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Wudpecker Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 1(8), pp. 341 - 345, September 2012 Available online at http://www.wudpeckerresearchjournals.org 2012 Wudpecker Research Journals ISSN 2315-7259
Full Length Research Paper
Colostrum composition and performance of Damascus goats raised under Sudan conditions Mahmoud, N. M. A.; El Zubeir, I. E. M and Fadlelmoula A. A. 1
School of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Fish Science, University of Al Neelain, Khartoum, Sudan. 2 Department of Dairy Production, Faculty of Animal Production, University of Khartoum, P. O. Box 32, Postal code 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan. 3 Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Animal Production, University of Khartoum, P. O. Box 32, Postal code 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan. Accepted 08 August 2012
The present study was conducted to evaluate colostrum composition and performance of Damascus goats raised under climate of Sudan. Thirteen Damascus goats at their first parity were selected from a flock owned by the Mamlakat El-Nahal farm in Jabal Awlia, Khartoum state. The traits recorded for the study were age and body weight of dams at first mating and kidding, birth weight and body weight of kids at 2nd and 3rd months of age. The average age of the does at first mating and kidding were 10 and 16.5 months, respectively. Meanwhile the average body weight of the does at first kidding was 56 kg. The average birth weights (kg) of male and female kids were 3.63± 0.03 and 3.47±0.024, respectively. Colostrum was collected daily and the composition was analyzed. The colostral constituents viz. protein, protein fractions, total solids and ash were significantly (P< 0.05) higher in the first day and then decreased sharply in the second day, whereas fat content was found to be stable. The βlactoglobulin content of colostrum was significantly (P<0.05) higher on the day of kidding (2.01±0.02 mg/ kg) and decreased sharply on the second day (0.45±0.02 mg/ kg). However, all the constituents were significantly (P<0.05) higher in colostrum as compared to milk. Further the concentration of milk constituents were found to decrease as lactation progressed. Moreover all chemical constituents showed significantly (P<0.05) higher levels in the colostrum compared to milk samples and they reduced with the progress of lactation. The present study concluded that Damascus goats can thrive with suitable milk production efficiency in Sudan. Further research is required with respect to the effect of different parity, nutrition and general heath of milking goat under the harsh climate of Sudan. Key words: Colostrum composition, Damascus goats, performance, kidding, Sudan.
INTRODUCTION Goats are widespread worldwide due to their nutritional and environmental adaptability (Cannas et al., 2008). The Technical Consultation of FAO/ UNEB on Animal Genetic Resources, Conservation and Management has prioritized Damascus goat due to its quality attributes. Besides, this is a popular goat breed in Lebanon, Syria and Cyprus (Mavrogenis et al., 2006). Epstein and Herz (1964) reported that Damascus goat has provided the parent stock of the Zaraibi of Egypt and Nubian goat of the Sudan and also the breed has ancestors in India.
*Corresponding author E-mail:
[email protected]
The Shami or Damascus goat that is considered to be the most important goat breed in Middle East due to their milk quality and production potentiality as well as prolificacy is a seasonal polyestrous breed (Papachristoforou et al., 2000). Fertility has been reported to be medium to high (80% to 90%) that is a common characteristic of most goat breeds with high milk production potentiality (Mavrogenis et al., 2006). Colostrum, the first milk that is consumed by a newborn, is formed and stored in the mammary gland during late pregnancy. The concentrations of protein, sodium and chloride are higher, while potassium and lactose concentrations are proportionately lesser in colostrum as compared to milk secreted during established lactation
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(Linzell and Peaker, 1974). Besides colostrum also contains high concentrations of immunoglobulins that confer maternal immunity to the neonates (Rook and Wheelock, 1967 and Linzell and Peaker, 1971). In goats like other ruminants, the neonates are agammaglobulinemic at birth as the epithelichoerial placentation impedes transfer of maternal Ig to the fetus in uterus (Constant et al., 1994 and Arguello et al., 2004). Hence consumption of colostrum by the kids during first hours of life is most essential for acquisition of passive immunity as colostrum is the principal Ig G source during the first month of life (Vihan, 1988 and Arguello et al., 2004). Caja et al. (2006) reported that goats without dryoff after parturition kids had smaller birth weight than the others. Hence the objective of this study is to estimate their performance and survival and to evaluate the changes of composition for colostrums during the first three days of Damascus goats in the first kidding and to compare it with normal milk. MATERIALS AND METHODS
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protein nitrogen and β-lactoglobulin nitrogen were done as the standard protocol of International Dairy Federation (1962). The milk constituents of fat, protein, lactose and solids not fat were determined by milk analyzer using milk analyzer Lactoscan 90 according to the manufacturer instructions (Aple Industries services- La Roche Sur Foron, France; Abd Elrahman et al., 2009).
