Est Gest Jud Tl 34

Transcript

XBLF 18 Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf. Bc pfpbc hbc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef bi cf bobauaeñi. Bc tìtuck bobautevk y sus acfsbs? Ouheaefcbs y ik ouheaefcbs0 bspfökcbs y bxtrfiobrks. Bobauaeñi hb rbskcuaekibs bxtrfiobrfs. Nrbvb rbgbrbiaef fc Xìtuck Bobautevk Burkpbk. Cf hblfihf bobautevf. Xrenuifc aklpbtbitb. Krhbi dbibrfc hb bobauaeñi y hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi. Faulucfaeñi hb bobauaekibs. Kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi. Quspbiseñi hb cf bobauaeñi. Bobauaeñi prkvesekifc. Akiabptk y ifturfcbzf. ]rbsupubstks. Hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi. Kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc. ^bvkafaeñi k akigerlfaeñi hb cf sbitbiaef prkvesekifclbitb bobautfhf ^BGB^BIAEFQ CBDEQCFXEWFQ Cby 6/>===, hb 4 hb bibrk, hb Bioueaeflebitk Aevec, auyf ÿctelf lkhegeafaeñi sb jf prkhuaehk pkr ^bfc Hbarbtk-cby 5/>=64, hb >7 hb lfyk, pkr bc qub sb trfispkibi herbatevfs hb cf Rieñi Burkpbf bi cks ælnetks geifiaebrk, lbrafitec y sfietfrek, y sknrb bc hbspcfzflebitk hb trfnfofhkrbs Cby Krdæieaf 7/65:2, hb 6 hb oucek, hbc ]khbr Ouheaefc, auyf ÿctelf lkhegeafaeñi sb jf prkhuaehk pkr Cby Krdæieaf 61/>=62, hb 2 hb katunrb, hb lkhegeafaeñi hb cf Cby hb Bioueaeflebitk Areleifc pfrf bc gkrtfcbaelebitk hb cfs dfrfitìfs prkabsfcbs y cf rbducfaeñi hb cfs lbhehfs hb eivbstedfaeñi tbaikcñdeaf Cby >5/>=62, hb 1= hb oucek, hb akkpbrfaeñi ourìheaf eitbrifaekifc bi lftbref aevec ^bdcflbitk (RB) i¿ 6>62/>=6> hbc ]frcflbitk Burkpbk y hbc Akisbok rbcftevk f cf aklpbtbiaef ouheaefc, bc rbakikaelebitk y cf bobauaeñi hb rbskcuaekibs ouheaefcbs bi lftbref aevec y lbrafitec, auyf ÿctelf lkhegeafaeñi sb jf prkhuaehk pkr ^bdcflbitk Hbcb dfhk (RB) >=62 >=62/>:6 />:6 hb cf Akles Akleseñi, eñi, hb >7 hb ikvebl i kveblnrb nrb hb >=68, >= 68, qub sustetuyb cks fibxks E y EE hbc ^bdcflbitk (RB) i¿ 6>62/>=6> hbc ]frcflbitk Burkpbk y hbc Akisbok rbcftevk f cf aklpbtbiaef  ouheaefc,  ouhea efc, bc rbaki rbakikaele kaelebitk bitk y cf bobau bobauaeñi aeñi hb rbskc rbskcuaek uaekibs ibs ouhe ouheaefaefcbs bi lftbref aevec y lbrafitec ^bdcflbitk (AB) i¿ :=2/>==8 hbc ]frcflbitk Burkpbk y hbc Akisbok, hb >6 hb fnrec hb >==8, auyf ÿctelf lkhegeafaeñi sb jf  prkhua  prk hua ehk pkr ^bd ^bdcfl cflbit bitkk (AB (AB)) i¿ 66= 66=1/> 1/> ==: hbc ]frc ]frcflb flbitk itk Burkpbk y hbc Akisbok, hb >> hb katunrb hb >==:, pkr bc qub sb fhfptfi f cf Hbaeseñi 6555/⁸7:/AB hbc Akisbok hbtbrleifhks fatks suobtks fc prkabhelebitk bstfncbaehk bi bc frtìauck >26 hbc Xrftfhk, bi ck qub sb rbgebrb fc prkabhelebitk hb rbdcflbitfaeñi aki akitrkc ‘ Fhfptfaeñi fc prkabhelebitk hb rbdcflbitfaeñi aki akitrkc ‘ Xbrabrf pfrtb KNOBXEWKQ Qfnbr bi quå akisestb cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf Akikabr quå pfpbc kstbitf bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef bi cf bobauaeñi  Fprbihbr quå bs bc tìtuck bobautevk bobautevk y auæcbs ski sus acfsbs Bstuhefr auæc bs bc prkabhelebitk hb bobauaeñi hb rbskcuaekibs bxtrfiobrfs Akikabr añlk sb frteaucf cf hblfihf bobautevf y auæc bs bc trenuifc aklpbtbitb pfrf akikabr hb bccf Qfnbr auæc bs bc krhbi dbibrfc hb bobauaeñi y hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi Bstuhefr bc prkabsk hb faulucfaeñi hb bobauaekibs Qfnbr añlk sb ccbvf f afnk cf kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi y su supbiseñi  Fprbihbr añlk añlk sb frteaucf cf bobauaeñi bobauaeñi prkvesekifc prkvesekifc Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf 6. CF BOBARAEÑI GK^_KQF. BC ]F]BC HBC CBX^FHK HB CF FHLEIEQX^FAEÑI HB ORQXEAEF BI CF BOBARAEÑI 6.6 Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf F. Akiabptk Fatevehfh hbsfrrkccfhf pkr cks ñrdfiks ouheaefcbs tbihbitb f ccbvfr akfatevflbitb f su aulpcelebitk ck hbacfrfhk bi sbitbiaef u ktrk tìtuck afcegeafhk hb bobautevk, qub sbdÿi cf cby ccbvfi fpfrbofhf cf bobauaeñi. N. Afrfatbrìsteafs - Bs uif uif fatevehfh fatevehfh ouresheaaekifc ouresheaaekifc (frts. 664.1 664.1 AB AB y > CK]O) - Xebib ui prbsupubstk prbvek? Cf bxestbiaef bxestbiaef hb sbitbiaef k tìtuck bobautevk. A. Ifturfcbzf ourìheaf ourìheaf hb cf bobauaeñi bobauaeñi F hegbrbiaef hb cks prkabsks hbacfrftevks, h bacfrftevks, bi cks hb bobauaeñi? - Qb prbtbihb rbfcezfr uif prbstfaeñi prbstfaeñi hb hfr, jfabr jfabr k ik jfabr fcduif aksf prbveflbitb hbacfrfhf. - Qb hf aursk f uif vkcuitfh prbveflbitb hbacfrfhf. - Bc knobtk hbc prkabsk tebib afræatbr eihesautencb. - Bi tkhk afsk ski seblprb prkabsks hesteitks b eihbpbihebitbs hb cks hbacfrftevks. - Qu rbducfaeñi rbducfaeñi bstæ bstæ akitbiehf bi bc bc Cenrk EEE hb cf CBA 6.> Bc pfpbc hbc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef bi cf bobauaeñi Qbdÿi bc frtìauck 827.7 hb cf CK]O, cks Cbtrfhks hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef, aufihk fsì ck prbvbfi cfs cbybs prkabsfcbs, tbihræi aklpbtbiaefs bi cfs seduebitbs lftbrefs? f) Bobauaeñi, sfcvk fqubccfs aklpbtbiaefs qub bxabptÿbi cfs cbybs prkabsfcbs pkr bstfr rbsbrvfhfs f Oubabs y Lfdestrfhks. Aki cf bitrfhf bi vedkr hb cf Cby 61/>==5, hb 61 hb ikveblnrb, hb elpcfitfaeñi hb cf iubvf kgeaeif ouheaefc qubhfrki bstfncbaehfs cfs aklpbtbiaefs hb cks Cbtrfhks hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef bi bstb fspbatk. Aki afræatbr dbibrfc bc frtìauck 282 CBA hesteidub hks guiaekibs preiaepfcbs? - Cf akiarbaeñi hb cks nebibs hbc bobautfhk f cks qub jf hb bxtbihbrsb bc hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi, y bhetkrefc    }         abp Elpkrtfitb Qbræ aklpbtbiaef hb cks Cbtrfhks hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb  Ousteaef bc bstfncb bstfncbaelebitk aelebitk hb cfs lbhehfs bobautevfs akai. Xflneåi tebibi aklpbtbiaefs sknrb cf lfykr pfrtb hb fatufaekibs hbc prkabsk hb bobauaeñi, fsì aklk cf hbaeseñi fabraf hb cf faulucfaeñi hb bobauaekibs 276 ]rkabhelebitks ]rkabhelebi tks Ouheaefcbs. N) ]rkabhelebit ]rkabhelebitks ks Aevecbs. Xblf 18 - cf fhkpaeñi hb tkhfs cfs lbhehfs ibabsfrefs ibabsfrefs pfrf cf bgbatevehfh hbc hbspfajk, krhbifihk cks lbheks hb fvbredufaeñi pftrelkiefc qub gubrfi ibabsfreks, fsì aklk cfs lbhehfs bobautevfs akiarbtfs qub prkabhf. Xbiebihk bi aubitf qub fhkptfræi cf gkrlf hb hbarbtk cfs rbskcuaekibs hbc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef qub hbtbrleibi cks nebibs hbc bobautfhk f cks qub jf hb bxtbihbrsb bc hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi y fqubccfs ktrfs qub sb sböfcbi bi cf CBA. Ktrfs guiaekibs rbakdehfs bi cf CBA ski? - Fakrhfr cf cf faulucfaeñi faulucfaeñi hb cks prkabsks hb bobauaeñi bobauaeñi (bx. (bx. frt. 222 CBA) - Futkrezfr bc akivbiek hb rbfcezfaeñi hb cks nebibs blnfrdfhks k cf rbfcezfaeñi pkr pbrskif k bitehfh bspbaefcezfhf (bx. frt. 78= y 786 CBA). - Cf herbaaeñi hb cfs sunfstfs hb nebibs (bx. frt. 781 y ss.). Fsì aki afræatbr dbibrfc, sb pubhbi rbsuler qub? gkrlfræ cks cktbs pfrf cf sunfstf, cf fiuiaefræ y cf prbseheræ. - Futkrezfr fc bobautfitb cf bitrbdf bitrbdf bi fhleiestrfaeñi hb cks  nebibs blnfrdfhks pfrf fpceafr sus rbihelebitks fc pfdk hbc preiaepfc, eitbrbsbs y akstfs hb cf bobauaeñi, bitrb ktrfs (bx. frt. 747 CBA). Geifclbitb herblks qub bi bc ælnetk hb cks prkabsks hb bobauaeñi cks Cbtrfhks hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef tflneåi bxpbheræi cks lfihflebitks, hbspfajks y bxjkrtks prbaesks pfrf cf bobauaeñi hb ck fakrhfhk bi bc prkabhelebitk, hb faubrhk aki ck bstfncbaehk bi cfs cbybs prkabsfcbs. >. ^baubrhb Bc tìtuck bobautevk bs tkhk hkaulbitk bi bc qub akistf cf lfiegbstfaeñi hb vkcuitfh qub pksenecetf y futkrezf bc hbspfajk hb bobauaeñi 27> BC XÌXRCK BOBARXEWK U QRQ ACFQBQ? ORHEAEFCBQ U IK ORHEAEFCBQ0 BQ]FÖKCBQ U BZX^FIOB^KQ. BOBARAEÑI HB ^BQKCRAEKIBQ BZX^FIOB^FQ >.6 Bc tìtuck bobautevk y sus acfsbs? ouheaefcbs y ik ouheaefcbs0 bspfökcbs y bxtrfiobrks Cf faaeñi bobautevf hbnbræ guihfrsb bi ui tìtuck qub tbidf fpfrbofhf bobauaeñi. Qkck tbihræi fpfrbofhf bobauaeñi cks seduebitbs tìtucks (frt 264 CBA)? 6.¿ Cf sbitbiaef hb akihbif gerlb.   bhetkrefc    }         abp Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf >.¿ Cks cfuhks k rbskcuaekibs frnetrfcbs y cks faubrhks hb lbhefaeñi, hbnebihk bstks ÿctelks jfnbr sehk bcbvfhks f bsareturf pÿnceaf hb faubrhk aki cf Cby hb lbhefaeñi bi fsuitks aevecbs y lbrafitecbs. 1.¿ Cfs rbskcuaekibs ouheaefcbs qub fprubnbi u jklkckdubi trfisfaaekibs ouheaefcbs y faubrhks ckdrfhks bi bc prkabsk, faklpföfhfs, se gubrb ibabsfrek pfrf akistfiaef hb su akiarbtk akitbiehk, hb cks akrrbspkihebitbs tbstelkieks hb cfs fatufaekibs. 8.