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DWSSP Project Preparation Study DFR 3-Part B-Water Supply- Volume I i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION Structure of this report Delhi DJB Population Topography Water-related diseases Hospitals and beds Water related diseases Cholera Gastro-enteritis SUMMARY OF EXISTING SITUATION Water resources and production Water Supplies Water quality and treatment Area of supply Water transmission, storage and distribution Metering and customer connections Operation and maintenance Non-revenue Water Data and records Summary of present water supply shortcomings WATER DEMAND PROJECTION Planning period Year 2001 population of NCT of Delhi Population projection Existing population projection by DDA Population projection for Study Population by settlement type Water demand General Domestic water demand Sources of information DJB metering records Willingness-to-pay survey Non-revenue water survey Norms of CPHEEO and MoUD Comparison of per-capita water demands Selection of CPHEEO norms Demand of transient population Commercial and institutional water demand 3-10 DWSSP Project Preparation Study DFR 3-Part B-Water Supply- Volume I ii Industrial water demand Overview of industry in Delhi Present and projected industrial water demand Comparison of non-domestic demand with other Asian towns Water demand for fire fighting Total water demand Total demand (net of real losses from the system) System losses Demand vs supply Comparison with projections by others DJB projection DUEIIP projection WATER RESOURCES AUGMENTATION Present planned augmentation Utilisation of present raw water availability Water resource augmentation through leakage reduction Surface water Overview Kishau Dam Renuka Dam Lakhwar Vyasi Dam Conclusion on surface water resources Groundwater development Groundwater development potential in Delhi NCT Overview Areas demarcated for groundwater development Tubewell yields Quality Groundwater development potential in the National Capital Region Identified areas The Yamuna Flood plain of NCR The area along the Upper-Ganga Canal in NCR The Ganga Flood plain in NCR Summary of groundwater potential areas Potential for additional wells and boreholes Rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge micro systems General Water balance Types of recharge General Rooftop harvesting Recharge from area drainage systems Recharge through micro-watersheds Yield of micro-systems Implementation Macro systems for groundwater development Strategies 4-14 DWSSP Project Preparation Study DFR 3-Part B-Water Supply- Volume I iii Development of groundwater resources in Yamuna flood plain Development of brackish water aquifers Off-channel basins Conclusion on rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge Supply of non-potable water Sources Distribution Examples Conclusion on supply of non-potable water Recommendations on augmentation of water resources STRATEGY, GOALS AND RECOMMENDATIONS General Overall strategy and goals Strategy Goals Specific shortcomings and recommendations for remedial measures Main shortcomings High Non-revenue water Supply shortage Intermittent supplies and low pressures Inadequate O&M of distribution Other shortcomings Shortcomings at treatment works No flow and pressure measurement Quality control deficiencies (laboratories) Problems with equipment at booster pumping stations Inefficient equipment Transmission main damage due to power failures Poor house connection quality Customer connection ownership Inadequate meter repair facilities Illegal connections Distribution zoning Uneven distribution of supplies Recommended measures Physical measures Further studies Identified studies Master Plan Zoning pilot study/distribution Improvement Phase I Requests for proposals Recommendations for energy conservation Conclusion from energy audit Proposed energy saving solutions Monitoring of pumping stations Calibration of measuring instruments Frequency, variation pattern and impact on discharge Use of energy-efficient motors 5-12 DWSSP Project Preparation Study DFR 3-Part B-Water Supply- Volume I iv Power factor improvement and automatic power factor correction equipment Energy audit system Review contractual agreement Recommendations for SCADA Recommendations for customer metering Recommendations for laboratories General Upgrading of laboratories Monitoring of water quality Analyses for operation of the plants Focus on water treatment plant laboratories Recommendations on O&M Water treatment plants and booster pumping stations Distribution Recommendations on re-use of sludge and backwash water at WTPs Action by DJB PROPOSED MEASURES AND COSTS Overview Identified project (Batch 1 measures) Overview Zoning Pilot Study Main objectives Specific Tasks Rehabilitation, new works and equipment supply General Rehabilitation New works Equipment supply Water Supply Master Plan Overall goals Specific Objectives Public information campaign Implementation programme Proposals for surge protection Proposals for Okhla WTP Project