Transcript
CHAPTER 25
A Geographical Review of Land Use Pattern in Mirzapur District Sunil K. Singh, Saumya Mishra and Ambarish K. Rai
Abstract Land use is a man-made dynamic process in which human uses land resource to fulfill their various economic, social and cultural needs and the same time it also provides a base for development. The proper management, for sustainable development of land, can improve the eco-system and its productivity in a particular region. The study is an effort to indentify the current pattern of land use in Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh. The total reported area of the District was 4,52,508 hectares, about more than two-fifth of that was under net sown area and about one-fourth is covered under forest area. The other land excluding agriculture was about 11.07%, and in present, fallow land was reported by 8.9%. The groves & gardens were extended on 28633 hectares (6.32%), cultivable waste land was 13493 hectare (2.99%) followed by other fallow land (2.31%), non-cultivable land about 2%, and pasture land 514 hectare (0. 11%) in 2010–11. The main objective of the paper is to outline and assess the land use change in Mirzapur District during 1995 to 2010 and current pattern of land use by using the secondary data sources of State Government of Uttar Pradesh, India. Keywords: Land utilization, Net Sown Area, Pasture Land, Cultivable Waste Land, Fallow Land, Non-Cultivated Land.
Introduction Land use refers to the conversion of a whole or a part of land for specific purposes like agricultural activities, house building, or industry purposes etc. It is also called one kind of citation of land using for different purposes. Land use pattern refers to the distribution and interaction of natural and man-made resources that lie on the earth surface. Many geographers has argued that the primary aim of the study about the general pattern of land use is to portray the plan and distribution of land to various uses ranging from field to factory, forest to foundry, pasture to pond and sandy stretch to settlement (Kumar, 1986, p. 64). Land is an important part of physical environment having different natural uses. After equipped with human’s skill and their knowledge, this is the most important natural resource that would be reshaping and utilization for the different purposes and hence, the natural land starts converting into cultural land escape as land use. As a result, a variety of land use categories has seen in all parts of the world. The reflections of interaction between man and nature decide the composition of land use of any territory of any dimension.
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In fact, there are many uses of the land within physical, social and economic framework which often operate together. There are two sets of limits which determine the pattern of land use in any particular region. First, the absolute or outer limits which are set by nature and second, the relative limits which are set by culture, human attitudes and actions that determine the range of actual and probable use within the limits (Zimmermann, 1951). Human has been using natural resources to fulfill their basic needs from beginning of their origin. He expanded his basic needs and desire that forced him to produce more and more goods and facilities. This cupidity of human being became fatal for nature and created imbalance between human being and nature which ultimately resulted various problems of environmental and socio-economic degradation. The most common reason for the problem is rapid population growth and unplanned uses of resources. Many works have been done by geographers related to land use study. Chatterjee, (1952) did land use survey of Howrah district (West Bengal). Singh, (1962) studied Land utilization in Chakia Tahsil of Banaras district (U.P.). Mishra, A.N. (1966) worked on recent change in land use in the Tarai Region of Uttar Pradesh. Shafi, (1969) presented a plan for land use and classified the land and their capability. Lambin, (1997) explained the modeling and monitoring of processes of land cover change in tropical region. Prasad, (2006) traced out land use change and environmental degradation in Dhanbad district (Jharkhand). Kushwaha, (2008) worked on agricultural land use and its sustainability in India. Singh, & Dwivedi, (2010) has analyzed the land use pattern, cropping pattern, intensity and coverage under vegetable crops in different farm size groups in Eastern Uttar Pradesh and also depicted the population pressure and its impact on land use in Chakia Block of Chandauli District U.P. in 2012. Tonape, & Barakade, (2011) also have analyzed the agricultural land use pattern at micro level in Satara district (Maharastra). Talukdar, & Singh, (2011) traced out the changing land use pattern in Tinsukia District of Assam. Pandey & Sharma, (2012) studied land use pattern in Saryupar plain of Uttar Pradesh. Gupta & Singh, (2012) depicted environmental implications of land use change in Jaipur City. Gautam & Sharma (2012) traced out the land use change in District Maharajganj, U.P. Sharma & Tiwari, (2013) depicted the land use pattern in Eastern Uttar Pradesh. In India, pressure of rapid growth of population and heavy demand of goods compelled to change in land use pattern. The proper management and sustainable use of land can help to improve the eco-system and its productivity of a particular region. And, it may also manage a balance between human being and natural resources. The main objective of the study is to compare and analyze the land use pattern during the years 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010 and to find the current pattern of land use in the district.
