re ":&"i@8le ', +ere$"re, u'er u& &ir&u+&e +e p"li&e "$$i&er & ive+i+e u& "$$e&e =i+ +e e p"=er  e  =ile ive+i+i  &"i@8le "$$e&e# 35# Te e+ e/ Fue+i" ++ rie $"r &"i'er+i" i =e+er +e rei+r+i" "$  &riil &e >'er Se&+i" 154(1) "$ 154(1) "$ +e C"'e ip" $&+" =rr+ +e e++i i "+i" "$  ive+i+i" u'er Cp+er HII "$ +e C"'e# 36# Se&+i" Se&+i" 157(1) reFuire 157(1) reFuire  $$i&er I&re "$  -"li&e S++i" =" $r" i$"r+i" re&eive' "r "+er=ie  re" +" upe&+ +e &"ii" "$  "$$e&e:++ i  &"i@8le "$$e&e:=i& e i ep"=ere' +" ive+i+e >'er Se&+i" 156, 156, +" $"r+=i+ e'  rep"r+ +"  i+r+e ep"=ere' +" +e &"i@&e "$ u& "$$e&e up"  p"li&e rep"r+ ' +" ei+er pr"&ee' i per" "r 'epu+e / "e "$ i u8"r'i+e $$i&er "+ 8ei 8el"= u& r  +e S++e "vere+ /, 8/ eerl "r pe&il "r'er, pre&ri8e i +i 8el$, +" pr"&ee' +" +e p"+, +" ive+i+e +e $&+ ' &ir&u+&e "$ +e &e ' i$ e&er/, +" +e eure $"r 7 +e 'i&"ver/ ' rre+ "$ +e "$$e'er# Ti pr"vii" i Fuli$ie' 8/  pr"vi" =i& i i +=" pr+ () ' (8)# A per Clue () +e $$i&er I&re "$  -"li&e S++i" ee' "+ pr"&ee' i per" "r 'epu+e  u8"r'i+e "$$i&er +" e  ive+i+i" " +e p"+ i$ +e i$"r+i"  +" +e &"ii" "$ / u& "$$e&e i ive i+ / per" 8/ e ' +e &e i "+ "$  eri"u +ure# A&&"r'i +" Clue (8), i$ i+ pper +" +e $$i&er I&re "$  -"li&e S++i" ++ +ere i " u$$i&ie+ r"u' $"r e+eri "  ive+i+i", e ll "+ ive+i+e +e &e# Su8:e&+i" (2) "$ Se&+i" 157 'e' 157 'e' ++ i e& "$ +e &e e+i"e' i Clue () ' (8) "$ +e pr"vi" +" Su8:e&+i" (1) "$ Se&+i" 157, 157, +e $$i&er I&re "$ +e -"li&e S++i" u+ ++e i i rep"r+, reFuire' +" 8e $"r=r'e' +" +e i+r+e i re"  $"r "+ $ull/ &"pl/i =i+ +e reFuiree+ "$ Su8: e&+i" (1) ' =e +e p"li&e "$$i&er 'e&i'e "+ +" ive+i+e +e &e $"r +e re" e+i"e' i Clue (8) "$ +e pr"vi", e i ''i+i" +" i rep"r+ +" +e i+r+e, u+ $"r+=i+ "+i$/ +" +e i$"r+, i$ /, i u& er  / 8e pre&ri8e' 8/ +e S++e "vere+, +e $&+ ++ e =ill "+ ive+i+e +e &e "r &ue +e &e +" 8e ive+i+e'# ive+i+e'# Se&+i" Se&+i" 156(1) =i& 156(1) =i& i +" 8e re' i &"?u&+i" =i+ Se&+i" 157(1) ++e 157(1) ++e ++ / $$i&er I&re "$  -"li&e S++i" / =i+"u+  "r'er "$  i+r+e, ive+i+e / &"i@8le &e =i&  C"ur+ vi ?uri'i&+i" "ver +e l"&l re =i+i +e lii+ "$ +e &"&ere' p"li&e ++i" ="ul' ve p"=er +" eFuire i+" "r +r/ u'er pr"vii" "$ Cp+er HIII# Se&+i" 156(3) ve+ 156(3) ve+  'i&re+i"r/ p"=er "  i+r+e ep"=ere' >'er Se&+i" 190 +" 190 +" "r'er  ive+i+i" 8/  p"li&e "$$i&er  &"+epl+e' i Se&+i" 156(1)# 156(1)# I+ i per+ie+ +" "+e ++ +i pr"vii" '"e "+ ep"=er  i+r+e +" +"p  ive+i+i" u'er+e 8/ +e p"li&e# I +i &"+e+, =e / re$er +"  "8erv+i" "$ +i C"ur+ i S++e "$ ir ' Ar# v# J#A#C# Sl' ' r# A!>SC02531979 A!>SC02531979 +  + pe 56< e+e'i +e p"=er "$ +e i+r+e >'er Se&+i" 156(3) +" 156(3) +" 'ire&+ $ur+er ive+i+i" $+er u8ii" "$  rep"r+ 8/ +e ive+i+i "$$i&er >'er Se&+i" 173(2) "$ 173(2) "$ +e C"'e# Te i' "8erv+i" re' +u* Te p"=er "$ +e i+r+e >'er Se&+i" 156(3) +" 156(3) +" 'ire&+ $ur+er ive+i+i" i &lerl/  i'epe'e+ p"=er ' '"e "+ +' i &"$li&+ =i+ +e p"=er "$ +e S++e "vere+  pel+ "u+ erei8e$"re# Te p"=er &"$erre' up" +e i+r+e >'er Se&+i" 156(3) & 156(3) & 8e eer&ie' 8/ +e i+r+e eve $+er u8ii" "$  rep"r+ 8/ +e ive+i+i "$$i&er =i& ="ul' e ++ i+ ="ul' 8e "pe +" +e i+r+e "+ +" &&ep+ +e &"&lui" "$ +e ive+i+i "$$i&er ' 'ire&+ $ur+er ive+i+i"# Ti pr"vii" '"e "+ i / =/ $$e&+ +e p"=er "$ +e ive+i+i "$$i&er +" $ur+er ive+i+e +e &e eve $+er u8ii" "$ +e rep"r+  pr"vi'e' i Se&+i" 173(<)# 173(<)# 37# Te 8"ve +=" pr"vii":+ pr"vii":++ + i Se&+i" Se&+i" 156  156  ' ' 157 "$ +e C"'e re $"ll"=e' $"ll"=e' 8/ Se&+i" Se&+i" 159  159  =i& ep"=er  i+r+e, " re&eip+ "$  rep"r+ $"r=r'e' 8/ +e p"li&e >'er Se&+i" 157 +" 157 +" 'ire&+  ive+i+i" "r i$ e +i $i+, + "&e +" pr"&ee' "r 'epu+e / i+r+e u8"r'i+e +" i +" pr"&ee', +" "l'  preliir/ eFuir/ i+", "r "+er=ie +" 'ip"e "$, +e &e i +e er pr"vi'e' i +e C"'e# Te eprei" G" re&eivi re&eivi u&  rep"r+G rep"r+G evi'e+l/ evi'e+l/ re$er +" +e re&eip+ "$  rep"r+ &"+epl+e' &"+epl+e' i Se&+i" Se&+i" 157(2), 157(2), 8e&ue +e Fue+i" "$ 'ire&+i  ive+i+i" 8/ +e i+r+e &"+ rie i puru&e "$ +e rep"r+ re$erre' +" u'er Su8:e&+i" Su8:e&+i" (1) "$ Se&+i" 157 i+i+i 157 i+i+i ++ +e p"li&e "$$i&er  pr"&ee'e' =i+ +e ive+i+i" ei+er i per" "r 8/ 'epu+i / "e "$ i u8"r'i+e "$$i&er# Ti C"ur+ i S#!# Sr v# ipe .ur Ti=ri ' r# A!>SC01<21970 A!>SC01<21970 =ile  =ile i+erpre+i +e &"pe "$ Se&+i" 159 "$ 159 "$ +e C"'e  ++e' +u* Ti Se&+i" $ir+ e+i" e+i" +e p"=er "$ +e i+r+e i+r+e +" 'ire&+  ive+i+i" ive+i+i" " re&eivi re&eivi +e rep"r+ rep"r+ >'er Se&+i" 157, 157, ' +e ++e +e l+er+ive ++, i$ e +i $i+, e / + "&e pr"&ee', "r 'epu+e / i+r+e u8"r'i+e +" i +" pr"&ee', +" "l'  preliir/ eFuir/ i+", "r "+er=ie +" 'ip"e "$, +e &e#  +e $&e "$ i+, +e $ir+ l+er+ive "$ 'ire&+i  ive+i+i" &"+ rie i  &e =ere +e rep"r+ i+el$ "= ++ ive+ ive+i i+i" +i"  8/ +e p"li&e i "i "i " i &&"r' &&"r'&e &e =i+ =i+ Se&+i" Se&+i"  156# 156# I+ i +" 8e "+i&e' ++ +e e&"' l+er+ive '"e "+ ive +e i+r+e  uFuli$ie' p"=er +" pr"&ee' iel$ "r 'epu+e / i+r+e +" "l' +e preliir/ eFuir/# T+ p"=er i pre&e'e' 8/ +e &"'i+i" ++ e / '" ", Gi$ e +i $i+G# Te ue "$ +i eprei" e i+ &ler ++ Se&+i" 159 i 159 i priril/ e+ +" ive +" +e i+r+e +e p"=er "$ 'ire&+i  ive+i+i" i &e =ere +e p"li&e 'e&i'e "+ +" ive+i+e +e &e u'er +e pr"vi" +" Se&+i" 157(1), 157(1), ' i+ i i +"e &e ++, i$ +i $i+, e & &""e +e e&"' l+er+ive# 3<# Te -riv/ C"u&il i Eper"r v# .=? !@ir A' A!>-R00071944 A!>-R00071944 =ile  =ile 'eli =i+ +e ++u+"r/ ri+ "$ +e p"li&e >'er Se&+i" 154  154  ' 156 "$ +e C"'e =i+i i+ pr"vi&e "$ ive+i+ ive+i+i" i" "$  &"i@8le &"i@8le "$$e&e  'e +e $"ll"=i "8erv+i"* ###" i+ i "$ +e l"+ ip"r+&e ++ +e ?u'i&ir/ "ul' "+ i+er$ere =i+ +e p"li&e i ++er =i& re =i+i +eir pr"vi&e ' i+" =i& +e l= ip"e up" +e +e 'u+/ "$ eFuir/# I I'i   8ee "= +ere i  ++u+"r/ ri+ " +e pr+ "$ +e p"li&e +" ive+i+e +e &ir&u+&e "$  llee' &"i@8le &rie =i+"u+ reFuiri / u+"ri+/ $r" +e ?u'i&il u+"ri+ie, ' i+ ="ul',  +eir L"r'ip +i, 8e  u$"r+u+e reul+ i$ i+ "ul' 8e el' p"i8le +" i+er$ere =i+ +"e ++u+"r/ ri+ 8/  eer&ie "$ +e iere+ ?uri'i&+i" "$ +e C"ur+# C"ur+# Te $u&+i" $u&+i" "$ +e ?u'i&ir/ ?u'i&ir/ ' +e p"li&e re &"plee+ &"plee+r/ r/ "+ "verlppi "verlppi ' +e &"8i+i" &"8i+i" "$ i'ivi'ul li8er+/ =i+  'ue "8erv&e "$ l= ' "r'er i "l/ +" 8e "8+ie' 8/ levi e& +" eer&ie i+ "= $u&+i", l=/, "$ &"ure, u8?e&+ +" +e ri+ "$ +e C"ur+ +" i+ervee i  ppr"pri+e &e =e "ve' >'er Se&+i" 491, Criil -#C# +" ive 'ire&+i" i +e +ure "$ 8e &"rpu# I u&  &e  +e pree+, "=ever, +e C"ur+ $u&+i" 8ei =e  &re i pre$erre' 8e$"re i+ ' "+ u+il +e# < 39# Ju+i&e %#A# %ei pei $"r +e e& i S++e "$ ir ' Ar# v# J#A#C# Sl' ' r# (l8ei+) =ile 'eli =i+ +e p"=er "$ ive+i+i" "$  p"li&e "$$i&er  &"+epl+e' i Se&+i" 156 "$ 156 "$ +e Cr-C  ++e' +u* Tere i  &ler:&u+ ' =ell 'er&+e' pere "$ &+ivi+/ i +e $iel' "$ &rie 'e+e&+i" ' &rie puie+# Ive+i+i" "$  "$$e&e i +e $iel' e&luivel/ reerve' $"r +e ee&u+ive +r"u +e p"li&e 'epr+e+ +e uperi+e'e&e "ver =i& ve+ i +e S++e "vere+# Te ee&u+ive =i& i &re' =i+  'u+/ +" eep viil&e "ver l= ' "r'er i+u+i" i "8lie' +" preve+ &rie ' i$  "$$e&e i llee' +" ve 8ee &"i++e' i+ i i+ 8"u'e 'u+/ +" ive+i+e i+" +e "$$e&e ' 8ri +e "$$e'er +" 8""# &e i+ ive+i+e ' $i'  "$$e&e vi 8ee &"i++e' i+ i i+ 'u+/ +" &"lle&+ evi'e&e $"r +e purp"e "$ pr"vi +e "$$e&e# &e ++ i &"ple+e' ' +e ive+i+i "$$i&er u8i+ rep"r+ +" +e C"ur+ reFue+i +e C"ur+ +" +e &"i@&e "$ +e "$$e&e >'er Se&+i" 190 "$ 190 "$ +e C"'e i+ 'u+/ &" e +"  e'# 40# See l" A8i' v# %ie A!>SC00541967 A!>SC00541967## 41# Te &"re "$ +e 8"ve Se&+i" el/ 156, 156, 157 ' 157 ' 159 "$ 159 "$ +e C"'e i ++ i$  p"li&e "$$i&er  re" +" upe&+ +e &"ii" "$  &"i@8le "$$e&e, e u+ ei+er pr"&ee' =i+ +e ive+i+i" "r &ue  ive+i+i" +" 8e pr"&ee'e' =i+ 8/ i u8"r'i+e; ++ i  &e =ere +e p"li&e "$$i&er ee " u$$i&ie+ r"u' $"r ive+i+i", ive+i+i", e & 'ipee =i+ +e ive+i+i" ive+i+i" l+"e+er; l+"e+er; ++ +e $iel' "$ ive+i+ ive+i+i" i" "$ / &"i@8le &"i@8le "$$e&e i e&luivel/ e&luivel/ =i+i +e '"i '"i "$ +e ive+i+i ive+i+i  e&ie e&ie "ver =i& +e C"ur+ C"ur+ &"+ ve &"+r"l ' ve " p"=er +" +i$le "r ipie up" +e pr"&ee'i i +e ive+i+i" " l"  +e ive+i+i" pr"&ee' i &"pli&e =i+ +e pr"vii" rel+i +" ive+i+i" ' ++ i+ i "l/ i  &e =erei  p"li&e "$$i&er 'e&i'e "+ +" ive+i+e  "$$e&e, +e &"&ere' i+r+e & i+ervee ' ei+er 'ire&+  ive+i+i" "r i +e l+er+ive, i$ e +i $i+, e iel$ &, + "&e pr"&ee' "r 'epu+e / i+r+e u8"r'i+e +" i +" pr"&ee' +" "l'  preliir/ iFuir/ i+" "r "+er=ie +" 'ip"e "$ +e &e i +e er pr"vi'e' i +e C"'e# 42# Be ll "= eie  +" =+ re +e reFuiree+ +" 8e +i$ie' 8/  $$i&er i&re "$  p"li&e ++i" 8e$"re e e+er i+" +e rel "$ ive+i+i" "$  &"i@8le "$$e&e $+er +e +e "$ rei+r+i" "$ +e "$$e&e >'er Se&+i" 154(1)# 154(1)# Be ve lre'/ lre'/ $"u' ++ +e p"li&e ve >'er Se&+i" 154(1) "$ 154(1) "$ +e C"'e  ++u+"r/ 'u+/ +" rei+er  &"i@8le "$$e&e ' +ere$+er >'er Se&+i" 156(1)  156(1)  ++u+"r/ ri+ +" ive+i+e / &"i@8le &e =i+"u+ reFuiri &+i" "$  i+r+e# "=ever, +e i' ++u+"r/ ri+ +" ive+i+e  &"i@8le &"i@8le "$$e&e i u8?e&+ u8?e&+ +" +e $ul$ile $ul$ile++ "$  prereFuii+ prereFuii+e e &"'i+i", &"'i+i", &"+epl+e' &"+epl+e' i Se&+i" Se&+i" 157(1)# 157(1)# Te &"'i+ &"'i+i" i" i ++ ++ +e "$$i&e "$$i&err i&r i&re e "$  p"li&e p"li&e ++i" ++i"  8e$"re 8e$"re pr"&ee pr"&ee'i 'i  +" ive+ ive+i i+e +e +e $&+ ' &ir&u+&e "$ +e &e "ul' ve Gre" +" upe&+G +e &"ii" "$  "$$e&e =i& e i ep"=ere' >'er Se&+i" 156 +" 156 +" ive+i+e# Se&+i" 135 "$ +e Cr-C "$ 1<61 (A&+ HHD "$ 1<61) reFuire' +e p"li&e "$$i&er " re&eip+ "$  &"pli+ "r i$"r+i" &"+i+u+i / "$ +e "$$e&e pe&i$ie' i &"lu 3 "$ +e &e'ule ee ee' ' +" ++ ++ A&+ "ul' "ul' pr"&ee pr"&ee' ' =i+ =i+ +e ive+i ive+i+i" +i", , 8u+ +i C"'e C"'e 'i' "+ reFuire reFuire +e &"'i+i" &"'i+i" "$ e+er+ e+er+i ii i +e re" re" +" upe&+ upe&+ +e &"i &"ii" i"  "$  "$$e& "$$e&e e 8e$"re 8e$"re &"e &"e&i &i  +e ive+ ive+i i+i" +i"# # Su8eFue+l/, i +e Cr-C "$ 1<72  pr"vii", el/, Se&+i" 114 =i& 114 =i& = "re "r le iilr +" +e pree+ Se&+i" Se&+i"  157(1) = i+r"'u&e' i+r"'u&e' =i& pr"vii" reFuire' reFuire' +e p"li&e p"li&e "$$i&er "$$i&er +" ve Gre" +" upe&+G +e &"ii" "$  &"i@8le "$$e&e 8e$"re e pr"&ee'e' +" ive+i+e +e $&+ ' &ir&u+&e "$ +e &e# Tere$+er i +e Cr-C "$ 1<<2  pr"vii", el/, Se&+i" 157 =i& 157 =i& = i'e+i&l +" ++ "$ +e pree+ Se&+i" 157 e&ep+ 157 e&ep+ $"r "e vri+i" i +e l++er pr+ "$ ++ Se&+i" = i+r"'u&e' =i& pr"vii" l" reFuire' +e p"li&e "$$i&er +" ve Gre" +" upe&+G +e &"ii" "$  &"i@8le "$$e&e# / i+ 8e "+e' ++ +e L= C"ii" "$ I'i i i+ 41+ rep"r+ epree' i+ "pii" ++ Se&+i" 157 'i' 157 'i' "+ &ll $"r / e'e+# 43# Te eprei" Gre" +" upe&+G  "&&uri i Se&+i" 157(1) i 157(1) i "+ Fuli$ie'  i Se&+i" 41() 41() ' () "$ +e C"'e, =erei +e eprei", Gre"8le upi&i"G i ue'# Tere$"re, i+  8e&"e iper+ive +" $i' "u+ +e ei ei "$ +e ="r' ="r' Gre" Gre"  +" upe&+ upe&+GG =i& =i& ="r' ="r' re ppre ppre+l +l/ / &ler, &ler, pli ' u8i u8iu"u u"u# # C"i'eri C"i'eri +e &"+e+ ' +e "8?e&+ "8?e&+ "$ +e pr"&e'url pr"&e'url pr"vii" i Fue+i", =e re "$ +e vie= ++ "l/ +e pli ei rule i +" 8e '"p+e' "  +" v"i' / r'ip "r 8ur'i+/ reul+i +ere$r" ' +e ="r' re ue' ' l" +" 8e u'er+""' "l/ i &"" prl&e# Be /, i +i 8el$, re$er +"  'e&ii" "$ +e -riv/ C"u&il i -l !r/=i v# Eper"r A!