Diapositiva 1 - Ceis Tor Vergata

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Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata“ - Facoltà di Economia Eco-archaeological Parks CENTRE FOR ECONOMIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (CEIS) Department of Economics Rome, 16 May 2012 Valentina Costa [email protected] Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ PART I Management of eco-archaeological parks  Definition of Eco-archaeological Parks  Integrated Approach  Socio-economic and Environmental Sustainability  Multifunctional Model VS Minimalist Model Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ How to define eco-archaeological parks? Imagine the meeting of Disney, Indiana Jones e National Geographic … Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Features of Eco-archaeological Parks The eco-archaeological park is a work of art through which the suspension of disbelief occurs (Scandizzo, La realtà digitale e i giovani), involving simultaneously: Archaeology Adventure Nature Role-playing game Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Why do we need eco-archaeological parks? Archaeological and Environmental Reasons Protecting and developing management strategies of archaeological sites and natural parks by applying either archeology of the senses or archeology of experience Economic reasons Attracting foreign capital, investment and tourists Political reasons Meeting the demands of ethnic identities - e.g. Mayan communities in Mexico or Bedouins in Egypt Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Definition of cultural heritage Cultural heritage includes tangible culture (e.g. buildings, monuments, landscapes, books, works of art, and artifacts), intangible culture (e.g. folklore, traditions, language, and knowledge), and natural heritage (including culturally significant landscapes, and biodiversity) Features of cultural and natural heritage (European Commission, 2002): • unique and irreplaceable • public resource • high level of damage risks • use and non-use estimation of prices Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Eco-archaeological parks as cultural indutries Integrated Approach The Integrated Approach refers to an interconnected rehabilitation of both cultural and environmental resources, contributing to re-build the unitary identity of the sites by adopting an ecological and contingent perspective in line with local authenticity. Cultural and natural heritage management needs to fit three interrelated dimensions: environmental, social and economic sustainability (Adams, 2006) that “meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (World Commission on Environment and Development,1987). Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Socio-economic sustainability The preservation and valorisation of historic heritage and local cultural resources have been particularly adopted as a strategy of local development and poverty reduction since the 90’s. Local cultural resources and heritage are considered as assets that may generate, directly or indirectly, positive economic effects: • Direct effects (Economic ones) Job creation and promotion of activities in the cultural sector which improves the active participation of locals • Indirect effects (Political, spiritual, and social values) Involving the community in tourism, documentation and conservation activities strengthens, in fact, the self-identity and people become not only the site managers, but the main responsible for the site survival. Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Environmental sustainability Natural elements of the landscape can acquire meaning for a particular group, and in that case they become cultural heritage. These may include landforms, flora, fauna and minerals and the unclear landscape is highly valued by locals because it provides a link to the traditional landscape. Native vegetation is valued for many traditional uses including health and nutritional benefits, fibres, implements raw materials for artwork. Safeguarding the landscape, therefore, means protecting natural resources as well as local traditions and cultures. Considering the importance of natural resources as cultural heritage and, moreover, their core role in developing eco-archaeological parks, the Environmental Development dimension aims at measuring the environmental impact of the activities promoted by the parks. Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Economic evaluation of alternatives The Economic Model revolves around the dual concept of use and nonuse value as key components of the value creation process spurred by conservation, and cultural production within a community setting and a broader territory. Furthermore, it should incorporates uncertainty as one of the basic variables at the roots of the threats and opportunities that heritage poses in a real setting. The methodology of planning is based on a sequence of two phases (Minimalist and Multifunctional), for each of those efficient budget planning are presented, including Net Present Value (NPT) and real options. The economic values created by the implementation of the program derives not only from the benefit flow for the beneficiaries, but also from the options that the sequence gradually creates and exploits by adopting an “act, learn and then act” strategy through the transition from the Minimalist to the long term scenario Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Scenarios Building Scenarios Scenarios are not written to be predictive but to encourage