¿ Cfs bsareturfs pÿnceafs, aki tfc qub sbf prelbrf akpef0 k se bs sbduihf qub bstå hfhf bi vertuh hb lfihflebitk ouheaefc y aki aetfaeñi hb cf pbrskif f quebi hbnf pbrouheafr, k hb su afusfitb, k qub sb bxpehf aki cf akigkrlehfh hb tkhfs cfs pfrtbs. 2.¿ Cfs pñcezfs hb akitrftks lbrafitecbs gerlfhfs pkr cfs pfrtbs y pkr akrrbhkr hb aklbraek akcbdefhk qub cfs eitbrvbidf, aki tfc qub sb faklpföb abrtegeafaeñi bi cf qub heajk akrrbhkr farbhetb cf akigkrlehfh hb cf pñcezf aki cks fsebitks hb su cenrk rbdestrk y cf gbajf hb bstks. 7.¿ Cks tìtucks fc pkrtfhkr k ikleiftevks, cbdìtelflbitb bletehks, qub rbprbsbitbi kncedfaekibs vbiaehfs y cks aupkibs, tflneåi vbiaehks, hb heajks tìtucks, seblprb qub cks aupkibs akigrkitbi aki cks tìtucks y bstks, bi tkhk afsk, aki cks cenrks tfckifreks. Cf prktbstf hb gfcsbhfh hbc tìtuck gkrlucfhf bi bc fatk hb cf akigrkitfaeñi ik elpbheræ, se bstf rbsuctf akigkrlb, qub sb hbspfajb cf bobauaeñi, sei pbroueaek hb cf pkstbrekr kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi qub pubhf gkrlucfr bc hbuhkr fcbdfihk gfcsbhfh bi bc tìtuck. 4.¿ Cks abrtegeafhks ik afhuafhks bxpbhehks pkr cfs bitehfhbs biafrdfhfs hb cks rbdestrks akitfncbs rbspbatk hb cks vfckrbs rbprbsbitfhks lbhefitb fiktfaekibs bi aubitf f cks qub sb rbgebrb cf Cby hbc Lbrafhk hb Wfckrbs, seblprb qub sb faklpföb akpef hb cf bsareturf pÿnceaf hb rbprbsbitfaeñi hb cks vfckrbs k, bi su afsk, hb cf bleseñi, aufihk tfc bsareturf sbf ibabsfref, akigkrlb f cf cbdescfaeñi vedbitb. Eistfhf y hbspfajfhf cf cf bobauaeñi, bobauaeñi, ik afhuafræi cks abrtegeafhks f qub sb rbgebrb rbgebrb bc pærrfgk pærrfgk fitbrekr. :.¿ Bc futk qub bstfncbzaf cf afitehfh læxelf rbacflfncb bi akiabptk hb eihbliezfaeñi, heatfhk bi cks supubstks prbvestks pkr cf cby bi prkabsks pbifcbs eiakfhks pkr jbajks aunebrtks pkr bc Qbdurk Kncedftkrek hb ^bspkisfnecehfh Aevec hbrevfhf hbc usk y aeraucfaeñi hb vbjìaucks hb lktkr. 5.¿ Cfs hblæs rbskcuaekibs prkabsfcbs y hkaulbitks qub, pkr hespkseaeñi hb bstf u ktrf cby, ccbvbi fpfrbofhf bobauaeñi. F. Ouheaefcbs y ik ouheaefcbs Hbitrk hb cf biulbrfaeñi hbc frt. 264 CBA sb hesteidubi tìtucks ouheaefcbs y ik ouheaefcbs? f. Ouheaefcbs - Cf sbitbiaef hb akihbif gerlb gerlb (frt. 264.>, 6¿ CBA) - Bc futk qub bstfncbzaf bstfncbzaf cf afitehfh læxelf rbacflfncb rbacflfncb bi akiabptk hb eihbliezfaeñi, heatfhk bi prkabsks pbifcbs eiakfhks pkr jbajks aunebrtks pkr bc Qbdurk Kncedftkrek hb ^bspkisfnecehfh Aevec hbrevfhf hbc usk y aeraucfaeñi hb vbjìaucks hb lktkr (frt. 264.>, :¿ CBA) - Cfs hblæs rbskcuaekibs rbskcuaekibs prkabsfcbs qub pkr hespkseaeñi hb cf CBA u ktrf cby, cby, ccbvbi ccbvbi fpfrbofhf bobauaeñi (frt. 264.>, 5¿ CBA) Fjkrf nebi ik tkhf sbitbiaef pubhb sbr bobautevf, jf hb sbr gerlb y hbacfrftevf hb akihbif0 fsì rbsuctf hbc frtìauck 2>6 CBA? –6. Ik sb hbspfajfræ bobauaeñi hb cfs sbitbiaefs lbrflbitb hbacfrftevfs ie hb cfs akistetutevfs. bhetkrefc    }         abp 271 ]rkabhelebitks ]rkabhelebi tks Ouheaefcbs. N) ]rkabhelebit ]rkabhelebitks ks Aevecbs. Xblf 18 >. Lbhefitb su abrtegeafaeñi y, bi su afsk, bc lfihflebitk ouheaefc kpkrtuik, cfs sbitbiaefs akistetutevfs gerlbs pkhræi pbrleter eisarepaekibs y lkhegeafaekibs bi ^bdestrks pÿnceaks, sei ibabsehfh hb qub sb hbspfajb bobauaeñi. 1. Aufihk uif sbitbiaef akistetutevf akitbidf tflneåi prkiuiaeflebitks hb akihbif, bstks sb bobautfræi hbc lkhk prbvestk pfrf bccks bi cf CBA“. ]kr ktrk cfhk jfy qub tbibr prbsbitb ck hespubstk bi bc frtìauck 265 CBA, sbdÿi bc aufc, aufihk cfs sbitbiaefs hb akihbif f qub sb rbgebrb cf rbdcf prelbrf hbc frtìauck >>6 (akihbif heibrfref, hb jfabr, ik jfabr k hfr aksf bspbaìgeaf k dbiåreaf bi sbitbiaefs heatfhfs bi prkabsks prklkvehks pkr fskaefaekibs hb akisulehkrbs k usufreks), ik junebsbi hbtbrleifhk cks akisulehkrbs k usufreks eihevehufcbs  nbibgeaefhks pkr fqubccf, bc trenuifc aklpbtbitb pfrf cf bobauaeñi, f skceaetuh hb uik k vfreks eitbrbsfhks y aki fuhebiaef hbc akihbifhk, heatfræ futk bi bc qub rbskcvbræ se, sbdÿi cks hftks, afrfatbrìsteafs y rbquesetks bstfncbaehks bi cf sbitbiaef, rbakikab f cks skceaetfitbs aklk nbibgeaefreks hb cf akihbif. Aki tbstelkiek hb bstb futk, cks suobtks rbakikaehks pkhræi eistfr cf bobauaeñi. Bc Leiestbrek Gesafc pkhræ eistfr cf bobauaeñi hb cf sbitbiaef bi nbibgeaek hb cks akisulehkrbs y usufreks fgbatfhks. Qbduehflbitb hbnblks sböfcfr qub cf vfcehbz hb bstks tìtucks, aklk cf hb cks pfrfouheaefcbs qub vbrblks, qubhf akiheaekifhf pkr cf afhuaehfh bi cks tårleiks hbc frtìauck 26: CBA hb gkrlf qub cf faaeñi bobautevf guihfhf bi sbitbiaef, bi rbskcuaeñi hbc trenuifc k hbc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef qub fprubnb uif trfisfaaeñi ouheaefc k ui faubrhk fcafizfhk bi bc prkabsk, bi rbskcuaeñi frnetrfc k bi faubrhk hb lbhefaeñi afhuafræ se ik sb eitbrpkib cf akrrbspkihebitb hblfihf bobautevf hbitrk hb cks 2 föks seduebitbs f cf gerlbzf hb cf sbitbiaef k rbskcuaeñi. Geifclbitb, ik sb hbspfajfræ bobauaeñi hb rbskcuaekibs prkabsfcbs, hbitrk hb cks >= hìfs pkstbrekrbs f fqubc bi qub cf rbskcuaeñi hb akihbif gerlb jfyf sehk iktegeafhf fc bobautfhk (frt. 28: CBA). n. Bxtrfouheaefcbs • Akitrfatufcbs - Cfs bsareturfs pÿnceafs, pÿnceafs, aki tfc qub sbf 6ª akpef0 k se bs >ª qub qub bstå hfhf bi vertuh vertuh hb lfihflebitk  ouheaefc y aki aetfaeñi hb cf pbrskif f quebi hbnf pbrouheafr, k hb su afusfitb, k qub sb bxpehf aki cf akigkrlehfh hb tkhfs cfs pfrtbs (frt. 264.>, 8¿ CBA). - Cfs pñcezfs hb akitrftks lbrafitecbs gerlfhfs pkr cfs pfrtbs y pkr akrrbhkr hb aklbraek akcbdefhk qub cfs eitbrvbidf, aki tfc qub sb faklpföb abrtegeafaeñi bi cf qub heajk akrrbhkr farbhetb cf akigkrlehfh hb cf pñcezf aki cks fsebitks hb su cenrk rbdestrk y cf gbajf hb bstks (frt. 264.>, 2¿ CBA) - Cks tìtucks fc pkrtfhkr k ikleiftevks, cbdìtelflbitb bletehks, qub rbprbsbitbi kncedfaekibs kncedfaekibs vbiaehfs y cks aupkibs, tflneåi vbiaehks, hb heajks tìtucks, seblprb qub cks aupkibs akigrkitbi aki cks tìtucks y bstks, bi tkhk afsk, aki cks cenrks tfckifreks (frt. 264.>, 7¿ CBA). - Cks abrtegeafhks ik afhuafhks bxpbhehks bxpbhehks pkr cfs bitehfhbs biafrdfhfs hb cks rbdestrks akitfncbs akitfncbs rbspbatk hb cks vfckrbs rbprbsbitfhks lbhefitb fiktfaekibs bi aubitf f cks qub sb rbgebrb cf Cby hbc Lbrafhk hb Wfckrbs, seblprb qub sb faklpföb akpef hb cf bsareturf pÿnceaf hb rbprbsbitfaeñi hb cks vfckrbs k, bi su afsk, hb cf bleseñi, aufihk tfc bsareturf sbf ibabsfref, akigkrlb f cf cbdescfaeñi vedbitb (frt. 264.> 4¿ CBA). ^bspbatk hb bstks tìtucks akivebib prbaesfr qub, hb faubrhk aki bc frtìauck 2>= hb cf CBA, skck pkhræ hbspfajfrsb bobauaeñi pkr afitehfh hbtbrleifhf qub bxabhf hb 1== burks? 6.¿ Bi heibrk bgbatevk. >.¿ Bi lkibhf bxtrfiobrf akivbrtencb, seblprb qub cf kncedfaeñi hb pfdk bi cf leslf bstå futkrezfhf k rbsuctb pbrletehf cbdfclbitb. 278   bhetkrefc    }         abp Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf 1.¿ Bi aksf k bspbaeb aklputfncb bi heibrk. Bc cìletb hb afitehfh sböfcfhk pkhræ kntbibrsb lbhefitb cf fheaeñi hb vfreks tìtucks bobautevks hb cks prbvestks bi heajk fpfrtfhk. • ]frfouheaefcbs - - Cks cfuhks k rbskcuaekibs rbskcuaekibs frnetrfcbs frnetrfcbs y cks faubrhks faubrhks hb lbhefaeñi, hbnebihk bstks ÿctelks jfnbr sehk bcbvfhks f bsareturf pÿnceaf hb faubrhk aki cf Cby hb lbhefaeñi bi fsuitks aevecbs y lbrafitecbs (frt. 264.>, >¿ CBA). Cfuhk k rbskcuaeñi frnetrfc Cfs rbskcuaekibs ouheaefcbs qub fprubnbi u jklkckdubi trfisfaaekibs ouheaefcbs y faubrhks ckdrfhks bi bc prkabsk, faklpföfhfs, se gubrb ibabsfrek pfrf akistfiaef hb su akiarbtk akitbiehk, hb cks akrrbspkihebitbs tbstelkieks hb cfs fatufaekibs (frt. 264.>, 1¿ CBA). Cf vfcehbz hb bstks tìtucks qubhf akiheaekifhf pkr cf afhuaehfh (bi cks tårleiks yf vestks hbc frt. 26: CBA), qub hbtbrleif qub afhuafræi se ik sb eitbrpkib cf akrrbspkihebitb hblfihf bobautevf hbitrk hb cks 2 föks seduebitbs f cf gerlbzf hb cf sbitbiaef k rbskcuaeñi. Geifclbitb, ik sb hbspfajfræ bobauaeñi hb rbskcuaekibs frnetrfcbs k hb faubrhks hb lbhefaeñi, hbitrk hb cks >= hìfs pkstbrekrbs f fqubc bi qub cf rbskcuaeñi hb fprknfaeñi hbc akivbiek k hb gerlf hbc faubrhk jfyf sehk iktegeafhf fc bobautfhk (frt. 28: CBA). N. Bspfökcbs y bxtrfiobrks. Bobauaeñi hb rbskcuaekibs rbskcuaeki bs bxtrfiobrfs Bstf acfsegeafaeñi hesteidub bitrb cks tìtucks bspfökcbs qub ski tkhks cks bxprbsfhks bi bc frt. 264.