>-R00011939 A!>-R00011939 =erei  =erei L"r' A+i i'  $"ll"=* Be +e ei "$ +e ="r' i pli, i+ i "+ +e 'u+/ "$ C"ur+ +" 8u/ +eelve =i+ upp"e' i+e+i"#### I+, +ere$"re, pper i'ii8le +" &"i'er +e 'v+e "r 'i'v+e "$ ppl/i +e pli ei =e+er i +e i+ere+ "$ +e pr"e&u+i" "r && ue'# 44# Te ="r' Supe&+ i lei&ll/ 'e$ie' i Be8+er Tir' I+er+i"l %i&+i"r/  $"ll"=* Supe&+:+" l"" up +, upe&+; +e &+ "$ upe&+i "r +e &"'i+i" "$ 8ei upe&+e'### +" ve '"u8+ "$; 8e 'u8i"u "r upi&i" 8"u+; (2) +" iie ("e) +" 8e uil+/ "r &ulp8le " li+ evi'e&e "r =i+"u+ pr""$### (3) +" iie +" 8e "r 8e +rue, liel/ "r pr"88le* ve  upi&i", i+i+i" "r ili "$# 9 45# I C"rpu Juri Se&"'e' (D"l# <3) + pe 923 +e ei "$ +e ="r' Supe&+ i ive +u* Te +er upe&+, =i& i "+ +e&i&l, i 'e$ie'  ei +" iie +" ei+; ve "e, l+"u iu$$i&ie+, r"u' $"r i$erri; l" +" ve  vue " +i" "$ +e ei+e&e "$, =i+"u+ 'eFu+e pr""$; i+ru+; urie# I+  8ee 'i+iuie' $r" 8elieve# 46# I +e e v"lue, +e eprei" Gupi&i"G i 'e$ie' + pe 927  $"ll"=* Te &+ "$ upe&+i "r +e ++e "$ 8ei upe&+e'; +e ii+i", eerll/ "$ "e+i ill; +e ii+i" "$ +e ei+e&e "$ "e+i =i+"u+ pr""$, "r up" ver/ li+ evi'e&e, "r up" " evi'e&e + ll#### 47# I ="r' ' -re (-ere+ E'i+i" 40A) + pe 5 90, +e ="r' upi&i" i 'e$ie' +u* Supi&i" iplie  8elie$ "r "pii"  +" uil+, 8e' " $&+ "r &ir&u+&e =i& '" "+ "u+ +" pr""$# S&$$i'" v# S++e 254 !#B# 651# Te ++e "$ i' =i& i  re"8le  ="ul' le' +" iFuir/ i &lle' ere upi&i"# S+ur+ v# rer,  "$ Cu8 Ci+/ 117 !#B# <20# Ai + pe 591 +e i' ="r' i ep"u'e'  $"ll"=* Te ="r' upi&i" i 'e$ie'  8ei +e ii+i" "$ +e ei+e&e "$ "e+i =i+"u+ pr""$, "r up" ver/ li+ evi'e&e, "r up" " evi'e&e + ll# C"" v# Sier Se=i &# C"# 32 -# 2' 430, 431, 13< Cl# App# 41<# 4<# See l" l" Eper Eper"r "r v# Dil8 Dil8i i %ep'e %ep'e A!>-R00091946 A!>-R00091946;; >i+e' S++e v# C"r+e@ 66 L#E'# 2' (>S)(SCR)623 (II (A (3); ' %lli" v# C$$er/ [1964] 2All E#R# 610# 49# e "ul' "+ l"e i+ "$ +e $&+ ++ Se&+i" 157(1) reFuire 157(1) reFuire +e p"li&e "$$i&er +" ve re" +" upe&+ "l/ =i+ rer' +" +e &"ii" "$  "$$e&e =i& e i ep"=ere' >'er Se&+i" 156 +" 156 +" ive+i+e, 8u+ "+ =i+ rer' +" +e iv"lvee+ "$  &&ue' i +e &rie# Tere$"re, +e eprei" Gre" +" upe&+ +e &"ii" "$  "$$e&eG ="ul' e +e &i+/ "$ r+i"ll/ i$erri +e &"ii" "$  &"i@8le "$$e&e 8e' " +e pe&i$i& r+i&ul+e $&+ e+i"e' i +e ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+  =ell i +e Aeure, i$ /, e&l"e' e&l"e' ' / ++e'i ++e'i &ir&u+& &ir&u+&e e =i& / "+ "u+ "u+ +" pr""$# pr""$# I "+er ="r', +e ei "$ +e eprei" Gre" +" upe&+G  +" 8e "vere' ' 'i&++e' 8/ +e $&+ ' &ir&u+&e "$ e& &e ' + ++ +e +e Fue+i" "$ 'eFu+e pr""$ "$ $&+ llee' i +e $ir+ i$"r+i" rep"r+ '"e "+ rie# I +i &"e&+i", &"e&+i", =e ="ul' lie +" re&ll  "8erv+i" "8erv+i" "$ +i C"ur+ 'e i S++e S++e "$ u?r+ u?r+ v# "ll "ll J# -"r=l -"r=l A!>SC02<<19<7 =ile A!>SC02<<19<7  =ile i+erpre+i +e eprei" re"8le 8elie$# I+ ru +u* Be+er "r "+ +e "$$i&er &"&ere' ' e+er+ie' re"8le 8elie$ u'er +e &ir&u+&e i "+  ++er =i& & 8e pl&e' u'er lel i&r"&"pe, =i+  "ver:i'ule+ e/e =i& ee " evil /=ere =i+i +e re "$ i+ e/ei+# Te &ir&u+&e ve +" 8e vie=e' $r" +e eperie&e' e/e "$ +e "$$i&er =" i =ell eFuippe' +" i+erpre+ +e upi&i"u &ir&u+&e ' +" $"r  re"8le 8elie$ i +e li+ "$ +e i' &ir&u+&e# 50# See l" -ur? v# %#R# ."li [1962] 3 SCR <66# 51# Reul++l/, +e &"'i+i" pre&e'e+ +" +e &"e&ee+ "$ +e ive+i+i" >'er Se&+i" 157(1) "$ 157(1) "$ +e C"'e i +e ei+e&e ei+e&e "$ +e re" +" upe&+ +e &"ii" &"ii" "$  &"i@8le &"i@8le "$$e&e "$$e&e =i&  +" 8e, pri $&ie 'i&l"e' 8/ +e lle+i" 'e i +e $ir+ i$"r+i" li' 8e$"re +e p"li&e "$$i&er >'er Se&+i" 154(1)# 154(1)# 52# I S++e "$ Be+ el ' r# v# S=p .ur u ' r# (l8ei+) C'r&u', C#J# =ile reei =i+ +e ?u'e+ ?u'e+ "$ Ju+i&e Ju+i&e A#!# Se =i+ =i& ?u'e+ ?u'e+ Ju+i&e Dr'r? Dr'r? l" ree',  epree' epree' i vie= i i epr+e ?u'e+ " +e 8"ve p"i+ u'er 'i&ui"  $"ll"=* Te p"i+i" p"i+i" =i& eere eere $r" +ee 'e&ii" ' +e "+er 'e&ii" 'e&ii" =i& re 'i&ue' 'i&ue' 8/ 8r"+er 8r"+er A#!# Se i ++ +e &"'i+i" pre&e'e+ +" +e &"e&ee+ "$ ive+i+i" >'er Se&+i" 157 "$ 157 "$ +e C"'e i ++ +e IR u+ 'i&l"e, pri $&ie, ++  &"i@8le "$$e&e  8ee &"i++e'# I+ i =r" +" upp"e ++ +e p"li&e p"li&e ve  u$e++ere' u$e++ere' 'i&re+i" 'i&re+i" +" &"e&e &"e&e ive+i+i" ive+i+i" >'er Se&+i" 157 "$ 157 "$ +e C"'e# Teir ri+ "$ eFuir/ i &"'i+i"e' 8/ +e ei+e&e "$ re" +" upe&+ +e &"ii" "$  &"i@8le "$$e&e ' +e/ &"+, re"8l/, ve re" " +" upe&+ ule +e #I#R#, pri $&ie, 'i&l"e +e &"ii" "$ u& "$$e&e# 10 53# A p"i+e' "u+ i +e erlier pr+ "$ +i ?u'e+, Se&+i" 157(1) i 157(1) i Fuli$ie' 8/  pr"vi" =i& i i +=" pr+ () ' (8)# Clue () "$ +e pr"vi" pr"vi" i "l/  e8li pr"vii" pr"vii" =i+ =i& =e re "+ ver/ u& &"&ere'# &"&ere'# "=ever, Clue (8) "$ +e i' pr"vi" ip"e  $e++er "  p"li&e "$$i&er 'ire&+i i "+ +" ive+i+e  &e =ere i+ pper +" i ++ +ere i " u$$i&ie+ r"u' i e+eri "  ive+i+i"# A Clue (8) "$ +e pr"vi" peri+ +e p"li&e "$$i&er +" +i$/ iel$ 8"u+ +e u$$i&ie&/ "$ +e r"u' eve 8e$"re e+eri "  ive+i+i", i+ p"+ul+e ++ +e p"li&e "$$i&er  +" 'r= i +i$&+i" "l/ " +e +eril =i& =ere pl&e' 8e$"re i + ++ +e, el/, +e $ir+ i$"r+i" +"e+er =i+ +e '"&ue+, i$ /, e&l"e'# I "+er ="r', +e p"li&e "$$i&er  +" +i$/ iel$ "l/ " +e lle+i" e+i"e' i +e $ir+ i$"r+i" 8e$"re e e+er "  ive+i+i"  +" =e+er +"e lle+i" '" & "+i+u+e  &"i@8le "$$e&e =rr+i  ive+i+i"# 54# r" +e 8"ve 'i&ui", i+ i pellu&i' ++ +e &"e&ee+ "$ ive+i+i" 8/  p"li&e "$$i&er i u8?e&+ +" +=" &"'i+i", $ir+l/, +e p"li&e "$$i&er "ul' ve re" +" upe&+ +e &"ii" "$  &"i@8le "$$e&e  reFuire' 8/ Se&+i" 157(1) ' 157(1) ' e&"'l/, +e p"li&e "$$i&er "ul' u8?e&+ivel/ +i$/ iel$  +" =e+er +ere i u$$i&ie+ r"u' $"r e+eri "  ive+i+i" eve 8e$"re e +r+  ive+i+i" i+" +e $&+ ' &ir&u+&e "$ +e &e  &"+epl+e' u'er Clue ( 8) "$ +e pr"vi" +" Se&+i" 157(1) "$ 157(1) "$ +e C"'e# 55# Te e+ p"i+ $"r &"i'er+i &"i'er+i" " i =e+er =e+er Se&+i" 157 "$ +e C"'e ive +e p"li&e "$$i&er "$$i&er &r+e 8l&e 'r=i " lel 8"u' i +e pr"vi&e "$ ive+i+i" ' =e+er +e p"=er "$ +e p"li&e "$$i&er i +e $iel' "$ ive+i+i" re ="ll/ iue $r" ?u'i&il revie= 8ili+/# 56# Te 8"ve Fue+i" ve 8ee eie' 8/ +e C"ur+ " everl "&&i" ' +e/ ve 8/ ?u'i&il pr""u&ee+ &rve' "u+  re, lii+e' +"u i+ 8e, =i+i =i& +e leli+/ "$ +e eer&ie "$ p"=er 8/ p"li&e "$$i&er i +e rel "$ ive+i+i" ' /e+ 8e u8?e&+e' +" ?u'i&il revie=8ili+/ ' &ru+i/ ' +e iui+/ e?"/e' 8/ +e p"li&e "$$i&er i "l/  &"'i+i"l iui+/# Te -riv/ C"u&il i !@ir A' &e (l8ei+) +"u  rule' ++ i+ i "$ +e u+"+ ip"r+&e ++ +e ?u'i&ir/ "ul' "+ i+er$ere =i+ +e p"li&e i ++er =i& re =i+i +eir pr"vi&e  pr"vi'e'  e&ep+i" +" ++ 8"ve "8erv+i" +" +e e$$e&+ ++ i$ " &"i@8le "$$e&e "r " &e "$ / i' i 'i&l"e', +e p"li&e ="ul' ve " u+"ri+/ +" u'er+e +e ive+i+i"# 57# Ti C"ur+ " everl "&&i"  epree' i+ &"&er $"r per"l li8er+/ "$  &i+i@e ' l"  ive =ri 8"u+ +e eri"u &"eFue&e ++ ="ul' $l"= =e +ere i ":"8erv&e "$ pr"&e'ure 8/ +e p"li&e =ile eer&ii +eir u$e++ere' u+"ri+/# ?e'r'r, J pei $"r +e e& i R#-# .pur v# Te S++e "$ -u?8 A!>SC00<61960 A!>SC00<61960 ++e  ++e  $"ll"=* I+ i "$ u+"+ ip"r+&e ++ ive+i+i" i+" &riil "$$e&e u+ l=/ 8e $ree $r" / "8?e&+i"8le $e+ure "r i$iri+ie =i& / lei+i+el/ le' +" +e riev&e "$ +e &&ue' ++ +e ="r "$ ive+i+i" i &rrie' " u$irl/ ' =i+ / u l+eri"r "+ive# 5<# .ri I/er, J# i !'ii S+p+/ v# -#L# %i ' Ar# A!>SC0139197< A!>SC0139197<    epree' i vie= +u* ### p"li&e "$$i&er =" i "+ +"" pre&ie, +"" ei+ive ' +"" &"+i+u+i"ll/ &"&ie+i"u i p+ +" +rple u'er $""+ +e ur+ee' ri+ " $ +e+i"il +&i+e# 59# rv, J# pei $"r +e e& i S#!# Sr v# ipe .ur Ti=ri ' r# (l8ei+)  ++e' +u* I+ pper +" u ++, +"u +e Cr-C ive +" +e p"li&e u$e++ere' p"=er +" ive+i+e ll &e =ere +e/ upe&+ ++  &"i@8le "$$e&e  8ee &"i++e', i ppr"pri+e &e  rieve' per" & l=/ ee  ree'/ ree'/ 8/ iv"i iv"i +e p"=er "$ +e i C"ur+ u'er Ar+i&le Ar+i&le 226 "$ 226 "$ +e C"+i+u+i" u'er =i&, i$ +e i C"ur+ &"ul' 8e &"vi&e' ++ +e p"=er "$ ive+i+i"  8ee eer&ie' 8/  p"li&e "$$i&er l $i'e, +e i C"ur+ & l=/ iue  =ri+ "$ 'u re+rii +e p"li&e "$$i&er $r" iui i lel p"=er# Te $&+ ++ +e C"'e '"e "+ &"+i / "+er pr"vii" ivi p"=er +"  i+r+e +" +"p ive+i+i" 8/ +e p"li&e &"+ 8e  r"u' $"r "l'i ++ u&  p"=er u+ 8e re' i Se&+i" 159 "$ 159 "$ +e C"'e# 60# +e=, J# i i ?"ri+/ ?u'e+ i -r8u %/l %e"r+ e+&# e+&# v# Te %i+ri&+ i+r+e, .rup ' r# A!>SC00561973 A!