Statistical analysis The data were analyzed by SAS program. The means were separated using Duncan Multiple results.
RESULTS Body weight of kids The average birth weights (kg) of male and female kids were 3.63±0.03 (3.25 to 4.03kg) and 3.47±0.024 (2.93 to 4.00kg) respectively. The body weights (kg) of the kids recorded subsequently at the end of second and third month were 14.98±0.41, 23.25±0.85 for male and 14.41±0.40, 22±0.84 for female kids respectively (Table 1).
Experimental animals This study was carried out from March to November 2009 at the Mamlakat Elnahal farm located in Jabal Awlia, Khartoum state. The flock was established as a model Damascus goat farm for producing improved cross bred does and bucks. Thirteen Damascus does weighing between 54 to 58 kg and aging between15 to 18 months in their first kidding were selected for the study. The animals were group raised in a pen with a floor space of 14.5 × 5.25 ×1.16 meters and height of 2.85 meters. The roof of the shed was constructed with corrugated galvanized zinc sheets and the floor was concrete. There were secured metal buckets for watering and feeding inside the pen. Concentrate mixture was offered at 8.00 a.m. in the morning at 600g/animal. Besides Bersem (Medicago sativa), groundnut straw (Groundnut haums), Abu 70 and water was offered ad libitum.
Data collection Body weight record The body weights (kg) of does and kids were recorded immediately after parturition. a Subsequently the body weights of the kids were recorded at two and three months of age.
Colostrum and milk samples The colostrum was obtained during the first three days after parturition and then the milk samples were obtained.
Chemical analysis of colostrum and milk samples The total solids, ash and total nitrogen concentrations in the colostrum and milk samples were determined respectively by forced draft oven method, gravimetric method and Kjeldahl method as described by Bradley et al. (1992). The casein and whey protein content were also analyzed by Kjeldahl method as described by Rowland (1938a,b). Determination of albumin nitrogen plus non
Reproductive traits of does The reproductive traits recorded for does under the present study were age at first mating as well as age and body weight at first kidding. The average age at first mating and kidding recorded in does were 10 and 16.5 months, respectively. Meanwhile the average body weight of the does at first kidding was 56kg (Table1). Colostrum composition of Domescus goats Significantly (P<0.05) higher mean (±S.E) was obtained for the protein content of the colostrum of Damascus goats at day 1 (7.63±0.030%). Then it decreased at day 2 and day 3 to reach 5.41±0.08% and 4.07± 0.04%, respectively (Table 2 and Table 3). The means (±S.E) of casein content of the colostrums of Damascus goat in day 1 was 4.50±0.05%, which was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the level estimated at day 2 (4.10±0.06%) and day 3 (3.20±0.04%) as shown in Table 2 and 3. The whey protein of colostrum of Damascus goat showed significantly (P<0.05) higher mean level in day 1 (3.11±0.02%) and then gradual decrease in day 2 and day 3 (1.31±0.03% and 0.86± 0.01%, respectively) as shown in Table 2 and Table 3. Similarly the albumin content of colostrum of Damascus goat showed significantly (P<0.05) higher means level during day 1 (0.550±0.01 mg/kg) then a decrease in day 2 and day 3 (0.401±0.01 and 0.206±0.01 mg/kg, respectively) as shown in Table 2 and Table 3. The β-lactoglobulin content of colostrum of Damascus goat revealed significantly (P< 0.05) higher mean in day 1 (2.01±0.02 mg/kg) then a sharp decrease
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Table 1. Performance of Damascus goat and their offspring under Sudan conditions
Traits Male Female
Mean 3.63 3.47
Range 3.25-4.03 2.93-4.00
Body weight age 2 month (kg)
Male Female
14.98 14.41
14.25-15.7 14.00-14.82
Body weight age 3 month (kg)
Male Female
23.25 22.00
22.00-24.50 20.00-24.00
Age (month)
1 Matting st 1 Kidding
10.5 16.5 56.0 240.0
9-11 15-18 54-58 210-270
Birth weight (kg) Kids
Dams
st
st
Body weight at 1 kidding (kg) Lactation length (days)
Table 2. Means± SE. of chemical composition of colostrum of Damascus goats during the first parity.