> CBA y cks bxtrfiobrks, auyf bobautevehfh bi Bspföf rbquebrb hb su prbvef jklkckdfaeñi0 ftrenuybihk cf CK]O cf aklpbtbiaef pfrf cf leslf f cks Ouzdfhks y Xrenuifcbs bspfökcbs hbc krhbi aevec (frt. >> b) CK]O). ]kr su pfrtb cf CBA bi su frtìauck 2>1 bstfncbab qub pfrf qub cfs sbitbiaefs gerlbs y hblæs tìtucks bobautevks bxtrfiobrks ccbvbi fpfrbofhf bobauaeñi bi Bspföf sb bstfræ f ck hespubstk bi cks Xrftfhks eitbrifaekifcbs y f cfs hespkseaekibs cbdfcbs sknrb akkpbrfaeñi ourìheaf eitbrifaekifc. Bi tkhk afsk, cf bobauaeñi hb sbitbiaefs y tìtucks bobautevks bxtrfiobrks sb ccbvfræ f afnk bi Bspföf akigkrlb f cfs hespkseaekibs hb cf CBA, sfcvk qub sb hespusebrb ktrf aksf bi cks trftfhks eitbrifaekifcbs vedbitbs bi Bspföf. Fjkrf nebi bc rådelbi hb bobauaeñi hb cfs sbitbiaefs heatfhfs pkr Xrenuifcbs bxtrfiobrks sb biaubitrf rbducfhk bi Cby >5/>=62, hb 1= hb oucek, hb akkpbrfaeñi ourìheaf eitbrifaekifc bi lftbref aevec bi bc afpìtuck EEE hb su Xìtuck W. Qebihk bstf cby bhetkrefc    }         abp 272 ]rkabhelebitks ]rkabhelebi tks Ouheaefcbs. N) ]rkabhelebit ]rkabhelebitks ks Aevecbs. Xblf 18 knobtk hb bstuhek bi prkguihehfh bi bc tblf >>, iks celetfrblks f aetfr fquì cfs hks rbdcfs akitbiehfs bi heajk afpìtuck? - Qbdÿi bc frt. 2= hb cf aetfhf Cby, cfs rbskcuaekibs ouheaefcbs ouheaefcbs bxtrfiobrfs qub tbidfi gubrzf bobautevf bi bc Bstfhk hb kredbi sbræi bobautfncbs bi Bspföf uif vbz sb jfyf kntbiehk bc bxbquætur hb faubrhk aki ck prbvestk bi bc Xìtuck W hb cf Cby >5/>=62, hb 1= hb oucek, hb akkpbrfaeñi ourìheaf eitbrifaekifc bi lftbref aevec. Bc prkabhelebitk prkabhelebitk hb bobauaeñi bobauaeñi bi bi Bspföf hb cfs rbskcuaekibs rbskcuaekibs bxtrfiobrfs sb rbderæ pkr cfs hespkseaekibs hb cf Cby hb Bioueaeflebitk Aevec, eiacuybihk cf afhuaehfh hb cf faaeñi bobautevf. ]khræ skceaetfrsb cf bobauaeñi pfraefc hb uif rbskcuaeñi. - Qbdÿi bc frt. 26 cfs trfisfaaekibs ouheaefcbs bxtrfiobrfs qub jfyfi sehk rbakikaehfs sb bobautfræi hb akigkrlehfh aki ck bstfncbaehk bi bc frtìauck fitbrekr. >.> Cf bobauaeñi hb rbskcuaekibs bxtrfiobrfs bxtrfiobrfs bi bc ^bdcflbitk (RB) i¿ 6>62/>=6> hbc ]frcflbitk Burkpbk y hbc Akisbok rbcftevk f cf aklpbtbiaef ouheaefc, bc rbakikaelebitk y cf bobauaeñi hb rbskcuaekibs ouheaefcbs bi lftbref aevec y lbrafitec Eitbrbsf guihflbitfclbitb fquì fhblæs, bi aufitk gkrlf pfrtb hb iubstrk hbrbajk eitbrik bc ^bdcflbitk (RB) i¿ 6>62/>=6> hbc ]frcflbitk Burkpbk y hbc Akisbok rbcftevk f cf aklpbtbiaef ouheaefc, bc rbakikaelebitk y cf bobauaeñi hb rbskcuaekibs ouheaefcbs bi lftbref aevec y lbrafitec qub jf vbiehk f sustetuer, bi tårleiks fiæckdks, fc Akivbiek hb Cudfik hb 1= hb katunrb hb >==4 (bxabptk bi rbcfaeñi aki bc ^beik hb Heiflfraf rbspbatk hbc qub sedub vedbitb). Bstb ^bdcflbitk, fhblæs hb uif sbreb hb hespkseaekibs dbibrfcbs qub pkr gfctf hb teblpk ik bxpkihrblks hesteidub pkr ck qub jfab f cf bobauaeñi hb rbskcuaekibs ouheaefcbs bi lftbref aevec y lbrafitec bitrb cf bobauaeñi y cf hbibdfaeñi hb cf bobauaeñi. F. Bobauaeñi Cfs rbskcuaekibs heatfhfs bi ui Bstfhk leblnrk qub tbidfi gubrzf bobautevf bi åc dkzfræi tflneåi hb bstf bi cks hblæs Bstfhks leblnrks sei ibabsehfh hb uif hbacfrfaeñi hb gubrzf bobautevf. Xkhf rbskcuaeñi aki gubrzf bobautevf akiccbvfræ cf gfauctfh hb fpceafr cfs lbhehfs afutbcfrbs prbvestfs bi cf cbdescfaeñi hbc Bstfhk leblnrk rbqubrehk. Bc prkabhelebitk hb bobauaeñi hb cfs rbskcuaekibs heatfhfs bi ktrk Bstfhk leblnrk sb rbderæ pkr bc Hbrbajk hbc Bstfhk leblnrk rbqubrehk. Cfs rbskcuaekibs heatfhfs bi ui Bstfhk leblnrk qub tbidfi gubrzf bobautevf bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk rbqubrehk sbræi bobautfhfs bi bstb bi cfs leslfs akiheaekibs qub se sb junebrfi heatfhk bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk rbqubrehk. Ik knstfitb ck hespubstk bi bc pærrfgk fitbrekr, cks lktevks hb hbibdfaeñi k hb suspbiseñi hb cf bobauaeñi aki frrbdck fc Hbrbajk hbc Bstfhk leblnrk rbqubrehk sbræi fpceafncbs bi cf lbhehf bi qub ik sbfi eiaklpftencbs aki cks lktevks lbiaekifhks bi bc frtìauck 82 (qub biulbrf cfs afusfs hb hbibdfaeñi hbc rbakikaelebitk hb uif rbskcuaeñi). Ik sb bxederæ qub cf pfrtb qub skceaetf cf bobauaeñi hb uif rbskcuaeñi heatfhf bi ktrk Bstfhk leblnrk tbidf uif herbaaeñi pkstfc bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk rbqubrehk. Xflpkak sb bxederæ qub bstf pfrtb tbidf ui rbprbsbitfitb futkrezfhk bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk rbqubrehk, f lbiks qub heajk rbprbsbitfitb sbf kncedftkrek aki eihbpbihbiaef hb cf ifaekifcehfh k hbc hkleaecek hb cfs pfrtbs. F bgbatks hb cf bobauaeñi bi ui Bstfhk leblnrk hb uif rbskcuaeñi heatfhf bi ktrk Bstfhk leblnrk, bc skceaetfitb gfaecetfræ f cfs futkrehfhbs hb bobauaeñi aklpbtbitbs? 277   bhetkrefc    }         abp Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf f) uif akpef hb cf rbskcuaeñi, qub rbÿif cks rbquesetks ibabsfreks ibabsfreks pfrf sbr akisehbrfhf futåiteaf, y  n) bc abrtegeafhk bxpbhehk akigkrlb fc frtìauck 21 (f pbteaeñi hb aufcquebr pfrtb eitbrbsfhf utecezfihk bc lkhbck hb gkrlucfrek qub gedurf bi bc fibxk E hbc ^bdcflbitk), qub farbhetb qub cf rbskcuaeñi tebib gubrzf bobautevf y qub akitbidf ui bxtrfatk hb cf rbskcuaeñi, fsì aklk, bi su afsk, eigkrlfaeñi pbrteibitb sknrb cfs akstfs elpubstfs bi bc prkabhelebitk y bc aæcauck hb cks eitbrbsbs. F bgbatks hb cf bobauaeñi bi ui Bstfhk leblnrk hb uif rbskcuaeñi heatfhf bi ktrk Bstfhk leblnrk qub krhbib uif lbhehf prkvesekifc k afutbcfr, bc skceaetfitb gfaecetfræ f cfs futkrehfhbs hb bobauaeñi aklpbtbitbs? f) uif akpef hb cf rbskcuaeñi, qub rbÿif cks rbquesetks ibabsfreks ibabsfreks pfrf sbr akisehbrfhf futåiteaf0  n) bc abrtegeafhk bxpbhehk akigkrlb fc frtìauck 21, aki uif hbsarepaeñi hb cf lbhehf y qub farbhetb qub? - bc ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc bs aklpbtbitb bi aufitk aufitk fc gkihk hbc fsuitk, - cf rbskcuaeñi rbskcuaeñi tebib gubrzf bobautevf bi bc bc Bstfhk leblnrk hb kredbi, y a) bi afsk hb qub cf lbhehf sb jfyf krhbifhk sei qub sb aetfrf f aklpfrbabr fc hblfihfhk, cf cf farbhetfaeñi hb jfnbrsb bgbatufhk cf iktegeafaeñi hb cf rbskcuaeñi. Qe jf cudfr, cf futkrehfh hb bobauaeñi aklpbtbitb pkhræ bxeder fc skceaetfitb qub gfaecetb, hb akigkrlehfh aki bc frtìauck 24, uif trfhuaaeñi k trfisarepaeñi hbc akitbiehk hbc abrtegeafhk. Cf futkrehfh hb bobauaeñi aklpbtbitb skck pkhræ bxeder fc skceaetfitb qub prbsbitb uif trfhuaaeñi hb cf rbskcuaeñi se ik pubhb akiteiufr sus s us hecedbiaefs sei bccf. Aufihk sb eistb cf bobauaeñi hb uif rbskcuaeñi heatfhf bi ktrk Bstfhk leblnrk, bc abrtegeafhk bxpbhehk akigkrlb fc frtìauck 21 sb iktegeafræ f cf pbrskif akitrf quebi sb eistf cf bobauaeñi fitbs hb cf prelbrf lbhehf hb bobauaeñi. Bc abrtegeafhk hbnbræ er faklpföfhk hb cf rbskcuaeñi se bstf tkhfvìf ik sb cb jf iktegeafhk f heajf pbrskif. Bi afsk hb qub cf pbrskif akitrf cf qub sb eistb cf bobauaeñi bstå hkleaecefhf bi ui Bstfhk leblnrk hesteitk hbc Bstfhk leblnrk hb kredbi, pkhræ skceaetfr uif trfhuaaeñi hb cf rbskcuaeñi aki bc gei hb elpudifr cf bobauaeñi hb cf leslf bi afsk hb qub bstf ik bstå rbhfatfhf bi fcduif hb cfs seduebitbs cbidufs k ik vfyf faklpföfhf hb uif trfhuaaeñi f fcduif hb bccfs? f) uif cbiduf qub aklprbihf, k  n) cf cbiduf kgeaefc hbc Bstfhk leblnrk bi qub tbidf su hkleaecek k, se bstb tebib vfrefs cbidufs kgeaefkgeaefcbs, bi cf cbiduf kgeaefc k bi uif hb cfs cbidufs kgeaefcbs hbc cudfr bi qub tbidf su hkleaecek. Qe cf pbrskif akitrf cf qub sb eistf cf bobauaeñi skceaetf uif trfhuaaeñi hb cf rbskcuaeñi fc flpfrk hbc pærrfgk prelbrk, jfstf qub sb cb prkpkraekib bstf skck pkhræi fakrhfrsb lbhehfs afutbcfrbs pbrk ieiduif lbhehf hb bobauaeñi. Bstk ik sb fpceafræ bi afsk hb qub yf sb jfyf iktegeafhk cf rbskcuaeñi f cf pbrskif akitrf cf qub sb eistf cf bobauaeñi bi fcduif hb cfs cbidufs lbiaekifhfs bi bc pærrfgk prelbrk k faklpföfhf hb uif trfhuatrfh uaaeñi f uif hb bsfs cbidufs. Ck fitbrekr ik sbræ fpceafncb f cf bobauaeñi hb lbhehfs afutbcfrbs hb uif rbskcuaeñi k aufihk cf pbrskif qub eistb cf bobauaeñi skceaetb lbhehfs afutbcfrbs. Bi afsk hb skceaetuh hb hbibdfaeñi hb cf bobauaeñi hb uif rbskcuaeñi fc flpfrk hb cf sunsbaaeñi > hb cf sbaaeñi 1, bc ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc hbc Bstfhk leblnrk rbqubrehk pkhræ hbaeher ck seduebitb, f pbteaeñi hb cf pbrskif akitrf cf qub sb jfyf eistfhk cf bobauaeñi? f) celetfr bc prkabhelebitk prkabhelebitk hb bobauaeñi f lbhehfs afutbcfrbs0 bhetkrefc    }         abp 274 ]rkabhelebitks ]rkabhelebi tks Ouheaefcbs. N) ]rkabhelebit ]rkabhelebitks ks Aevecbs. Xblf 18  n) akiheaekifr cf bobauaeñi f cf akistetuaeñi hb cfs dfrfitìfs qub hbtbrleib bc prkpek ñrdfik, k a) suspbihbr, bi tkhk k bi pfrtb, bc bc prkabhelebitk hb bobauaeñi. F pbteaeñi hb cf pbrskif akitrf cf qub sb jfyf eistfhk cf bobauaeñi, cf futkrehfh aklpbtbitb hbc Bstfhk leblnrk rbqubrehk suspbihbræ bc prkabhelebitk hb bobauaeñi bi afsk hb qub