5. El Tórax Radiológico. Proyecciones Básicas. Contenido Y Continente

Transcript

Gkmzopk` Gkmzopk ` `j Mejamek} `j ok We`k u ok ]koz` Mëpj`xk `j Kakpbnîk u ]jnebobcîk Xk`eboýcemk E Jo pýxkv xk`eboýcemb! Yxbujmmebaj} hë}emk}! Mbapjae`b u mbapeajapj! KOJLKA@XK YKPXEMEK MBXD Yxbgj}bxk ja Yxb`zmmeýa `j Hebenëcjaj} OK KAKPBNÎK J] JO OJACZKLJ @J OK XK@EBOBCÎK J} j}jameko zak hk}j }ýoe`k `j kakpbnîk ykxk yb`jx   mbnyxja`jx ok} `ewj ewjx}k x}k} nkaegj}pkmebaj} `j jagjx gjxnj`k` ja  ok} ok} enëc enëcja jaj} j} xk`e xk`ebo boýc ýcem emk} k}!! BHLJPEWB @J OK MËPJ@XK [zj obcxja xjmbabmjx ok} j}pxzmpzxk} kakpýnemk} ja ok} xk`ebcxkgîk} `jo pýxkv u `e}peaczex ok kakpbnîk abxnko `j ok ykpboýcemk! Enyoemk jo yxbyeb j}gzjx|b eapjojmpzko+  ²Mýnb obcxkxob2  Xj{zejxj fbxk} `j j}pz`eb  u `j bh}jxwkmeýa `j enëcjaj}  Hehoebcxkgîk  M]EOOKC/ K! . Kpok} `j Kakpbnîk Fznkak ”  ” P Påma åmaem emk} k} `j En Enkc kcja ja Nå Nå`e `emk mk}} ” Mky! ;; k ;= . J`! D×AJNKAA/ Hkxmjobak/ 8999!  GOJMDJA]PJEA/ Hk}j }j}} Kak akppýn ýneemk} `j `joo `e `ekc kcaý aý}}pe pemmb yb ybxx En Enëc ëcja jaj} j} Y! jp ko! . Hk  ” 8¬ j`! . J`emebaj} Fkxmbzxp ” JO]JWEJX ]MEJAMJ! Nk`xe`/ 8990! bmd djp Kpo pok} k} bg Xk Xk`e `eb bcx cxky kyfe femm Kak akppbn bnu  u ” 8¬ j`! ” N×OOJX/ P! u XJEG/ J! . Ybm Pfejnj ]pzppckxp ³ Ajs Ubxd/ 8999!   XUKA/  Kak akpb pbnî nîk k yk ykxk xk jo @e @ekc kcaý aý}p }pem emb b ]!/ NMAEMFBOK]/ N! u JZ]PKMJ/ ]! ”  K Xk`eboýcemb ”  ” M Mky! = ” 8¬ j`! . Nkxhka! Nk`xe`! 899:  SJEX/ L! u KHXKFKN]/ Y! F! Kpok} xk`eboýcemb `j kakpbnî nîk k fznk nka ak< Ybx  påma på maem emk} k} `j en enkc kcja ja ” =¬ j`! ” Nb}hu Jo}jwejx/ Nk`xe`/ 8990! Kzok Wexpzko ZXO  fppy<""gmw}wexpzko!zk`jx!j`z!kx "   "  PÝXKV XK@EBOÝCEMB mklk pbxëmemk j}ýgkcb/ cxka`j} wk}b}/  Mbapjae`b yzonbaj}/ mbxk|ýa/ pxë{zjk/ hxba{zeb}/ j}ýgkcb/ ckacoeb} oeagëpemb}/ oeagëpemb}/ ajxweb}!  Mbapeajapj Mklk Pbxëmemk MBAPEAJAPJ Mklk pbxëmemk PÝXKV.J]PJXAÝA XJMZJX@J<< ja ok} XV Pýxkv &Gxjapj% AB ]J WJ XJMZJX@J J]PJXAÝA PÝXKV yjxgeo PÝXKV bhoemzb MB]PEOOK] Jo yk{zjpj ajzxbwk}mzokx &wjak.kxpjxek.ajxweb% yk}k ybx @JHKLB `j mk`k mb}peook ! YXENJXK MB]PEOOK XJMZJX@J< XJMZJX@ J< Yzj`ja oj}ebakx}j ybx gxkmpzxk} MKXPÎ MK XPÎOKC OKCB] B] MB MB]P ]PKO KOJ] J] jvpx jvpxjn jnb} b} ka kapj pjxxebxj ebxj}/ }/ ab b}eg b}egem emk` k`b} b} `j ok} ok} mb}pe b}peoo ook} k}!! ]j kx{z kx{zjk jka a fk fkm mek `jokapj ja }jape`b k}mja`ja jappj fkmek