0 Atom Structure

Transcript

 The Structure Structure of Atom Atom What is a mineral ? a naturally occurring solid solid that has a define internal internal structures and specific chemical composition composition in a periodically repeating arrangement of atoms. eg QUARTZ, EMERALD, ET! Mineral : - naturally forming - inorganic - crystalline solid - known chemical composition - known physical properties What is a mineral ? a naturally occurring solid solid that has a define internal internal structures and specific chemical composition composition in a periodically repeating arrangement of atoms. eg QUARTZ, EMERALD, ET! Mineral : - naturally forming - inorganic - crystalline solid - known chemical composition - known physical properties Different Mineral and not Mineral Different Quartz is a mineral #&)%&L A&&A"G%M%"$ #+ !#" #& A$#M !"$# A LA$$!*% W#&, #+ &%.%A$%) &%.%A$%) $/&%% ' )!M%"!#"AL ("!$ Glass is not a mineral GLA ! "#$ A M!"%&AL ' ())%" *##L!"G *##L!" G #+ M#L$%" &#*, &%(L$ !" LA*, LA*, #+ #&)%&L #&)%& L A&&A"G%M%"$ Ilustrasi dari batuan sampai atom &iotite %eldspars $lagioclase Drusy Quart" Quart" on  on &arite Quart" #ranite Si l i con )efinitions %lement : a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by HEAT, COLD OR REACTION WITH OTHER 112 ELEENT!" ELEENT! : Atom 01 NAT#RAL, 12 LA$ CREATION : the smallest possible particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element !ompounds ' One or more elements combine in specific proportions to form chemical compounds EX: QUARTZ i O2 !O"E i ATO# 2 OX$%E" ATO#& Mineral : a naturall' occurrin( solid that has a definite internal structures and specific chemical composition in a periodicall' repeatin( arran(ement of atoms) e( QUARTZ* E#ERA+,* ET- Roc( : an a((re(ate composed of one or more minerals )*+ )*+' ELE!TR)!ALL !-AR#ED $ART)!LE *ations : %or& %ro& &eta's because they ha(e a 'ow Ioni)ation ener*y + wi'' readi'y *i(e u e'ectrons to obtain the e'ectron con%i*uration o% a nob'e *as Anions : %or& %ro& non-&eta's because they ha(e 'ow E'ectron a%%inity and wi'' readi'y accet e'ectrons to obtain the e'ectron con%i*uration o% a nob'e *as %lectrons are transferred from the *ation to the Anion and the charged ions attract each other  $he Atom *omponents ,IA#ETER . 1/0 -# !/)///////1-#& ATO# -O"IT O OUTER E+E-TRO" "U-+EU 3 -O#4OE, O 4ROTO" 5 "EUTRO" -6AR%E O A 4ROTO" 7 810000000001)9/1/01; #A O A 4ROTO" 7 1)9<1/02= % 71 ATO#I- #A U"IT !A#U&  "EUTRO" 000000000 "EUTRA+ 2>  U #A 0000000 A#U ;2 7 2> A#U ELECTRON! TRA.EL ARO#ND THE N#CLE#! E /012345 ------- 0/ E 6 2345 "ucleus  N#$ER O7 0ROTON! 89 / ATOIC N#$ER .rotons  N#$ER O7 ELECTRON! / N#$ER O7 0ROTON! "eutrons hells %lectrons !#$#.