>SC00561973 =ile  =ile epii +e preerv+i" "$ per"l li8er+/  epree' i vie= +u* Be /, ' =e +i i+ i e&er/ +" repe+, ++ +e rvi+/ "$ +e evil +" +e &"ui+/ reul+i $r" +i"&il &+ivi+ie & ever $uri  'eFu+e re" $"r iv'i +e per"l li8er+/ "$  &i+i@e, e&ep+ i &&"r'&e =i+ +e pr"&e'ure e+8lie' 8/ +e C"+i+u+i" ' +e l=# Te i+"r/ "$ per"l li8er+/ i lrel/ +e i+"r/ "$ ii+e&e " "8erv&e "$ pr"&e'ure# 8erv&e "$ pr"&e'ure  8ee +e 8+i" i+ =+" ul+ " per"l li8er+/ "ver +e /er# >'er "ur C"+i+u+i", +e "l/ ur+ee "$ per"l 11 li8er+/ li8er+/ $"r  per" i ++ e ll "+ 8e 'eprive' "$ i+ e&ep+ i &&"r'&e &&"r'&e =i+ +e pr"&e'ure e+8lie' e+8lie' 8/ l=# 61# C'r&u', C#J# i S=p .ur u &e =ile eii +e p"=er "$  p"li&e "$$i&er i +e $iel' "$ ive+i+i" "$  &"i@8le "$$e&e  $$ire' +e vie= epree' 8/ +e=, J ' "8erve'  $"ll"=* Tere i " u& +i lie u$e++ere' 'i&re+i" i +e rel "$ p"=er 'e$ie' 8/ ++u+e ' i'ee', ulii+e' 'i&re+i" i ++ pere & 8e&"e  ru+le 'e+r"/er "$ per"l $ree'"# Te p"=er +" ive+i+e i+" &"i@8le "$$e&e u+, +ere$"re, 8e eer&ie' +ri&+l/ " +e &"'i+i" " =i& i+ i r+e' 8/ +e C"'e# 62# Te u ' u8+&e "$ +e 8"ve 'eli8er+i" reul+ +"  &"&lui" ++ +e ive+i+i" "$  "$$e&e i +e $iel' e&luivel/ reerve' $"r +e p"li&e "$$i&er ="e p"=er i ++ $iel' re u$e++ere' " l"  +e p"=er +" ive+i+e i+" +e &"i@8le "$$e&e i lei+i+el/ eer&ie' i +ri&+ &"pli&e =i+ +e pr"vii" $lli u'er Cp+er HII "$ +e C"'e ' +e C"ur+ re "+ ?u+i$ie' i "8li+er+i +e +r& "$ ive+i+i" =e +e ive+i+i e&ie re =ell =i+i +eir lel 8"u'  $"ree+i"e'# I'ee',  "+i&e8le $e+ure "$ +e &ee u'er Cp+er HID "$ +e C"'e i ++  i+r+e i ep+ i +e pi&+ure + ll +e "$ +e p"li&e ive+i+i" 8u+ e i "+ u+"rie' +" i+er$ere =i+ +e &+ul ive+i+i" "r +" 'ire&+ +e p"li&e "= ++ ive+i+i" i +" 8e &"'u&+e'# u+ i$  p"li&e "$$i&er +rree +e &ir&u&ri8e' lii+ ' ipr"perl/ ' illell/ eer&ie i ive+i+"r/ p"=er i 8re& "$ / ++u+"r/ pr"vii" &ui eri"u pre?u'i&e +" +e per"l li8er+/ ' l" pr"per+/ "$  &i+i@e, +e +e C"ur+ " 8ei ppr"&e' 8/ +e per" rieve' $"r +e re're "$ / riev&e,  +" &"i'er +e +ure ' e+e+ "$ +e 8re& ' p ppr"pri+e "r'er  / 8e &lle' $"r =i+"u+ levi +e &i+i@e +" +e er&/ "$ p"li&e e&el" i&e u 'ii+/ i  'er vlue "$ "ur C"+i+u+i"# !ee' " epi ++ " "e & 'e' 8"lu+e iui+/ eve i$ e i =r" ' &li uFue+i"8le ri+ ' ulii+e' p"=er eer&i8le up+" u$+"8le &""# A/ re&"i+i" "$ u& p"=er =ill 8e ++"u+ +" re&"i+i" "$ %ivie -"=er =i& " u+"ri+/ " er+ & e?"/# 63# ere:+":$"re, =e ve 'el+ =i+ +e i+e'e+ "$ +e vri"u ++u+"r/ pr"vii" rel+i +" +e rei+r+i" "$ +e ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+, +e ++u+"r/ 'u+/ &+ " +e p"li&e "$$i&er +" ive+i+e +e &"i@8le "$$e&e, +e u& u+"ri+/ "$ +e p"li&e "$$i&er i:+e $iel' "$ ive+i+i" ' +e &ir&u&ri8e' lii+ ip"e' " u& u+"ri+/ i +e &"'u&+ "$ ive+i+i"# 64# Te &e+rl iue iv"lve' $"r &ru+i/ i =e+er +e "r'er "$ +e C"ur+ i Fui +e ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+ ' +e pr"&ee'i "$ +e ive+i+i" i lell/ u+i8le ' i$ "+, +" =+ e+e+ +e i' "r'er u$$er $r" lel i$iri+/# 65# r# .# -rr $"r&e$ull/ &"+e'e' ++ +e lle+i" verre' i +e &"pli+ eve i$ +e + +eir $&e vlue ' &&ep+e' i i+ e+ire+/ '" "+ &"+i+u+e  "$$e&e 'e'i ei+er +e rei+r+i" "$  &e "r &"e&ee+ "$  ive+i+i"; ++ i+ ="ul' 8e i$e+l/ u?u+ +" ll"= +e pr"&e'ure "$ &riil l= +" 8e pr"&ee'e' =i+ i+ C# ? Ll ' ++ +e i C"ur+ "  pr"per ppre&i+i" "$ +e +eril pl&e' 8e$"re i+  &"e +"  &"rre&+ ' i'ipu+8le &"&lui" 8e' " +e l"i&l re"i ++ " "$$e&e i 'i&l"e' ' " &e i 'e "u+# A&&"r'i +" i +e lle+i" "$ &"rrup+i" =rppe' i  &"&"" "$ 8iui+/, $li+/ ' vuee 'e"+r+e "l/ +e per"l ' "l' p"li+i&l rivlr/ ++ ei+e' "ver  peri"' 8e+=ee C# %evi Ll ' C# ? Ll r+er + &"+i+u+i  &riil "$$e&e# 66# Rever+i +" +e evere &ri+i&l &re levelle' i+ +e vli'i+/ "$ +e ipue' ?u'e+ ' +e re&rii+i" 'e " 8el$ "$ C# ? Ll, =e ll + +e +re"l' +"i@e +e re" ipu+e' 8/ +e i C"ur+ $"r Fui +e ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+ i +e 8& 'r"p "$ +e lel pri&iple eu&i+e' i +e pre&e'i pr+ "$ +i ?u'e+# 67# Te &"pli+ &"pli+ %r -l  &i+e'  /  20 i+&e i+&e i i &"pli+ &"pli+ =i+  e"r'il "+e ++ C# ? Ll 8e$"re 1969 = "l/   "$ "r'ir/ e =i+"u+ vi / 'e$ii+e "ur&e "$ i&"e ' ++ e $+er 8e&"i  ii+er ' +e  Cie$ ii+er, &&uul+e' e"r"u pr"per+/ ="r+ &r"re "$ rupee u'er '/ +r&+i" i&luive "$ 8ei +r&+i" i +e e "$ i $il/ e8er, rel+ive ' per" &l"e +" i 8/ iui i p"=er ' p"i+i"# A''e' +" ++ i +e $il pr+ "$ +e &"pli+ e  llee' Gei'e +i, ? Ll  "+er pr"per+ie i i e "r 8ei lie re i &ie "$ Sir ' A'pur, A'pur, +ru& +ru& ' &r + A'pu A'purr ' ir ir ' +e8' +e8',, pe+r"l pe+r"l pup + Ar" Ar" "r ' i p"ei "l', ilver ' 'i"' "re+ vlue' 8"u+ R# 5 &r"re =i& re $r 8e/"' +e lel e "$ C# ? Ll#G 6<# "+ i +e Bri+ -e+i+i" (Bri+ -e+i+i" !"# 9172<7) $ile' 8e$"re +e i C"ur+  =ell i +e &"u+er $$i'vi+ $ile' $ile' 8e$"re 8e$"re +i C"ur+, C# ? ? Ll (+e $ir+ rep"'e+ rep"'e+ erei)  ++ep+e' ++ep+e' +" =er +"e lle+i" lle+i" levelle' i+ i 8/ (1) ivi  'e+ile' &&"u+ reveli  &r"i&le "$ +e "l' p"li+i&l rivlr/ ++ ei+e' 8e+=ee i " +e "e ' ' C# %evi Ll ' %r -l " +e "+er '  8rie$ ur/ "$  p+e "$ &rii &riil l &e &e i =i& =i& +e pr+ie pr+ie +" +i +i pr"&ee' pr"&ee'i i ' +eir +eir e =ere e8r"i e8r"ile' le' ' (2) "$$eri "$$eri   12 epl+i" epl+i" +" "e "$ +e lle+i" lle+i"  ' ep+i&ll/ ep+i&ll/ 8?uri +e re+# I upp"r+ "$ i er+i" er+i" 'e " "+ i +e &"u+er $$i'vi+, e  e&l"e' 11 eure# A ''i+i"l $$i'vi+  8ee $ile' 8/ %r -l 8/ =/ "$ pli$i&+i" llei ++ ? Ll i &"+ru&+i  pl+il "ue ="r+ 8"u+ R# 50 l, +e 8uil+: i re "$ =i& i "+ le + 21,100F# $+# 69# %uri +e &"ure "$ +e eri "$ +e &e,  u:u8ere' i+erl"&u+"r/ ppli&+i" i +e Spe&il Leve -e+i+i" e&l"e' =i+  &"p/ "$  u:u8ere' Bri+ -e+i+i" (Civil) "$ 19<< pre$erre' 8e$"re +e i C"ur+ "$ %eli 8/ # u S+eel -v+# L+'#, %:102<, !e= rie' C"l"/, !e= %eli = $ile' " 8el$ "$ %r -l $"r e+8lii +=" $&+ el/ (1) ++ +e $i'i "$ +e i C"ur+ rel+i +" +e I+&e !"# 12 i +e &"pli+ llei ++ +e "ue !"# %:102<, !e= rie' C"l"/ vlui 8"u+ R# 75 l  8ee 8"u+ u'er 8ei +r&+i", "l'i Ti "e lri i+&e "= "= +e l $i'e ' $le ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+ i re&"r'e' i+ +e pe+i+i"er i $li$ie' ' (2) ++ u S+eel -v+# L+'# ' e+ere' i+"  reee+ "$ le '+e' 22#9#19<< =i+ r# R"i i"i (=" i +e 7+ rep"'e+ i +e i' =ri+ pe+i+i" ' =" i "e "+er + +e 'u+er "$ C# ? Ll) i repe&+ "$ +e 8"ve pr"per+/ el/ %:102<, !e= rie' C"l"/, !e= %eli $"r  &"i'er+i" "$ R# 40 l plu uere' i&ree p/8le +" +e %#%#A# =i& + pree+ e$$e&+ive r+e ="r "u+ +" R# 14,05,515# 70 #r# Ci'8r +""  +r" "8?e&+i" ++i ++ +ee u+e+e' lle+i" re i+r"'u&e' "l/ +" pre?u' pre?u'i&e i&e +e C"ur+ C"ur+ ', ', +ere$ +ere$"re "re,, +e C"ur+ C"ur+ "ul' "ul' re$ri re$ri $r" $r" &"i' &"i'eri eri  +ee +ee lle lle+i" +i"# # Be / +ri+=/ / ++ =e '" "+ +e "+e "$ +ee e= lle+i"  =e re "+ &lle' up" + +i +e +" e8r up"  eFuir/ =e+er +e lle+i" i +e ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+ re reli8le "r "+ ' +ereup" +" re'er  $i'i =e+er / "$ +e lle+i" i pr"ve'# Tee re ++er =i& &  8e eie' "l/ 8/ +e &"&ere' C"ur+ $+er +e e+ire +eril re pl&e' 8e$"re i+ "  +"r"u ive+i+i"# 71# A p"i+e' "u+ erlier " &"u+er = $ile' 8e$"re +e i C"ur+ " 8el$ "$ +e $ir+ ppell+ (+e S++e "$ r/), 8u+ "l/ +e e&"' ' +ir' ppell+ $ile' epr+e =ri++e ++ee+ +  l+er +e il/ &"+e'i ++ i+ i ="ll/ pre+ure +" ive / repl/ =i+ rer' +" +e vere+ 'e i +e Bri+ -e+i+i"# Te i C"ur+ =e+ i 'e+il "$ +e "+ive llee' 8/ C# ? Ll ' +e eie' +e lle+i" i +e li+ "$ +e u+e+e' epl+i" ' 'eil 'e 8/ ? Ll ' $ill/ &"&lu'e' ++ GTe &re levelle' i +e &"pli+ Aeure -:9 8/ rep"'e+ !"# 5 i+ +e p e+i+i"er re, +ere$"re, ll r"u'le#G Si&e =e ve lre'/ repr"'u&e' "e "$ +e "8erv+i" "$ +e i C"ur+ i +e erlier p"r+i" "$ +i ?u'e+, i+ i ue&er/ +" repr"'u&e +e i +i &"e&+i"# Te ipue' ?u'e+ pell "u+ ++ +e lere' Ju'e "$ +e i C"ur+ ' $el+ ++ +e ":$ili "$  =ri++e ++ee+ 8/  &"pe+e+ u+"ri+/ "$ +e S++e "vere+ 8/ =/ "$ repl/ +" +e vere+ 'e i +e Bri+ -e+i+i" i  eri"u $l= " +e pr+ "$ ppell+ '  u& +e vere+ "$ C# ? Ll "ul' 8e el'  vi 'ipr"ve' +e e+ire &rii+i" llee' i +e #I#R# Te 8"ve vie= "$ +e i C"ur+ i "ur "pii", i ei+er &"&eiv8le "r &"preei8le# ur+er " 'vere i$ere&e i$ere&e &"ul' 8e 'r= " +e ere ":$ili ":$ili "$  =ri++e =ri++e ++ee+ ++ee+ 8/ +e S++e "$ r/ i &e "$ +i +ure epe&ill/ =e +e ++er rel+e +" eri"u 'ipu+e' $&+, /e+ +" 8e ive+i+e'# A ri+l/ p"i+e' "u+ 8/ r# R?i'er S&r +e +e i pre:+ure '  u& +e "vere+ &"ul' "+ 8e epe&+e' +" ve i i+ p"ei" ll +e 'e+il i upp"r+ "$ +e lle+i" 'e i +e &"pli+ 8e$"re / eFuir/ "r ive+i+i" i lu&e' ' &"ple+e'# Siilrl/, +e ppell+ 2 ' 3 =" re "l/ p"li&e "$$i&il l" &"+ 8e epe&+e' +" ive  'e+ile' repl/ +" +e vere+ 'e i +e Bri+ -e+i+i" =e +e ive+i+i"  "+ + ll pr"&ee'e' =i+# I+ =ill 8e ppr"pri+e +" re$er +"  'e&ii" "$ +i C"ur+ i S++e "$ ir ' Ar# v# J#A#C# Sl' ' r# A!>SC02531979 =erei A!