jo j}pjxaýa ýa// gbxnka`b kxpemzokmebaj} j}pjxa jxabmb}pkoj} oj} }eabwekoj} &jv &jvmjyp mjypb b ok ;¬ mb} mb}peoo peook k mzu mzuk za zaeý eýa a ko j}pj j}pjxxaý aýa a j} `j `joo peyb peyb mkxpe kxpeok okce ceab ab}b }b%! %! Nzljx Fbnhxj }j mkom mkomeg egem emkk `j}` `j}`jj ob} ob} hbx` hbx`j} j} fkme fkmekk jo eapj eapjxe xebx bx }j mkom mkomeg egem emka ka `j}`j `j}`j jo mjap mjapxb xb fkme fkmekk ok yjxegj yjxegjxe xek! k! YOKMK YK ABXNKO &WÅXPEMJ]% J][ZJNK @J YOKMK YK ABXNKO ]jczenb} xjyk}ka`b koczab} yzapb} enybxpkapj}  Ja knkxeoob wjnb} ob} kxmb} mb}pkoj} kapjxebxj} {zj }ba ob} {zj yjbx }j wja u `jhjnb} mbapkx 7 b 3!  Ja wjx`j ob} yb}pjxebxj}/ `jhjnb} mbapkx ;9 k ;;  Ja k|zo ok yxenjxk mb}peook  ]bnhxjk`b knkxeoob ok} kxpemzokmebaj} j}pjxabmokwemzokxj}  Ob} kxmb} mb}pkoj} }j `jhja jvkneakx zab k zab  hz}mka`b<  Mb}peook mjxwemko &ybx jamenk `j ok yxenjxk mb}peook%  Ge}zxk b gxkmpzxk xjmejapj &mba b }ea pxkznkpe}nb%  Mkoob `j gxkmpzxk} yk}k`k} &kmme`japj}/ jpeoe}nb!!!!%  Kz}jamek `j koczak mb}peook &pbxkmbpbnîk% MB]PEOOK MJXWEMKO XBPKMEÝA yokmk hoka`k yokmk `zxk yokmk heja ea}yexk`k Xbpkmeýa yokmk nko ea}yexk`k MBAPJAE@B YZONBAJ] Yzonbaj} xk`eboüme`b} xk`eboüme`b}  `ja `ja}e }e`k `k` ` kexj kexj Mbxk|ýa/ cxka`j} wk}b} j feoeb} në} xk`eb`ja}b}  `j `ja} a}e`k e`k` ` kc kczk zk Yxbujmmeýa `j ob} oýhzob} yzonbakxj} y zonbakxj} ËACZOB] MB]PBGXÅAEMB] U MKX@EBGXÅAEMB] Azamk }j `jhj mbxpkx jo `ekgxkcnk+  @EKGXKCNK ]JAB MB]PBGXÅAEMB @JXJMFB ]JAB MB]PBGXÅAEMB E\[ZEJX@B @JXXKNJ YOJZXKO J]ÝGKCB PXË[ZJK.HXBA[ZEB] XJCEÝA FEOEKX Kxpjxek eapjxobhkx eagjxebx Hxba{zeb eapjxnj`ekxeb Kxpjxek }jcnjapkxek FEOEB] YZONBAKXJ] XV pjoj `j Pýxkv ÎA@EMJ MKX@EBPBXËMEMB Nj`emeýa `jo îa`emj mkx`ebpbxëmemb<  ja XV YK `j Pýxkv k ;/69 n/ ja nëvenk ea}yexkmeýa! ]e k"h 1 :9* yxbhkhoj mkx`ebnjckoek ! k > `eënjpxb pxka}wjx}ko nëvenb `jo mbxk|ýa h > `eënjpxb eapjxab nëvenb `jo pýxkv NJ@EK]PEAB • Oînepj}< NJ@EK]PEAB MBNYKXPENJAPB] NJ@EKPEAKOJ] J]YKMEB YXJMKX@EKMB J]YKMEB XJPXBMKX@EKMB NJ@EK]PEAB ]ZYJXEBX Jo j} j}yk ykme meb b yx yxjm jmkx kx`î `îkm kmb b `e `e}n }nea eaz zuj ja feyjx fey jxpxb pxbgek gek}} `j wja wjapxî pxîmzo mzob b `jx `jxjmf jmfb b Jo j} j}yk ykme meb b xj xjpx pxbm bmkx kx`îk `îkmb mb `e `e}n }nea eazu zujj ja feyj yjxxpx pxbg bgeek} `j wjapx pxîîmzob u kzxîmzok e|{zejx`k! Ja knkxeoob kapjxebx/ zaeýa nkaz nk azhx hxeb eb u mz mzjx jxyb yb j} j}pj pjxa xako ko ` jo Xk`ebcxkgîk YK abxnko ;! 