Variables Protein (%) Casein (%) Whey protein (%) Albumin (mg/1000g) β-globulin (mg/kg) Fat (%) T.S (%) Ash (%)
Day 1 7.63±0.03 4.50±0.05 3.11±0.02 0.55±0.01 2.01±0.02 5.13±0.81 22.23±0.84 1.58±0.02
Day 2 5.41±0.08 4.10±0.06 1.31±0.08 0.401±0.01 0.45±0.01 4.87±0.64 18.23±0.66 1.20±0.02
Day 3 4.07±0.04 3.20±0.04 0.86±0.02 0.21±0.01 0.36±0.01 4.68±0.42 14.91±0.40 0.86±0.01
Over all means 5..91±0.05 3..93±0.05 1.76±0.02 0.39±0.01 0.94±0.01 4.89±0.62 18.46±0.63 1.21±0.02
Table 3. Variation of colostroum chemical composition of Damascus goats under Sudan conditions during the first kidding using Duncan Multiple Range (Animal =7).
Variables Days 1 2 3
Total Protein (%) a
7.63 b 5.45 c 4.06
Casein (%) a
5.13 a 4.88 a 4.68
Whey (%)
protein
Albumin (mg/1000g)
a
2.01 b 0.45 c 0.36
β-lacto-globulin (mg/1000g)
a
0.55 b 0.40 c 0.21
a
3.11 b 1.31 c 0.86
Fat (%)
Total solids (%) a
4.49 b 4.10 c 3.20
a
1.58 b 1.18 c 0.86
Ash (%) a
22.23 b 18.23 c 14.91
*Abbreviation key: S.E= Standard Error. Means bearing different letters in a column are ignorantly different (P< 0.05)
in day 2 and day 3 was evident (0.446±0.007 and 0.364±0.007 mg/kg, respectively) as shown in Table 2 and Table 3. The means (±S.E) of fat of the colostrum of Damascus goat were 5.13±0.81% in day 1, 4.87±0.64% in day 2 and 4.68±0.42% for day 3. The obtained data showed non-significant (P>0.05) variations (Table 2 and Table 3). The total solids content of the colostrum of Damascus goat were significantly (P<0.05) higher in day 1 (22.23±0.84%) than day 2 and day 3 (18.23±0.66 and 14.91±0.41%), respectively (Table 2 and Table 3). The ash values of the colostrum of Damascus goat were significantly (P<0.05) higher in day 1 (1.58±0.02%) compared to the values estimated during the second and third day (1.20±0.017% and 0.86±
0.014%, respectively) as shown in Table 2 and Table 3). The colostrum was found to be rich in its composition compared to the milk of the does (Table 4). DISCUSSION The mean birth weight recorded in male (3.63 kg) as well as female (3.47kg) kids in the present study was comparable to that reported by Awgichew and Abegaz (2009) for Damascus goats (3 to 4.2 kg). Mavrogenis et al. (2006) reported that the average birth weights of males were heavier (4.4±0.7kg) than females (3.9±0.7 kg). Kid's birth weights range from 3.5kg to 5.5kg
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Table 4. Variations of the chemical composition of colostrum and milk of Damascus goats at first kidding
Variables Protein (%) Casein (%) Whey protein (%) Albumin(mg/100g) B-globulin(mg/100g) Fat (%) T.S (%) Ash (%)
Colostrum a 5.70 a 3.93 a 1.761 a 0.692 a 0.941 a 4.894 a 18.46 a 1.214
Milk b 3.42 b 2.73 b 0.683 b 0.425 b 0.255 b 4.318 b 13.08 b 0.682
Means bearing different letters in a raw differ (P< 0.05
depending on the type of birth and sex (Mavrogenis et al., 1985; Constantinou, 1989 and Mavrogenis and Papachristoforou, 2000). Moreover Keskin and Bicer (2002) reported the birth weight was 3.5±0.10 kg (suckling group) and 3.7±0.09 kg (milk replacer group). Gall (1996) reported the average body weight at birth 4.2±0.5 kg and range between 3.1 and 3.4 kg. Similarly the value was in accord to Keskin and Bicer (2002) for Damascus kids (suckling and fed on milk replacer) and Khazaal (2009). Abd El Gadir and El Zubeir (2005) reported an average birth weight of 3.56 ± 1.0283 for kg for Saanen × Nubian goats raised under Sudan conditions. Moreover slightly higher values were obtained for kids during the second and third months of lactation by Mavrogenis et al. (2006) and Khazaal (2009). The differences might be attributed to low fed intake and/or due to the differences in dam's weights. The does in the