% : ATO! O7 !AE ELEENT WITH DI77ERENT NE#TRON  N#$ER 8 !AE 9 $#T DI77ERENT ATOIC WEI;HT -o3 small is an atom4 Atoms are /0000000000 of a meter in length1.MALL2 $he Atom tructure The Quantum 5ie3 of Atom $he Atomic "um3er  $he .eriodic$a3le The Atomic Mass The Atomic i"es D)AMETER *% )*+ E+ER# LE5EL E+ER# LE5EL ' $E!)%)! RE#)*+ *% $A!E AR*U+D T-E +U!LEU 6-ERE A+ ELE!TR*+ M*5E. ELE!TR*+ %)LL T-E L*6ET E+ER# LE5EL &E%*RE T-E TART %)LL)+# -)#-ER LE5EL 777 L*6ET E+ER# LE5EL 8 ELE!TR*+ 777 +E9T E+ER# LE5EL : ELE!TR*+ 777 +E9T E+ER# LE5EL : ELE!TR*+ 777 +E9T E+ER# LE5EL ;8 ELE!TR*+ #r3iting electrons in energy le4els "ucleus E+ER# LE5EL D)A#RAM7- AT*M E+ER#LE5EL D)A#RAM < -e AT*M E+ER#7LE5EL D)A#RAM < Li AT*M E+ER#7LE5EL D)A#RAM < +a AT*M %lectronegati4ity Electronegativity is the abi'ity o% an ato& to attract toward itse'% the e'ectrons in a che&ica' bond" E'ectron A%%inity - &easurab'e, C' is hi*hest < 8g) + e- <-8g) E'ectrone*ati(ity - re'ati(e, 7 is hi*hest %lectronegati4ity The a&ount to which an ato& attracts e'ectron density *lassification of 3onds 3y difference in electronegati4ity Di%%erence $ond Tye ? Co(a'ent ≥ @ Ionic ?  and @ 0o'ar Co(a'ent Increasin* di%%erence in e'ectrone*ati(ity Co(a'ent 0o'ar Co(a'ent share e- artia' trans%er o% e - Ionic trans%er e- !-EM)!AL &*+D)+#  !-EM)!AL &*+D)+# ' ATO# -O#@I"E TO OR# -6E#I-A+ -O#4OU", I" A ARIET$ O ?A$ B"O?" A @O",I"%) T6* %A!T*R T6AT ,ETER#I"E ?6I-6 ATO# ?I++ U"ITE, ?IT6 OT6ER: . EA!- AT*M -*ULD A!-)E5E !-EM)!AL TA&)L)T 8. REULT)+# !*M$*U+D -*ULD &E +EUTRAL *!TET RULE ' Atoms tend to gain or lose electrons in when ' bonding to give 8 electrons in their valence shells)       ?6E" OUTER0#OT E"ER%$ +EE+ I I++E,* -6E#I-A+ TA@I+IT$ I ATTAI"E, ATO# @I", ?IT6 OT6ER ATO# @$ +OI"%* %AI"I"% OR 6ARI"% OUTER E+E-TRO" ATO# ?IT6 1 OR 2 E+E-TRO"* TE", TO %IE U4 ATO# ?IT6 9 OR < E+E-TRO"* TE", TO A--E4T ATO# ?IT6 > OR = OR C E+E-TRO"* TE", TO 6ARE I"ERT %A Chemical Bonding = )onic >ond = -ydrogen >ond = ?an = !o?alence >ond = Metallic >ond der 6aals >ond )*+)! &*+D)+# • • • • Occurs between + and - ions. Requires electron transfer. Large dierence in electronegati!it" required. #$am%le& 'a(l 'a )metal* unstable (l )nonmetal* unstable electron 'a )cation* stable + (oulombic Attraction - (l )anion* stable 8 )*+)! &*+D)+# E9AM$LE' )*+)! &*+D)+# • ,redominant bonding in (eramics 'a(l ;gO  6.9 Li 9.3 5e 9. 'a 3. ;g 9.6 / 3.8 (a 9.3 Rb 3.8 e - (a1 6 (s(l O 1 4. 2.3 'e - (l 4.3 Ar - 5r 6.8 /r - Sr 9.3 7 6. 0e - (s 3.: 5a 3. At 6.6 Rn - 1r 3.: Ra 3.  Ti 9. (r 9.< i!e u% electrons 1e 9.8 'i 9.8 =n 9.8 As 6.3 Acquire electrons Ada%ted from 1ig. 6.:> Callister 6e. )1ig. 6.: is ada%ted from Linus ,auling> The Nature of the Chemical Bond > 4rd edition> (o%"right 94 and 923> 4rd edition. (o%"right 9<3 b" (ornell ?ni!ersit".  !