>SC02531979  =erei +i C"ur+  'ippr"ve' +e eer&ie "$ +e e+r:"r'ir/ p"=er "$ +e i C"ur+ i iui  prer"+ive =ri+ Fui +e pr"e&u+i" "lel/ " +e 8i "$ +e vere+ 'e i +e $$i'vi+ i +e $"ll"=i ="r'* Te i C"ur+ i eer&ie "$ +e e+r"r'ir/ ?uri'i&+i" &"i++e'  rve err"r 8/ i "8erv+i" " eri"ul/ 'ipu+e' Fue+i" "$ $&+ +i i+ &ue $r" $$i'vi+ =i& i u&  i+u+i" ="ul' r'l/ pr"vi'e / reli8le +eril# I "ur "pii" +e i C"ur+ = &lerl/ i err"r i ivi +e 'ire&+i" vir+ull/ "u+i +"  'u +" &l"e +e &e 8e$"re +e ive+i+i" i &"ple+e# Be / " "re# 72# I+ i +rue ++ "e "$ +e lle+i" '" u$$er $r" i+/ vuee ' l& "$ pr+i&ulr# ur+er  ure' 8/ r# -rr, +ere re " pe&i$i& vere+ ++ ei+er C# ? Ll "r i rel+i" ' $rie' ' " "ur&e "$ i&"e +" &&uul+e +e pr"per+ie "= +'i i +eir e ' ++ C# ? Ll "=e' / $v"ur +" +e 8/ iui i "$$i&il p"=er# I "ur &"i'ere' vie=, +ee re ll ++er =i& ="ul' 8e eie' "l/ 'uri +e &"ure "$ ive+i+i" ' +ere$+er 8/ +e &"ur+ " +e +eril &"lle&+e' ' pl&e' 8e$"re i+ 8/ +e ive+i+i e&ie# Te Fue+i" =e+er +e rel+i" ' $rie' "$ C# ? Ll ve i'epe'e+l/ pur&e' +e pr"per+ie "u+ "$ +eir "= $u' "r "+ l" &"+ 8e 'e&i'e' 8/ +e C"ur+ + +i +e " +e 'eil ++ee+ "$ ? Ll l"e# 73# Bile r# R?i'er S&r ' r# r +"" u& pi +" "= ++ +e re" ive 8/ +e i C"ur+ i repe&+ "$ e& "$ +e i+&e re "+ lell/ u+i8le, r# -rr u8i++e'  +8ulr ++ee+ 8/ li+i "u+ e& "$ +e i+&e "$ +e llee' &"rrup+i" i'i&+e' i +e &"pli+, +e epl+i" ive i +e Bri+ -e+i+i"  =ell  i +e &"u+er $$i'vi+ rel+e' +ere+" ' +e repl/ i +e re?"i'er ' ure' ++ +e 13 lle+i" i +e #I#R# re "+i 8u+  &"l"er+i" "$ &lu/ ' $le""'# A +e e+ire ++er +' "l/ + +e +e "$ +e rei+r+i" "$ +e &e ' +e ive+i+i"  "+ + ll pr"&ee'e' =i+ " &&"u+ "$ +e "r'er "$ +/ r+e' 8/ +e i C"ur+, =e '" "+ i+e' "r pr"p"e +" eie +e +ru+ "r "+er=ie "$ e& "$ +e i+&e i ippe+ $"r ' +ere$+er +ri +e +"e+er ' epre / "pii" ei+er =/, i&e i "ur vie= / u& "pii" / $$e&+ +e &e "$ ei+er pr+/ "r &ripple +e &"ure "$ ive+i+i"# 74# A rue+ = 'v&e' 8/ r# -rr u8i++i ++ +e pr"p"i+i" "$ l= li' '"= 8/ +i C"ur+ i S=p .ur u &e (l8ei+) "l'i ++ G+e lel p"i+i" pper +" 8e ++ i$  "$$e&e i 'i&l"e', +e C"ur+ =ill "+ "rll/ i+er$ere =i+  ive+i+i" i+" +e &eG &lerl/ "= ++ +i C"ur+  &rve' "u+  re =erei +e C"ur+ & i+er$ere i &riil pr"&ee'i + / +e i$ &ir&u+&e " =rr+ ' Fu +e e# e' " +e 8"ve pr"p"i+i" "$ l=, e ++e ++  +e lle+i" i +e pree+ &e =i& 'e"+r8l/ "= +" 8e pe&ul+ive ' $le +e ?u'e+ "$ +e i C"ur+ Fui +e pr"&ee'i  +" 8e u+ie'# I "ur &" i'ere' vie=, +i u8ii" &"+ 8e &"u+e&e' $"r +e re":$ir+l/ =e, + +i pre+ure +e, re u8le +" re +e vie= epree' 8/ +e i C"ur+ ++ +e &re levelle' i+ C# ? Ll re ll r"u'le ' e&"'l/ S=p .ur u &e &"+ 8e vile' "$ 8/ +e $ir+ rep"'e+  +e Fue+i" ++ &e up $"r 'e+eri+i" = e+irel/ 'i$$ere+# Te $&+ i S=p .ur u &e =ere  $"ll"=* 75# S&i+ Ive+e+,  pr+erip $ir = &rr/i " 8uie  $i&ier ' ive+"r ' i i+ 8uie +e $ir &&ep+e' l" "r 'ep"i+ $r" +e eerl pu8li& $"r 'i$$ere+ peri"' rep/8le =i+ i+ere+, ivi "p+i" +" +e 'ep"i+"r $"r pre+ure =i+'r=l# Te $ir = &rr /i " i+ 8uie "  ver/ e+eive &le# Bile ", +e -rlie+ pe' +e -ri@e Ci+ ' "e/ Cir&ul+i" S&ee (i) A&+, 197<#  13#12#19<0, +e C"er&il T $$i&er, ureu "$ Ive+i+i", l"'e'  &"pli+ "$ vi"l+i" "$ +e i' A&+ 8/ +e $ir =i+ +e p"li&e " +e r"u' ++ +e "u+ i e&e "$ 12 i+ere+ " pi' "=e' ++ +e "e/ Cir&ul+i" S&ee = 8ei pr""+e' ' &"'u&+e' $"r +e i "$ Fui& '"r e/ "e/# T=" "$ +e pr+er =ere rre+e'# Tere$+er +e $ir ' i+ +=" pr+er $ile' +e Bri+ -e+i+i" i +e i C"ur+ &llei +e vli'i+/ "$ +e ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+ ' +e pr"&ee'i rii "u+ "$ +e e# Te Fue+i" $"r &"i'er+i" =  +" =e+er +e ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+ pri:$&ie 'i&l"e' +e "$$e&e >'er Se&+i" 4 re' =i+ Se&+i" 3 "$ +e A&+ "$ 197< i +e li+ "$ +e reFuiree+ "$ Se&+i" 2(&) "$ +e A&+ 'e$ii +e eprei" G"e/ Cir&ul+i" S&eeG# Ti C"ur+ eie' ++ Fue+i" =i+ re$ere&e +" +e $&+ +erei ' ul+i+el/ el' ++ +e lle+i" 'i' "+ ++r&+ +e pr"vii" "$ A&+ "$ 197<# Te Fue+i" ++ rie $"r &"i'er+i" i +e pree+ &e i "+ +e "e  i S=p .ur u &e# 76# Te i C"ur+ =ile Fui +e ipue' pr"&ee'i  'e &er+i =eepi rer 8/ ui +e eprei" iir/ ' $++i&, +e $ii eFuir/, "u+&"e "$  'epr+e ' $ru+r+e' i'# E&ep+ eprei "ur vie= ++ +"e rer re "+ =rr+e', =e re$ri $r" i / "re & "e+# 77# r# -rr 'e  "r'&i"u &ri+i&i r+i&ul+i ++ +e ipi"e' ' ipe+u"u p"li&e "$$i&er i "r'er +" "= +eir l"/l+/ +" +e +ir' rep"'e+, C# %evi Ll ' "ver:+eppe' +eir perii8le lii+ i +i  r 'e&ii" i rei+eri +e #I#R, ' &"e&i +e ive+i+i" ' ++ +e i' ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+ 8er " i+ $&e +e +p "$ urr/ ' =+ "$ &re# e, i +i &"e&+i", 're= "ur ++e+i" +"  "8erv+i" "$ +e i C"ur+ =i& re' +u* ver @el"u p"li&e "$$i&er, =" +rie' +" 8e "re l"/l +" +e i i#e# rep"'e+ !"# 2 + +e i iel$ "=ever $ell i+" +e +rp li' 8/ rep"'e+ !"# 5 ' "r'ere' rei+r+i" "$ +e &e ' i+ ive+i+i" =i+"u+ / &lue#### (Rep"'e+ 2 ' 5 e+i"e' i +e 8"ve "8erv+i" re C# %evi Ll ' %r -l repe&+ivel/)# 7<# I  per$e&+ /+e "$ preve+i" ' 'e+e&+i" "$ &rie, u'ei8l/ +e pr"u+ 'u+/ "$  p"li&e "$$i&er +" =" +e &"ii" "$  &"i@8le "$$e&e i rep"r+e', i +" rei+er  &e =i+"u+ &ui / 'el/ ' pr"p+l/ pr"p+l/ &"e&e +e ive+i+ ive+i+i" i" =i+"u+ =i+"u+ perver+i perver+i "r u8ver+i u8ver+i +e l=# Be u& i +e &&ep+e' pri&iple, & i+ 8e i' ++ +e p"li&e "$$i&er i +e i++ &e ve "ver:@el"ul/ +e  +/ 'e&ii" 8/ iui +eir p"i+i" i rei+eri +e &e ' &"e&i +e ive+i+i" T" =er +i Fuer/, le+ u re&pi+ul+ re&pi+ul+e e "e lie+ $&+ " +i pe&+# Te &"pli &"pli+, +, %r -l, pree+e' pree+e' +e &"pli+ " 12#11#19<7 8e$"re C# %evi Ll ="e "$$i&er " pe&il 'u+/ re' i+ +" +e %- " +e e '/# Te %e+ i+ =i+ i e'"ree+ '+e' 12#11#19<7 +" +e S#-# ir, =" re&eive' i+ " 21#11#19<7# Te S#-# " +e e '/ 'e +e e'"ree+ G-lee rei+er  &e ' ive+i+eG# I +e $$i'vi+ $ile' 8e$"re +e i C"ur+, +e S#-#  ++e' ++  +ere =ere eri"u lle+i" "$ &"rrup+i" i+ C# ? Ll i +e &"pli+ &"+i+u+i  pri:$&ie &e >'er Se&+i" 5(2) "$ +e A&+, e 'e i e'"ree+ " +e e '/ ' re' i+ +" +e S u'er i i+ure ' ++ e, +e, u"e' +e S ' 'e' "ver +e &"pli+ +" i ' +e S l" =e+ +r"u +e &"+e+ " $ +e &"pli+ ' = "$ +e "pii" ++  pri $&ie &e >'er Se&+i" 5(2) "$ +e A&+ ' >'er Se&+i" 161 ' 161 ' 165 I-C 165 I-C  8ee 'e "u+ ' ++ +e S +"" +e &"pli+ ' le$+ $"r i ++i" $"r $ur+er e&er/ &+i"# Te S i i $$i'vi+ $ile' 8e$"re +e i C"ur+  &"rr"8"r+e' +e veri" "$ +e S#-# i i+ e+ire+/# Te &"'u&+ "$ +e S i'i&+e ++ e 14 =i+"u =i+"u++ l"i l"i / +ie +ie rei+ rei+ere ere' ' +e &e ' &"e &"e&e' &e' +e ive+ ive+i i+i" +i"  8/ pr"&ee' pr"&ee'i i +" +e p"+ p"+ &&"pie' 8/ re' &"+8le# Te lle+i" i +e & "pli+ &"ver +e peri"' &"e&i $r" 1969 ' e'i =i+ 19<6  "+e' i +e #I#R# e i+ "+e' ++ 8/ Jue 19<7, C# %evi Ll 8e&e +e Cie$ ii+er# Te &"pli+ = pree+e' 8/ %r Ll erl/ 5 "+ $+er %evi Ll 8e&e +e Cie$ ii+er# 79# Te rve "$ +e &&u+i" i ++ C# ? Ll  e' ue e+ 8/ iui i ii+eril u+"ri+/ erlier +" 19<6 =i& e+ re 'ipr"p"r+i"+e +" i "= ' li&i+ "ur&e "$ i&"e# I+  8ee repe+e'l/ p"i+e' "u+ ++ ere p"ei" "$ / pe&uir/ re"ur&e "r pr"per+/ i 8/ i+el$ "+  "$$e&e, 8u+ i+ i +e $ilure +" +i$&+"ril/ &&"u+ $"r u& p"ei" "$ pe&uir/ re"ur&e "r pr"per+/ ++ e +e p"ei" "8?e&+i"8le ' &"+i+u+e +e "$$e&e =i+i +e 8i+ "$ Se&+i" 5(1)(e) "$ +e A&+# Tere$"re,  p"li&e "$$i&er =i+ ="  ive+i+i" "$  "$$e&e >'er Se&+i" 5(1)(e) "$ +e A&+ i e+ru+e' "ul' "+ pr"&ee' =i+  pre:&"&eive' i'e "$ uil+ "$ ++ per" i'i&+e' =i+ u& "$$e&e ' u8?e&+ i +" / re+ ' vi&+ii+i", 8e&ue i &e +e lle+i" "$ illel &&uul+i" "$ =el+ re $"u' 'uri +e &"ure "$ ive+i+i"  8ele, +e r '"e "+ "l/ +" ++ per" 8u+  l" +" +e "$$i&e, e el' =ill 8e i&l&ul8le ' ie+i8le# <0# I +i &"e&+i", i+ =ill 8e ppr"pri+e +" re&ll +e vie= epree' 8/ i++er, J# i Sir?u''i v# S++e "$ 'r A!>SC015<1970 A!>SC015<1970 i  i +e $"ll"=i ="r'* e$"re  pu8li& erv+, =+ever 8e i ++u, i pu8li&l/ &re' =i+ &+ "$ 'i"e+/ =i& "u+ +" eri"u i'ee"ur "r i&"'u&+ "$ +e +/pe llee' i +i &e '  $ir+ i$"r+i" i l"'e' i+ i, +ere u+ 8e "e ui+8le preliir/ eFuir/ i+" +e lle+i" 8/  rep"i8le "$$i&er# Te l"'i "$ u&  rep"r+ i+  per" pe&ill/ "e =" lie +e ppell+ "&&upie' +e +"p p"i+i" i  'epr+e+, eve i$ 8ele, ="ul' '" i&l&ul8le r "+ "l/ +" +e "$$i&er i pr+i&ulr 8u+ +" +e 'epr+e+ e 8el"e' +", i eerl####Te e '"p+e' " le + +e e' +" 8e &ieve' u+ 8e ipe&&8le# <1# <1# u' u'"l "l r, r, J i  ep epr r+e +e ?u' ?u'e e+ + i Te Te S++ S++e e "$ >++ >++rr -r' -r'e e  v#  = =+ + .i .i"r "re e J"i J"i A!>SC00661963 =ile A!>SC00661963  =ile reei =i+ +e &"&lui" "$ Su88 R", J ( e +e =)  epree' i "pii" ++i* I +e 8e&e "$ / pr"i8i+i" i +e C"'e, epre "r iplie', I  "$ "pii" ++ i+ i "pe +"  p"li&e "$$i&er +" e preliir/ eFuirie 8e$"re rei+eri  "$$e&e ' i  $ull &le ive+i+i" i+" i+# <2# Be re i reee+ =i+ +e vie=, epree' 8/ i++er, J ' u'"ler, J i +e 8"ve +=" 'e&ii"# <3# !"= &"i +" +e pree+ &e, =e rere+ +" "+e ++ +e S- ee +" ve ei8i+e' "e "ver: e+ui, preu8l/ +" plee "e "e ' ' 'ire&+e' +e S +" rei+er +e &e ' ive+i+e +e e eve " +e ver/ $ir+ '/ "$ +e re&eip+ "$ +e &"pli+ $r" +e %-, i ="e "$$i&e +e &"pli+ = l/i $"r erl/ 9 '/# Ti upre&e'e+e' "ver:e+ui "= 8/ +e S#-#, =i+"u+ 'i&l"i +e re" $"r i  "r'er e+ru+i +e ive+i+i" +" +e S =" i "+  'ei+e' "$$i&er >'er Se&+i" 5A(1), 8"u+ =i& =e ll 'ver+ +" i 'e+il i +e eui pr+ "$ +e ?u'e+, rell/ "& "e ee "$ ?u+i&e ' $ir pl/ eve +"u +e u+e+e' lle+i" 'e i +e &"pli+ reFuire  +"r"u ive+i+i"# S+ill, i+ i  iepli&8l iepli&8le e ri''le  +" =/ +e S#-# ' 'epr+e' 'epr+e' $r" +e "rl "rl rule ' +il/ +il/ "r'ere' +e S## +" ive+i+e +e eri"u lle+i", levelle' i+  $"rer Cie$ ii+er '  ii+er i +e C8ie+ "$ +e Ce+rl "vere+ " +e '+e "$ +e rei+r+i" "$ +e &e# "=ever, +i &"'u&+ "$ +e S#-# & ever erve   r"u' $"r Fui +i #I#R# <4# Te i Fue+i" ++ &"e up $"r ei+i" "re "$+e + "+ i u'er =+ &ir&u+&e ' i =+ &+e"rie "$ &e,  &riil pr"&ee'i & 8e Fue' ei+er i eer&ie "$ +e e+r"r'ir/ p"=er "$ +e i C"ur+ u'er Ar+i&le 226 "$ 226 "$ +e C"+i+u+i" "$ I'i "r i +e eer&ie "$ +e iere+ p"=er "$ +e i C"ur+ >'er Se&+i" 4<2 "$ 4<2 "$ +e C"'e# Ti Fue+i"  "$+e 8ee "+l/ 'e8+e' 8e$"re +i C"ur+ ' vri"u i C"ur+# T"u i  erie "$ 'e&ii", +i Fue+i"  8ee =ere' " everl "&&i" 8/ +i pe &"ur+, /e+ +e e +ill &"e up $"r & "i'er+i" ' i eri"ul/ i++e'# <5# r# R?i'er S&r ' r# R#.# r veee+l/ ++&e' +e ?u'e+ u'er ppel &"+e'i ++ +e i C"ur+ i +e eer&ie "$ i+ e+r:"r'ir/ e+r:"r'ir/ ?uri'i&+i" ?uri'i&+i" u'er Ar+i&le 226 "ul' 226 "ul' "+ ve i+er$ere' =i+ +e u8ri'le' p"=er "$ +e p"li&e "$$i&il ' Fue' +e e+ire pr"&ee'i $r" +e +e "$ +e rei+r+i" "$ +e &e epe&ill/ =e +e lle+i" 'e i +e &"pli+ lipi'l/ &"+i+u+e "$$e&e 8"+ u'er +e -reve+i" "$ C"rrup+i" A&+ ' +e I'i -el C"'e ' +i u?u+i$i8le i+er$ere&e i i &ler vi"l+i" "$ +e pri&iple li' '"= 8/ +i C"ur+ i  "+ "$ 'e&ii"# I upp"r+ "$ +eir u8ii", +e/ 're= "ur ++e+i" +"  &+e "$ 'e&ii", "$ =i& =e =ill pree+l/ re$er +"  $e=# 15 <6# Te Ju'i&il C"i++ee i i+ "$+:Fu"+e' 'e&ii", el/, .i Eper"r v# .