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Geographical Location Mirzapur District is located in the junction line of middle Ganga plain basin from north to Vindhyan ranges from south. It has extended between 240 34′ N to 250 17′ N latitudes and 820 7′ to 830 12′ N longitudes, covering an area of 4952.5 km2 in south eastern part of Uttar Pradesh. It is consisting of 12 community development Blocks. The area is characterized with sub-tropical climate and extreme relief features like mountain, plateau, and plains which ultimately reflects different pattern of land use.
Data Source and Methodology The study is based on secondary data source that has obtained from ‘Sankhyikiya Patrika’ of Mirzapur District published by Economic and Statistics Division, State Planning Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. This data has been collected by state government agency. For analysis, we used the simple crosstabulation in the year of 1995 as a base year to consider the change in land use form 1995 to 2010. The dynamics of land use change has been analyzed at block level to find present pattern by considering the current data of 2010–11.
Land Use Pattern The land use of the study area is categorized into nine categories of land use pattern and recognized by State Planning Institute, Lucknow (www.planning. up.nic.in). These categories are forest, cultivable waste land, present fallow land, other fallow land, non-cultivable land, other land excluding agriculture, pasture land, groves and gardens and net sown area. The first three higher shares of net sown area, forest and other land excluding agriculture. These were continuously leading in the year 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010 while shares of other categories recorded with variations in different years. However, only three categories i.e., net sown area covers about 191240 hectares and having out of share of 42.26%, followed by forest (109236 hectares, 24.14%) and other land excluding agriculture (50097 hectares, 11.07%) covered more than three-fourth (77.5%) share of the total land use reported area of the district in 2010–11. (Table 1, Fig. 1)
Area under Forest Cover This includes all lands classed as forest under any legal enactment dealing with forests or administered as forests, whether state-owned or private, and whether wooded or maintained as potential forest land. The area of crops in the forest and grazing lands or areas open for grazing within the forests are remain included under the forest. Forests play an important role in the economy of Mirzapur district which is proved by a large portion of population engaged in forest based activities.
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Table 1 Year wise land use of district Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, (Area in Hectares) Year Land use
1995
2000
2005
2010
Area
(%)
Area
(%)
Area
(%)
Area
(%)
Forest
104032
23.10
114281
25.29
109736
24.28
109236
24.14
Cultivable waste Land
18395
4.08
15087
3.33
15410
3.41
13493
2.99
Present Fallow Land
23232
5.16
9136
2.02
32832
7.26
40142
8.87
Other Fallow Land
28533
6.33
15368
3.40
8307
1.84
10487
2.31
Non-cultivable Land
15619
3.46
9642
2.13
9162
2.02
8666
1.91
Other Land Excluding Agricultural
41347
9.18
42884
9.50
45927
10.16
50097
11.07
Pasture Land
998
0.22
921
0.20
514
0.11
514
0.11
Groves & Gardens
9893
2.19
26691
5.90
29643
6.56
28633
6.32
Net Sown Area
208120
46.23
217852
48.21
200331
44.33
191240
42.26
Total Reported Area
450169
100
451862
100
451826
100
452508
100
Source: Sankhyikiya Patrika, District Mirzapur, 1996, 2001, 2006, and 2011.