costs Cost basis General Underground reservoirs and booster pumping stations Transmission lines Bulk Flow Meters Excavation and road reinstatement Design, construction supervision and contingencies Foreign exchange costs Summary of costs Batch 2 measures 6-18 DWSSP Project Preparation Study DFR 3-Part B-Water Supply- Volume I v Scope Identified transmission main rehabilitation - Batch Identified booster pumping station rehabilitation - Batch Rehabilitation of remaining WTPs Installation of remaining water meters LITERATURE 7-1 DWSSP Project Preparation Study DFR 3-Part B-Water Supply- Volume I vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1 Medical institutions in Delhi Table 1-2 Water-related diseases Table 1-3 Month wise comparative cholera cases and deaths Table 1-4 Comparative statement of Gastro enteritis Table 2-1 Customer connections Table 2-2 Non-revenue water breakdown Table 2-3 Data and records of DJB Table 3-1 Census data, Table 3-2 Population projections according to DDA Planning Zones Table 3-3 Year 2000 population by settlement type Table 3-4 Settlement-wise population distribution up to the year Table 3-5 Per capita domestic water demands of CPHEEO and MoUD Table 3-6 Comparison of domestic per-capita water demands Table 3-7 Domestic water demand projection to year Table 3-8 Commercial and institutional water consumption in MCD area Table 3-9 Commercial/institutional water demand projection Table 3-10 Growth of industrial sector in Delhi Table 3-11 Location-wise details of industrial estates Table 3-12 Industrial water consumption per zone in MCD area Table 3-13 Industrial water demand projection Table 3-14 Typical non-domestic consumption data for Asian towns Table 3-15 Fire fighting water demand projection Table 3-16 Projection of total water demand (net of real losses) to year Table 3-17 Total water demand including real water losses Table 3-18 Over-all per capita demand (DJB 10 th Five Year Plan) Table 3-19 DUEIIP projections for water requirements in Table 4-1 Present and planned water production capacity Table 4-2 Proposed utilisation of presently allocated surface water sources Table 4-3 Potential groundwater yield through tubewells Table 4-4 Productivity of Yamuna plains in NCT Table 4-5 Demarcated sectors in Yamuna flood plain in NCT for further groundwater development Table 4-6 Yield characteristics of wells developed by CGWB Table 4-7 Overview of areas with high groundwater development potential Table 4-8 Rainfall and evaporation in Delhi area Table 6-1 General scope of the proposed water supply measures Table 6-2 Water supply command areas Table 6-3 Project rehabilitation measures Table 6-4 Project new works Table 6-5 Cost for underground reservoirs & booster pumping stations Table 6-6 Costs for bulk flow meters Table 6-7 Rate analysis for mild steel pipelines Table 6-8 Costs of design, construction supervision and contingencies Table 6-9 Basic costs for Project measures Table 6-10 Total cost for Project measures Table 6-11 Batch 2 measures for rehabilitation of transmission mains DWSSP Project Preparation Study DFR 3-Part B-Water Supply- Volume I vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1 Outline of the area served by DJB: NCT of Delhi Figure 3-1 DDA Planning Zones in National Capital Territory of Delhi Figure 3-2 DDA Planning Sub-zones in within Urban Limits Figure 3-3 Locations of industrial estates Figure 3-4 Projection of water demand vs supply Figure 4-1 Rainfall and evaporation in the Delhi area Figure 4-2 Rooftop rainwater collection through pit Figure 4-3 Rooftop rainwater collection through trench Figure 4-4 Typical check dam for recharge of micro catchments Figure 5-1 Treatment without reuse of backwash water and sludge Figure 5-2 Treatment with internal reuse of backwash water and sludge Figure 5-3 Treatment with external reuse of backwash water and sludge DWSSP Project Preparation Study DFR 3-Part B-Water Supply- Volume I viii LIST OF APPENDICES Volume III Appendix 1 Water supply booster pumping stations in Delhi Volume IV Appendix 2 Water quality Appendix 3 Pumping system explanations Appendix 4 Distribution system data Appendix 5 Rehabilitation at water treatment plants Appendix 6 Condition assessment of transmission mains Appendix 7 Tubewells operated by DJB Appendix 8 SCADA in Delhi water supply network Appendix 9 Action plan for phased development of network analysis Appendix 10 Design Criteria Appendix 11 Condition assessment of selected booster pumping stations Appendix 12 Action Plan for a pilot on operation and management program Appendix 13 Analyses required at plant laboratories Appendix 14 List of Identified Measures Batch 2 Appendix 15 Locations for Batch 2 bulk water meters Appendix 16 Action Plan for NRW reduction Volume V Appendix 17 Non Revenue Water, Field Study Tests DWSSP Project Preparation Study DFR 3-Part B-Water Supply- Volume I ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AC asbestos cement or alternating current, km 2 square kilometre depending on the context BBMD Bhakra Beas