=? @ir A' (Al8ei+) +"u +"u +r"l/ +r"l/ "8erve' ++ +e ?u'i&ir/ ?u'i&ir/ "ul' "+ i+er$ere i+er$ere =i+ +e p"li&e i ++er ++er =i& re =i+i +eir pr"vi&e,  Fuli$ie' +e 8"ve ++ee+ "$ l= 8/ /i * !" '"u8+, i$ " &"i@8le &"i@8le "$$e&e i 'i&l"e', 'i&l"e', ' +ill "re, i$ " "$$e&e "$ / i' i 'i&l"e', +e p"li&e ="ul' ve " u+"ri+/ +" u'er+e  ive+i+i"# <7# Te 8"ve "8erv+i" "= ++  ive+i+i" & 8e Fue' i$ " &"i@8le "$$e&e i 'i&l"e' 8/ +e #I#R# <<# ?e'r'r, J# pei $"r +e C"ur+ =ile &"i'eri +e iere+ p"=er "$ +e i C"ur+ i Fui +e ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+ >'er Se&+i" 561:A "$ +e "l' C"'e (&"rrep"'i +" Se&+i" 4<2 "$ 4<2 "$ +e e= C"'e) i R#-# .pur v# Te S++e "$ -u?8 (&i+e' 8"ve) + pe 393 'e +e $"ll"=i "8erv+i"* Ce / l" rie =ere +e lle+i" i +e ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+ "r +e &"pli+, eve i$ +e/ re +e + +eir $&e vlue ' &&ep+e' i +eir e+ire+/, '" "+ &"+i+u+e +e "$$e&e llee'; i u& &e " Fue+i" "$ ppre&i+i evi'e&e rie; i+ i  ++er erel/ "$ l""i + +e &"pli+ "r +e ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+ +" 'e&i'e =e+er +e "$$e&e llee' i 'i&l"e' "r "+# I u& &e, i+ ="ul' 8e lei+i+e $"r +e i C"ur+ +" "l' ++ i+ ="ul' 8e i$e+l/ u?u+ +" ll"= +e pr"&e "$ +e &riil &"ur+ +" 8e iue' i+ +e &&ue' per"# <9# I +e &e "$ S++e "$ Be+ el v# S#!#  A!>SC01141962 A!>SC01141962 +e  +e &&ue' +erei &"+e'e' ++ +e ++u+"r/ p"=er "$ ive+i+i" ive +" p"li&e u'er Cp+er HID "$ +e C"'e i "+  vil8le i repe&+ "$  "$$e&e +ri8le u'er +e Be+ el Criil L= Ae'e+ (Spe&il C"ur+) A&+ 1949 ' ++ 8ei ", +e ive+i+ ive+i+i" i" u'er+e 8/ +e p"li&e = =i+"u+ ?uri'i&+i"# ?uri'i&+i"# Te C"ur+ =ile e+ivi e+ivi ++ &"+e+i" &"+e+i" ' "l'i ++ +e ppli&+i" $ile' 8/ +e &&ue' >'er Se&+i" 439 ' Se&+i" 561:A "$ +e "l' C"'e = li8le +" 8e 'iie', "8erve' ++ +e ++u+"r/ p"=er ive +" +e p"li&e >'er Se&+i" 154 ' 154 ' 156 "$ 156 "$ +e C"'e +" ive+i+e i+" +e &ir&u+&e "$  llee' &"i@8le "$$e&e =i+"u+ u+"ri+/ $r"  i+r+e &"+ 8e i+er$ere' =i+ 8/ +e eer&ie "$ p"=er >'er Se&+i" 439 "r u'er +e iere+ p"=er &"$erre' 8/ Se&+i" 561:A "$ +e "l' C"'e# u+ i ++ &e, " Fue+i" r"e  +" =e+er +e lle+i" i +e IR 'i&l"e' / "$$e&e + ll# 90# I S#!# Sr v# ipe .ur Ti=ri ' r# (upr)  ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+ = l"'e' i  A''i+i"l A''i+i"l %i+ri&+ %i+ri&+ i+r+e i+r+e (Ju'i&il) (Ju'i&il)   pri&ipl pri&ipl &&ue'# i ppli&+i" ppli&+i"  >'er Se&+i" 159 "$ 159 "$ +e C"'e i ++ +e Ju'i&il i+r+e "ul' iel$ &"'u&+  preliir/ eFuir/ = 'iie'# "=ever, +e C"ur+  p"i+e' "u+ +u* I+ pper +" u ++, +"u +e Cr-C ive +" +e p"li&e u$e++ere' p"=er +" ive+i+e ll &e =ere +e/ upe&+ ++  &"i@8le "$$e&e  8ee &"i++e', i ppr"pri+e &e  rieve' per" & l=/ ee  ree'/ ree'/ 8/ iv"i iv"i +e p"=er "$ +e i C"ur+ u'er Ar+i&le Ar+i&le 226 "$ 226 "$ +e C"+i+u+i" u'er =i&, i$ +e i C"ur+ &"ul' 8e &"vi&e' ++ +e p"=er "$ ive+i+i"  8ee eer&ie' 8/  p"li&e "$$i&er l $i'e, +e i C"ur+ & l=/ iue  =ri+ "$ 'u re+rii +e p"li&e "$$i&er $r" iui i lel p"=er# Te $&+ ++ +e C"'e '"e "+ &"+i / "+er pr"vii" ivi p"=er +"  i+r+e +" +"p ive+i+i" 8/ +e p"li&e &"+ 8e  r"u' $"r "l'i ++ u&  p"=er u+ 8e re' i Se&+i" 159 "$ 159 "$ +e C"'e# 91# I @ri Ll up+ v# Re=r -r' ' Ar# e+&# A!>SC01171971 A!>SC01171971,, +i C"ur+  ++e' +u* I eer&ii eer&ii ?uri'i&+i" ?uri'i&+i"  >'er Se&+i" Se&+i" 561:A "$ +e Criil Criil -r"&e'ure -r"&e'ure C"'e, +e i C"ur+ & Fu pr"&ee'i i$ +ere i " lel evi'e&e "r i$ +ere i / ipe'ie+ +" +e i+i+u+i" "r &"+iu&e "$ pr"&ee'i 8u+ +e i C"ur+ '"e "+ "r'iril/ iFuire  +" =e+er +e evi'e&e i reli8le "r "+# Bere i, ive+i+i" i+" +e &ir&u+&e "$  llee' &"i@8le "$$e&e i &rrie' " u'er +e pr"vii" "$ +e Criil -r"&e'ure C"'e, +e i C"ur+ '"e "+ i+er$ere =i+ u& ive+i+i" 8e&ue i+ ="ul' +e 8e +e ipe'i ive+i+i" ' ?uri'i&+i" "$ ++u+"r/ u+"ri+ie +" eer&ie p"=er i &&"r'&e =i+ +e pr"vii" "$ +e Criil -r"&e'ure C"'e# 92# I Je Si v# %eli A'ii+r+i" A'ii+r+i" A!>SC01471974 A!>SC01471974,, +e ppli&+i" $ile' 8/ +e &&ue' >'er Se&+i" 561:A "$ +e "l' C"'e $"r Fui +e ive+i+i" = 'iie'  8ei pre+ure ' i&"pe+e+ " +e $i'i ++ prie $&ie, +e lle+i" i +e IR, i$ ue' +" 8e &"rre&+, &"+i+u+e  &"i@8le "$$e&e# 93# Ti C"ur+ i Ar !+ v# S++e "$ r/ A!>SC006<1977 A!>SC006<1977    p"i+e' "u+ ++ +e iere+ p"=er "$ +e C"ur+ & "r'iril/ 8e eer&ie' =e +ere i " epre pr"vii" " +e u8?e&+ ++er ' ++ =e 16 +ere i  epre pr"vii", 8rri  pr+i&ulr ree'/ +e C"ur+ &"+ re"r+ +" +e eer&ie "$ iere+ p"=er# 94# I +i &"e&+i" &"e&+i" 'u Li/e v# S++e S++e "$ r+r r+r A!>SC01031977 A!>SC01031977 /  / 8e re$erre' +",  +i C"ur+  eplie' +e pri&iple, li' '"= i Ar !+ &e i "e=+ "'i$ie' ' "'ul+e' $"r# 95# I .urue+r >iveri+/ ' Ar# v# S++e "$ r/ ' Ar# A!>SC01021977 A!>SC01021977 "  " =i& r# R?i'er S&r  pl&e' +r" reli&e, C'r&u', J  e +e =, =ile 'ippr"vi +e Fui "$  ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+ + pre+ure +e  epree' i vie=   $"ll"=* I+ urprie u i +e e+ree ++ +e i C"ur+ +"u+ ++ i +e eer&ie "$ i+ iere+ p"=er >'er Se&+i" 4<2 "$ 4<2 "$ +e Cr-C, i+ &"ul' Fu  ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+# Te -"li&e ' "+ eve &"e&e' ive+i+i" i+" +e &"pli+ $ile' 8/ +e Br'e "$ +e >iveri+/ ' " pr"&ee'i + ll = pe'i i / C"ur+ i puru&e "$ +e #I#R# I+ "u+ +" 8e relie' ++ iere+ p"=er '" "+ &"$er  r8i+rr/ ?uri'i&+i" " e i i C"ur+ C"ur+ +" &+ &&"r'i &&"r'i  +" =i =i "r &pri& &pri&e# e# T+ T+ ++u+ ++u+"r/ "r/ p"=er  +" 8e eer&i eer&ie' e' pril/ pril/,, =i+ =i+ &ir&upe&+i" ' i +e rre+ "$ rre &e# 96# Te Supree C"ur+ i S++e "$ ir ' Ar# v# J#A#C# Sl' ' r# (upr) eie' +e Fue+i" =e+er, =e +e ive+i+i" = i pr"re, +e i C"ur+ = ?u+i$ie' i i+er$eri =i+ +e ive+i+i" ' pr"i8i+i "r pre&lu'i $ur+er ive+i+i" i eer&ie "$ i+ e+r"r'ir/ ?uri'i&+i" u'er Ar+i&le 226 "$ +e C"+i+u+i"#  +e $&+ "$ ++ &e, +i C"ur+ e+ i'e +e "r'er "$ +e i C"ur+ Fui +e "r'er "$ +e i+r+e i p"+p"i +e &"i'er+i" "$ +e rep"r+ u8i++e' +" i +ill +e $il rep"r+ "$ &"ple+i" "$ $ur+er ive+i+i", 'ire&+e' 8/ +e S++e "vere+ = u8i++e' +" i ' el' ++ +e i C"ur+ i eer&ie "$ i+ e+r"r'ir/ ?uri'i&+i" &"i++e'  rve err"r i ivi +e 'ire&+i" vir+ull/ "u+i +" 'u +" &l"e +e &e 8e$"re +e ive+i+i" = & "ple+e# 97# See l" ui&ipl C"rp"r+i" "$ %eli v# -ur"+ % Ju?u=l ' r# A!>SC009319<2 A!>SC009319<2## 9<# Te &li& ep"i+i" "$ +e l= i $"u' i S++e "$ Be+ el ' r# v# S=p .ur u ' r# (&i+e' 8"ve)# I +i &e, C'r&u', CJ i i &"&urri epr+e ?u'e+  ++e' ++ Gi$ +e IR '"e "+ 'i&l"e +e &"ii" "$  &"i@8le "$$e&e, +e C"ur+ ="ul' 8e ?u+i$ie' i Fui +e ive+i+i" " +e 8i "$ +e i$"r+i"  li' "r re&eive'G# Ju+i&e A#!# Se =" =r"+e +e i ?u'e+ i ++ &e =i+ =i& C'r&u', CJ ' Dr'r?, J# ree'   li' +e lel pr"p"i+i"  $"ll"=* ###+e lel p"i+i" i =ell:e++le'# Te lel p"i+i" pper +" 8e ++ i$  "$$e&e i 'i&l"e', +e C"ur+ =ill "+ "rll/ i+er$ere =i+  ive+i+i" i+" +e &e ' =ill peri+ ive+i+i" i+" +e "$$e&e llee' +" 8e &"ple+e'; i$, "=ever, +e +eril '" "+ 'i&l"e  "$$e&e, " ive+i+i" "ul' "rll/ 8e peri++e'#### &e  "$$e&e i 'i&l"e',  ive+i+i" i+" +e "$$e&e u+ e&eril/ $"ll"= i +e i+ere+ "$ ?u+i&e# I$, "=ever, " "$$e&e i 'i&l"e',  ive+i+i" &"+ 8e peri++e',  / ive+i+i", i +e 8e&e "$ / "$$e&e 8ei 'i&l"e', =ill reul+ i ue&er/ re+ +"  pr+/, ="e li8er+/ ' pr"per+/ / 8e pu+ +" ?e"pr'/ $"r "+i# Te li8er+/ ' pr"per+/ "$ / i'ivi'ul re &re' ' &r"&+ ' +e C"ur+ @el"ul/ ur' +e ' pr"+e&+ +e# A ive+i+i" i &rrie' " $"r +e purp"e "$ +eri e&er/ +eril $"r e+8lii ' pr"vi  "$$e&e =i& i 'i&l"e'# Be  "$$e&e i 'i&l"e',  pr"per ive+i+i" i +e i+ere+ "$ ?u+i&e 8e&"e e&er/ +" &"lle&+ +eril $"r e+8lii +e "$$e&e, ' $"r 8rii +e "$$e'er +" 8""# I +e 8e&e "$  pr"per ive+i+i" i  &e =ere  "$$e&e i 'i&l"e', +e "$$e'er / u&&ee' i e&pi $r" +e &"eFue&e ' +e "$$e'er / " upuie' +" +e 'e+rie+ "$ +e &ue "$ ?u+i&e ' +e "&ie+/ + lre# Ju+i&e reFuire ++  per" =" &"i+  "$$e&e  +" 8e 8r"u+ +" 8"" ' u+ 8e puie' $"r +e e# I$ +e C"ur+ i+er$ere =i+ +e pr"per ive+i+i" i  &e =ere  "$$e&e  8ee 'i&l"e', +e "$$e&e =ill " upuie' +" +e eri"u 'e+rie+ "$ +e =el$re "$ +e "&ie+/ ' +e &ue "$ ?u+i&e u$$er# I+ i " +e 8i "$ +i pri&iple ++ +e C"ur+ "rll/ '"e "+ i+er$ere =i+ +e ive+i+i" "$  &e =ere  "$$e&e  8ee 'i&l"e'#### Be+er  "$$e&e  8ee 'i&l"e' "r "+ u+ e&eril/ 'epe' " +e $&+ ' &ir&u+&e "$ e& pr+i&ulr &e#### I$ "  &"i'er+i" "$ +e relev+ +eril, +e C"ur+ i +i$ie' ++  "$$e&e i 'i&l"e', +e C"ur+ =ill "rll/ "+ i+er$ere =i+ +e ive+i+i" i+" +e "$$e&e ' =ill eerll/ ll"= +e ive+i+i" i+" +e "$$e&e +" 8e &"ple+e' $"r &"lle&+i +eril $"r pr"vi +e "$$e&e# 99# u+ i +e 8"ve &e, +i C"ur+  =e ve p"i+e' "u+ erlier, Fue' +e pr"&ee'i " +e r"u' ++ +e lle+i" 'e i +e &"pli+ 'i' "+ &"+i+u+e  "$$e&e =i+i +e 8i+ "$ +e pr"vii" "$ +e A&+ u'er =i& +e rep"'e+&&ue' +erei =ere pr"e&u+e'# 17 100# @l Ali, J# rei+er+i i erlier vie= i S+# !== v# Deer  Sivlipp ."?li ' r# [1976] SCR 123 =erei e  ive &er+i &+e"r/ "$ &e i =i&  "r'er "$ +e i+r+e iui pr"&e i+ +e &&ue' & 8e Fue' "r e+ i'e ' $ur+er ++i ++ +e e pri&iple li' '"= i ++ 'e&ii" ="ul' ppl/ u++i u+'i +"  &riil &"pli+ l",  eplie' +e p"i+i" "$ l= i -r+i8 Ri v# Sur? .ur ' Ar# A!>SC009019<5 A!>SC009019<5    $"ll"=* I+ i =ell e++le' 8/  l" &"ure "$ 'e&ii" "$ +i C"ur+ ++ $"r +e purp"e "$ eer&ii i+ p"=er >'er Se&+i" 4<2 Cr# 4<2 Cr# -#C# +" Fu  IR "r  &"pli+ +e i C"ur+ ="ul' ve +" pr"&ee' e+irel/ " +e 8i "$ +e lle+i" 'e i +e &"pli+ "r +e '"&ue+ &&"p/i +e e per e# I+  " ?uri'i&+i" +" eie +e &"rre&+e "r "+er=ie "$ +e lle+i"# 101# Spei $"r +e e&, R+ ir, J  e +e = i 'vr" Ji=?i R" S&i'i ' r# v# S8?ir" C'r":?ir" Are ' r# A!>SC026119<< A!>SC026119<<    ep"u'e' +e l=  $"ll"=* Te lel p"i+i" i =ell e++le' ++ =e  pr"e&u+i" + +e ii+il +e i e' +" 8e Fue', +e +e+ +" 8e pplie' 8/ +e &"ur+ i  +" =e+er +e u&"+r"ver+e' lle+i"  'e pri $&ie e+8li +e "$$e&e# I+ i l" $"r +e &"ur+ +" +e i+" &"i'er+i" / pe&il $e+ure =i& pper i  pr+i&ulr &e +" &"i'er =e+er i+ i epe'ie+ ' i +e i+ere+ "$ ?u+i&e +" peri+  pr"e&u+i" +" &"+iue# Ti i " " +e 8i ++ +e &"ur+ &"+ 8e u+ilie' $"r / "8liFue purp"e ' =ere i +e "pii" "$ +e &"ur+ &&e "$  ul+i+e &"vi&+i" i 8le ', +ere$"re, " ue$ul purp"e i liel/ +" 8e erve' 8/ ll"=i  &riil pr"e&u+i" +" &"+iue, &"+iue, +e C"ur+ / =ile +i i+" &"i'er+i &"i'er+i" " +e pe&il pe&il $&+ "$  &e l" Fu +e pr"&ee'i pr"&ee'i eve +"u i+ / 8e +  preliir/ +e# 102# De+&li, J# i S++e "$ ir v# ur' Ali . ' r# A!