conceptual design and efficient budget planning. Scenarios need to be contextualised at national level first, and then at local one. However, none of the scenarios is a strategy likely to become reality in all its elements, and indeed some aspects of each individual scenario may also apply to others Future Possibilities. - Visitors preferences and propensity to visit cultural heritage - Visitors preferences and willingness to pay the access to cultural heritage (option values and services) - Potential tourist demand in line with cultural goods features Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Minimalist Model The Minimalist Model refers to a model cantered on archaeological site maintenance and landscape safeguard, characterised by the choice of intervening as little as possible on the site, in order to preserve historical identity and local biodiversity. It consists in rebuilding only what is strictly required to gain structural stability for the architectures of the site and, at the same time, favouring landscape safeguard by adopting minimal facilities. The park, therefore, provides appealing, despites minimal anchoring for reuse and “adoption” on the part of the local community. Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Multifunctional Model The Multifunctional Model consists in the predisposition of a set of archaeological and environmental reuses, ranging from traditional or interactive visitor centres to contemporary art exhibitions, educational programs going through the history and the biodiversity of the Park, conferences halls, performance arts, accommodation and commercial activities, theme parks and camping areas. The analysis of this approach has led us to identify the case of the Xel-Hà Park as a best practice. Indeed its process of rehabilitation and reuse has succeeded in making Mayan ruins into an open cultural centre environmentally-friendly, that includes both the traditional educational function and the entertainment role of innovative thematic parks Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Variables of risk Measuring the level of deterioration risk often irreversible, the historical, artistic, monumental, natural and cultural heritage could better conservation and restoration management. RISK = f (value, dangerous, vulnerability) Variables of risk - Cultural heritage values - Anthropic pressures - Climate change Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Exercise #1 Socio-economic and Environmental Sustainability Multifunctional Model VS Minimalist Model Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Socio-economic and environmental sustainability Xel-Hà eco-archaeological park (Mexico) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eX7Z6OYsrdw Saqqara Necropolis e Fayoum Oasis (Egypt) Fayoum http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vknQMJmmjqw Saqqara http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRK6DTpX5Ts Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Are they sustainable? Parco Eco-Archeologico A Caratteristiche Parco Eco-Archeologico B Messico - Parco Eco-archeologico di Xel-Hà Egitto – Necropoli di Saqqara e Oasi di Fayoum Giardino Con giardino (8 km) Senza giardino (solo deserto) Stile architettonico Buono Ottimo Collezione Buone (Resti Maya) Eccezionale (resti archeologici nella città di Medinet Madi, presso l’Oasi di Fayoum) Strutture Grande ristorante, negozi e strutture per i Piccolo bar, hotel e negozi di souvenir e disabili artigianato locale Attività Ottime (percorso nella giungla, nuotata con i Scarse (visite guidate al sito archeologico e delfini, arrampicata, salto con l’elastico, gite nel deserto) giochi per bambini, ecc..) Sostenibilità ambientale Sostenibilità economica Biglietto d’ingresso Mediocre (attività di riqualificazione Eccellente (strutture costruite nel ambientale quasi assenti, tuttavia non rispetto dell’ecosistema e della ci sono molte strutture turistiche che biodiversità, importanti sistemi di danneggiano l’ambiente) riciclaggio dei rifiuti, di depurazione delle acque e impianti di energia alternativa) Eccellente (il parco favorisce l’inclusione Mediocre (le poche attività economiche economica della comunità locale, per la relative ai parchi archeologici dipendono quale organizza training e programmi totalmente dal turismo) educativi, ecc..) 15 € 5€ Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Socio-economic and environmental sustainability Mapungubwe National Park (South Africa) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QCJowL855k Arcaheological tour amongsts Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt e Oualata (Mauritania) Chinguetti http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIPgHU_FGB0 Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Are they sustainable? Parco Eco-Archeologico A Caratteristiche Sud Africa Mapungubwe Parco Nazionale Parco Eco-Archeologico B di Mauritania – Circuito turistico delle antiche Ksour di Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt e Oualata Giardino Con giardino (100 km) Senza giardino (solo deserto) Stile architettonico Ottimo Ottimo Collezione Eccezionale (Resti archeologici della città Eccezionale (Resti archeologici delle prime costruita su Mapungubwe Hill, crocevia di forme di “stati incipienti” databili tra l’800 importanti tratte commerciali tra l’Africa, la e il 600 A.C.) Cina e l’India nel 1000) Strutture Grande ristorante, negozi e strutture per i Piccoli bar, negozi di souvenir disabili Attività Molto Buone (visite guidate ai siti Scarse (visite guidate al