*5ALE+T &*+D)+# • Requires shared electrons • #$am%le& (2 (& has 2 !alence e> needs 2 more ( 2 & has 9 !alence e> needs 9 more  #lectronegati!ities are com%arable.  (  shared electrons from carbon atom  shared electrons from h"drogen atoms Ada%ted from 1ig. 6.93> Callister 6e. ATO# ?IT6 >* =* OR C E+E-TRO" 6ARE ?IT6 OT6ER I#I+AR+$ EQUI44E, ATO# -OA+E"T @O", ARE %E"ERA++$ TRO"%ER T6A" A"$ OT6ER @O", 93 )+#LE !*5ALE+T &*+D A h"drogen atom and the o$"gen atom each donate one !alence electron to form a chemical bond. These two !alence electrons forming the bond are shared b" both atoms> resulting in a SINGLE COVALENT BOND. 6 O D*U&LE !*5ALE+T &*+D Air> too> contains o$"gen. O$"gen does not e$ist as a single o$"gen atom> but as a molecule of two o$"gen atoms.  These two o$"gen atoms share two %airs of !alence electrons )four !alence electrons total* between them> forming a DOUBLE COVALENT BOND. TR)$LE !*5ALE+T &*+D Another component of air is nitrogen Li!e o"#gen$ nitrogen %oes not e"ist as a sing&e nitrogen atom$ '(t as a mo&ec(&e ma%e (p of t)o nitrogen atoms The two nitrogen atoms in a molecule of nitrogen share three %airs of !alence electrons )si$ !alence electrons total* to form a TRIPLE COVALENT BOND. Lengths of *o4alent 5onds @ond T'pe @ond +en(th !pm& -7- 1C= - - 1>> - - 12/ -7 " 1=> -  " 1> -  " 119 $ond Len*ths Tri'e bond  Doub'e $ond  !in*'e $ond E9AM$LE' !*5ALE+T &*+D)+# 6O 6     A     @     7 ()diamond*  6.9 Li 9.3 5e 9. 'a 3. ;g 9.6 / 3.8 (a 9.3 Rb 3.8 Sr 9.3 (s 3.: 5a 3. 1r 3.: Ra 3. • • • • 16    n    m    u     l    o    c Si( e O 6.3 ( 6. Si 9.8  Ti 9. (r 9.< 1e 9.8 'i 9.8 =n 9.8 a 9.< e 9.8 As 6.3 Sn 9.8 ,b 9.8 1 2.3 'e - (l 4.3 Ar - 5r 6.8 /r - 7 6. 0e - At 6.6 Rn - (l6 aAs Ada%ted from 1ig. 6.:> Callister 6e. )1ig. 6.: is ada%ted from Linus ,auling> The Nature of the Chemical Bond > 4rd edition> (o%"right 94 and 923> 4rd edition. (o%"right 9<3 b" (ornell ?ni!ersit". ;olecules with nonmetals ;olecules with metals and nonmetals #lemental solids )RS of ,eriodic Table* (om%ound solids )about column 7@A* 99 The -ydrogen &ond D hydrogen >ond occurs 3hen a hydrogen atom that is >ound to an electronegati?e atom is also attracted to another electronegati?e atom The Metallic &ond METALL)! &*+D)+#' ATTRA!T)*+ *% +E#AT)5EL !-AR#ED  METALL)! ELE!TR*+ !L*UD T* A !LUTER *% $*)T)5EL !-AR#ED +U!LE). ea of electrons • Arises from a sea of donated !alence electrons )9> 6> or 4 from each atom*. D 4rimar' bond for metals and their  allo's 5an der 6aals >ond 5an der 6aals: 6ea( forces of electrostatic attraction such as >et3een sheets of atoms held together >y ionic or co?alent >onds &ond occur >et3een atoms and molecules that are ?ery close together and result from @charge asymmetry in electron clouds, or The >onds >et3een the molecules that allo3 sliding and rupture to occur are called ?an der 6aal forces.