>SC047019<< A!>SC047019<<    ++e' ++ +e  ?uri'i&+i" >'er Se&+i" 4<2 "$ 4<2 "$ +e C"'e  +" 8e eer&ie' pril/ ' =i+ &ir&upe&+i" '  ive +e ="ri ++ i eer&ii ++ ?uri'i&+i", +e i C"ur+ "ul' "+ e8r up"  eFuir/ =e+er +e lle+i" i +e &"pli+ re liel/ +" 8e e+8lie' 8/ evi'e&e "r "+# 103# 103# See l" Tl8 Tl8 ?i ?i ui ui  v# 'u 'ur r -ur" -ur"++ ++  "'e "'err ' Ar# A!>SC002<195< A!>SC002<195<;; L#># J'v v# Srr" A8e8 -=r A!>SC011619<3 A!>SC011619<3 '  ' J#-# Sr v# Di"' .ur Ji ' r# A!>SC017<19<6## A!>SC017<19<6 104# r# -rr, &&"r'i +" =" +e lle+i" i +e pree+ &e '" "+ e "u+  "$$e&e, 're= "ur ++e+i" +"  re&e+ ?u'e+ "$ +i C"ur+ i S++e "$ >#-# v# D#R#.# Sriv+v ' Ar# A!>SC052619<9 A!>SC052619<9 +"  +" =i& "e "$ u (S# R+vel -'i, J#) =  pr+/# I ++ &e, i+  8ee rule' ++ i$ +e lle+i" 'e i +e IR, +e " +e $&e vlue ' &&ep+e' i +eir e+ire+/, '" "+ &"+i+u+e  "$$e&e, +e &riil pr"&ee'i i+i+u+e' " +e 8i "$ u& IR "ul' 8e Fue'# Te pri&iple li' '"= i +i &e '"e "+ 'epr+ $r" +e pr"p"i+i" pr"p"i+i" "$ l= &"i+e+l/ &"i+e+l/ pr"p"u'e' pr"p"u'e' i  lie "$ 'e&ii" 'e&ii" "$ +i C"ur+ ' " +e "+er ' ' i+ rei+er rei+er+e +e  +e pri&i pri&iple ple ++ ++ +e C"ur+ & eer&i eer&ie e i+ iere iere+ + ?uri' ?uri'i&+ i&+i" i" "$ Fui Fui   &rii &riil l pr"&ee'i "l/ =e +e lle+i" 'e i +e IR, '" "+ &"+i+u+e  "$$e&e ' ++ i+ 'epe' up" +e $&+ ' &ir&u+&e "$ e& pr+i&ulr &e# 105# I +e 8&'r"p "$ +e i+erpre++i" "$ +e vri"u relev+ pr"vii" "$ +e C"'e u'er Cp+er HID ' "$ +e pri&iple "$ l= eu&i+e' 8/ +i C"ur+ i  erie "$ 'e&ii" rel+i +" +e eer&ie "$ +e e+r:"r'ir/ p"=er u'er Ar+i&le Ar+i&le 226 "r 226 "r +e iere+ iere+ p"=er >'er Se&+i" Se&+i" 4<2 "$ 4<2 "$ +e C"'e =i& =e ve e+r&+e' ' repr"'u&e' 8"ve, =e ive +e $"ll"=i &+e"rie "$ &e 8/ =/ "$ illu+r+i" =erei u& p"=er &"ul' 8e eer&ie' ei+er +" preve+ 8ue "$ +e pr"&e "$ / C"ur+ "r "+er=ie +" e&ure +e e' "$ ?u+i&e, +"u i+ / "+ 8e p"i8le +" l/ '"= / pre&ie, &lerl/ 'e$ie' ' u$$i&ie+l/ &elie' ' i$lei8le ui'elie "r rii' $"rule ' +" ive  eu+ive li+ "$ /ri' i' "$ &e =erei u& p"=er "ul' 8e eer&ie'# 1# Bere +e lle+i" 'e i +e ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+ "r +e &"pli+, eve i$ +e/ re +e + +eir $&e vlue ' &&ep+e' i +eir e+ire+/ '" "+ pri:$&ie &"+i+u+e / "$$e&e "r e "u+  &e i+ +e &&ue'# 2# Bere +e lle+i" i +e ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+ ' "+er +eril, i$ /, &&"p/i +e #I#R# '" "+ 'i&l"e  &"i@8le "$$e&e, ?u+i$/i  ive+i+i" 8/ p"li&e "$$i&er >'er Se&+i" 156(1) "$ 156(1) "$ +e C"'e e&ep+ u'er  "r'er "$  i+r+e =i+i +e purvie= "$ Se&+i" 155(2) "$ 155(2) "$ +e C"'e# 3# Bere +e u&"+r"ver+e' lle+i" 'e i +e IR "r & "pli+ ' +e evi'e&e &"lle&+e' i upp"r+ "$ +e e '" "+ 'i&l"e +e &"ii" "$ / "$$e&e ' e "u+  &e i+ +e &&ue'# 1< 4# Bere, +e lle+i" i +e #I#R# '" "+ &"+i+u+e  &"i@8le "$$e&e 8u+ &"+i+u+e "l/  ":&"i@8le "$$e&e, " ive+i+i" i peri++e' 8/  p"li&e "$$i&er =i+"u+  "r'er "$  i+r+e  &"+epl+e' >'er Se&+i" 155(2) "$ 155(2) "$ +e C"'e# 5# Bere +e lle+i" 'e i +e IR "r &"pli+ re " 8ur' ' iere+l/ ipr"88le " +e 8i "$ =i& " pru'e+ per" & ever re&  ?u+ &"&lui" ++ +ere i u$$i&ie+ r"u' $"r pr"&ee'i i+ +e &&ue'# 6# Bere +ere i  epre lel 8r er$+e' i / "$ +e pr"vii" "$ +e C"'e "r +e &"&ere' A&+ (u'er =i&  &riil pr"&ee'i i i+i+u+e') +" +e i+i+u+i" ' &"+iu&e "$ +e pr"&ee'i '"r =ere +ere i  pe&i$i& pr"vii" i +e C"'e "r +e &"&ere' A&+, pr"vi'i e$$i&&i"u re're $"r +e riev&e "$ +e rieve' pr+/# 7# Bere  &riil pr"&ee'i i i$e+l/ ++e'e' =i+ l $i'e '"r =ere +e pr"&ee'i i li&i"ul/ i+i+u+e' =i+  ul+eri"r "+ive $"r =rei vee&e " +e &&ue' ' =i+  vie= +" pi+e i 'ue +" priv+e ' per"l ru'e# 106# Be l" ive  "+e "$ &u+i" +" +e e$$e&+ ++ +e p"=er "$ Fui  &riil pr"&ee'i "ul' 8e eer&ie' ver/ pril/ ' =i+ &ir&upe&+i" ' ++ +"" i +e rre+ "$ rre &e; ++ +e C"ur+ =ill "+ 8e  ?u+i$ie' i e8ri up"  eFuir/  +" +e reli8ili+/ "r euiee "r "+er=ie "$ +e lle+i" 'e i +e #I#R# "r +e &"pli+ ' ++ +e e+r"r'ir/ "r iere+ p"=er '" "+ &"$er  r8i+rr/ ?uri'i&+i" " +e C"ur+ +" &+ &&"r'i +" i+ =i "r &pri&e# 107# I+ / 8e +rue,  repe+e'l/ p"i+e' "u+ 8/ r# -rr, ++ i  ive i+u+i", $le ' ve+i"u &re "$ &"rrup+i" ' veli+/ / 8e li&i"ul/ ++ri8u+e' i+ / per" "l'i  i "$$i&e ' e?"/i e?"/i  repe&+8le repe&+8le ++u +ere8/ ull/i i &r&+er, &r&+er, i?uri i repu++i" repu++i" ' ep"i ep"i i +" "&il ri'i&ule =i+  vie= +" pi+e i " &&"u+ "$ "e per"l r&"ur, pre'ile&+i" ' p+ pre?u'i&e "$ +e &"pli+# I u&  piFu+ i+u+i", +e Fue+i" i =+ =" ul' 8e +e ree'/ ++ ="ul' re're +e riev&e "$ +e veril/ $$e&+e' pr+/ Te =er ="ul' 8e ++ +e per" =" 'i"e+l/ e u& $le lle+i" i li8le +" 8e pr"&ee'e' i+ u'er +e relev+ pr"vii" "$ +e I'i -el C"'e:el/ >'er Se&+i" 1<2 "r 211 "r 211 "r 500 8ei'e 500 8ei'e 8e&"i li8le +" 8e ue' $"r 'e# 10<# Rever+i +" +e pree+ &e, +e lle+i" 'e i +e &"pli+, i "ur &"i'ere' "pii", '" &lerl/ &"+i+u+e  &"i@8le "$$e&e ?u+i$/i +e rei+r+i" "$  &e '  ive+i+i" +ere" ' +i &e '"e "+ $ll u'er / "e "$ +e &+e"rie "$ &e $"rul+e' 8"ve &lli $"r +e eer&ie "$ e+r"r'ir/ "r iere+ p"=er "$ +e i C"ur+ +" Fu +e #I#R# i+el$# 109# I+ = +e ure' 8/ r# -rr =i+  &"i'er8le $"r&e ' ii+e&e ++ +e e+ire pr"&ee'i i+ C# ? Ll " &&"u+ "$ +e &ri"i"u p"li+i&l rivlr/ i vi+i+e' ei+er " 8ei +i+e' =i+  l $i'e "r 'ue +" l& "$ 8" $i'e ', +ere$"re, +e ?u'e+ ipue' Fui +e e+ire pr"&ee'i "ul' "+ 8e i+er$ere' =i+# u& reli&e = pl&e' i upp"r+ "$ +e 8"ve u8ii" " +ree 'e&ii", el/ S# -r+ -r+p p Si Si  v# Te Te S++ S++e e "$ -u? -u?8 8 A!>SC02721963 A!>SC02721963;; S++ S++e e "$ r/ r/   v# R?i R?i' 'r r Sre Sree e A!>SC06<71971 ' A!>SC06<71971  ' Epre !e=pper -v+# L+'# ' r# v# >i" "$ I'i ' r# [19<5] 3 SCR 3<2# 110# Be =e+ +r"u +e e+ire +eril ver/ &rupul"ul/ 8u+ =e re "+ pe ru'e' +" "l' ++ +e lle+i" "$ l $i'e "r l& "$ 8" $i'e re u8++i+e' ' e&e +e 'e&ii" &i+e' i +i 8el$ &"+ 8e vile' "$# I+ / "+ 8e "u+ "$ pl&e +" e+i" ere ++ =e +e +ir' rep"'e+, C# %evi Ll i +e SL- = ive up $r" +e rr/ "$ pr+ie 8/ +e ppell+, " "8?e&+i" = rie' " 8el$ "$ C# ? Ll# I $&+, +e lere' Ju'e "$ +e i C"ur+ 8e$"re ="  iilr &"+e+i" = rie'  ri+l/  e+ive' ++ &"+e+i" ' el' ++ +e ple "$ l $i'e  i+ C# %evi Ll i "+ vil8le# e&e +ere i " eri+ i +i &"+e+i"# 111# 111# !" '"u8+, '"u8+, +ere = " l"ve l"+ l"+ 8e+=ee 8e+=ee  C# ? ? Ll ' %r %r -l# e' " +i +i +ri +rie' e' rel+i"ip, i+  8ee +e ep+i&ll/ ure' 8/ r# .# -rr ++ +e e+ire lle+i" 'e i +e &"pli+ 'ue +" p"li+i&l ve'e++ re "+ "l/ &urril"u ' &'l"u 8u+ l" +i+e' =i+ l $i'e, vi+i+i +e e+ire pr"&ee'i# A i+  8ee repe+e'l/ p"i+e' "u+ erlier +e e+ire ++er i "l/ +  pre+ure +e ' +e ive+i+i" i "+ /e+ pr"&ee'e' =i+ e&ep+ "e preliir/ e$$"r+ +e " +e '+e "$ +e rei+r+i" "$ +e &e, ++ i " 21#11#19<7# Te evi'e&e  +" 8e +ere' $+er  +"r"u ive+i+i" ' pl&e' 8e$"re +e C"ur+ " +e 8i "$ =i& l"e +e C"ur+ & &"e +"  &"&lui" "e =/ "r +e "+er " +e ple "$ l $i'e# I$ +e lle+i" re 8ere$+ "$ +ru+ ' 'e li&i"ul/, =e re ure, +e ive+i+i" =ill / "# A+ +i +e, =e +ere re "l/ lle+i" ' re&rii+i" 8u+ " evi'e&e, +i C"ur+ &"+ +i&ip+e +e reul+ "$ +e ive+i+i" ' re'er  $i'i " +e Fue+i" "$ l $i'e " +e +eril + pree+ vil8le# Tere$"re, =e re u8le +" ee / $"r&e i +e &"+e+i" ++ +e &"pli+ "ul' 8e +r"= "ver8"r' " +e ere uu8++i+e' ple "$ l $i'e# Eve ui ++ %r -l  li' +e &"pli+ "l/ " &&"u+ 19 "$ i per"l per"l i" i"i+/ i+/,, ++, ++, 8/ i+el$ i+el$,, =ill =ill "+ 8e  r"u' r"u' +" 'i&r' 'i&r' +e &"pl &"pli+ i+ &"+ii &"+ii  eri"u eri"u  lle+i" =i& ve +" 8e +e+e' ' =eie' $+er +e evi'e&e i &"lle&+e'# I +i &"e&+i", +e $"ll"=i vie= epree' 8/ =+i, CJ i Se"' -= v# S++e "$ ir ' r# A!>SC020619<6 A!>SC020619<6 /  / 8e re$erre' +"# I+ i  =ell e+8lie' pr"p"i+i" "$ l= ++  &riil pr"e&u+i", i$ "+er=ie, ?u+i$i8le ' 8e' up" 'eFu+e evi'e&e '"e "+ 8e&"e vi+i+e' " &&"u+ "$ l $i'e "r p"li+i&l ve'e++ "$ +e $ir+ i$"r+ "r +e &"pli+# e/"' +e 8"ve, =e '" "+ =i +" '' /+i "re# 112# I+ = i &"+e'e' ++ l $i'e re =ri+ lre " +e e+r:"r'ir/ i+ere+ evi&e' 8/ +e p"li&e "$$i&er ' +e +/ 'ire&+i" ive 8/ +e S#-# !ee'le +" / ++ +e Fue+i" "$ l $i'e eer&ie "$ p"=er =ill ue ii$i&&e "l/ i$  u+"ri+/ &+ $"r uu+"rie' purp"e# Te pr"per +e+ +" 8e pplie' i u&  &e i  +" =+ i +e '"i+ purp"e $"r =i& +e p"=er i eer&ie'# Te pri&iple "$ '"i+ purp"e i eplie' i +e $"ll"=i 'e&ii"* 113# Te .i v# ii+er "$ el+ [1929] 1 .## 619; Re v# ri+" C"rp"r+i" e:pr+e S""i+ 96 L#T# 762; Erl i+@=illi Be+="r+ E++e C"# L+'# v# ii+er "$ T"= ' C"u+r/ -li [1951] 2 .## 2<4 ' -#D# J+ R" ' r# v# S++e "$ ri ' r# A!>SC0013196< A!>SC0013196<## 114# Appl/i +e +e+, li' '"= i +e 8"ve 'e&ii" +" +e pree+ &e, =e re "$ +e "pii" ++ +e '"i+ purp"e "$ rei+r+i" "$ +e &e ' +e i+e'e' $"ll"= up &+i" re "l/ +" ive+i+e +e lle+i" ' pree+  &e 8e$"re +e C"ur+, i$ Su$$i&ie+ evi'e&e i upp"r+ "$ +"e lle+i" re &"lle&+e' 8u+ "+ +" e  &r&+er i+i" "$ C# ? Ll ' +eir rel+ive# Tere$"re, =e re "+ 8le +" ee / u8+&e i +i u8ii"# 115# Be ve, " $r, 'e  'e+ile' ' er&i l/i " +e lel iue =i+ rer' +" +e ++u+"r/ 'u+/ "$  $$i&e $$i&err I&r I&re e "$  p"li&e p"li&e ++i" ++i"  i rei+ rei+eri eri  +e ir+ ir+ I$"r I$"r+i +i" " Rep"r+ Rep"r+ ' &"e &"e&i &i  +e ive+i+i" +ere"  =ell +e pri&iple rel+i +" +e eer&ie "$ e+r:"r'ir/ ' iere+ p"=er "$ +e i C"ur+ i Fui ei+er +e IR "r +e e+ire &riil pr"&ee'i  +e &e / 8e; ' 8eri i i' +e eu&i+i" "$ l=, =e ve ive "ur i"u &"i'er+i" ' &re$ul +"u+ +" ll +e &"+e+i" 'e 8/ ll +e lere lere' ' C"ue C"uell =i+ =i+ &"i' &"i'er er8le 8le $"r&e $"r&e ' ep epi# i# Te reul+ reul++ + ' ie& ie&p8 p8le le l"i& l"i&ll &"&lui" =i& =e ureerve'l/ rrive + i ++ +e "r'er "$ +e i C"ur+ Fui +e ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+, vie=e' $r" / le, &"+ 8e u+ie' 8"+ " +e Fue+i" "$ l= ' $&+# C"eFue+l/, =e e+ i'e ++ pr+ "$ +e ?u'e+ "$ +e i C"ur+ Fui +e ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+# 116# L+l/,  $erve+, 8u+ ie"r8le ple = 'e reFu e+i +i C"ur+ +" +e ?u'i&il "+i&e "$ +e $&+ ++ +e Ju+i&e J=+ Si C"ii", pp"i+e' +" eFuire i+" +e lle+i" "$ 'ipr"p"r+i"+e e+ "$ C# ? Ll +r"u &"rrup+ e $"u' ++ +ee lle+i" =ere 8ele# "+ C# %evi Ll ' %r -l i +eir $$i'vi+ $ile' 8e$"re +e i C"ur+ ve ++e' ++ +e lle+i" i +e IR re Fui+e 'i$$ere+ $r" +"e =i& = +e u8?e&+ ++er "$ eFuir/ 8e$"re +e Ju+i&e J=+ C"ii"# e ++  i+ /, =e re "+ i&lie' +" ive / $i'i "e =/ "r "+er erel/ " +e rep"r+ "$ +e Ju+i&e J=+ Si C"ii" 8/ +i ?u'i&il "+i&e "$ +e e# 117# %uri +e &"ure "$ +e eri "$ +i ppel  =e ve e+er+ie'  '"u8+  +" +e vli'i+/ "$ +e ++u+"r/ p"=er "$ +e Ipe&+"r "$ -"li&e, +e +ir' ppell+ erei =" i "+  'ei+e' "$$i&er +" ive+i+e +i &e rei+ere' >'er Se&+i" 5(2) "$ +e A&+ (preu8l/ Se&+i" 5(1)(e) re' =i+ Se&+i" 5(2) ' >'er Se&+i" Se&+i"  161  161  ' ' 165  165  I-C i +e +ee+ "$ +e '+"r/ pr"vii" "$ Se&+i" 5A ' i +e li+ "$ +e "8erv+i" "$ +i C"ur+ 'e i #!