The study area recorded about 104032 hectares (23.10 %) forest of the total reported area in 1995 which was increased by 2.19% and reached at 114281 hectares and it was about more than one-fourth of total in 2000. But, after 2000 the forest area is continuously decreasing and it was recorded by 1.0% in 2005 and 0.14% in 2010. The total proportion of forest area were recorded by 109736 hectares (24.28%) in 2005, and with a slight increase, it became 109236 hectares (24.14%) in 2010 (Table 1). The highest concentration of forest was in Hallia 33677 hectares (38%) followed by Rajgarh 26150 hectares (29.7%), Pahari 10413 (28.4%), Marihan 14119 hectares (25.1%), Lalganj 9480 hectares (24%) and Chhanvey 7211 hectares (20.2%), but the share of forest land in Narainpur (1.8%), Majhawa (0.04%) and in Shikhar (0.03%) had less comparison to other blocks, while Kon block had no forest area at all in 2010–11 (Tables 2 and 3).
Cultivable Waste Land It includes the land available for cultivation but either not used for cultivation or used for cultivation once but not cultivated during last five years. Such lands may be either fallow or covered with shrubs and jungles, which are not put to any use. It may be in isolation or within cultivated holdings. The barren cultivable waste land was normally decreasing from 1995 to 2010. It was recorded 18395 hectares (4.08%) of the total reported area in 1995 and decreased by 0.75% and reached at 15087 hectares (3.33%) in 2000. But, in 2005, it became 15410 hectares (3.41%) increasing by 0.08%. Further, the cultivable land decreased by 0.42% and reached at 13493 hectares (2.99%) in the year of 2010 (Table-1). So, the cultivable waste land was confronting up and down changes in the study area. The highest area of barren cultivable waste land was in Kon 873
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hectares (8.98%), followed by Shikhar 782 hectares (8.81%), Majhawa 589 hectares (4.98%), and Chhanvey 1601 hectares (4.48%), but Marihan 1611 hectares (2.86%), Hallia 2409 hectares (2.72%), Nagar (City) 625 hectares (2.49%), Rajgarh 1831 hectares (2.08%), Jamalpur 507 hectares (1.93%), and Pahari 551 hectares (1.5%) had less barren cultivable waste land of the total reported area of the blocks (Tables 2 and 3) in 2010–11. Table 2 Block Wise Area of Land Use in District Mirzapur (Area in Hectares), 2010–11 Name of the CDB
Total Area
Forest
Chhanvey
35761
7211
Kon
9719
0
CWL
Fallow Land
NCL
OL
PL
G&G
Net Sown Area
802
357
4155
0
1092
17645
417
23
1968
0
308
4348
Present
Other
1601
2898
873
1782
Majhawa
11912
5
589
1425
386
57
2417
1
209
6823
Nagar (City)
25107
4203
625
2057
985
1134
2831
1
689
12582
Pahari
36609
10413
551
2579
657
508
3273
3
1438
17187
Lalganj
39606
9480
1194
1450
1794
745
3704
7
2147
19088
Hallia
88510
33677
2409
5886
2048
1735
7542
20
6784
28409
Marihan
56232
14119
1611
5192
1148
2082
6617
21
8294
17148
Rajgarh
88139
26150
1831
9957
2125
1052
7787
444
6944
31849
Shikhar
8876
3
782
1251
44
41
1881
0
379
4495
Narainpur
23044
419
827
904
50
214
3112
10
132
17376
Jamalpur
26194
3556
507
902
12
161
3318
4
133
17601
Total
449709
109236
13400
36283
10468
8109
48605
511
28549
194551
Source: Sankhyikiya Patrika, District Mirzapur, 2012 (www.updes.up.nic.in/spatrika). CWL: Cultivable Waste Land; NCL: Non Cultivable Land; OL: Other Land (Excluding Agricultural); PL: Pasture Land; G&G: Groves & Gardens.