present study was in the first kidding and have low body weight (Table 1). As higher average body weight (kg) of shami does at kidding (67.4 kg) was reported (Khazaal, 2009). The age at first kidding (15-18 months) was in agreement of Gall (1996) who reported that the average age at first kidding was 15.1 months. Also Awgichew and Abegaz (2009) reported age at first kidding of 15 to 24 months, mature body weight for Damascus goats as 35-65 kg and lactation periods ranged from 155 to 300 days. The study of the composition of the first milk or colostrum and gradual transition to normal milk (during first three days) is of considerable interest from several points of view. The colostrum or the first milk is characterized by high total protein, protein fraction, total solids, fat, and ash during the first three days following parturition compared to milk (Table 2 and Table 3). These data indicates that a drop in several of the constituents occurred on the second day, with exception of fat content which was more stable. Bergman and Turner (1936) indicated the drop in several of the constituents occurred on the second day and that the milk tends to approach normality between third and fourth days. They added that the only constituent showing a slight increase during this period was lactose. The levels of protein and total IgG contents dropped quickly from the time of birth to 132
hours postpartum, whereas fat and lactose content increased from birth to 24 hours postpartum and subsequently decreased until 132 hours postpartum (Arguello et al., 2004)) The decrease reported for the total protein content of the colostrum was similar to that reported by Castro et al. (2006). The gradual decline in the albumin content indicated that the higher amount of total protein in the colostrum of goat, immediately after parturition is due to the globulin rather than the albumin (Bergman and Turner, 1936). The most rapid change of colostrum in this study in the β-lactoglobulin, which was 2.014 on the first day, 0.446 on the second day, then gradually declined to 0.364 mg/100g on the third day. The colostrum was found to be rich in its composition compared to milk of the does (Table 4). This is in accord to Egbowon et al. (2005) who obtained similar higher values for total solids; protein and fat in colostrum compared to the milk of West African dwarf and Red Sokoto goats. The total protein and protein fractions (casein, whey protein, albumin and β-lacotglobulin) contents of colostrum are more than that of milk. Egbowon et al. (2005) reported the protein content of colostrum is more than that of milk. Also they added that colostrum is rich in antibodies which are protein, this may account for the higher protein levels recorded in colostrum over milk. Feeding of high quality colostrum is the most effective way to obtain sufficient immunoglobulin and failure of transfer of passive immunity is a major cause of increased susceptibility to infectious agents in newborn kids (Constant et al., 1994). This study concluded that there were no major differences between colostrum composition and performances of Damascus goats under Sudan conditions and Damascus goats raised under other conditions as reported in the literature. All constituents of colostrum were decreased rapidly in the second day, with exception of fat which was more stable. The globulin decreases very rapidly while only a moderate decline in albumin occurs. The first milking was quite high in globulin with a marked drop at the second milking. Hence it was recommended that Damascus goats can be raised in Sudan with acceptable production. Further research is
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