# Ri8u' ' I'er Si v# Te S++e "$ %eli A!>SC00491954 A!>SC00491954 '  ' Te S++e "$ '/ -r'e v# u8r Ali [1959] 2 SCR 201, ll +e lere' C"uel ''ree' +eir rue+ " +i p"i+ + +e i+&e "$ +i C"ur+# T"u ii+ill/, i+ = u8i++e' " 8el$ "$ +e S++e (+e $ir+ ppell+ erei) ++ +e "r'er "$ +e S#-# '+e' 21#11#19<7 'ire&+i +e Ipe&+"r +" ive+i+e +e &e ="ul' $ll =i+i +e purvie= "$ +e pr"vi" +" Se&+i" 5A, u8eFue+l/ +=" "vere+ "r'er iue' 8/ +e "vere+ "$ r/:"e '+e' 26#7#1975 u+"rii ll +e Ipe&+"r "$ -"li&e u'er +e 'ii+r+ive &"+r"l "$ +e Ipe&+"r eerl "$ -"li&e, r/, +" ive+i+e "$$e&e >'er Se&+i" 5 "$ +e A&+ ' Ar# '+e' 19+ April 19<< u+"rii ll +e Ipe&+"r "$ -"li&e p"+e' i +e Cie$ ii+er l/i SFu', r/, C'ir $"r +e purp"e "$ +e $ir+ pr"vi" +" Se&+i" 5A(1) "$ +e A&+# I+ i per+ie+ +" "+e ++ 8"+ +e "vere+ "r'er =ere iue' i eer&ie "$ +e p"=er, &"$erre' 8/ +e $ir+ pr"vi" +" Su8:e&+i" (1) "$ Se&+i" 5(A) "$ +e A&+# 11<# Se&+i" 5A(1) "$ +e A&+ =i+ +e relev+ pr"vi" r e' +u* !"+=i++'i /+i &"+ie' i +e Cr-C, 1<9< (5 "$ 1<9<, " p"li&e "$$i&er 8el"= +e r,: 20 () i +e &e "$ +e %eli Spe&il -"li&e E+8lie+, "$  Ipe&+"r "$ -"li&e; (8) i +e prei'e&/:+"= "$ Cl&u++ ' 'r, "$  Ai++ C"ii"er "$ -"li&e; (&) i +e prei'e&/ +"= "$ "8/ "$  Superi+e'e+ "$ -"li&e; ' (') ele=ere, "$  %epu+/ Superi+e'e+ "$ -"li&e, ll ive+i+e / "$$e&e pui8le >'er Se&+i" 161, 161, Se&+i" 165 "r 165 "r Se&+i" 165A "$ 165A "$ +e I'i -el C"'e (45 "$ 1<60) "r >'er Se&+i" 5 "$ +i A&+ =i+"u+ +e "r'er "$  -rei'e&/ i+r+e "r  i+r+e "$ +e $ir+ &l,  +e &e / 8e, "r e / rre+ +ere$"r =i+"u+  =rr+* -r"vi'e' ++ i$  p"li&e "$$i&er "+ 8el"= +e r "$  Ipe&+"r "$ -"li&e i u+"rie' 8/ +e S++e "vere+ i +i 8el$ 8/ eerl "r pe&il "r'er, e / l" ive+i+e / u& "$$e&e =i+"u+ +e "r'er "$  -rei'e&/ i+r+e "r  i+r+e "$ +e $ir+ &l,  +e &e / 8e, "r e rre+ +ere$"r =i+"u+  =rr+* -r"vi'e' $ur+er ++  "$$e&e re$erre' +" i Clue (e) "$ Su8:e&+i" (1) "$ Se&+i" 5 ll "+ 8e ive+i+e' =i+"u+ +e "r'er "$  p"li&e "$$i&er "+ 8el"= +e r "$  Superi+e'e+ "$ -"li&e# 119# Se&+i" 5A "$ +e A&+  i+ "riill/ +""', = ier+e' 8/ +e (Se&"' Ae'e+) A&+ 59 "$ 1952 8e' " +e re&"e'+i" "$ +e C"i++ee "$ e8er "$ -rlie+ u'er +e &irip "$ %r# i Te C'# Te i' e&+i"  i+ +' "= = u8+i+u+e' 8/ A&+ 40 "$ 1964, +e i "8?e&+ "$ =i& i +" pr"+e&+ +e pu8li& erv+ i+ re+ ' vi&+ii+i"# (See Te S++e "$ #-# v# u8r Ali (l8ei+)# I A#C# Sr Sr v# %eli A'ii+ A'ii+r+i" r+i"  A!>SC00731973 A!>SC00731973,, %u, J i' ++ +e &ee "$ +i pr"vii" i $"r e$$e&+ivel/ &ievi +e "8?e&+ "$ u&&e$ul ive+i+i" i+" +e eri"u "$$e&e e+i"e' i Se&+i" 5 "$ +e A&+ =i+"u+ ure"8l/ ure"8l/ ep"i +e pu8li& pu8li& erv+ erv+ &"&ere' &"&ere' +" $riv"l"u $riv"l"u ' ve+i"u ve+i"u pr"&ee'i# pr"&ee'i# A C"+i+u+i"l e& "$ +i C"ur+ i A#R# A+ul/ v# R#S# !/ A!>SC00<219<4 A!>SC00<219<4    "8erve' ++ GSe&+i" 5A i  $eur' i+ ive+i+i" #"$ "$$e&e 8/ pu8li& erv+, 8/ pe++/ "r l"=er r p"li&e "$$i&er#G 120# A&&"r'i +" Se&+i" 5A, "+=i++'i /+i &"+ie' i +e C"'e, " p"li&e "$$i&er 8el"= +e r pe&i$ie' i Clue () +" (') "$ Se&+i" 5A(1), ll ive+i+e / "$$e&e pui8le >'er Se&+i" 161, 161, 165 "r 165A "$ 165A "$ +e I-C "r >'er Se&+i" 5 "$ +e A&+ =i+"u+ +e "r'er "$  -rei'e&/ i+r+e "r  i+r+e "$ +e $ir+ &l  +e &e / 8e "r e rre+ +ere$"r =i+"u+  =rr+# Tere re +=" pr"vi" +" ++ e&+i"# A per +e $ir+ pr"vi", i$  p"li&e "$$i&er "+ 8el"= +e r "$  Ipe&+"r "$ -"li&e i u+"rie' 8/ +e S++e "vere+, ei+er 8/ eerl "r pe&il "r'er, e / ive+i+e / u& "$$e&e =i+"u+ +e "r'er "$  i+r+e "r e rre+ +ere$"r =i+"u+  =rr+# A&&"r'i +" +e e&"' pr"vi",  "$$e&e re$erre' +" i Clue (e) "$ Su8:e&+i" (1) "$ Se&+i" 5 ll "+ 8e ive+i+e' =i+"u+ +e "r'er "$  p"li&e "$$i&er "+ 8el"= +e r "$  Superi+e'e+ "$ -"li&e# 121# 121# I+ e ++  p"li&e p"li&e "$$i&er "$$i&er "+ 8el"= 8el"= +e r "$  Ipe& Ipe&+"r +"r "$ -"li&e -"li&e u+"ri u+"rie' e' 8/ +e S++e S++e "vere+ i +er "$ +e $ir+ pr"vi" & +e up +e ive+i+i" "$  "$$e&e re$erre' +" i Clue (e) "$ Se&+i" 5(1) "l/ "  epr+e ' i'epe'e+ "r'er "$  p"li&e "$$i&er "+ 8el"= +e r "$  Superi+e'e+ "$ -"li&e# T" / i "+er ="r',  +ri&+ &"pli&e "$ +e e&"' pr"vi" i  ''i+i"l lel reFuiree+ +" ++ "$ +e $ir+ pr"vi" $"r &"$erri  vli' u+"ri+/ "  p"li&e "$$i&er "+ 8el"= +e r "$  Ipe&+"r "$ -"li&e +" ive+i+e  "$$e&e $lli u'er Clue (e) "$ Se&+i" 5(1) "$ +e A&+# Ti i &lerl/ pel+ "u+ $r" +e eprei" G$ur+er pr"vi'e'G "&&urri i +e e&"' pr"vi"# 122# A &"?"i+ re'i "$ +e i pr"vii", 5A(1) ' +e +=" pr"vi" +ere+", "= ++ +e ive+i+i" 8/ +e 'ei+e' p"li&e "$$i&er i +e rule ' +e ive+i+i" 8/  "$$i&er "$  l"=er r  i  e&ep+i"# 123# I+  8ee rule' 8/ +i C"ur+ i everl 'e&ii" ++ Se&+i" 5A "$ +e A&+ i '+"r/ ' "+ 'ire&+"r/ ' +e ive+i+i" &"'u&+e' i vi"l+i" +ere"$ 8er +e +p "$ illeli+/ 8u+ ++ illeli+/ &"i++e' i +e &"ure "$  ive+i+i" '"e "+ $$e&+ +e &"pe+e&e ' +e ?uri'i&+i" "$ +e C"ur+ $"r +ril ' =ere +e &"i@&e "$ +e &e  i $&+ 8ee +e ' +e &e i pr"&ee'e' +" +eri+i" +e vli'i+/ "$ +e pr"&ee'i pr"&ee'i =i+ +e pre&e'i pre&e'i ive+i+i" ive+i+i" '"e "+ vi+i+e +e reul+ reul+ ule ule i&rrie i&rrie "$ ?u+i&e ?u+i&e  8ee &ue' +ere8/# See #!# Ri8u' ' I'er Si v# Te S++e "$ %eli (upr); ?"r E## r/ v# Te S++e "$ "8/ A!>SC01231961 A!>SC01231961;; u Ll v# S++e "$ >++r -r'e A!>SC00671963 A!>SC00671963;; S#!# "e v# S++e "$ ir A!>SC0063196< A!>SC0063196<;; ui Ll v# %eli A'ii+r+i" A!>SC01471971 A!>SC01471971 '  ' .'u S"u %"8i ' Ar# v# S++e S++e "$ r+r r+r A!>SC01551972 A!>SC01551972## "=ever, i Ri8u' &e ' ui Ll &e i+  8ee rule' ++ i$ / 8re& "$ +e i' '+"r/ pr"vii" rel+i +" ive+i+i" i 8r"u+ +" +e "+i&e "$ +e C"ur+ +  erl/ +e "$ +e +ril, +e C"ur+ =ill ve +" &"i'er +e +ure ' e+e+ "$ +e vi"l+i" ' p ppr"pri+e "r'er  / 8 e &lle' $"r +" re&+i$/ +e illeli+/ ' &ure +e 'e$e&+ i +e ive+i+i"# 21 124# C"i +" +e $&+ "$ +e pree+ &e u'er &"i'er+i", +e ive+i+i" 'i' "+ pr"&ee' ' &"ul' "+ 8e pr"&ee'e' =i+, i&e +e i C"ur+ 8/  i+erl"&u+"r/ "r'er re+rie' +e ive+i+i" eve + +e ii+il +e, i#e# " +e '+e =e Rule !ii = iue' i +e Bri+ -e+i+i"# Tere$"re, i+ i +e ppr"pri+e +e $"r ei+i" "$ +e Fue+i"  +" =e+er +e e&er/ reFuiree+ &"+epl+e' >'er Se&+i" 5A(1) i peri++i +e Ipe&+"r "$ -"li&e, re +ri&+l/ &"plie' =i+ "r "+# 125# "r +e pr"per u'er+'i "$ +e re"i =i& =e ="ul' lie +" ive +"u&i +e Fue+i" "$ +e vli'i+/ "$ +e u+"ri+/ "$ +e +ir' ppell+, =e ="ul' lie +" repr"'u&e +e "vere+ "r'er '+e' 26+ Jul/ 1975 =i& re'  $"ll"=* ARKA!A E R%ER DER!E!T %E-ARTE!T !"# 4<16:3:7522965 Te 26+ Jul/ 1975 C"$erre' 8/ +e $ir+ pr"vi" +" Su8:e&+i" (1) "$ Se&+i" 5A "$ +e -reve+i" "$ C"rrup+i" A&+, 1947, +e "ver"r "$ r/ ere8/ u+"rie ll +e Ipe&+"r "$ -"li&e u'er +e 'ii+r+ive &"+r"l "$ +e Ipe&+"r eerl "$ -"li&e, r/ +" ive+i+e "$$e&e >'er Se&+i" 5 "$ +e i' A&+# S#%# Se&re+r/ "e %epr+e+# +" "vere+, 'ri r/ 126# Te u8eFue+ "vere+ r'er '+e' 19#4#19<< i " +e e lie "$ +e 8"ve "vere+ r'er# 127#  +e +re+ "$ +e 8"ve "vere+ r'er "$ 1975, i+  8ee ri+l/ &"+e'e' ++ +e +ir' ppell ppell+ + (Ipe (Ipe&+" &+"rr "$ -"li&e -"li&e), ), +"u +"u "+  'ei 'ei+e +e' ' "$$i&e "$$i&err  8ee 8ee lell lell/ / u+"r u+"rie ie' ' 8/ +e S++e S++e "vere+ "vere+ i eer&ie "$ i+ p"=er u'er +e $ir+ pr"vi" "$ Se&+i" Se&+i" 5A(1) +" ive+i+e ive+i+e +e "$$e&e "$$e&e $lli >'er Se&+i" 5 "$ +e A&+, el/, +e "$$e&e euer+e' i Clue () +" (e) "$ Se&+i" 5(1) "$ +e A&+# 12<# !"= =+ rei $"r &"i'er+i" i =e+er +ere i / vli' "r'er "$ +e S#-# peri++i +e +ir' ppell+ +" ive+i+e +e "$$e&e $lli u'er Clue (e) "$ Su8:e&+i" (1) "$ Se&+i" 5# A =e ve lre'/ e+i"e' i +e erlier pr+ "$ +i ?u'e+, +e S#-# (+e e&"' ppell+)  ive +e "e ="r' 'ire&+i" " 21#11#19<7 ive+i+e# Te Fue+i" i =e+er +e "e ="r' 'ire&+i" ive+i+e ="ul' "u+ +"  r'er =i+i +e ei "$ e&"' pr"vi" "$ Se&+i" 5A(1)# 129# I #!# Ri8u' &e (upr) + pe 1165 =ile eii +e "r'er "$  i+r+e &"+epl+e' >'er Se&+i" 5A(1), i+  8ee "8erve'* Be  i+r+e i ppr"&e' $"r r+i u& perii" e i epe&+e' +" +i$/ iel$ ++ +ere re ""' ' u$$i&ie+ re" $"r u+"rii  "$$i&er "$  l"=er r +" &"'u&+ +e ive+i+i"# Te r+i "$ u& perii" i "+ +" 8e +re+e' 8/  i+r+e   ere ++er "$ r"u+ie 8u+ i+ i  eer&ie "$ i ?u'i&il 'i&re+i" vi rer' +" +e p"li&/ u'erl/i i+# I "ur "pii", +ere$"re, =e u&  8re& i 8r"u+ +" +e "+i&e "$ +e C"ur+ +  erl/ +e "$ +e +ril +e C"ur+ =ill ve +" &"i'er +e +ure ' e+e+ "$ +e vi"l+i" ' p ppr"pri+e "r'er $"r u& re:ive+i+i"  / 8e &lle' $"r, ="ll/ "r pr+l/#### 130# Te 8"ve 'i&+u  8ee ppr"ve' i u8r Ali &e +e $&+ "$ =i& 'i&l"e ++ +e %i+ri&+ i+r+e 8e$"re ="  ppli&+i" = u8i++e' 8/ +e Su8:Ipe&+"r eei perii" >'er Se&+i" 5A pe' +e "r'er re'i Gperii" r+e'G# Su88 R", J#  e +e = =ile pei $"r +e e& 'ippr"ve' u& &ul "r'er ' epree' ++ +e i+r+e 'i' "+ relie +e ii$i&&e "$ +i "r'er ivi perii" 8u+ "l/ e&i&ll/ iue' +e "r'er ' ++e' +u* ###i  &e =ere  "$$i&er r+er + +e 'ei+e' "$$i&er, ee +" e  ive+i+i", e "ul' e+ +e "r'er "$  i+r+e ep"=eri i +" '" " 8e$"re e pr"&ee' +" ive+i+e ' i+ i 'eir8le ++ +e "r'er ivi +e perii" "ul' "r'iril/, " +e $&e "$ i+, 'i&l"e +e re" $"r ivi +e perii"# 131# e'e, J i S#!