Fallow Lands The lands, which are not used for cultivation during one to five years called fallow land. Fallow land is divided into two categories (i) current fallow and (ii) old fallow land. (i) Current Fallow Land: This represents cropped area, which is kept fallow during the current year. Current fallows are in cycle order having being left fallow for current year to restore fertility of soil. It registered 23232 hectares (5.16%) of total reported area in 1995 which decreased by 3.14% and became 9136 hectares (2.02%) in the year of 2000. But after 2000, the current fallow land is continuously increasing by 5.24% in 2005, and 1.6% in 2010. The total proportion of current fallow land became 32832 hectares (7.26%) in 2005 and 40142 hectares (8.87%) in 2010 (Table 1). The highest concentration
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of current fallow land was in Kon 1782 hectares (18.34%) followed by Shikhar 1251 hectares (14.09%), Majhawa 1425 hectares (11.96%), Rajgarh 9957 hectares (11.29%) and Marihan 5192 hectares (9.23%), but Narainpur 904 hectares (3.92%), Lalganj 1450 hectares (3.66%), and Jamalpur 902 hectares (3.44%) blocks had low distribution of current fallow land of total reported area in 2010–11 (Tables 2 and 3). Table 3 Block wise land use of the total reported area (in Percent), 2010–11 Name of the CDB
Forest
Chhanvey
20.16
4.48
8.10
2.24
0
8.98
18.34
4.29
Majhawa
0.04
4.94
11.96
3.24
Nagar (City)
16.74
2.49
8.19
3.92
Kon
CWL
Fallow land Present
NCL
OL
PL
G&G
Net sown area
1.00
11.62
0
3.05
49.34
0.24
20.25
0
3.16
44.74
0.48
20.29
0.01
1.75
57.28
4.52
11.28
0.003
2.74
50.11
Other
Pahari
28.44
1.51
7.04
1.79
1.39
8.94
0.01
3.93
46.95
Lalganj
23.93
3.01
3.66
4.53
1.88
9.35
0.02
5.42
48.19
Hallia
38.05
2.72
6.65
2.31
1.96
8.52
0.02
7.66
32.09
Marihan
25.11
2.86
9.23
2.04
3.70
11.77
0.04
14.75
30.49
Rajgarh
29.67
2.08
11.29
2.41
1.19
8.83
0.50
7.88
36.13
Shikhar
0.03
8.81
14.09
0.49
0.46
21.19
0
4.27
50.64
Narainpur
1.82
3.58
3.92
0.22
0.93
13.50
0.04
0.57
75.40
Jamalpur
13.58
1.93
3.44
0.05
0.61
12.67
0.02
0.51
67.19
Source: Compiled from Sankhyikiya Patrika, District Mirzapur, 2012 (www.updes.up.nic.in/ spatrika) CWL: Cultivable Waste Land; NCL: Non Cultivable Land; OL: Other Land (Excluding Agricultural); PL: Pasture Land; G&G: Groves & Gardens.
(ii) Other Fallow Land: The marginal, sub-marginal or other lands which are left uncultivated for two to five years or more are known as other fallows. These are cultivated lands which have been left fallow because of rainfall deficiency or economic reasons. It was 28533 hectares (6.33%) in 1995 and decreased by 2.93% in 2000, 1.56% in 2005 and 0.47% in 2010. The total proportion of other fallow land was 15368 hectares (3.40%) in 2000, 8307 hectares (1.84%) in 2005 and 10487 hectares (2.31%) in 2010 (Table 1). The highest concentration of other fallow land was 1794 hectares (4.53%) in Lalganj fallowed by Kon 417 hectares (4.29%), Nagar (City) 985 hectares (3.92%) and Majhawa 386 hectares (3.24%) while lower concentration was in Shikhar 44 hectares (0.49%), Narainpur 50 hectares (0.22%) and Jamalpur 12 hectares (0.05%) of the total reported area of the blocks in 2010–11 (Tables 2 and 3).