Management Board LAN local area network BCM billion cubic meters = 1,000 million m 3 LCC local control centre BEP best efficiency point (on pump curve) Lcd litres per capita per day bgl below ground level m Metre BPS booster pumping station m 2 square metre CCTV Close-circuit television MCC main control centre CE Chief Engineer MCD Municipal Corporation of Delhi CGWA Central Ground Water Authority MDPE medium density poly-ethylene CGWB Central Ground Water Board MES Military Engineering Services CI (grey) cast iron MG million gallon (1 MG = 4,546 m 3 ) CPHEEO Central Public Health & Environmental Engineering Organisation MGD million gallons per day (1 MGD = 4,546 m 3 /d = m 3 /h) CPWD Central Public Works Department MIS management information system cusec Cubic feet per second (1 cusec = 2,447 MoU memorandum of understanding m 3 /d) CWC Central Water Commission MoUD Ministry of Urban Development CWR Clear water reservoir MS mild steel DCB Delhi Cantonment Board MW Megawatt DDA Delhi Development Authority mwc (metres water column) m head DI ductile iron NCT National Capital Territory (of Delhi) DJB Delhi Jal (Water) Board NCR National Capital Region DMA District Metering Area NDMC New Delhi Municipal Council DP differential pressure NIC National Informatics Centre DSIDC Delhi State Industrial Development NPSH net positive suction head Corporation EE Executive Engineer NPSHa available NPSH E&M electrical and mechanical NPSHr required NPSH EMI Electro-magnetic interference NRW non-revenue water GI, g.i. Galvanised iron NTU nephelometric turbidity unit GIS geographical information system O&M operation and maintenance GK Greater Kailash OHT overhead tank / water tower HDPE high density poly-ethylene OIU operator interface unit hp horsepower PE Polyethylene HV High voltage PET potential evapo-transpiration IAR Industrial Area Reservoir PLC programmable logic controller ICP instrument control panel PS pumping station IDEMI Institute for design of Electrical PSC pre-stressed concrete Measuring Instruments IIT Indian Institute of Technology PVC polyvinyl chloride INR Indian Rupee RCC reinforced cement concrete = reinforced concrete INTACH Indian National Trust for Art and RFP request for proposals Cultural Heritage IR2 Interim Report 2 RTU remote terminal unit km Kilometre RWPS raw water pumping station SAT soil aquifer treatment upvc unplasticised polyvinyl chloride DWSSP Project Preparation Study DFR 3-Part B-Water Supply- Volume I x SCADA System control and data acquisition US$ United States dollar SCC subsidiary control centre VHF very high frequency SoR schedule of rates VSAT very small aperture terminal STP screened twisted pair WHO World Health Organisation TCMD thousand cubic metres per day WPC Wireless Planning Commission ToR Terms of Reference WS water supply TYA Trans-Yamuna Area WTP water treatment plant UfW unaccounted-for water WtP willingness to pay UGR underground reservoir WW Waterworks UHF ultra-high frequency WYC Western Yamuna Canal UP Uttar Pradesh Ø diameter (expressed in millimetres unless indicated otherwise) UPS uninterruptible power supply DWSSP Project Preparation Study DFR 3-Part B-Water Supply- Volume I xi PREAMBLE This Draft Final Report 3 (DFR-3) - Part B, Water Supply, has been produced as part of the Delhi Water Supply and Sewerage Project Preparation. It addresses the issues concerned with the water supply services provided by the Delhi Jal Board. Associated institutional, financial and fiscal issues have been addressed in the Draft Final Report 3 Part A, separately submitted. Issues concerned with sewerage and sewage disposal have been addressed in a separate volume: Draft Final Report 3 Part C, Sewerage. DFR-3, Part B, Water Supply exists of five volumes. Volume I contains the Main Report, Volume II describes the Existing Infrastructure and Volumes III until V containing all the Appendices. In addition, a separate Executive Summary has been prepared. A similar set up has been used for DFR-3, Part C, Sewerage. The preceding Draft Final Report 2 (DFR-2), Water Supply (Revised) and Interim Report 2 (IR2), in addition to describing the current situation in Delhi, identified a range of projects to rehabilitate, upgrade and extend the existing systems. These projects were priced and prioritised and were presented in prioritised implementation programmes. From the projects presented in IR2, the Delhi Jal Board has selected projects which were considered urgent and for immediate implementation in the first two years. Thus, agreement was reached on prioritisation and on the projects to be included for detailed engineering. These projects are called Batch 1 measures in this report. The environmental and social impacts have been studied and described in a separate volume. Within the original twelve-month time scale of the project, a period of four months has been allotted for detailed engineering design of projects to be undertaken in the first two years of implementation (Batch 1 physical measures). Detailed engineering design of projects to be designed in years 3 