sb suspbihf cf gubrzf bobautevf hb cf rbskcuaeñi bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk hb kredbi. N. Hbibdfaeñi hb cf bobauaeñi Cf bobauaeñi hb uif rbskcuaeñi sb hbibdfræ, f pbteaeñi hb cf pbrskif akitrf cf qub sb jfyf eistfhk cf bobauaeñi, pkr aufcquebrf hb cks lktevks lbiaekifhks l biaekifhks bi bc frtìauck 820 bs hbaer? f) se bc rbakikaelebitk bs lfiegebstflbitb akitrfrek fc krhbi pÿnceak hbc Bstfhk leblnrk rbqubrehk0  n) aufihk cf rbskcuaeñi sb jfyf heatfhk bi rbnbchìf, se ik sb bitrbdñ fc hblfihfhk aåhucf hb blpcfzflebitk k hkaulbitk bquevfcbitb hb gkrlf tfc y aki teblpk sugeaebitb pfrf qub puhebrf hbgbihbrsb, f lbiks qub ik jfyf rbaurrehk akitrf heajf rbskcuaeñi aufihk puhk jfabrck0 a) se cf rbskcuaeñi bs eiakiaecefncb eiakiaecefncb aki uif rbskcuaeñi heatfhf bitrb bitrb cfs leslfs pfrtbs bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk rbqubrehk0 h) se cf rbskcuaeñi bs eiakiaecefncb aki uif rbskcuaeñi rbskcuaeñi heatfhf aki fitbrekrehfh bi ktrk Bstfhk lebl nrk k ui Bstfhk B stfhk tbrabrk bitrb cfs leslfs pfrtbs bi ui cetedek qub tbidf bc leslk knobtk y cf leslf afusf, aufihk bstf ÿctelf rbskcuaeñi rbÿif cfs akiheaekibs ibabsfrefs pfrf su rbakikaelebitk bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk rbqubrehk, k b) bi afsk hb akigceatk akigceatk hb cf rbskcuaeñi rbskcuaeñi aki ck hespubstk bi? e) bc afpìtuck EE, sbaaekibs 1, 8 k 2 (aklpbtbiaef bi lftbref hb sbdurks, hb akitrftks abcbnrfhks pkr cks akisulehkrbs, k hb akitrftks eihevehufcbs hb trfnfok), bi bc supubstk hb qub bc hblfihfhk sbf bc tklfhkr hbc sbdurk, bc fsbdurfhk, ui nbibgeaefrek hbc akitrftk hb sbdurk, cf pbrskif pbrouheafhf, bc akisulehkr k bc trfnfofhkr, k ee) bc afpìtuck EE, sbaaeñi 7 (Aklpbtbiaefs (Aklpbtbiaefs bxacusevfs). Bi cf fprbaefaeñi hb cks aretbreks hb aklpbtbiaef lbiaekifhks bi cf cbtrf b), bc ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc fitb bc qub sb prbsbitb cf skceaetuh qubhfræ veiaucfhk pkr cks fitbabhbitbs hb jbajk bi cks qub bc ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc hbc Bstfhk leblnrk hb kredbi jfyf guihfhk su aklpbtbiaef. Qei pbroueaek hb ck hespubstk bi cf cbtrf b), ik pkhræ prkabhbrsb f cf aklprknfaeñi hb cf aklpbtbiaef hbc ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc hb kredbi. Ik sb pkhræ fpceafr f cfs ikrlfs rbcftevfs f cf aklpbtbiaef ouheaefc bc aretbrek hb aklpftenecehfh aki bc krhbi krh bi pÿnceak akitblpcfhk bi cf cbtrf f). Cf skceaetuh hb hbibdfaeñi hb cf bobauaeñi sb prbsbitfræ fitb cks ñrdfiks ouresheaaekifcbs qub, hb akigkrlehfh aki ck hespubstk bi bc frtìauck 42, cbtrf f), jfyfi sehk akluieafhks f cf Akleseñi pkr bc Bstfhk leblnrk hb qub sb trftb aklk ñrdfiks ouresheaaekifcbs fitb cks qub prbsbitfr cf skceaetuh. Bi cf lbhehf bi qub ik bstå rbakdehk bi bc ^bdcflbitk, bc prkabhelebitk hb hbibdfaeñi hb cf bobauaeñi sb rbderæ pkr cf cby hbc Bstfhk leblnrk rbqubrehk. Bc ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc pkhræ hespbisfr fc skceaetfitb hb cf prbsbitfaeñi hb cks hkaulbitks lbiaekifhks bi bc pærrfgk prelbrk se yf hespkib hb bccks k se akisehbrf errfzkifncb pbher fc skceaetfitb qub cks prbsbitb. Bi bstb ÿctelk afsk, bc ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc pkhræ skceaetfr f cf ktrf pfrtb qub prkpkraekib cks hkaulbitks. Ik sb bxederæ qub cf pfrtb qub skceaetf cf hbibdfaeñi hb cf bobauaeñi hb uif rbskcuaeñi heatfhf bi ktrk Bstfhk leblnrk tbidf uif herbaaeñi pkstfc bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk rbqubrehk. Xflpkak sb bxederæ qub bstf pfrtb tbidf ui rbprbsbitfitb futkrezfhk bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk rbqubrehk, f lbiks qub heajk 27:   bhetkrefc    }         abp Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf rbprbsbitfitb sbf kncedftkrek aki eihbpbihbiaef hb cf ifaekifcehfh k hbc hkleaecek hb cfs pfrtbs. Ftbiaeñi Bc ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc rbskcvbræ sei hblkrf sknrb cf skceaetuh hb hbibdfaeñi hb cf bobauaeñi. Bc skceaetfitb hbnbræ prbsbitfr fc ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc uif akpef hb cf rbskcuaeñi y, aufihk sbf ibabsfrek, uif trfhuaaeñi k trfisarepaeñi hb bstf. Cf rbskcuaeñi sknrb cf skceaetuh hb hbibdfaeñi hb cf bobauaeñi pkhræ sbr rbaurrehf pkr aufcquebrf hb cfs pfrtbs. Bc rbaursk sb eitbrpkihræ fitb bc ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc akluieafhk f cf Akleseñi pkr bc Bstfhk leblnrk hb qub sb trftb, hb akigkrlehfh aki bc frtìauck 42, cbtrf n), aklk ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc hb rbaursk. Cf rbskcuaeñi sknrb bc rbaursk skck pkhræ sbr knobtk hb rbaursk uctbrekr fitb bc ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc akluieafhk f cf Akleseñi pkr bc Bstfhk leblnrk akrrbspkihebitb hb akigkrlehfh aki ck hespubstk bi bc frtìauck 42, cbtrf a). Bc ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc fitb bc qub sb skceaetb cf hbibdfaeñi hb cf bobauaeñi k bc ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc qub akikzaf hbc rbaursk prbvestk fitbrekrlbitb pkhræ suspbihbr bc prkabhelebitk se sb jf prbsbitfhk ui rbaursk krheifrek akitrf cf rbskcuaeñi bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk hb kredbi k se fÿi ik jf bxperfhk bc pcfzk pfrf eitbrpkibrck. Bi bc ÿctelk afsk, bc ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc pkhræ bspbaegeafr bc pcfzk pfrf bcck. Aufihk cf rbskcuaeñi sb jfyf heatfhk bi Ercfihf, Ajeprb k bc ^beik Riehk, aufcquebr rbaursk prbvestk bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk hb kredbi sbræ akisehbrfhk rbaursk krheifrek f cks bgbatks hb cf fpceafaeñi hbc pærrfgk fitbrekr. >.1 Nrbvb rbgbrbiaef fc Xìtuck Bobautevk Burkpbk Bc aetfhk ^bdcflbitk sb aklpcbtf aki cfs hespkseaekibs hb ktrk, bc ^bdcflbitk (AB) i½ :=2/>==8 hbc ]frcflbitk Burkpbk y hbc Akisbok, hb >6 hb fnrec hb >==8, pkr bc qub sb bstfncbab ui tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk pfrf aråhetks ik elpudifhks. ^bsulehflbitb fifcezflks bc leslk? F. Knobtk, ælnetk hb fpceafaeñi fpceafaeñi y hbgeieaekibs hbgeieaekibs (afpìtuck E) f. Knobtk Arbfr ui tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk pfrf aråhetks ik elpudifhks, qub pbrletf cf cenrb aeraucfaeñi hb rbskcuaekibs, trfisfaaekibs  ouheae  ouh eaefcbs fcbs y hka hkaulb ulbitk itkss pÿnc pÿnceak eakss aki gub gubrzf rzf bob bobaut autevf evf,, sei prkabhelebitk eitbrlbhek bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk hb bobauaeñi pfrf bc rbakikaelebitk y bobauaeñi. bhetkrefc    }         abp 275 ]rkabhelebitks ]rkabhelebi tks Ouheaefcbs. N) ]rkabhelebit ]rkabhelebitks ks Aevecbs. Xblf 18 n. Ælnetk hb fpceafaeñi Bc ^bdcflbitk sb fpceafræ bi lftbref aevec y lbrafitec, aki eihbpbihbiaef hb cf ifturfcbzf hbc ñrdfik  ouresheaaekifc. Ik eiacueræ, cfs lftbrefs gesafc, fhufibrf y fhleiestrftevf ie cks afsks bi qub bc Bstfhk eiaurrf bi rbspkisfnecehfh (–fatf (– fatf eurb elpbree“). elpbree “). Qb bxacueræ hbc ælnetk hb fpceafaeñi hbc ^bdcflbitk? f) bc bstfhk y cf afpfaehfh hb cfs pbrskifs pbrskifs gìseafs, cks rbdìlbibs bakiñleaks lftrelkiefcbs, cks tbstflbitks y cfs suabsekibs0  n) cf quebnrf, cks prkabhelebitks hb cequehfaeñi hb pbrskifs ourìheafs, cks akivbieks bitrb qubnrfhk y farbbhkrbs y prkabhelebitks fiæckdks0 a) cf sbdurehfh skaefc0 h) bc frnetrfob. Bi bc ^bdcflbitk, sb bitbihbræ pkr –Bstfhk leblnrk“ aufcquebr Bstfhk leblnrk, aki bxabpaeñi hb Heiflfraf. a. Xìtucks bobautevks qub sb abrtegeafræi aklk tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk Bc ^bdcflbitk sb fpceafræ f cfs rbskcuaekibs, trfisfaaekibs ouheaefcbs y hkaulbitks pÿnceaks aki gubrzf bobautevf sknrb aråhetks ik elpudifhks. Qb akisehbrfræ ik elpudifhk se? f) bc hbuhkr jf lfiegbstfhk bxprbsflbitb su faubrhk, lbhefitb su fhleseñi k trfisfaaeñi fprknfhf pkr ui ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc k abcbnrfhf bi bc aursk hb ui prkabhelebitk ouheaefc  n) bc hbuhkr iuiaf ck jf elpudifhk bi bc lfrak hb ui prkabhelebitk ouheaefc a) bc hbuhkr ik jf aklpfrbaehk bi cf vestf rbcftevf f heajk aråhetk hbspuås hb jfnbr elpudifhk eieaefclbitb bc aråhetk bi bc trfisaursk hbc prkabhelebitk ouheaefc, seblprb qub heajk aklpkrtflebitk bquevfcdf f uif fabptfaeñi tæaetf hbc aråhetk k hb cks jbajks fcbdfhks pkr bc farbbhkr h) bc hbuhkr ck jf fabptfhk bxprbsflbitb bi hkaulbitk pÿnceak aki gubrzf bobautevf. bobautevf. Bc ^bdcflbitk sb fpceafræ tflneåi f cfs hbaesekibs qub rbsubcvfi cks rbaursks eitbrpubstks akitrf rbskcuaekibs, trfisfaaekibs ouheaefcbs k hkaulbitks pÿnceaks aki gubrzf bobautevf abrtegeafhks aklk tìtucks bobautevks burkpbks. h. Hbgeieaekibs F bgbatks hbc ^bdcflbitk sb bitbihbræ pkr? - –^bskcuaeñi“, aufcquebr aufcquebr hbaeseñi fhkptfhf pkr ui trenuifc hb ui Bstfhk leblnrk aki eihbpbihbiaef hb cf hbikleifaeñi qub rbaenebrb, tfc aklk futk, sbitbiaef, prkvehbiaef k lfihflebitk hb bobauaeñi, fsì aklk bc fatk pkr bc aufc bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef cequehfrb cfs akstfs hbc prkabsk0 - –Aråhetk“, uif rbacflfaeñi rbgbrehf fc pfdk hb ui elpkrtb hbtbrleifhk hb heibrk qub sbf bxedencb k auyf gbajf hb bxedenecehfh sb eihequb bi cf rbskcuaeñi, trfisfaaeñi ouheaefc k hkaulbitk pÿnceak aki gubrzf bobautevf0 - –Hkaulbitk pÿnceak aki gubrzf bobautevf“? f) ui hkaulbitk gkrlfcezfhk k rbdestrfhk aklk hkaulbitk pÿnceak pÿnceak aki gubrzf bobautevf, bobautevf, y auyf futbiteaehfh? - 24= sb rbgebrf rbgebrf f cf gerlf y fc akitbiehk hbc eistrulbitk, y   bhetkrefc    }         abp Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf - jfyf sehk bstfncbaehf pkr ui pkhbr pÿnceak u ktrf futkrehfh futkrezfhf aki bstb gei gei pkr bc Bstfhk leblnrk hb hkihb prkvbidf0 k nebi  n) ui faubrhk bi lftbref hb kncedfaeki kncedfaekibs bs hb prbstfr fcelbitks fcelbitks,, abcbnrfhk fitb cfs futkrehfh futkrehfhbs bs fhleiestrftevfs k gkrlfcezfhk pkr bccfs. N. Xìtuck Bobautevk Burkpbk (afpìtuck EE) f. Quprbseñi hbc bxbquætur  Rif rbskcuaeñi qub sb jfyf abrtegeafhk aklk tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk hb kredbi sbræ rbakikaehf y bobautfhf bi cks hblæs Bstfhks leblnrks sei qub sb rbquebrf ieiduif hbacfrfaeñi hb bobautevehfh y sei pksenecehfh fcduif hb elpudifr su rbakikaelebitk. n. ^bquesetks pfrf cf abrtegeafaeñi aklk tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk Rif rbskcuaeñi sknrb ui aråhetk ik elpudifhk heatfhf bi ui Bstfhk leblnrk sbræ abrtegeafhf aklk tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk, prbvef pbteaeñi prbsbitfhf fitb bc ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc hb kredbi bi aufcquebr lklbitk, aufihk? f) cf rbskcuaeñi sbf bobautevf bi bc bc Bstfhk leblnrk hb kredbi0 y  n) cf rbskcuaeñi ik sbf eiaklpftencb aki cfs ikrlfs bi lftbref hb aklpbtbiaef bstfncbaehfs bi bc ^bdcflbitk (RB) i¿ 6>62/>=6> (rbcftevk f cf aklpbtbiaef ouheaefc, bc rbakikaelebitk y cf bobauaeñi hb rbskcuaekibs ouheaefcbs bi lftbref aevec y lbrafitec)0 l brafitec)0 y a) bi bc afsk hb ui aråhetk ik elpudifhk elpudifhk aufihk? - bc hbuhkr hbuhkr iuiaf ck jf elpudifhk bi bc lfrak hb ui prkabhelebitk ouheaefc k - bc hbuhkr ik jf aklpfrbaehk bi cf vestf rbcftevf f heajk aråhetk hbspuås hb jfnbr elpudifhk eieaefclbitb bc aråhetk, - aufihk cks prkabhelebitks ouheaefcbs ouheaefcbs bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk hb kredbi aulpcfi cfs ikrlfs lìielfs fpceafncbs f cks prkabhelebitks, (bi cks tårleiks qub cubdk rbgbrerblks). h) cf rbskcuaeñi sb jfyf heatfhk bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk bi qub qub bstå hkleaecefhk bc hbuhkr aki frrbdck fc ^bdcflbitk (RB) i¿ 6>62/>=6>, se? - bs ui aråhetk ik elpudifhk, aufihk? - bc hbuhkr iuiaf ck jf elpudifhk bi bc lfrak hb ui prkabhelebitk ouheaefc, - bc hbuhkr ik jf aklpfrbaehk bi bi cf vestf rbcftevf f heajk aråhetk hbspuås hbspuås hb jfnbr jfnbr elpudifhk eieaefclbitb bc aråhetk, - sb rbgebrb f ui akitrftk abcbnrfhk pkr uif pbrskif, bc akisulehkr, pfrf pfrf ui usk qub pubhf pubhf akisehbrfrsb fobik f su fatevehfh prkgbsekifc, y - bc hbuhkr sbf bc akisulehkr. Aufihk uif rbskcuaeñi abrtegeafhf aklk tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk jfyf absfhk hb sbr bobautevf k sb jfyf suspbihehk k celetfhk su bobautevehfh, sb bleteræ abrtegeafhk bi bc qub sb eihequb cf gfctf k cf celetfaeñi hb bobautevehfh. Aufihk sb heatb uif hbaeseñi qub rbsubcvf ui rbaursk eitbrpubstk akitrf uif rbskcuaeñi abrtegeafhf aklk tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk, sb bleteræ abrtegeafhk sustetutkrek, seblprb qub cf hbaeseñi qub rbsubcvf bc rbaursk sbf bobautevf bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk hb kredbi. bhetkrefc    }         abp 246 ]rkabhelebitks ]rkabhelebi tks Ouheaefcbs. N) ]rkabhelebit ]rkabhelebitks ks Aevecbs. Xblf 18 a. Akstfs prkabsfcbs Aufihk uif rbskcuaeñi eiacuyf uif hbaeseñi bobautevf rbcftevf fc elpkrtb hb cfs akstfs prkabsfcbs sb abrtegeafræ aklk tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk, f ik sbr qub bc hbuhkr hb gkrlf bxprbsf sb jfyf kpubstk bi bc aursk hb ui prkabhelebitk ouheaefc f skpkrtfr heajfs akstfs aki frrbdck fc Hbrbajk hbc Bstfhk hb kredbi. h. Abrtegeafhk hb tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk pfraefc Qe skck hbtbrleifhfs pfrtbs hb cf rbskcuaeñi aulpcbi cks rbquesetks hbc ^bdcflbitk, sb bxpbheræ ui abrtegeafhk hb tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk pfraefc ÿieaflbitb rbspbatk hb heajfs pfrtbs. b. Bxpbheaeñi hbc abrtegeafhk hb tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk - Bc abrtegeafhk hb tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk sb bxpbheræ aulpcelbitfihk bc gkrlucfrek ikrlfcezfhk qub gedurf bi bc Fibxk E. - Bc abrtegeafhk hb tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk sb aulpcelbitfræ bi cf leslf cbiduf qub cf rbskcuaeñi. rbsk cuaeñi. g. ^bategeafaeñi k rbvkafaeñi rbvkafaeñi hbc abrtegeafhk abrtegeafhk hb tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk ]rbvef skceaetuh fitb bc ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc hb kredbi, bc abrtegeafhk hb tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk? f) sb rbategeafræ aufihk, hbnehk f ui brrkr lftbrefc, jfyf hesarbpfiaefs bitrb cf rbskcuaeñi y bc abrtegeafhk0  n) sb rbvkafræ aufihk cf bleseñi bleseñi hbc abrtegeafhk sbf lfiegebstflfiegebstflbitb eihbnehf f tbikr hb cks rbquesetks hbc ^bdcflbitk. Qb fpceafræ bc Hbrbajk hbc Bstfhk leblnrk hb kredbi f cf rbategeafaeñi y rbvkafaeñi hbc abrtegeafhk hb tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk. Elpkrtfitb Ik afnræ rbaursk fcduik akitrf cf bxpbheaeñi hb ui abrtegeafhk hb tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk. Cf skceaetuh hb rbategeafaeñi k hb rbvkafaeñi hb ui abrtegeafhk hb tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk pkhræ prbsbitfrsb aulpcelbitfihk bc gkrlucfrek ikrlfcezfhk qub gedurf bi bc Fibxk WE. d. Bgbatk hbc abrtegeafhk hb tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk Bc abrtegeafhk hb tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk surteræ bgbatk ÿieaflbitb hbitrk hb cks cìletbs hb cf gubrzf bobautevf hb cf rbskcuaeñi. A. Ikrlfs lìielfs fpceafncbs f cks prkabhelebitkss (afpìtuck EEE) prkabhelebitk f. Ælnetk hb fpceafaeñi hb cfs ikrlfs lìielfs Rif rbskcuaeñi sknrb ui aråhetk ik elpudifhk, aufihk? 24>   bhetkrefc    }         abp Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf - bc hbuhkr hbuhkr iuiaf ck jf elpudifhk bi bc lfrak hb ui prkabhelebitk ouheaefc - bc hbuhkr ik jf aklpfrbaehk bi cf vestf rbcftevf f heajk aråhetk hbspuås hb jfnbr elpudifhk eieaefclbitb bc aråhetk, pkhræ abrtegeafrsb aklk tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk ÿieaflbitb se cks prkabhelebitks ouheaefcbs hbc Bstfhk leblnrk hb kredbi aulpcbi cks rbquesetks prkabsfcbs akitblpcfhks bi cfs ikrlfs lìielfs fpceafncbs f cks prkabhelebitks. Qb fpceafræi cks leslks rbquesetks f cf bxpbheaeñi hb ui abrtegeafhk hb tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk y fc abrtegeafhk sustetutkrek bi bc afsk hb uif hbaeseñi qub rbsubcvf ui rbaursk eitbrpubstk akitrf uif rbskcuaeñi aufihk, bi bc lklbitk hb heatfrsb cf hbaeseñi? - bc hbuhkr hbuhkr iuiaf ck jf elpudifhk bi bc lfrak hb ui prkabhelebitk ouheaefc - bc hbuhkr ik jf aklpfrbaehk bi cf vestf rbcftevf f heajk aråhetk hbspuås hb jfnbr elpudifhk eieaefclbitb bc aråhetk n. Iktegeafaeñi aki fausb hb rbaenk pkr pfrtb hbc hbuhkr  Bc bsaretk hb eiakfaeñi k hkaulbitk bquevfcbitb pkhræi jfnbrsb iktegeafhk fc hbuhkr lbhefitb fcduif hb cfs seduebitbs gkrlfs? f) iktegeafaeñi pbrskifc farbhetfhf pkr fausb hb rbaenk, bi bc qub qub akistb cf gbajf hb rbabpaeñi, gerlfhk pkr bc hbuhkr0  n) iktegeafaeñi pbrskifc farbhetfhf pkr hkaulbitk gerlfhk pkr cf pbrskif aklpbtbitb qub cf jfyf rbfcezfhk bi bc qub hbacfrb qub bc hbuhkr rbaeneñ bc hkaulbitk k qub sb ibdñ f rbaenerck sei oustegeafaeñi cbdfc y bi bc qub akistb cf gbajf hb cf iktegeafaeñi0 a) iktegeafaeñi pkr akrrbk farbhetfhf lbhefitb fausb fausb hb rbaenk, bi bc bc qub akistb cf gbajf gbajf hb rbabpaeñi, gerlfhk y rbbivefhk pkr bc hbuhkr0 h) iktegeafaeñi pkr lbheks bcbatrñieaks aklk tbcbakpef k akrrbk bcbatrñieak, farbhetfhf lbhefitb lbhefitb fausb hb rbaenk, bi bc qub akistb cf gbajf hb rbabpaeñi, gerlfhk y rbbivefhk pkr bc hbuhkr. Xkhf aetfaeñi pfrf uif vestf pkhræ jfnbrsb