8! =! 0! Pxë{zjk! Mkxe Mk xeak ak pxk{ pxk{zj zjko ko!! Hxba Hxba{z {zeb eb} } yxea yxeame meyk ykoj oj}! }! Kxpj Kxpjxe xek} k} yzo yzonb nbak akxj xj} }u xknk} yxeameykoj}! :! Wja jak} k} yzo yzonb nbak akxj xj} } 7! Hbpý Hbpýa a ký kýxxpemb pemb!! 3! Kzxî Kzxîmz mzok ok `j `jxj xjmf mfk! k! 6! Wja japx pxîm îmzob zob e|{z e|{zejx ejx`b `b!! 5! Kbxp Kbxpk k `j `j}m }mja ja`j `jap apj! j! ;9! Wjak mkwk }zyjxebx! }zyjxebx! ;;!Me}zxk ;;! Me}zxk njabx! njabx! ;8!@ekgxk ;8! @ekgxkcnk cnk `jxjmfb! ;=!@ekgxk ;=! @ekgxkcnk cnk e|{zejx`b! ;0!Hzxhzl ;0! Hzxhzlk k cë}pxemk! ;:!Mokwîmzok}! ;7!;¬ mb}peook! ;3!J}mëyzok! ;6!Yoejczj} ;6! Yoejczj} kveokxj}! kveokxj}! Xk`ebcxkgîk okpjxko abxnko ;! Pxë{zjk! 8! Feoeb! =! Kbxpk! 0! Me Me}z }zxk xk nk nkub ubxx `jx `jxjm jmfk fk!! :! Me Me}z }zxk xk nk nkub ubxx e|{z e|{zej ejxx`k `k!! 7! Me}zx }zxk nj nja abx! 3! Wja japx pxîm îmzo zob b `jx `jxjm jmfb fb!! 6! Kzx Kzxîmzok mzok e|{z e|{zej ejxx`k! 5! Wk}b} k}b} hxk{ hxk{ze zebm bmjg jgëo ëoem emb} b}!! ;9!! J}mëy ;9 J}mëyzo zok! k! ;;! @ekgxkcnk @ekgxkcnk `jxjmfb! `jxjmfb! ;8! @ekgxkcnk @ekgxkcnk e|{zejx`b! e|{zejx`b! ;=! Hzxhzl Hzxhzlk k cë}pxemk! cë}pxemk! WJAPKAK KBXPBYZONBAKX  Ybx `jhklb `j ok kbxpk fbxe|bapko! XV Pýxkv gxjapj 3 7 = 6 ;; ;= 5 ;= ;8 ;9 ; 8 0 : ;! @ekgxkcnk 8! ]jab mb}pbgxåaemb =! Kxmb yb}p! `j ok} mb}peook} 0! Bnýyokpb :! Mokwîmzok 7! Kxmb kapjxebx `j ok ;¬ mb}peook 3! Pxë{zjk 6! Hbpýa `jo mkuk`b kýxpemb 5! Kxmb `j ok kxp! Yzonbakx ;9! Wjapxîmzob e|{zejx`b e|{z ejx`b ;;! Feoeb yzonbakx ;8! Kzxîmzok `jxjmfk ;=! Mknyb} yzonbakxj} XV Pýxkv yjxgeo = 7 0 6 : ;; 3 ;= 5 ;= ;0 ;8 ;9 ; 8 ; ;! @ekgxkcnk 8! ]jab mb}pbgxåaemb =! J}mëyzok 0! Hbx`j j}mkyzokx :! J}pjxaýa 7! Pxë{zjk 3! Hxba{zeb yxeameyko e|{! 6! Kxmb kapjxebx `j kbxpk 5! Mboznak wjxpjhxko ;9! Wjapxîmzob e|{zejx`b ;;! Feoeb yzonbakx ;8! Kzxîmzok e|{zejx`k ;=! Kxmb} mb}pkoj} ;0! Wjapxîmzob `jxjmfb Mkuk`b Kb WM] Kxp! Yzonbakx J WE K@ KE W@ PÝXKV XK@EBOÝCEMB Yxbujmmebaj} hë}emk}  Pýxkv gpj!  Pýxkv ygeo ygeo!! Yxbujmmebaj} kmmj}bxek}  BKE  BK@ mba xjoojab j}bgëcemb  Kyemko b obx`ýpemk! Pýxkv BKE u BK@ mba xjoojab j}bgëcemb B!K!@!  mba xjooj xjoojab ab j}bg j}bgëc ëcemb emb!! mkuk`b kýxpem kýxpemb  b / hxba hxba{ze {zeb b e|{  e|{ !/!/ mbxk|ýa u `ekgxkcnk !  enyxb enyxbap apk} k} `j `j<< mkuk`b B!K!E!  kbxpk kbxp k k}mj k}mja` a`ja japj pj// mkuk mkuk`b `b u kb kbxp xpk k `j `j}m }mja ja`j `jap apj! j!  fkmek kpxë} }j wj< hbx`j} `j ok KE u WE!  fkmek k`jokapj }j wj< hbx`j `j K@ u W@!  