and 4 of the project implementation is to be undertaken later, and the Terms of Reference are to be prepared for consultancy projects to undertake this detailed engineering and some other studies. Comments and clarifications arising from the Draft Final Report 2, Water Supply (version October 2003) and Interim Report 2 are incorporated into this Draft Final Report 3. Comments from the Delhi Jal Board and the World Bank on DFR-2 Revised Water Supply are also incorporated into this DFR-3, Part B, Water Supply. DWSSP Project Preparation Study DFR 3-Part B-Water Supply- Volume I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Structure of this report 1.2 Delhi 1.3 DJB This report is the Main Report of the Draft Final Report 3, Part B, of the Delhi Water Supply and Sewerage Project in so far as it relates to the water supply component. DFR-3, Part B, Water Supply consists of five volumes: Main Report (Volume I), Existing Situation (Volume II) and Appendix 1 (Volume III), Appendices 2 to 16 (Volume IV) and Appendix 17 (Volume V). This Main Report, Volume I, contains the following chapters: Preamble. Chapter 1: Introduction (this chapter). Chapter 2:Summary of existing situation. This chapter summarizes the existing situation. The key findings and the shortcomings of the existing situation are described in detail in Volume II of this report. To make both volumes readable separately, Chapter 2 is presented in both Volume I and Volume II. Chapter 3: Water demand projection. This chapter makes a water demand projection up to year 2021, including two situations for water losses. Chapter 4: Possibilities for water resources augmentation. This chapter looks at further water resources that are available for augmentation of supplies. Chapter 5: Strategy and recommendations. This chapter summarizes the findings of the study (Volume II) and sets out a strategy to deal with, and describes the way to remedy, the shortcomings. Chapter 6: Project Identification. This chapter describes the identified measures that will form the Project, and estimates the costs of those measures. An implementation schedule is presented. The National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi (see Figure 1-1) covers an area of 1,486 km 2 and is divided into 9 census districts and 27 sub-divisions. Of this, the urban area, including the new settlements in rural habitations, accounts for about 525 km 2. Delhi encompasses three governing bodies: the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD), the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) and Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB). The MCD is one of the largest municipal bodies in the world according to population size. Of the total NCT area, MCD occupies 94.2 %, whereas NDMC and DCB occupy 2.9% and 2.9% respectively. For effective management of the water supply and sewerage in the NCT of Delhi, the Delhi Government reconstituted the Delhi Water Supply and Sewage Disposal Undertaking into the Delhi Jal Board (DJB), with the Chief Minister of NCT as Chairman of the Board. The DJB is responsible for water resources management, monitoring the pollution of water and the treatment and supply of potable water. Wastewater collection, conveyance, treatment and disposal facilities are also the responsibility of DJB. It is responsible for all the above services in the MCD area. DJB also supplies treated water in bulk to the NDMC and to the DCB both of which are responsible for the distribution of this water within their own territories. The water supply infrastructure in these territories is owned by them and, consequently, is not the responsibility of DWSSP Project Preparation Study DFR 3-Part B-Water Supply- Volume I 1-2 the DJB. The same applies to sewerage: wastewater of these areas is collected by the NDMC and DCB, received by the DJB at a certain number of locations and conveyed and treated. The DJB is not responsible for storm water collection and drainage. The area of DJB s supply, together with the areas of NDMC and DCB is shown in Figure Population Delhi started as a small city, with a population of approximately 410,000 in 1911 and grew steadily to reach a population of 920,000 in 1941 with the decadal growth rate averaging approximately 30%. Following independence, the sudden influx of migrants raised the population from 920,000 in 1941 to 1.74 million in 1951, registering a decadal growth of approximately 90%. In the next forty years, the decadal growth has been above 50%. The 1991 overall population density of NCT in Delhi is 6,352 inhabitants/km 2. The population of Delhi is becoming denser, increasing from 4,200 inhabitants/km 2 in 1981 to about 6,300 inhabitants/km 2 in In the MCD area, the urban population density is 16,717 inhabitants/ km 2, in the NDMC area it is 7,050 inhabitants/km 2 and in the DCB area 2,197 inhabitants/km 2. According to the 2001 census, the population of Delhi is million with a floating (or transient) population of 0.3 million to 0.4 million, a common feature of large cities such as D
