Transcript
Arbab Faisal javed Reg # 2007-civil-3007 assignment # 1Hydraulic structures are anything that can be used to divert, restrict, stop, or otherwise managethe natural flow of water. They can be made from materials ranging from large rock and concreteto obscure items such as wooden timbers or tree trunks. Dam, for instance, is a type of hydraulicstructure used to hold water in a reservoir as potential energy, just as a weir is a type of hydraulicstructure which can be used to pool water for irrigation, establish control of the bed (gradecontrol) or, as a new innovative technique, to divert flow away from eroding banks or intodiversion channels for flood control. Classification of hydraulic structures on the basis of material: 1) Earth fill2) Rock fill3) Concrete4) Stone masonry5) Timber 6) Steel coffer Classification of hydraulic structures on the basis of function: : Flow control structures: They are used to regulate the flow and pass excess flow. They might be gates, spillways, valves,or outlets. Flow measurement structures : they are used to measure discharge. They are weirs, orifices,flumes etc. Division structures : they are used to divert the main course of water flow. They are coffer dams,weirs, canal headworks, intake works. Conveyance structures : they are used to guide the flow from one place to another. They areopen channels, pressure conduit, pipes, canals and sewers. Collection structures : they are used to collect water for disposal. They are Drain inlets,infiltration galleries, wells. Energy dissipation structures : they are used to prevent erosion and structural damage. They arestilling basins, surge dams, check dams. River training and water stabilizing structures : they are used to maintain river channel andwater transportation. Levees, cutoffs, locks, piers, culverts Sediment and quality control structures : they are used to control or remove sediments andother pollutants. They are racks, screens, traps, sedimentation tanks, filters, sluiceways. Hydraulic machines : they are used to convert energy from one form to another. They areturbines, pumps, ramps, Storage structures: they are used for the purpose of storage of water. These may be dams or tanks e.t.c. Shore protection structures : they are used to protect banks. Dikes, groins, jetties, revetments Dams: A dam is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams. Dams generally servethe primary purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as floodgates or levees (alsoknown as dikes) are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions.Hydropower and pumped-storage hydroelectricity are often used in conjunction with dams toPage 1 of 3 Arbab Faisal javed Reg # 2007-civil-3007 assignment # 1generate electricity. A dam can also be used to collect water or for storage of water which can beevenly distributed between locations. Water Gates : Water control gates are used to control the mass flow of water or wastewater invarious environmental and process applications. They are usually square and rectangular inshape and made of stainless steel or galvanized aluminum. There are many different types of products. Bulkhead gates are supplied in one-piece panels and used in flood control applications.These large water control gates are installed with a hoist or crane and may include stop logs for ease of installation. Floating bulkheads consist of individual sections that are floated in place andjoined together. These water control gates are designed for spillway openings and other areasthat cannot use a bulkhead gate Spillways : A spillway is a structure used to provide for the controlled release of flows from adam or levee into a downstream area, typically being the river that was dammed. Spillwaysrelease floods so that the water does not overtop and damage or even destroy the dam. Exceptduring flood periods, water does not normally flow over a spillway. In contrast, an intake is astructure used to release water on a regular basis for water supply, hydroelectricity generation,etc. Floodgates and fuse plugs may be designed into spillways to regulate water flow and damheight. Other uses of the term spillway include bypasses of dams or outlets of a channels usedduring highwater, and outlet channels carved through natural dams such as moraines.. Flumes: A flume is an open artificial water channel, in the form of a gravity chute, that leadswater from a diversion dam or weir completely aside a natural flow. Often, the flume is anelevated box structure (typically wood) that follows the natural contours of the land. These havebeen extensively used in hydraulic mining and working placer deposits for gold, tin and other heavy minerals. They are also used in the transportation of logs in the logging industry, electricpower generation and to power various mill operations by the use of a waterwheel. Examples of flumes are Venturi flumes and Parshall flumes Wells : Water well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, boringor drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The well water is drawn by an electricsubmersible pump, a vertical turbine pump, a hand pump or a mechanical pump (e.g. from awater-pumping windmill. It can also be drawn up using containers, such as buckets that areraised mechanically or by hand. Drain inlets: In the design of storm water drains, the openings used to drain storm water runoff into the stormsewer system may be a curb inlet, gutter inlet, or a combination of the two. A major part of thedesign procedure for storm drains is to use the design storm water runoff rate to size the surfaceopenings and/or curb inlets so that they can handle the storm water runoff. In the design of stormwater drains, the storm water curb inlet or gutter inlet opening can be sized using orificeequations if the opening is completely submerged, or with a weir equation if the inlet opening isnot submerged. Seawalls - Seawalls are usually massive, vertical structures used to protect backshore areas fromheavy wave action, and in lower wave energy environments, to separate land from water Bulkheads - These are vertical retaining walls to hold or prevent the soil from sliding seaward. Water sewer: Effluent sewer is a wastewater collection system that pumps only the liquidportion of sewage. At each home, a buried tank collects and passively separates solids from theliquid effluent. High head pumps then pump the effluent through small diameter pipes (typically2 to 4 ) to downstream treatment. Because the system is pressurized, pipes can be laid justunder the surface, along the ground's contour.Page 2 of 3 Arbab Faisal javed Reg # 2007-civil-3007 assignment # 1 Revetments - Revetments are a cover or facing of erosion resistant material placed directly onan existing slope, embankment or dike to protect the area from waves and strong currents. Dikes and Levees - Dikes are typically earth structures (dams) that keep elevated water levelsfrom flooding interior lowlands. Breakwaters - Breakwaters are generally shore-parallel structures that reduce the amount of wave energy reaching the protected area. Groins - Groins are the oldest and most common shore-connected, beach stabilization structure. Sills / Perched Beaches - Construction of a low retaining sill to trap sand results in what isknown as a perched beach, one that is elevated above its srcinal level. Jetties and Piers - Jetties are shore-normal stone structures commonly used for trainingnavigation channels and stabilizing inlets. Pier structures are sometimes referred to as jetties. Cofferdam: A cofferdam (also called coffer) is an enclosure within a water environmentconstructed to allow water to be pumped out to create a dry work environment. Commonly usedfor oil rig construction and repair, bridge and dam work, the cofferdam is usually a welded steelstructure that is temporary and is typically dismantled after work is completed. Its componentsconsist of sheet piles, wales, and cross braces. Weirs: A weir is a small overflow dam used to alter the flow characteristics of a river or stream.In most cases weirs take the form of a barrier across the river that causes water to pool behindthe structure (not unlike a dam), but allow water to flow over the top. Weirs are commonly usedto alter the flow regime of the river, prevent flooding, measure discharge and to help render ariver navigable. Aqueducts : An aqueduct is a water supply or navigable channel (conduit) constructed to conveywater. In modern engineering, the term is used for any system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels,and other structures used for this purpose.[1] In a more restricted use, aqueduct (occasionallywater bridge) applies to any bridge or viaduct that transports waterinstead of a path, road or railwayacross a gap. Large navigable aqueducts are used as transport links for boats or ships.Page 3 of 3