A Geographical Review of Land Use Pattern in Mirzapur District
820 30'
820 15'
313
830 0'
820 45'
830 15'
MAJHAWA
250 15'
250 15'
SIKHAR KON NAGAR (CITY)
CAHNVEY
NARAINPUR
JAMLAPUR 0
25 0'
0
25 0' PAHARI LALGANJ RAJGARH MARIHAN
240 45'
240 45' 10000 Hectare 20000 Hectare
HALLIA
10 5 0
10
20
KM Land Use Pattern in Different Years 3.46
1995 2.19
0.22 46.23
4.08 5.16 6.33
2.13 3.33 2.02 3.40
2000 5.90
0.20 48.21
9.50 9.18
LEGENDS 25.29
23.10
2005 2.02 6.56
2010
0.11
1.91 44.33 2.99
3.41 7.29
8.87
1.84
2.31
10.16
11.07
24.28
6.32
0.11 42.26
Net sown area Forest Others excluding agriculture Other fallow land Present fallow land Cultivable waste land Non-cultivable land Groves & gardens Pastureland
24.14
Fig. 1 Block Wise Land Use Pattern in Mirzapur District, 2010–11
Non -Cultivable Land The land under this category includes all barren and uncultivable land like, mountains, deserts, etc. Land which cannot be brought under cultivation except at an exorbitant cost is classified as uncultivable. Such lands may be as isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings. It was 15619 hectares (3.5%)
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in 1995 and continuously decreasing by 1.33% in 2000 and 0.11% in 2005 as well as 2010.The proportion of non-cultivable land was 9642 hectares in 2000 (2.13%), 9162 hectares (2.0%) and 8666 hectares (1.91%) in 2010 (Table 1). Nagar (City) 1134 hectares (4.5%) and Marihan 2082 hectares (3.7%) blocks registered high non-cultivable land while Narainpur 214 hectares (0.93%), Jamalpur 161 hectares (0.61%), Majhawa 57 hectares (0.48%), Shikhar 41 hectares (0.46%) and Kon 23 hectares (0.24%) blocks had low non-cultivable land of the total reported area of the district in 2010–11 (Tables 2 and 3).
Other Land Excluding Agriculture This category of land includes the lands which are used and classified for nonagricultural purposes such as settlements, roads, railways, canal, ponds, dams, natural water bodies, barren land, mountains and plateaus etc. This type of land was 41347 hectares (9.2%) of the total reported area in 1995 and that has increased by 0.32% in 2000 followed by 0.66% in 2005 and 0.91% in 2010. It became 42884 hectares (9.5%) in 2000, 45927 hectares (10.2%) in 2005, and 50097 hectares (11.1%) in 2010 respectively (Table 1). This category of land was increasing continuously because of growing population, construction of link roads and new settlements in urban and rural areas. The highest proportion of land classified under other than agriculture was in Shikhar 1881 hectares (21.2%) followed by Majhawa and Kon blocks about 2717 and 1968 hectares each with one-fifth proportion of the total reported area of the district in 2010-11 (Tables 2 and 3).
Pasture Land Common land used for grazing is included under this category of land. Mirzapur district has very poor condition about pasture land. It was 998 hectares (0.22%) in 1995 of total reported area and frequently decreased by 0.02% in 2000, 0.09% in 2005. In 2000, 2005, and 2010, the proportion of pasture land was 921 hectares (0.20%), 514 hectares (0.11%), 514 hectares (0.11%) respectively (Table 1). The highest proportion of pasture land was in Rajgarh 444 hectares (0.50%) followed by Narainpur 10 hectares (0.04%), Marihan 21 hectares (0.40%), Jamalpur 4 hectares (0.02%) and Hallia 20 hectares (0.02%) of the total reported area of the district while Chhanvey, Kon and Shikhar had no pasture land in 2010–11 (Tables 2 and 3).