# "e &e $"ll"=i +e i i u8r Ali &e  epree' i "pii" i +e $"ll"=i ="r'* 22 I+ i urprii ++ eve $+er +i C"ur+ p"i+e' "u+ +e ii$i&&e "$ Se&+i" 5A i everl 'e&ii" +ere re +ill "e i+r+e ' p"li&e "$$i&er =" &"+iue +" &+ i  &ul er# I+ i "8vi"u ++ +e/ re i"r+ "$ +e 'e&ii" "$ +i C"ur+# 132# Te &"pe&+u "$ +e 8"ve 'e&ii" &lerl/ ++ +e r+i "$ perii" >'er Se&+i" 5A u+"rii  "$$i&er "$ l"=er r +" &"'u&+ +e ive+i+i" i "+ +" 8e +re+e' 8/  i+r+e   ere ++er "$ r"u+ie, 8u+ i+ i  eer&ie "$ i ?u'i&il 'i&re+i" vi rer' +" +e p"li&/ u'erl/i ' +e "r'er ivi +e perii" "ul', " +e $&e "$ i+, 'i&l"e +e re" $"r r+i u& perii"# I+ i, +ere$"re, &ler i +e li+ "$ +e 8"ve pri&iple "$ l= ++ +e Superi+e'e+ "$ -"li&e "r / p"li&e "$$i&er "$ 8"ve r =ile r+i perii" +"  ":'ei+e' p"li&e "$$i&er i eer&ie "$ i p"=er u'er +e e&"' pr"vi" +" Se&+i" 5A(1), "ul' +i$/ iel$ ++ +ere re ""' ' u$$i&ie+ re" +" e+ru+ +e ive+i+i" =i+ u& p"li&e "$$i&er "$  l"=er r ' re&"r' i re" $"r '"i "; 8e&ue +e ver/ "8?e&+ "$ +e leil+ure i e&+i Se&+i" 5 A i +" ee ++ +e ive+i+i" "$ "$$e&e pui8le >'er Se&+i" 161, 161, 165 "r 165 "r 165A "$ 165A "$ I'i -el C"'e  =ell  +"e >'er Se&+i" 5 "$ +e A&+ "ul' 8e '"e "r'iril/ 8/ +e "$$i&er 'ei+e' i Clue () +" (') "$ Se&+i" 5A(1)# Te e&ep+i" "ul' 8e $"r 'eFu+e re" =i& "ul' 8e 'i&l"e' " +e $&e "$ +e "r'er# I +i &"e&+i", i+ i ="r+/ +" "+e ++ +e +ri&+ &"pli&e =i+ Se&+i" 5A(1) 8e&"e 8"lu+el/ 8"lu+el/ e&er/, 8e&ue Se&+i" 5A(1) eprel/ pr"i8i+ p"li&e "$$i&er, "$$i&er, 8el"= &er+i &er+i r, $r" ive+i+i i+" "$$e&e >'er Se&+i" 161, 161, 165 ' 165 ' 165A, 165A, I-C ' >'er Se&+i" 5 "$ +e A&+ =i+"u+ "r'er "$ i+r+e pe&i$ie' +erei "r =i+"u+ u+"ri+i" "$ +e S++e "vere+ i +i 8el$ ' $r" e$$e&+i rre+ $"r +"e "$$e&e =i+"u+  =rr+# See l" AC# Sr v# %eli A'ii+r+i" (upr)# 133# I +e pree+ &e, +ere i 8"lu+el/ " re", ive 8/ +e S#-# i 'ire&+i +e S +" ive+i+e '  u& +e "r'er "$ +e S#-# i 'ire&+l/ i vi"l+i" "$ +e 'i&+u li' '"= 8/ +i C"ur+ i everl 'e&ii" =i& =e ve re$erre' +" 8"ve# Reul++l/, =e "l' ++ +e +ir' ppell+, S i "+ &l"+e' =i+ +e reFuii+e lel u+"ri+/ u+"ri+/ =i+i +e ei "$ +e e&"' pr"vi" "$ Se&+i" Se&+i" 5A(1) "$ +e A&+ +" ive+i+e ive+i+e +e "$$e&e "$$e&e u'er Clue (e) "$ Se&+i" 5(1) "$ +e A&+# 134# Tere i l" "e "re lel ur'le =i& +e pr"e&u+i"  +" "ver&"e i e+ru+i +i ive+i+i" =i+ +e S# A  8ee repe+e'l/ e+i"e' +e &e u'er &"i'er+i" i "+ "l/ rei+ere' >'er Se&+i" 5(2) 8u+ l" >'er Se&+i" 161 ' 161 ' 165 I-C# 165 I-C# Te "vere+ r'er u+"rie +e Ipe&+"r eerl "$ -"li&e -"li&e "$ r/ r/ ++e +" ive+i+e ive+i+e "l/ +e "$$e&e "$$e&e $lli $lli >'er Se&+i" Se&+i" 5 "$ +e A&+# Tere$"re, Tere$"re, +e S ="  +e up +e ive+i+i" "$ +e "$$e&e i&luive "$ +"e >'er Se&+i" 161 ' 161 ' 165 I-C 165 I-C i "+ + ll &l"+e' =i+ / u+"ri+/ +" ive+i+e +ee +=" "$$e&e, rei+ere' u'er +e I-C, pr+ $r" +e "$$e&e >'er Se&+i" 5(2) "$ +e A&+# Be r# S&r = &"$r"+e' =i+ +i lel iue, e +rie' +" e+ri&+e iel$ $r" +i i+u+i" /i ++ +e pr"e&u+i" pr"e&u+i" ="ul' ppr"& +e i+r+ i+r+e e "$ +e $ir+ &l $"r "8+ii "8+ii  "r'er >'er Se&+i" 5A(1) u+"rii S +" ive+i+e +e "$$e&e u'er +e pr"vii" "$ +e I-C# "=ever,  +e Fue+i" rel+i +" +e lel u+"ri+/ "$ +e S i rie' eve + +i ii+il +e, =e $eel ++ i+ ="ul' 8e pr"per ' l" 'eir8le ++ +e ive+i+i", i$ + ll +" 8e pr"&ee'e' =i+ i +e "pii" "$ +e S++e "vere+, "ul' pr"&ee' "l/ " +e 8i "$  vli' "r'er i +ri&+ &"pli&e =i+ +e '+"r/ pr"vii" "$ Se&+i" 5A(1)# 135# r" +e 8"ve 'i&ui", =e "l' ++ (1)  +e lu+r/ lel reFuiree+ "$ 'i&l"i +e re" $"r &&"r' &&"r'i i +e peri perii" i"  i "+ &"pli &"plie' e' =i+; =i+; (2)  +e pr"e& pr"e&u+i u+i" " i "+ +i$ +i$&+ &+"ri "ril/ l/ epli eplii i  +e &ir&u+&e =i& ipelle' +e S#-# +" p +e "r'er ' ire&+i +e S +" ive+i+e +e &e; (3)  +e i' 'ire&+i" i$e+l/ ee +" ve 8ee r+e' e&i&ll/ ' i  ver/ &ul er, rer'le "$ +e pri&iple "$ l= eu&i+e' 8/ +i C"ur+, pr"88l/ 'ue +" 8li$ul i"r&e "$ +e lel '+e ' (4) , 8"ve ll, +e S  "+ ei+er / "r'er $r" +e i+r+e +" ive+i+e +e "$$e&e >'er Se&+i" 161 ' 165 I-C 165 I-C "r / "r'er $r" +e S#-# $"r ive+i+i" "$ +e "$$e&e >'er Se&+i" 5(1)(e) "$ +e -reve+i" "$ C"rrup+i" A&+ i +e er "= +" l=, =e ve " "+er "p+i", ve +" Fu ++ "r'er "$ 'ire&+i", re'i Give+i+eG =i& 'ire&+i" u$$er $r" lel i$iri+/ ' l" +e ive+i+i", i$ /, " $r &rrie' "u+# !ever+ele, "ur "r'er "$ Fui +e 'ire&+i" "$ +e S#-# ' +e ive+i+i" +ereup" =ill "+ i / =/ 'e+er +e $ir+ ppell+, +e S++e "$ r/ +" purue +e ++er ' 'ire&+  ive+i+i" $re i puru&e "$ +e #I#R#, +e Fui "$ =i& =e ve e+ i'e, i$ +e S++e " 'eire, +r"u  &"pe+e+ p"li&e "$$i&er, &l"+e' =i+ +e lel u+"ri+/ i +ri&+ &"pli&e =i+ Se&+i" 5A(1) "$ +e A&+# 136# 136# Te lere' lere' Ju'e Ju'e "$ +e i C"ur+ C"ur+ 8e$"re 8e$"re pr+i pr+i  =i+ =i+ +eir +eir &"&lu &"&lui" i"  "+ 8ei G8le +" rei+ rei+ +ep++i"G "$ i  "8erv+i" =i+  +e+ul pe =i& i "re "r le ue+ive "$  'vi&e ve epree'  $"ll"=* ei'e =+  8ee i' ' "8erve' 8"ve, 8e$"re pr+i =i+ +i &e, =e ve "+ 8ee 8le +" rei+ +e +ep++i" "$ /i ++ ever/ p"li+i&i i r/ / 8e +e Cie$ ii+er "r "+er=ie, "ul' "+ =ile "l'i "$$i&e &+ " +e i, Ever/+i i $ir i l"ve ' =r 8u+ "ul' 8e uie ' &re$ul +" ee+ "u+ +" i pre'e&e"r,  +re+e+ i +e ="r' "$ -"ru, u++ere' =ile i &i, " 8ei 8r"u+ 8e$"re Ale'er +e re+,  +re+e+ =i&  i "ul' ee+ "u+ +" "+er i 8e&ue i+ i "$+e i'  /"u "=, " ll  /"u rep# 23 137# r# R?i'er S&r ' r# R#.# r u8i++e' u8i++e' =i+ +r" i+ei+/ "$ &"vi&+i" &"vi&+i" ++ +e 8"ve "8erv+i" "8erv+i" "$ +e lere' lere' Ju'e "ul' "ul' "+ 8e &"u+e&e' &"u+e&e' 8e&ue i$ u& "8erv+i" "8erv+i", , epe&ill/ i +e &"+e+ "$ +i &e re&eive ?u'i&il re&"i+i", i+ =ill le' "l/ +" +e &++r"pe "$ "ur 'e"&r+i& /+e +" +e 'e+rie+ "$ +e =el$re "$ +e &"u+r/ ' i$ u& "8erv+i" re &&ep+e' +e ever/ u&&e"r "vere+ "ul' 8ur/ i+ e' lie  +ri& +ere8/ $reel/ ll"=i +e l$e&e ' i$e&e "$ +e $"rer "vere+ +" " u:"+i&e', u:re&+i$ie' ' +e "$$e'er upuie'# A&&"r'i +" +e +ere i 8"lu+el/ " +eril $"r "l'i ++ +ere = / &pi "$ vili$i&+i" $"r p"li+i&l i 8e' " per"l iu 8/ +e u&&e"r "vere+  i+ +e "u+"i "vere+, pr+i&ulrl/ =e +e &riil pr"&ee'i re ii+i+e' 8/  i'ivi'ul# 13<# T" 8u++re +eir u8ii", +e/ relie' " +e $"ll"=i 'e&ii" 'eli =i+ iilr &"+e+i" ++&i +e i+i+ i+i+u+i u+i" " "$ &rii &riil l pr"&ee pr"&ee'i 'i  &r& &r&+er +erii ii  +e +e  +e "u+&" "u+&"e e "$ p"li+i p"li+i&l &l ve'e+ ve'e++# +# T"e T"e "8erv+i" "8erv+i"  8ei -#D# J+ R" ' r# v# S++e S++e "$ ri ' r# A!>SC0013196< A!>SC0013196<;; .ri ll8 ll8 S/ ' r# v# C"ii"er C"ii"er "$ EFuir/ ' r# A!>SC037<196< A!>SC037<196<;; Se"' -= v# S++e "$ ir ' r# A!>SC010519<2 A!>SC010519<2;; Se" e" ' '  -= = v# S++ S++e e "$ ir ir ' ' r# r# A!>SC020619<6 ' A!>SC020619<6  ' A#R# A+ul/ v# R#S# !/ ' Ar# A!>SC000219<< A!>SC000219<<## 139# I+ ="ul' 8e ppr"pri+e +" re$er +" +e "8erv+i" 'e 8/ +i C"ur+ i +=" "$ +e 8"ve 'e&ii"# 140# I .ri ll8 S/ &e + pe 393, i'/+ull, C#J# pei $"r +e C"+i+u+i"l e&  p"i+e' "u+* I+ r'l/ ee' / u+"ri+/ +" ++e ++ +e iFuir/ =ill 8e "r'ere' "+ 8/ +e ii+er i+ iel$ 8u+ 8/ "e "e ele# Be  ii+r/ "e "u+ "$ "$$i&e, i+ u&&e"r / &"i'er / lri &re ' /, i$  ?u+i$ie', "r'er  iFuir/# +er=ie, e & ii+r/ =ill 8e&"e  l= u+" i+el$ ' +e &"rrup+ &"'u&+ "$ i+ ii+er =ill rei 8e/"' &ru+i/# 141# I A#R# A+ul/ &e + pe 673, S8/&i ur?i, J ( e +e =) pei $"r iel$ ' +=" "+er lere' Ju'e epree' i "pii" "  iilr iue i +e $"ll"=i ="r'* ###=e u+ reie' "urelve ++ puri+/ "$ pu8li& li$e i "e "$ +e &r'il pri&iple =i& u+ 8e upel'   ++er "$ pu8li& p"li&/# Alle+i" "$ lel i$r&+i" ' &riil i$r&+i" u+ 8e ive+i+e' i &&"r'&e =i+ l= ' pr"&e'ure e+8lie' u'er +e C"+i+u+i"# Eve i$ e  8ee =r"e', i$ e i ll"=e' +" 8e le$+ i '"u8+ ++ ="ul' &ue "re eri"u 'e +" +e ppell+# -u8li& &"$i'e&e i pu8li& 'ii+r+i" "ul' "+ 8e er"'e' / $ur+er# e =r" &"+ 8e ree'ie' 8/ "+er =r"# 142# 142# Be $eel $eel ++ ++ +e $"ll"=i $"ll"=i  "8erv "8erv+i" +i"  'e 'e 8/ .ri .ri  I/er, I/er, J i S++e S++e "$ -u?8 -u?8 v# ur'i ur'ill Si Si A!>SC04331979 / A!>SC04331979  / 8e re&pi+ul+e' i +i &"e&+i", ++ 8ei* I$ +e ue "$ +e p"=er i $"r +e $ul$ile+ "$  lei+i+e "8?e&+ +e &+u+i" "r &+l/+i" 8/ li&e i "+ lei&i'l# 143# I +e li+ "$ +e 8"ve 'e&ii" "$ +i C"ur+, =e $eel ++ +e i' "8erv+i" 'e i +e ipue'  ?u'e+ re u=rr+e' ' +e i+"ri&l e&'"+e i "u+ "$ &"+e+ ' ippr"pri+e# Be re $ri' i$ u&  vie= i +" 8e ?u'i&ill/ &&ep+e' ' ppr"ve', +e i+ =ill 8e ++"u+ +" l/i '"=  lri pr"p"i+i" ++  i&"i "vere+ u'er ll &ir&u+&e, "ul' pu+ i+ el "$ ppr"vl +" ll +e &"ii" ' "ii" "ii" "$ +e "u+"i "vere+ "vere+ i"ri eve lri lri lpe lpe ' eri"u i'ee' i'ee' ' +e 'ele+eri"u 'ele+eri"u ' 'e+ru&+ive &"eFue&e ++ / $"ll"= +ere$r"# e&e =e re &"+rie' +" epre "ur 'ippr"vl i&e +e +e+, +e"r ' +"e "$ +e 8"ve "8erv+i" leve u =i+ +e $eeli ++ u& ipl&e' /p+/ i'i&+e' +erei pper +" ve &"i'er8l/ =eie' =i+ +e lere' Ju'e i +i +e e+ree +ep i Fui +e ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+# Be '" "+ lie +" e / "re &"e+ e&ep+ /i ++  =e ve p"i+e' "u+ i "ur e"r'il "+e, i "ur 'e"&r+i& p"li+/ =ere +e Rule "$ L= rei" " "e:"=ever il/ pl&e' e / 8e:& &li iui+/, u&:le 8"lu+e iui+/ $r" +e L=, 8u+ e i l=/ u'er +e L=# 144# Be e+ i'e +e ?u'e+ "$ +e i C"ur+ Fui +e ir+ I$"r+i" Rep"r+  "+ 8ei lell/ ' $&+ull/ u+i8le i l= $"r +e re" $"ree+i"e'; 8u+, "=ever, =e Fu +e &"e&ee+  =ell  +e e+ire ive+i+i", i$ /, " $r '"e $"r +e re" ive 8/ u i +e i++ ?u'e+ " +e r"u' ++ +e +ir' ppell+ (S) i "+ &l"+e' =i+ vli' lel u+"ri+/ +" +e up +e ive+i+i" ' pr"&ee' =i+ +e e =i+i +e ei "$ Se&+i" 5A(1) "$ +e -reve+i" "$ C"rrup+i" A&+  i'i&+e' i +i ?u'e+# ur+er =e e+ i'e +e "r'er "$ +e i C"ur+ =r'i &"+ =i+  'ire&+i" ++ +e i' &"+ i p/8le +" +e $ir+ rep"'e+ (C# ? Ll) 8/ +e  e&"' rep"'e+ (%r -l)# 24 145# 145# I +e reul+, reul+, +e ppel ppel i 'ip" 'ip"e' e' "$ &&"r' &&"r'i il/ l/ 8u+ + +e e +ie ivi ivi li8er+/ li8er+/ +" +e S++e S++e "vere+ +" 'ire&+  ive+i+i" $re, i$ i+ " 'eire, +r"u  &"pe+e+ -"li&e $$i&er ep"=ere' =i+ vli' lel u+"ri+/ i +ri&+ &"pli&e =i+ Se&+i" 5 A(1) "$ +e A&+  i'i&+e' upr# !" "r'er  +" &"+# 25