hegzxmkmeýa `j ok pxë{zjk &mkxeak%4 }jykxkmeýa nkubx `j 79¼ b njabx `j 79¼ ybxx k` yb k`ja jaby bykp kpîîk} ja jo nj nj`e `eb b b kxxe kxxehk hk xj}yj j}yjmp mpew ewkn knja jappj! BK@ 0:¼ mba xjoojab j}bgëcemb BK@ ja ja `jmühepb `jmühepb wjapxko &KY% Enyxj}ebaj} Enyxj}ebaj} mkz}k`k} mkz}k`k} ybx< . &K% kxmb kxmb kýxpemb kýxpemb . &H% hxba{zeb yxeameyko yxeameyko e|{zejx`b e|{zejx`b . &OK% kzxîmzok kzxîmzok e|{zejx`k! e|{zejx`k! BK@ ja heyj`j}pkmeýa heyj`j}pkmeýa &YK% XV Pýxkv kyemko b obx`ýpemk Ojmpzxk `j ok yokmk `j pýxkv J} en enyb ybxp xpka kappj pj pjaj ajxx za zakk }e }e}p }pjn jnëp ëpem emkk `j oj ojmp mpzx zxkk ge gelk lk yk ykxk xk ab yj yjx` x`jx jx `k `kppb} ,k ,kmm mmj} j}bx bxeb eb}, }, ab xj xjok okme meba bak` k`b} b} mb mba a ok yj yjpe pemmeýa u mokwj} ja jo `e `ekc kca aý} ý}pe pemmb `jo ja jaggjx jxnb nb      Jwkozkm wkozkmeý eýa a `j mkoe` mkoe`k` k` påmae påmaemk mk < Yjajpxkmeýa Xbpkmeýa Ea}yexkmeýa We}e We}eýa ýa cjaj cjajxk xkoo `j ok yokm yokmkk<  cxka`j} kopjxkmebaj} jpm!!! Jvknj Jv knja a `j ykxpj ykxpj}} hoka` hoka`k} k}< Mkomegemkmebaj} Kz}jamek `j nknk / yjmpbxko yjmpbxko nkubx !!!! &gxkmpzxk} xk} / oj}ebaj} oj}ebaj} hoë}pemk} hoë}pemk} b oîpemk}/ oîpemk}/ j}mboeb}e} /megb}e} /megb}e} / Jvkn Jv knja ja `j fz fzj} j}b b} u kxpe kxpemz mzok okme meb baj} aj} &gxkmpz mb}peook}/ mb}peook}/ mbo! mbo! mjxwemko/ kxpxbykpîk kxpxbykpîk j}pjxabmokwemzokx j}pjxabmokwemzokx !!!% k} yjmpb &në} kopb jo e|{zejx`b/ k`jabykpîk}% Feoeb}< yb}emeýa u k}yjmpb Mknyb} Mknyb} yzo yzonbak nbakxj} xj}< @ewe`enb} @ewe`enb} ob} 8 yzonbaj} yzonbaj} ja = }jmmebaj} }jmmebaj} }zyjxebx }zyjxebx// nj`eb j eagjxebx eagjxebx u mbnykxkn mbnykxknb} b} yzonýa yzonýa e|{zejx`b e|{zejx`b u `jxjmfb! Hz}mkxjnb} eageopxk`b}/ eageopxk`b}/ kpjojmpk}ek}/ aý`zob} / nk}k} / ykpxýa eapjx}pemeko!!! eapjx}pemeko!!! jpm!!! Jvkn Jv knja ja `j ok yojz yojzxxk &jacxb}knejapb}/ mkomegemkmebaj}/ ajznbpýxkv!!!% &yea|knejapb}/ ajznbyjxepbajb/ ajznbyjxepbajb/ jojwkmebaj}!!!% jojwkmebaj}!!!% @ekgxkcnk &yea|knejapb}/ &mkx`ebnjckoe njckoek/ k/ nk}k}/ k`jabykpî k`jabykpîk}!!!% k}!!!% Nj`ek}peab &mkx`eb KMPEWE@K@ COB]KXEB Eamozex påxneab} mba }z} `jgeaemebaj}! Ob} nj`eb} j}pëa+  Gkopk Gkopk jo j}gzjx|b `j Z`}! u ok `e}yb}emeýa ykxk kyxja`jx‧ Wzj}pxk pkxjk gza`knjapko<  Kyxja`jx k kyxja`jx‧