Groves and Gardens This includes all cultivable land which is not included in ‘Net sown area’. Lands under casuarinas trees, thatching grasses, bamboo bushes and other groves etc. are included under this category. It covered only 9893 hectares (2.19%) in 1995 of the total reported area but became 26691 (5.90%) in 2000
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increased by 3.71% and 29643 hectares (6.56%) in 2005 increased by 0.66%. It recorded negative growth in 2010 by 0.24% and reached at 6.32%. The highest proportion of this category of land was in Marihan 8294 hectares (14.75%), Rajgarh 6944 hectares (7.88%) and Hallia 6784 hectares (7.66%) while in Narainpur 132 hectares (0.57%) and Jamalpur 133 hectares (0.51%) had low proportion of groves and gardens of the total reported area in 2010–11 (Tables 2 and 3).
Net Sown Area This represents the total area sown with crops and orchards. Area sowed more than once in the same year is counted only once. In 1995, it was 208120 hectares (46.23%) of the total reported area which increased by 1.98% and reached at 217852 hectares (48.21%) in 2000. But after 2000, it was continuously decreased and reached at 200331 hectares (44.33%) (Decreased by 3.88%) in 2005 and 191240 hectares (42.26%) decreased by 2.07% in 2010 (Table-1). The highest net sown area registered in Narainpur 17376 hectares (75.40%) followed by Jamalpur 17601 hectares (67.19%), Majhawa 6823 hectares (57.28%), Shikhar 4495 hectares (50.64%) , Nagar (City) 12582 hectares (50.11%), Chanvey 17645 hectares (49.34%), Lalganj 19088 hectares (48.19%), Pahari 17187 hectares (46.95%) and Kon 4348 hectares (44.74%) of the total reported area of the blocks in 2010–11 (Tables 2 and 3).
Conclusion Rapid increasing population in the study area and its dependent mostly on agriculture has put a major issue of land use change in Mirzapur district. Decreasing agricultural area and with adverse of increasing population is an indication of food scarcity in the study area. Slight decreasing of forest area and its density have aggravated several problems at meso-level as like the problem of soil erosion, disruption of water cycle, loss of biodiversity and adverse effect of climate change etc. have clearly visible. It is well known that forests maintain not only the ecological balance of nature but also control global warming, caused largely due to emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. It is a good indication that land under groves and gardens are increasing due to social forestry and people’s awareness but pasture and other grazing land are decreasing day by day and that is creating problem for the most common component of agriculture, that is, animal husbandry. Cultivable waste land and old fallow land are decreasing due to increasing land under other than agriculture. Agricultural land use planning must be directed by the extension of agricultural land along with raising the productivity of land, soil conservation, eco-friendly crop protection and better agricultural implements in the study area. New technologies must be met with new challenges at local
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as well as regional level. Forest is the major resource of the Mirzapur District; therefore, it should be protected and developed by eco-friendly means of afforestation. A balance among different land use categories is needed in the study area which can support the natural geo-system.
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14. Singh, A.K. and Dwivedi, A. 2012, Population Pressure and Land use Change in Chakia Block of Chandauli District, U.P., National Geographical Journal of India, B.H.U., Varanasi Vol. No. 58, pt. 2, pp. 107–16. 15. Singh, B. 1962, Land utilization in Chakia Tehsil, Banaras district (U.P.), Ph.D. thesis, Department of Geography, B.H.U., Varanasi pp. 201–214. 16. Talukdar, M. and Singh, S. 2011, Land use Change in Tinsukia District, Assam, National Association of Geographer of India, New Delhi, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 81–92. 17. Zimmermann, E.W. 1951, World Resources and Industries, Harper Raw, New York, pp. 86.
Websites • Sankhyikiya Patrika, District Mirzapur, 1996, 2001, 2006, & 2011; www.updes. up.nic.in/spatrika • Government of Uttar Pradesh, www.planning.up.nic.in