iktegeafhk fc hbuhkr aki frrbdck f ck fitbrekr k vbrnfclbitb bi vestf fitbrekr sknrb cf leslf hblfihf y akistfræ bi bc fatf hb heajf vestf prbvef. a. Iktegeafaeñi sei fausb hb rbaenk pkr pfrtb hbc hbuhkr  Cf iktegeafaeñi fc hbuhkr hbc bsaretk hb eiakfaeñi k hkaulbitk bquevfcbitb y, bi su afsk, cf aetfaeñi pfrf uif vestf sb pkhræ jfnbr rbfcezfhk fseleslk hb fcduif hb cfs seduebitbs gkrlfs? f) iktegeafaeñi pbrskifc, bi bc hkleaecek hbc hbuhkr, f pbrskifs qub vevfi bi cf leslf herbaaeñi qub qub bstb, k bståi blpcbfhfs bi bsb cudfr0  n) bi afsk hb ui hbuhkr qub bs trfnfofhkr pkr aubitf prkpef, k hb uif pbrskif ourìheaf, iktegeafaeñi pbrskifc, bi bc bstfncbaelebitk aklbraefc hbc hbuhkr f pbrskifs blpcbfhfs pkr åc0 a) hbpñsetk hbc bsaretk bi bc nuzñi hbc hbuhkr0 h) hbpñsetk hbc bsaretk bi uif kgeaeif hb akrrbks k fitb cfs futkrehfhbs pÿnceafs aklpbtbitbs y iktegeafaeñi bsaretf hb heajk hbpñsetk bi bc nuzñi hbc hbuhkr, se bi cf iktegeafaeñi bsaretf akistf acfrflbitb bc afræatbr ouheaefc hbc bsaretk k bc jbajk hb qub tebib aklk bgbatk ourìheak jfabr bgbatevf cf iktegeafaeñi y, pkr tfitk, akistetuer cf gbajf hb eieaek hbc añlputk hb cks pcfzks pbrteibitbs0 b) iktegeafaeñi pkr akrrbk sei fausb hb rbaenk aufihk bc hbuhkr bstå hkleaecefhk bi bc bc Bstfhk leblnrk hb kredbi0 bhetkrefc    }         abp 241 ]rkabhelebitks ]rkabhelebi tks Ouheaefcbs. N) ]rkabhelebit ]rkabhelebitks ks Aevecbs. Xblf 18 g) pkr lbheks bcbatrñieaks bcbatrñieaks aki fausb hb rbaenk farbhetfhk farbhetfhk lbhefitb uif akigerlfaeñi futklæteaf futklæteaf hb bitrbdf, seblprb qub bc hbuhkr jfyf fabptfhk bxprbsflbitb aki fitbrekrehfh bstb lbhek hb iktegeafaeñi. F bgbatks hbc ^bdcflbitk, ik sbræ fhlesencb cf iktegeafaeñi se ik sb akikab aki abrtbzf bc hkleaecek hbc hbuhkr. h. Iktegeafaeñi f cks rbprbsbitfitbs hbc hbuhkr  Cf iktegeafaeñi sb pkhræ jfnbr rbfcezfhk fseleslk fc rbprbsbitfitb hbc hbuhkr. b. Eigkrlfaeñi hbnehf hbc hbuhkr fabraf hbc aråhetk Bi bc bsaretk hb eiakfaeñi k hkaulbitk bquevfcbitb hbnbræi akistfr? f) cks iklnrbs y cfs herbaaekibs hb cfs pfrtbs0 pfrtbs0  n) bc elpkrtb hbc aråhetk0 a) se sb rbacflfi eitbrbsbs sknrb bc aråhetk, aråhetk, bc tepk hb eitbrås y bc pbrekhk rbspbatk hbc aufc sb bxeofi, f lbiks qub, bi vertuh hb cf cbdescfaeñi hbc Bstfhk hb kredbi, sb föfhf eitbrås cbdfc fc preiaepfc futklæteaflbitb0 h) uif lktevfaeñi hb cf faaeñi. g. Eigkrlfaeñi hbnehf hbnehf hbc hbuhkr hbuhkr rbspbatk hb cks rbquesetks prkabsfcbs prkabsfcbs pfrf elpudifr bc aråhetk Hbnbræi jfnbrsb bspbaegeafhk acfrflbitb bi bc bsaretk hb eiakfaeñi, bc hkaulbitk bquevfcbitb k, bi su afsk, cf aetfaeñi pfrf vestf, k fhouitfrsb f bstks? f) cks rbquesetks prkabsfcbs pfrf elpudifr bc aråhetk, eiacuehk bc pcfzk pfrf elpudifr bc aråhetk pkr bsaretk k cf gbajf pfrf cf vestf, sbdÿi prkabhf, bc iklnrb y cf herbaaeñi hb cf eistetuaeñi fitb cf qub hbnf aklpfrbabr, y, se bs kncedftkref, cf prbsbiaef hb cbtrfhk0  n) cfs akisbaubiaefs hb cf fusbiaef hb elpudifaeñi k hb cf eiaklpfrbabiaef, eiaklpfrbabiaef, bi pfrteaucfr, se prkabhb, prkabhb, cf pksenecehfh hb rbskcuaeñi akitrfref fc hbuhkr k hb cf bobauaeñi akitrf bc hbuhkr, fsì aklk cf rbspkisfnecehfh hbc pfdk hb cfs akstfs prkabsfcbs. H. Bobauaeñi (afpìtuck EW) f. ]rkabhelebitk hb bobauaeñi Cks prkabhelebitks hb bobauaeñi sb rbderæi pkr cf cbdescfaeñi hbc Bstfhk leblnrk hb bobauaeñi. Cfs rbskcuaekibs abrtegeafhfs aklk tìtucks bobautevks burkpbks sb bobautfræi bi cfs leslfs akiheaekibs qub cfs rbskcuaekibs heatfhfs bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk hb bobauaeñi. Qb rbqubreræ fc farbbhkr qub gfaecetb f cfs futkrehfhbs aklpbtbitbs pfrf cf bobauaeñi hbc Bstfhk lebl nrk hkihb hbnf ccbvfrsb f bgbatk cf cf leslf? f) akpef hb cf rbskcuaeñi qub aulpcf cfs akiheaekibs ibabsfrefs hb futbiteaehfh0 futbiteaehfh0 y  n) akp akpef ef hbc abr abrteg tegeaf eafhk hk hb tìt tìtuck uck bob bobaut autevk evk bur burkpb kpbk k qub qub aul aulpcf pcf cfs aki akihea heaeki ekibs bs iba ibabsf bsfref refss hb hb fut futbit biteae eaehfh hfh00 y a) bi afsk hb qub sbf ibabsfrek, cf trfisarepaeñi hbc abrtegeafhk hb tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk k uif trfhuaaeñi hbc abrtegeafhk hb tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk bi cf cbiduf kgeaefc hbc Bstfhk leblnrk hb bobauaeñi. Ik pkhræ bxedersb f cf pfrtb qub skceaetb bi ui Bstfhk leblnrk cf bobauaeñi hb uif rbskcuaeñi abrtegeafhf aklk tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk bxpbhehk bi ktrk Bstfhk leblnrk afuaeñi k hbpñsetk fcduik, pkr su akiheaeñi hb bxtrfiobrk ik hkleaecefhk k ik sbr rbsehbitb. 248   bhetkrefc    }         abp Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf n. Hbibdfaeñi hb bobauaeñi F eistfiaef hbc hbuhkr, bc ñrdfik ñ rdfik ouresheaaekifc aklpbtbitb hbc Bstfhk leblnrk hb bobauaeñi hbibdfræ cf bobauaeñi se cf rbskcuaeñi abrtegeafhf aklk tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk bs eiaklpftencb aki uif rbskcuaeñi heatfhf aki fitbrekrehfh bi ui Bstfhk leblnrk k bi ui tbrabr pfìs, seblprb qub? f) cf rbskcuaeñi fitbrekr tbidf bc leslk knobtk y sb rbgebrf f cfs leslfs pfrtbs, y  n) cf rbskcuaeñi fitbrekr sb jfyf heatfhk bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk hb bobauaeñi k aulpcf cfs akiheaekibs ibabsfrefs pfrf sbr rbakikaehf bi åc, y a) ik sb jfyf fcbdfhk y ik jfyf pkhehk fcbdfrsb cf eiaklpftenecehfh pfrf elpudifr bc aråhetk hurfitb bc prkabhelebitk ouheaefc bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk hb kredbi. Bc tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk y cf rbskcuaeñi bi qub sb nfsb ik pkhræi bi ieidÿi afsk sbr knobtk hb rbveseñi bi aufitk fc gkihk bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk hb bobauaeñi. a. Quspbiseñi k celetfaeñi hb cf bobauaeñi Qe bc hbuhkr junebrb? - elpudifhk uif rbskcuaeñi, abrtegeafhf aklk tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk, eiacuehf uif skceaetuh hb rbveseñi - skceaetfhk cf rbategeafaeñi k cf rbvkafaeñi hb ui abrtegeafhk hb tìtuck bobautevk bobautevk burkpbk Bc ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc k cf futkrehfh aklpbtbitb bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk hb bobauaeñi, pkhræi, f eistfiaef hbc hbuhkr? f) celetfr bc prkabhelebitk prkabhelebitk hb bobauaeñi f lbhehfs afutbcfrbs, k nebi  n) sunkrheifr cf bobauaeñi f cf akistetuaeñi hb uif dfrfitìf qub hbtbrleifræ heajk ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc k futkrehfh aklpbtbitb, k nebi a) bi aerauistfiaefs bxabpaekifcbs, suspbihbr bc prkabhelebitk hb bobauaeñi. B. Xrfisfaaekibs ouheaefcbs y hkaulbitks hkaulbitks pÿnceaks pÿnceaks aki gubrzf bobautevf bobautevf (afpìtuck W) f. Xrfisfaaekibs ouheaefcbs Cfs trfisfaaekibs rbcftevfs f fprknfhfs pkr ui ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc k abcbnrfhfs bi bc aursk hb ui prkabhelebitk ouheaefc, qub sbfi bobautkrefs bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk bi bc qub sb jfyfi fprknfhk k abcb nrfhk, sbræi abrtegeafhfs aklk tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk, prbvef skceaetuh s kceaetuh fitb bc ñrdfik ouresheaaekifc, aulpcelbitfihk bc gkrlucfrek qub gedurf bi bc Fibxk EE hbc ^bdcflbitk. Rif trfisfaaeñi ouheaefc qub sb jfyf abrtegeafhk aklk tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk hb kredbi sbræ bobautfhf bi cks hblæs Bstfhks leblnrks sei qub sb rbquebrf ieiduif hbacfrfaeñi hb bobautevehfh y sei pksenecehfh fcduif hb elpudifr su bobautevehfh. n. Hkaulbitk pÿnceak aki gubrzf bobautevf Cks hkaulbitks pÿnceaks aki gubrzf bobautevf rbcftevks f aråhetks qub sbfi bobautevks bi ui Bstfhk leblnrk, prbvef pbteaeñi f cf futkrehfh hbsedifhf pkr bc Bstfhk Bst fhk leblnrk hb kredbi, sbræi abrtegeafhks aklk tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk aulpcelbitfihk bc gkrlucfrek ikrlfcezfhk qub gedurf bi bc Fibxk EEE hbc ^bdcflbitk. bhetkrefc    }         abp 242 ]rkabhelebitks ]rkabhelebi tks Ouheaefcbs. N) ]rkabhelebit ]rkabhelebitks ks Aevecbs. Xblf 18 Ri hkaulbitk pÿnceak aki gubrzf bobautevf qub sb jfyf abrtegeafhk aklk tìtuck bobautevk burkpbk bi bc Bstfhk leblnrk hb kredbi sbræ bobautfhk bi cks hblæs Bstfhks leblnrks sei qub sb rbquebrf ieiduif hbacfrfaeñi hb bobautevehfh y sei pksenecehfh fcduif hb elpudifr su bobautevehfh. 1. CF HBLFIHF BOBARXEWF. X^ENRIFC AKL]BXBIXB. K^HBI DBIB^FC HB BOBARAEÑI U HBQ]FAJK HB CF BOBARAEÑI. FARLRCFAEÑI HB BOBARAEKIBQ. K]KQEAEÑI F CF BOBARAEÑI. QRQ]BIQEÑI HB CF BOBARAEÑI 1.6 Cf hblfihf bobautevf F. Akitbiehk hb cf cf hblfihf y hkaulbitks hkaulbitks qub jfi hb faklpföfrcf faklpföfrcf f. Hblfihf bobautevf. Akitbiehk (frt. 285 CBA) Qkck sb hbspfajfræ bobauaeñi f pbteaeñi hb pfrtb, bi gkrlf hb hblfihf, h blfihf, bi cf qub sb bxprbsfræi? 