Transcript
Physics: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance The numerical problems based on electric potential are relatively easy. Numerical Numerical problems based on capacitors, capacitors, especially capacitor combinations, need cautious approach. Derivations are simple and learning the same can help you perform better in the examinations.
Quantity
V
Volt (V)
Capacitance
C
Farad (F)
Dielectric constant
K
No unit
Polarisation
P
Cm –2
W
Based on the idea that work per
q
unit charge gives potential.
Poten tential ial dif differe ferenc nce, e, V
(b) (b)
SI Unit
Electric potential/Electric potential difference
Potential, V
( a)
Symbol
WB – WA
Helps define the unit – Volt.
q Helps to think of the variation of electric potential
V
1
q
4πε 0
r
(i) with distance (ii) if the charge is surrounded by a medium.
V
n
1
i 1
πε
4
qi 0 r i
(i)
along the ax axial line, V
(ii)
equa quatoria rial line, V = 0
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Remember: It’s r2, not r, in
p
40 r 2
the denominator.
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Physics: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Helps to find out field strength when
(a)
(b)
(ii)
difference
between two points and the
dV E – dr
(i)
potential
distance between them are given.
Remember:
Potential energy of a system of charges: A two – charge system (in vacuum) U
An n–charge system (in vacuum) U
1
q1q 2
40
r
1 4 0
n
n
i 1 j 1 j i
potential
energy relates to the work done on the system that gets stored.
q1q j r ij
Potential energy of a dipole in an electric field
U –p.E
Capacitance is the charge
C
(a)
General form
(b)
Parallel plate capacitor
required per unit rise in
q
electric potential.
V
Helps to think of how a di-
C C (c)
0 A d
electric medium affect the
(with vacuum between the plates)
0 KA d
capacitance
of
a
system.
(with a medium of dielectric constant K between the plates) In series combination, the effective
Effective capacitance:
capacitance is less than the least
(i)
Series combination
1 C
1 C1
1 C2
...
individual capacitance. In parallel combination, the effective capacitance is more than the largest
(ii)
Parallel combination C = C 1 + C2 + …
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individual capacitance.
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Physics: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
(d)
(i)
Energy stored by a capacitor: U
1 2
Helps you to express energy
CV
2
stored in terms of q & V as well as q & C.
Potential energy of a dipole in an electric field dW d pE sin d
Start with the torque experienced by a dipole in an electric field.
2
W pE sin d pE cos 2 – cos1
Find the work done in twisting the
1
dipole against the torque
W –pE cos p.E
(ii)
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor E
Get expressions for the charge q and
0
the potential difference (V) between
V Ed
the plates.
q A
Apply
(iii)
Effective capacitance:
(a)
Parallel Combination
Parallel
Voltage
C
Charge
q V
Find the total charge
Series
q = q 1 + q 2 + q 3 + ...
Charge
Voltage
Find the total voltage
CV = C 1V + C2V + C3V + ... C = C1 + C2 + …
(b)
Series combination
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Physics: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
V = V1 + V2 + V3 + ...
q C 1 C
=
=
q C1 1 C1
+
+
q C2 1 C2
+
q C3
+...
+ ...
Start with q = CV
q = CV
Then differentiate
dq = C dV
Write the work done to move charge dq against
dW = V dq U
1 2
a pd of V
CV 2
Substitute for dq Integrate it to get the total work done to build up charge from 0 to q Work done is stored as potential energy
Any surface which has the same electrostatic potential at every point is called an equipotential surface.
Equipotential surfaces are : 1. Concentric spheres for an isolated point charge 2. Parallel planes for a uniform electric field
: To generate high electric potential of the order of millions of volts. Charge given to a hollow conductor gets transferred to the outer surface.
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Physics: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Write down the use of the device and the principle based on which it functions Parts: Hollow sphere Conveyer belt Two combs
Bottom (first) comb: To spray charge on to the conveyer belt. Conveyer belt: Carries charge to the top (second) comb. Top (second) comb: Carries charge to the hollow sphere. Hollow sphere gets charged to a high potential.
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Physics: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 2004
1.