sito archeologico e archeologici, “bird watching” e “sky gite nel deserto) watching”, ecc..) Sostenibilità ambientale Mediocre (strutture costruite nel rispetto dell’ecosistema e della biodiversità) Mediocre (attività di riqualificazione ambientale quasi assenti) Sostenibilità economica Buona parco è gestito dalladalla comunità locale Buona(il(il parco è gestito comunità elocale procurae procura opportunità di lavoro) di lavoro) opportunità Biglietto d’ingresso 15 € Mediocre (le poche attività economiche relative ai parchi archeologici dipendono totalmente dal turismo) 5€ Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Socio-economic and environmental sustainability Al-Azhar Park of Cairo (Egypt) Video di presentazione del parco http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p57NfSj1m4M Archaeological parks at Axum e Gordon (Ethiopia) Video presentazione http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wtj-dNZJaRk Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Are they sustainable? Parco Eco-Archeologico A Caratteristiche Parco Eco-Archeologico B Egitto – Parco Al-Azhar al Cairo Etiopia – Parchi Archeologici ad Axum e Gordon Giardino Con giardino (3 km) Senza giardino (i due siti archeologici sono separati dal Parco Nazionale di Simien) Stile architettonico Ottimo Ottimo Collezione Eccezionale (Umm Sultan Shabab Mosque, Eccezionale (Chiese copte di epoca il complesso di Khayrbak e la Darb medievale a Gondon e obelischi ad Axum) Shoughlan School) Strutture Bar, museo, e grande ristorante in stile Piccolo bar, negozio di souvenir, un museo libanese (Hilltop Restaurant) con affaccio ad Axum, e hotel lungo il percorso sulla Cittadella. Attività Scarse (concerti all’aperto e pick-nik) Scarse (visite guidate al sito archeologico e al museo di Axum) Sostenibilità ambientale Mediocre (attività di riqualificazione ambientale quasi assenti) Mediocre (attività di riqualificazione ambientale quasi assenti) Sostenibilità economica Mediocre (tranne il ristorante, non ci sono attività economiche legate al parco, né l’area circostante ha vissuto uno sviluppo economico) Mediocre (tranne il ristorante, non ci sono attività economiche legate al parco, né l’area circostante ha vissuto uno sviluppo economico) Biglietto d’ingresso 15 € 5€ Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Multifunctional Model VS Minimalist Model Which eco-arcaheological parks have a Multifunctional Model? Xel-Hà eco-arcaheological park (Mexico) Mapungubwe National Park (South Africa) Al-Azhar Park in Cairo (Egypt) Which eco-arcaheological parks have a Minimalist Model? Saqqara Necropolis e Fayoum Oasis (Egypt) Archaeological tour amongsts Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt e Oualata (Mauritania) Arcaheological Parks in Axum e Gordon (Ethiopia) Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ PARTE II Olfactory Experiences in Eco-archaeological Parks  Sensory Archaeology VS Archaeology of Experience  Smell and Cultural Heritage Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Heritage Management The preservation of cultural heritage should be actively promoted as an essential aspect of human development (Nara Document on Authenticity 1994). Heritage management increases awareness of the importance of cultural diversities and contributes to preserve local identities. Since the 1990s, maintenance and promotion activities of heritage sites have followed two archaeological approaches promoting in vivo multisensory experiences … Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Archaeology of the Senses The Archaeology of the Senses aims to expand the horizons of archaeology, discussing and evaluating, how a broader spectrum of human sensory experiences as they appear through sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch can be understood through materialities of the past. Eco-archeological parks Thanks to park activities, tourists live several multisensory experiences that stimulate deep emotional involvements and favor the awareness of the present context. Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Archaeology of Experience The Archaeology of Experience aims at favoring a comprehensive understanding of archaeological remains, recalling and preserving sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch of the past. Perfume was considered essential during religious rites, e.g. at the Delphi temple gods communicated with men through fumes and perfumes. Eco-archaeological parks The park activities evoke original scents of the archaeological site and stimulating the senses makes tourists to live a multisensory experience of the past. Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ “.. Peoples can shut their eyes to greatness, horrors, beauty, and close their ears in front of seductive words and melodies. However, anyone can escape smell, because of its closeness to breathing. Smell penetrates human beings, and those whom dominate smells, win human hearts” Das Parfum di Patrick Süskind Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Odor or perfume? Perfume (et: in Latin For ”through”, and Fumum, ”smoke”, then in French Parfum), originated in Egypt 5000 years ago, perfume is a ”cultural invention” based on alcohol or oil mixed with odorous substances (essences), whose use is mainly to provide social smells pleasant. Odor Odorous molecules act as a chemical stimulus. Odor, in fact, is caused by one or more volatilized chemical compounds, generally at a very low concentration, that humans or other animals perceive by the sense of olfaction. Both can be stimulated, consciously or unconsciously, to recall memories, emotions, needs. Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ The Aristotelian senses Of the five Aristotelian senses, sight is definitely the most prominent sense to be explored and employed in both archaeological practice and interpretation. The phenomenology of space has also spawned interest in other ambient aspects of the landscape such as “soundscapes” (Tilley 1999:180, Lefebre 1991:197). Sound is often forgotten in our images of the past although it is often a vital component of any place. Smell is anatomically unique. All other senses detour through a brain structure called the thalamus. Smell has relatively direct nerve pathways to the cortex. From an emotional point of view, smell is far more likely than sight or sound to evoke vivid memories from the past. Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ The unique anatomy of olfactory system (I) The Olfactory Receptor (OR) cells are neurons present in the olfactory epithelium, a small patch of tissue in back of the nasal cavity. The olfactory bulb acts as a relay station connecting the nose to the olfactory cortex in the brain. Olfactory information is further processed and projected through a pathway to the Central Nervous System (CNS), which controls emotions and behavior as well as basic thought processes. Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ The unique anatomy of olfactory system (II) Odor perception is a primal sense. The sense of smell enables pleasure, can subconsciously warn of danger, help locate mates, find food, or detect predators. Humans have a surprisingly good sense of smell (even though they only have 350 functional olfactory receptor genes compared to the 1,300 found in mice) correlated to an evolutionary decline in sense of smell. Humans remarkable sense of smell is just as good as many animals, and can distinguish a diversity of odors- approximately 10,000 scents. This is because of the retro nasal route in humans to increase sensation Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Olfactory Memory Olfactory memory refers to the recollection of odors, and consists in a separate memory system with different characteristics compared to the other senses The following evidences support this thesis: • Olfactory memory is neither dependent on the time of exposure to smells, nor on the pleasantness of the odor itself • Olfactory memory is slower than verbal and visual ones, despite more durable than them • The relationship between words and smells is very weak, while it is strong between smells and colors Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ How to stimulate olfactory? Using repetitive trans-cranial magnetic stimulation, Jadauji, Djordjevic, Lundström, and Pack show that stimulating human visual cortex improves performance on a task requiring discrimination among different odor qualities.. No significant improvement is found for tasks involving discrimination between intensities of the same odor, from stimulation of auditory cortex, or from “sham” stimulation. These results are thus consistent with a specific visual cortical influence on high-level olfactory perception. Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Olfactory and Neuro-economics Neuro-economics is an interdisciplinary field that combines research methods from neuroscience, psychology, economics and computer science, with the objective of explaining human decision making, i.e. the ability to process multiple alternatives and to choose an optimal course of action. The core aim of the discipline is to investigate how economic behavior can shape our understanding of the brain, and viceversa, how “neural variables” can affect economic models by influencing consumer choices. Our senses, for instance, are “neural variables” that would have this economic effect. Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ The Smell of Eco-archeological Parks (I) Smell is one of the neural variables that affect consumer choices. Since olfactory memory associated with an odor image immediately rather than emotion, eco-archaeological parks must “incorporate” the smell that characterizes so as to recall to mind instantly Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ The Smell of Eco-archeological Parks (II) How to define the smell of eco-archaeological parks? Smell is the main theme of the park Archaeology of the Senses Observe local environment and current perfume production first, and then make the most traditional smell the major attraction of park activities, stimulating multi-sensory experiences Archaeology of the Experience Investigate those smells that were typical in the age of archaeological sites and recreate them in order to offer multi-sensory experiences of the past Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Exercise #2 Odors in Eco-archaeological parks Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ EX #2 Odors in Eco-archaeological parks Saqqara Necropolis e Fayoum Oasis Fayoum http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vknQMJmmjqw Saqqara http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRK6DTpX5Ts Typical odors of the Park  Orange and cinnamon  Olive oil Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ EX #2 Odors in Eco-archaeological parks Xel-Hà Eco-archaeological Park http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eX7Z6OYsrdw Typical odors of the Park  Vanilla Mango and papaya Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Facoltà di Economia – Dipartimento SEFeMEQ Thank you!