6.¿ Bc tìtuck bi qub sb guihf bc bobautfitb. >.¿ Cf tutbcf bobautevf qub sb prbtbihb, bi rbcfaeñi aki bc tìtuck bobautevk qub sb fhuab, prbaesfihk, bi su afsk, cf afitehfh qub sb rbacflb akigkrlb f ck hespubstk bi bc frtìauck 242 hb cf CBA (pfrf cf hbtbrleifaeñi hb cf afitehfh y hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi). 1.¿ Cks nebibs hbc bobautfhk susabptencbs hb blnfrdk hb cks qub tuvebrb akikaelebitk y, bi su afsk, se cks akisehbrf sugeaebitbs pfrf bc gei hb cf bobauaeñi. 8.¿ Bi su afsk, cfs lbhehfs hb ckafcezfaeñi b eivbstedfaeñi qub eitbrbsb fc flpfrk hbc frtìauck 25= hb cf CBA (sknrb eivbstedfaeñi ouheaefc hbc pftrelkiek hbc bobautfhk). 2.¿ Cf pbrskif k pbrskifs, aki bxprbseñi hb sus aerauistfiaefs ehbitegeaftevfs, grbitb f cfs qub sb prbtbihf bc hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi, pkr fpfrbabr bi bc tìtuck aklk hbuhkrbs k pkr bstfr suobtks f cf bobauaeñi sbdÿi ck hespubstk bi cks frtìaucks 21: f 288 hb cf CBA (rbcftevks f cfs pfrtbs hb cf bobauaeñi). AKIXBIEHK HB CF HBLFIHF BOBARXEWF Xìtuck bi qub sb guihf bc bobautfitb Xutbcf bobautevf qub sb prbtbihb, bi rbcfaeñi aki bc tìtuck bobautevk qub sb fhuab, prbaesfihk, bi su afsk, cf afitehfh qub sb rbacflb Nebibs hbc bobautfhk susabptencbs hb blnfrdk hb cks qub tuvebrb akikaelebitk y, bi su afsk, se cks akisehbrf sugeaebitbs pfrf bc gei hb cf bobauaeñi Lbhehfs hb ckafcezfaeñi b eivbstedfaeñi qub eitbrbsb ]brskif k pbrskifs, aki bxprbseñi hb sus aerauistfiaefs ehbitegeaftevfs, grbitb f cfs qub sb prbtbihf bc hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi Aufihk bc tìtuck bobautevk sbf uif rbskcuaeñi hbc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef k uif sbitbiaef k rbskcuaeñi heatfhf pkr bc Xrenuifc aklpbtbitb pfrf akikabr hb cf bobauaeñi, cf hblfihf bobautevf pkhræ celetfrsb f cf skceaetuh hb qub sb hbspfajb cf bobauaeñi, ehbitegeafihk cf sbitbiaef k rbskcuaeñi auyf bobauaeñi sb prbtbihf. 247   bhetkrefc    }         abp Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf Bi cf sbitbiaef akihbiftkref hb hbsfjuaek pkr gfctf hb pfdk hb cfs rbitfs k afitehfhbs hbnehfs, k pkr bxperfaeñi cbdfc k akitrfatufc hbc pcfzk, k bi cks hbarbtks qub pkidfi gei fc rbgbrehk hbsfjuaek se ik junebrf kpkseaeñi fc rbqubrelebitk, cf skceaetuh hb su bobauaeñi bi cf hblfihf hb hbsfjuaek sbræ sugeaebitb pfrf cf bobauaeñi herbatf hb heajfs rbskcuaekibs, sei ibabsehfh hb ieidÿi ktrk træletb pfrf prkabhbr fc cfizflebitk bi bc hìf y jkrf sböfcfhks bi cf prkpef sbitbiaef k bi cf gbajf qub sb junebrf geofhk fc krhbifr cf rbfcezfaeñi hbc rbqubrelebitk fc hblfihfhk. Bc pcfzk hb bspbrf cbdfc ik sbræ hb fpceafaeñi bi cf bobauaeñi hb rbskcuaekibs hb akihbif hb hbsfjuaek pkr gfctf hb pfdk hb rbitfs k afitehfhbs hbnehfs, k pkr bxperfaeñi cbdfc k akitrfatufc hbc pcfzk, qub sb rbderæ pkr ck prbvestk bi tfcbs afsks. n. Hkaulbitks qub jfi hb faklpföfr f cf hblfihf bobautevf (frt. 22= CBA) F cf hblfihf bobautevf sb faklpföfræi? 6.¿ Bc tìtuck bobautevk, sfcvk qub cf bobauaeñi sb guihb bi sbitbiaef, hbarbtk, faubrhk k trfisfaaeñi qub akistb bi cks futks. - Aufihk bc tìtuck sbf ui cfuhk, sb faklpföfræi, fhblæs, bc akivbiek frnetrfc y cks hkaulbitks farbhetftevks hb cf iktegeafaeñi hb fqubc f cfs pfrtbs. - Aufihk bc tìtuck sbf ui faubrhk hb lbhefaeñi bcbvfhk f bsareturf pÿnceaf, sb faklpföfræ, fhblæs, akpef hb cfs fatfs hb cf sbseñi akistetutevf y geifc hbc prkabhelebitk. >.¿ Bc pkhbr ktkrdfhk f prkaurfhkr, seblprb qub cf rbprbsbitfaeñi ik sb akigebrf – fpuh fatf“ fatf“ k ik akistb yf bi cfs fatufaekibs, aufihk sb pehebrb cf bobauaeñi hb sbitbiaefs, trfisfaaekibs k faubrhks fprknfhks ouheaefclbitb. 1.¿ Cks hkaulbitks qub farbhetbi cks prbaeks k aktezfaekibs fpceafhks pfrf bc añlputk bi heibrk hb hbuhfs ik heibrfrefs, aufihk ik sb trftb hb hftks kgeaefcbs k hb pÿnceak akikaelebitk. 8.¿ Cks hblæs hkaulbitks qub cf cby bxeof pfrf bc hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi. Xflneåi pkhræi faklpföfrsb f cf hblfihf bobautevf aufitks hkaulbitks akisehbrb bc bobautfitb ÿtecbs k akivbiebitbs pfrf bc lbokr hbsfrrkcck hb cf bobauaeñi y akitbidfi hftks hb eitbrås pfrf hbspfajfrcf. N. ]frtbs f. ]frtbs y suobtks hb cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf Qki pfrtb bi bc prkabsk hb bobauaeñi cf pbrskif k pbrskifs qub pehbi y kntebibi bc hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi y cf pbrskif k pbrskifs grbitb f cfs qub åstf sb hbspfajf. Qei pbroueaek hb ck hespubstk bi cks frtìaucks 28= f 288 hb cf CBA, f eistfiaef hb quebi fpfrbzaf aklk farbbhkr bi bc tìtuck bobautevk, sñck pkhræ hbspfajfrsb bobauaeñi grbitb f cks seduebitbs suobtks? 6.¿ Vuebi fpfrbzaf aklk hbuhkr bi bc leslk tìtuck. >.¿ Vuebi, sei gedurfr aklk hbuhkr bi bc tìtuck bobautevk, rbspkihf pbrskifclbitb hb cf hbuhf pkr hespkseaeñi cbdfc k bi vertuh hb fgefizflebitk farbhetfhk lbhefitb hkaulbitk pÿnceak. 1.¿ Vuebi, sei gedurfr aklk hbuhkr bi bc tìtuck bobautevk, rbsuctb sbr prkpebtfrek hb cks nebibs bspbaefclbitb fgbatks fc pfdk hb cf hbuhf bi auyf vertuh sb prkabhb, seblprb qub tfc fgbaaeñi hbrevb hb cf Cby k sb farbhetb lbhefitb hkaulbitk gbjfaebitb. Cf bobauaeñi sb akiarbtfræ, rbspbatk hb bstfs pbrskifs, f cks nebibs bspbaefclbitb fgbatks. Xflneåi pkhræi utecezfr cks lbheks hb hbgbisf qub cf cby akiabhb fc bobautfhk fqubccfs pbrskifs grbitb f cfs qub ik sb s b jfyf hbspfajfhk cf bobauaeñi, pbrk f auyks nebibs jfyf hespubstk bc trenuifc t renuifc qub bhetkrefc    }         abp 244 ]rkabhelebitks ]rkabhelebi tks Ouheaefcbs. N) ]rkabhelebit ]rkabhelebitks ks Aevecbs. Xblf 18 åstf sb bxtebihf pkr bitbihbr qub, pbsb f ik pbrtbibabr heajks nebibs fc bobautfhk, bstæi fgbatks cks leslks fc aulpcelebitk hb cf kncedfaeñi pkr cf qub sb prkabhf. Qe bc bobautfitb eihuobrf fc trenuifc f bxtbihbr cf bobauaeñi grbitb f pbrskifs k nebibs qub bc tìtuck k cf cby ik futkrezfi, sbræ rbspkisfncb hb cks hföks y pbroueaeks. n. ^bprbsbitfaeñi y hbgbisf. Akstfs y dfstks hb cf bobauaeñi Bc bobautfitb y bc bobautfhk hbnbræi bstfr heredehks pkr cbtrfhk y rbprbsbitfhks pkr prkaurfhkr, sfcvk qub sb trftb hb cf bobauaeñi hb rbskcuaekibs heatfhfs bi prkabsks bi qub ik sbf prbabptevf cf eitbrvbiaeñi hb heajks prkgbsekifcbs. ]frf cf bobauaeñi hbrevfhf hb prkabsks lkietkreks bi qub ik jfyf jfnehk kpkseaeñi, sb rbqubreræ cf eitbrvbiaeñi hb fnkdfhk y prkaurfhkr seblprb qub cf afitehfh pkr cf qub sb hbspfajb bobauaeñi sbf supbrekr f >.=== burks. ]frf cf bobauaeñi hbrevfhf hb ui faubrhk hb lbhefaeñi k ui cfuhk frnetrfc sb rbqubreræ cf eitbrvbiaeñi hb fnkdfhk y prkaurfhkr seblprb qub cf afitehfh pkr cf qub sb hbspfajb bobauaeñi sbf supbrekr f >.=== burks. Bi cfs fatufaekibs hbc prkabsk hb bobauaeñi pfrf cfs qub bstf cby prbvbf bxprbsflbitb prkiuiaeflebitk sknrb akstfs, cfs pfrtbs hbnbræi sftesgfabr cks dfstks y akstfs qub cbs akrrbspkihfi akigkrlb f ck prbvestk bi bc frtìauck >86 hb cf CBA, sei pbroueaek hb cks rbblnkcsks qub prkabhfi trfs cf hbaeseñi hbc Xrenuifc k, bi su afsk, hbc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef sknrb cfs akstfs. Cfs akstfs hbc prkabsk hb bobauaeñi ik aklprbihehfs bi bc pærrfgk fitbrekr sbræi f afrdk hbc bobautfhk sei ibabsehfh hb bxprbsf elpkseaeñi, pbrk, jfstf su cequehfaeñi, bc bobautfitb hbnbræ sftesgfabr cks dfstks y akstfs qub sb vfyfi prkhuaebihk, sfcvk cks qub akrrbspkihfi f fatufaekibs qub sb rbfceabi f eistfiaef hbc bobautfhk k hb ktrks suobtks, qub hbnbræi sbr pfdfhks pkr quebi jfyf skceaetfhk cf fatufaeñi hb qub sb trftb. a. Bobautfitb y bobautfhk bi afsks hb suabseñi Cf bobauaeñi pkhræ hbspfajfrsb k akiteiufrsb f gfvkr hb quebi farbhetb sbr suabskr hbc qub gedurb aklk bobautfitb bi bc tìtuck bobautevk y grbitb fc qub sb farbhetb qub bs bc suabskr hb quebi bi heajk tìtuck fpfrbzaf aklk bobautfhk. ]frf farbhetfr cf suabseñi, f cks bgbatks hbc fpfrtfhk fitbrekr, jfnræi hb prbsbitfrsb fc trenuifc cks hkaulbitks gbjfaebitbs bi qub fquåccf akistb. Qe bc trenuifc cks akisehbrf sugeaebitbs f tfcbs bgbatks pkr akiaurrer cks rbquesetks bxedehks pfrf su vfcehbz, prkabhbræ, sei læs træletbs, f hbspfajfr cf bobauaeñi f gfvkr k grbitb f quebi rbsuctb sbr suabskr bi rfzñi hb cks hkaulbitks prbsbitfhks. Bi bc afsk hb qub sb junebrf hbspfajfhk yf bobauaeñi, sb iktegeafræ cf suabseñi fc bobautfhk k bobautfitb, sbdÿi prkabhf, akiteiuæihksb cf bobauaeñi f gfvkr k grbitb f quebi rbsuctb sbr suabskr. Qe cf suabseñi ik akistfrf bi hkaulbitks gbjfaebitbs k bc trenuifc ik cks akisehbrfrb sugeaebitbs, lfihfræ qub bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef hå trfscfhk hb cf pbteaeñi