The graph shows the variation of voltage, ‘V’ across the plates of t wo capacitors A and B versus increase of charge, ‘Q’ stored on them. Which of the two capacitors has higher capacitance. Give reason for your a nswer. (2 Marks)
2.
An electric dipole of length 4 cm, when placed with its axis making an angle o f 60° with a uniform electric field experiences a torque of 4 3 Nm. Calculate the (i) magnitude of the electric field. (ii) potential energy of the dipole, if the dipole has charges of 8 nC.
(2 Marks) [Ans.: (i) E = 2.5 × 10 10
N C
, (ii) –1 J]
3.
Find the total energy stored in the capacitors in the given network. [Ans.: 4.5 J]
4.
A 10 F capacitor is charged by a 30 V dc supply and then connected across an uncharged 50 Fcapacitor. Calculate: (3 Marks)
(3 Marks)
(i) the final potential difference across the combination.
[Ans.: 5V]
(ii) the initial and final energies. How will you account for the difference in energy. [Ans.: Ui = 4.5 mJ, U f = 0.35 mJ] 2005
1.
A parallel plate capacit or with air between the plates has a capacitance of 8 pF. What will be the capacitance if the distance between the plates be reduced by half and the space between them is filled with a substance of dielectric constant k = 6. [Ans.: 96 pF]
2.
Two dielectric slabs of dielectric constants K 1 and K 2 are filled in between the two plates, each of area A, of the parallel plate capacitor as shown in the figure. Find the net capacitance of the capacitor. (2 Marks) [Ans.:
Aε 0 2d
3.
K1 K 2 ]
A 4 Fcapacitor is charged by a 200 V supply. The supply is then disconnected and the charged capacitor is connected to another uncharged 2 F capacitor. How much electrostatic energy of the first capacitor is lost in the pro cess of attaining the steady situation.
[Ans.:
8 3
×10 –2 J]
4.
A 5 Fcapacitor is charged by a 100 V supply. The supply is then disconnected and the charged capacitor is connected to another uncharged 3 Fcapacitor. How much electrostatic energy of the first capacitor is lost in the process of attaining the steady situation. [Ans.: 0.037 J]
5.
Deduce an expression for the electric potential due to an electric dipole at any point on its axis. Mention one contrasting feature of electric potential of a dipole at a point as compared to that due t o a single charge. 2006
1.
Define the term ‘dielectric constant’ of a medium in terms of capacitance of a capacitor.
2.
The electric field and electric potential at any point due to a point charge kept in air is 20 NC –1 an d 10 JC –1 respectively. Compute the magnitude of this charge. [Ans.: 0.55 × 10 –9 C] (2 Marks)
3.
The given graph shows the variation of charge q versus potential difference V for two capacitors. The two capacitors C 1 and C2 have same plate separation but the plate area of C 2 is double than that of C 1. Which of the lines in the graph correspond to C1 and C2 and why. [Ans.: C2 Corresponds to A, C 1 Corresponds to B]
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(1 Mark)
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Physics: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 4.
Two capacitors of capacitance 6 F and 12 Fare connected in series with a battery. The voltage across the 6 Fcapacitor is 2 V. Compute the tot al battery voltage. [Ans.: V = 3 Volt ]
5.
A parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates has a capacitance of 8 pF. The separation between the pates is now reduced by half and the space between them is filled with a medium of dielectric constant 5. Calculate the value of capacitance of the capacitor in the second case. [Ans.: C = 80 F] 2007
1.
A parallel plate capacitor, each with plate area A and separation d , is charged to a potential difference V. The battery used to charge it is then disconnected. A dielectric slab of thickness d and dielectric constant K is now placed between the plates. What change, if any, will take place in (i) charge on the plates
(ii) electric field intensity between the plates
(iii) capacitance of the capacitor. Justify your answer in each case. 2.
Derive the expression for the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C with air as medium between its plates having charges Q and –Q. Show that this energy can be expressed in terms of electric field as
1 2
0E
2
Ad where A
is the area of each plate and d is the separation between the plates. 4.
How will the energy stored in a fully charged capacitor change when the separation between the plates is doubled and a dielectric medium of dielectric constant 4 is introduced between the plates. 2008
1.
Derive an expression for the potential energy of an electric dipole of the dipole moment in an electric field.
2.
(a)
Using Gauss’ law, derive an expression for the electric field intensity at any point outside a uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R and surface charge density C /m. Draw the field lines when the charge density of the sphere. (i) positive, (ii) negative.
(b)
A uniformly charged conducting sphere of 2.5 m in diameter has a surface charge density of 100 C/m2. Calculate the (i) charge on the sphere (ii)total electric flux passing through the sphere [Ans. (i) 156.25 , (ii) 2 × 1013 (V – m)]
3.
(a) Derive an expression for the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor C, charged to a potential difference V. (b) Obtain the equivalent capacitance of the network given below. For a supply of 300 V, determine the charge and voltage across C4. [Ans. C = 500 pF, q = 150 nC, V = 300 V]
4.
Explain the principle on which Van De Graaff generator operates. Dr aw a schematic sketch and write briefly its working. A Van De Graaff type generator is capable of building up potent ial difference of 15 × 10 6 V. The dielectric strength of the gas surrounding the electrode is 5 × 10 7 Vm –1. What is the minimum radius of the spherical shell required. [ Ans. 0.3m] (5 Marks) 2009
1.
Two parallel plate capacitor, X and Y, have the same area of plates and same separation between them, connected by battery 12 volt battery in series. X has air between the plates while Y contains a dielectric of medium ε r = 4. (i)
Calculate capacitance of each capacitor if equivalent capacitance of the combination is 4 miro Farad. [Ans. C x = 5 F C y = 20 F]
(ii)
Calculate the potential difference between the plates of X and Y.
(iii)
What is the ratio of electrostatic energy stored in X and Y.
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[Ans. 12 V] [Ans. 4]
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Physics: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 2.
The equivalent capacitance of the combination between A and B in the given figure is 4 micro Farad. (i)
Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor C.
[Ans. 5 F]
(ii)
Calculate charge on each capacitor if a 12 volt battery is connected across terminals A and B. [Ans. 48 C]
(iii)
What will be the potential drop across each capacitor. [Ans.:
48.5 5
V,
12 5
V]
2010
1.
In which orientation, a dipole placed in a uniform electric field is in ( i) stable, (ii) unstable equilibrium.
2.
(a) Depict the equi-potential surfaces for a system of two identical positive point charges placed a distance ‘ d ’ apart. (b) Deduce the expression for the potential energy of a system of two point charges q1 and q2 brought from infinity to
the points r 1 and r 2 respectively in the presence of external electric field E . 3.
A parallel-plate capacitor is charged to a pot ential difference V by a d.c. source. The capacitor is then disconnected from the source. If the distance between the plates is doubled, state with reason how the following change: (i) electric field between the plates ( ii) capacitance, and (iii) energy stored in the capacitor.
4.
A parallel plate capacitor each with plate area A, and sepration ‘ d ’ is charges t o a potential difference V, if battery remains connected and dielectric slab of thickness d and constant K is now placed between t he plates what is the change if any will take place in :(i) charge on plates, (ii) electric field intensity (iii) capacitance of capacitor Justify your answer in each case. 2011
1.
A point charge Q is placed at point O as sho wn in the figure. Is the potential difference VA VB positive, negative or zero, if Q is (i) positive (ii) negative.
2.
Figure shows two identical capacitors C1 and C2 each of 1.5 F capacitance, connected to a battery of 2 V. Initially switch ‘S’ is closed. After sometime ‘S’ is left open and dielectric slabs of dielectric constant K = 2 are inserted to fill completely the space between the plates o f the two capacitors. How will the (i) charge and (ii) potential difference between the plates of the capacitors be affected after the slabs are inserted. 2012
When electrons drift in a metal from lower to higher potential, does it mean that all the free electrons of the metal are moving in the same direction? Explain the principle of a device that can build up high voltages of the order of a few million volts. Draw a schematic diagram and explain the working of this device. Is there any restriction on the upper limit of the high voltage set up in this machine? Explain. Or (a) Define electric flux. Write its S.I. units. (b) Using Gauss’s law, prove that the electric field at a point due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet is independent of the distance from it. (c) How is the field directed if (i) the sheet is positively charged, (ii) negatively charged?
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