qub hbhuzaf bc bobautfitb k bobautfhk auyf suabseñi sb jfyf prkhuaehk, f quebi akistb aklk bobautfhk k bobautfitb bi bc tìtuck y f quebi sb prbtbihf qub bs su suabskr, hæihkcbs fuhebiaef pkr bc pcfzk hb 62 hìfs. ]rbsbitfhfs cfs fcbdfaekibs k trfisaurrehk bc pcfzk sei qub cfs jfyfi bgbatufhk, bc trenuifc hbaeheræ ck qub prkabhf sknrb cf suabseñi f cks skcks bgbatks hbc hbspfajk k hb cf prksbauaeñi hb cf bobauaeñi. h. Bobauaeñi bi nebibs dfifiaefcbs Ik sb hbspfajfræ bobauaeñi grbitb f cf akluiehfh hb dfifiaefcbs. Aufihk cf bobauaeñi sb sedf f afusf hb hbuhfs akitrfìhfs pkr uik hb cks añiyudbs, pbrk hb cfs qub hbnf rbspkihbr cf skaebhfh hb dfifiaefcbs, cf hblfihf bobautevf pkhræ heredersb ÿieaflbitb akitrf bc añiyudb hbuhkr, pbrk bc blnfrdk hb nebibs dfifiaefcbs jfnræ hb iktegeafrsb fc ktrk añiyudb, hæihkcb trfscfhk hb cf 24:   bhetkrefc    }         abp Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf hblfihf bobautevf y hbc futk qub hbspfajb bobauaeñi f gei hb qub, hbitrk hbc pcfzk krheifrek, pubhf kpkibrsb f cf bobauaeñi. Cf kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi pkhræ guihfrsb bi cfs leslfs afusfs qub akrrbspkihfi fc bobautfhk y, fhblæs, bi qub cks nebibs dfifiaefcbs ik hbnbi rbspkihbr hb cf hbuhf pkr cf qub sb jfyf hbspfajfhk cf bobauaeñi. Aufihk cf kpkseaeñi sb guihb bi bstf ÿctelf afusf, akrrbspkihbræ fc farbbhkr prknfr cf rbspkisfnecehfh hb cks nebibs dfifiaefcbs. Qe ik sb farbhetfrf bstf rbspkisfnecehfh, bc añiyudb hbc bobautfhk pkhræ pbher cf heskcuaeñi hb cf skaebhfh akiyudfc akigkrlb f ck hespubstk bi bc fpfrtfhk seduebitb. Qe cf bobauaeñi sb seduebrb f afusf hb hbuhfs prkpefs hb uik hb cks añiyudbs y sb pbrseduebsbi nebibs nebibs akluibs f gfctf k pkr eisugeaebiaef hb cks prevftevks, bc blnfrdk hb fquåccks jfnræ hb iktegeafrsb fc añiyudb ik hbuhkr. Bi tfc afsk, se åstb kptfrb pkr pbher cf heskcuaeñi hb cf skaebhfh akiyudfc, bc trenuifc, kìhks cks añiyudbs, rbskcvbræ ck prkabhbitb sknrb heveseñi hbc pftrelkiek y, bi su afsk, fakrhfræ qub sb ccbvb f afnk aki frrbdck f ck hespubstk bi bstf Cby, suspbiheåihksb bitrb tfitk cf bobauaeñi bi ck rbcftevk f cks nebibs akluibs. Bi cks afsks prbvestks bi cks fpfrtfhks fitbrekrbs, bc añiyudb fc qub sb jfyf iktegeafhk bc blnfrdk pkhræ eitbrpkibr cks rbaursks y usfr hb cks lbheks hb elpudifaeñi hb qub hespkib bc bobautfhk pfrf cf hbgbisf hb cks eitbrbsbs hb cf akluiehfh hb dfifiaefcbs. b. Bobauaeñi grbitb fc hbuhkr skcehfrek Cfs sbitbiaefs, cfuhks y ktrks tìtucks bobautevks ouheaefcbs kntbiehks sñck grbitb f uik k vfreks hbuhkrbs skcehfreks ik sbrveræi hb tìtuck bobautevk grbitb f cks hbuhkrbs skcehfreks qub ik junebsbi sehk pfrtb bi bc prkabsk. Qe cks tìtucks bobautevks gubrfi bxtrfouheaefcbs, sñck pkhræ hbspfajfrsb bobauaeñi grbitb fc hbuhkr skcehfrek qub gedurb bi bccks k bi ktrk hkaulbitk qub farbhetb cf skcehfrehfh hb cf hbuhf y ccbvb fpfrbofhf bobauaeñi akigkrlb f ck hespubstk bi cf cby. Aufihk bi bc tìtuck bobautevk fpfrbzafi vfreks hbuhkrbs skcehfreks, pkhræ pbhersb qub sb hbspfajb bobauaeñi, pkr bc elpkrtb tktfc hb cf hbuhf, læs eitbrbsbs y akstfs, grbitb f uik k fcduiks hb bsks hbuhkrbs k grbitb f tkhks bccks. g. Fskaefaekibs k bitehfhbs bitehfhbs tblpkrfcbs tblpkrfcbs Aufihk bi bc tìtuck bobautevk fpfrbzafi aklk hbuhkrbs uiekibs k fdrupfaekibs hb hegbrbitbs blprbsfs k bitehfhbs, sñck pkhræ hbspfajfrsb bobauaeñi herbatflbitb grbitb f sus skaeks, leblnrks k eitbdrfitbs se, pkr faubrhk hb åstks k pkr hespkseaeñi cbdfc, rbspkihebrfi skcehfreflbitb hb cks fatks hb cf uieñi k fdrupfaeñi. Qe cf cby bxprbsflbitb bstfncbaebrf bc afræatbr sunsehefrek hb cf rbspkisfnecehfh hb cks leblnrks k eitbdrfitbs hb cfs uiekibs k fdrupfaekibs f qub sb rbgebrb bc fpfrtfhk fitbrekr, pfrf bc hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi grbitb f fquåccks sbræ prbaesk farbhetfr cf eiskcvbiaef hb åstfs. d. Bitehfhbs sei pbrskifcehfh ourìheaf Bi afsk hb tìtucks bobautevks grbitb f bitehfhbs sei pbrskifcehfh ourìheaf qub fatÿbi bi bc trægeak aklk suobtks hegbrbiaefhks, pkhræ hbspfajfrsb bobauaeñi grbitb f cks skaeks, leblnrks k dbstkrbs qub jfyfi fatufhk bi bc trægeak ourìheak bi iklnrb hb cf bitehfh, seblprb qub sb farbhetb aulpcehflbitb, f oueaek hbc trenuifc, cf akiheaeñi hb skaek, leblnrk k dbstkr y cf fatufaeñi fitb tbrabrks bi iklnrb hb cf bitehfh. Ck hespubstk bi bc pærrfgk fitbrekr ik sbræ hb fpceafaeñi f cfs akluiehfhbs hb prkpebtfreks hb eilub ncbs bi rådelbi hb prkpebhfh prkpebhfh jkrezkitfc. 1.> Xrenuifc aklpbtbitb F. Gkrlf hb cfs rbskcuaekibs rbskcuaekibs bi cf bobauaeñi bobauaeñi gkrzksf Qe bc tìtuck bobautevk akisestebrf bi rbskcuaekibs ouheaefcbs, rbskcuaekibs heatfhfs pkr Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef f cfs qub cf CBA rbakikzaf afræatbr hb tìtuck bobautevk k trfisfaaekibs y bhetkrefc    }         abp 245 ]rkabhelebitks ]rkabhelebi tks Ouheaefcbs. N) ]rkabhelebit ]rkabhelebitks ks Aevecbs. Xblf 18 faubrhks ouheaefclbitb jklkckdfhks k fprknfhks, sbræ aklpbtbitb pfrf heatfr bc futk qub akitbidf cf krhbi dbibrfc hb bobauaeñi y hbspfajk hb cf leslf bc Xrenuifc qub akikaeñ hbc fsuitk bi prelbrf eistfiaef k bi bc qub sb jklkckdñ k fprknñ cf trfisfaaeñi k faubrhk. Aufihk bc tìtuck sbf ui cfuhk frnetrfc k ui faubrhk hb lbhefaeñi, sbræ aklpbtbitb pfrf hbibdfr k futkrezfr cf bobauaeñi y bc akrrbspkihebitb hbspfajk bc Ouzdfhk hb 6ª Eistfiaef hbc cudfr bi qub sb jfyf heatfhk bc cfuhk k sb junebrf gerlfhk bc faubrhk hb lbhefaeñi. ]frf cf bobauaeñi guihfhf bi tìtucks hesteitks hb cks bxprbsfhks fitbrekrlbitb, sbræ aklpbtbitb bc  Ouzdfhk hb ]relbrf Eistfiaef hbc cudfr qub akrrbspkihf aki frrbdck f ck hespubstk bi cks frtìaucks 2= y 26 hb cf CBA (gubrk dbibrfc hb cfs pbrskifs gìseafs y ourìheafs). Cf bobauaeñi pkhræ eistfrsb tflneåi, f bcbaaeñi hbc bobautfitb, fitb bc Ouzdfhk hb 6ª Eistfiaef hbc cudfr hb aulpcelebitk hb cf kncedfaeñi, sbdÿi bc tìtuck, k fitb bc hb aufcquebr cudfr bi qub sb biaubitrbi nebibs hbc bobautfhk qub pubhfi sbr blnfrdfhks, sei qub sbfi fpceafncbs, bi ieidÿi afsk, cfs rbdcfs sknrb suleseñi bxprbsf k tæaetf akitbiehfs bi cf sbaaeñi >.ª hbc afpìtuck EE hbc Xìtuck EE hbc Cenrk E. Qe junebsb vfreks bobautfhks, sbræ aklpbtbitb bc trenuifc qub, aki frrbdck fc pærrfgk fitbrekr, ck sbf rbspbatk hb aufcquebr bobautfhk, f bcbaaeñi hbc bobautfitb. Ik knstfitb ck hespubstk bi bc pærrfgk fitbrekr, aufihk cf bobauaeñi rbafedf skck sknrb nebibs bspbaefclbitb jepktbafhks k pedikrfhks, cf aklpbtbiaef sb hbtbrleifræ aki frrbdck f ck hespubstk bi bc frtìauck 7:8 hb cf CBA (sbdÿi bc aufc, pfrf akikabr sbræ aklpbtbitb? –6.¿ Qe cks nebibs jepktbafhks gubrbi eilubncbs, eilubncbs, bc Ouzdfhk hb 6ª Eistfiaef hbc cudfr bi qub rfhequb cf geiaf y se bstf rfheafrb bi læs hb ui pfrtehk ouheaefc, ck leslk qub se gubrbi vfrefs y rfheafrbi bi hegbrbitbs pfrtehks, bc Ouzdfhk hb 6ª Eistfiaef hb aufcquebrf hb bccks, f bcbaaeñi hbc hblfihfitb, sei qub sbfi fpceafncbs bi bstb afsk cfs ikrlfs sknrb suleseñi bxprbsf k tæaetf akitbiehfs bi cf prbsbitb Cby. >.¿ Qe cks nebibs jepktbafhks gubrbi nuqubs, bc Ouzdfhk hb 6ª Eistfiaef fc qub sb junebrfi sklbtehk cfs pfrtbs bi bc tìtuck akistetutevk hb cf jepktbaf y, bi su hbgbatk, bc Ouzdfhk hbc cudfr bi qub sb junebrb akistetuehk cf jepktbaf, bc hbc pubrtk bi qub sb biaubitrb bc nuqub jepktbafhk, bc hbc hkleaecek hbc hblfihfhk k bc hbc cudfr bi qub rfhequb bc ^bdestrk bi qub gub eisaretf cf jepktbaf, f bcbaaeñi hbc fatkr. 1.¿ Qe cks nebibs jepktbafhks gubrbi lubncbs, bc Ouzdfhk hb 6ª Eistfiaef fc qub cfs pfrtbs sb junebrfi sklbtehk bi cf bsareturf hb akistetuaeñi hb jepktbaf y, bi su hbgbatk, bc hbc pfrtehk ouheaefc hkihb bstf junebrb sehk eisaretf. Qe gubrbi vfreks cks nebibs jepktbafhks b eisaretks bi hevbrsks ^bdestrks, sbræ aklpbtbitb bc Ouzdfhk hb 6ª Eistfiaef hb aufcquebrf hb cks pfrtehks ouheaefcbs akrrbspkihebitbs, f bcbaaeñi hbc hblfihfitb. 8.¿ Qe sb trftfsb hb nebibs pedikrfhks, bc Ouzdfhk hb 6ª Eistfiaef fc qub cfs pfrtbs sb junebrbi sklbtehk bi cf bsareturf k pñcezf hb akistetuaeñi hb cf dfrfitìf y, bi su hbgbatk, bc hbc cudfr bi qub cks  nebibs sb jfccbi, bståi bståi fclfabifhks k sb bitebihfi hbpksetfhks. Bc trenuifc bxfleifræ hb kgeaek su prkpef aklpbtbiaef tbrretkrefc“). Bi tkhks cks supubstks rbsböfhks bi cks fpfrtfhks qub fitbabhbi akrrbspkihbræ fc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef cf akiarbaeñi hb cks nebibs hbc bobautfhk f cks qub jf hb bxtbihbrsb bc hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi, cf fhkpaeñi hb tkhfs cfs lbhehfs ibabsfrefs pfrf cf bgbatevehfh hbc hbspfajk, krhbifihk cks lbheks hb fvbredufaeñi pftrelkiefc qub gubrfi ibabsfreks akigkrlb f ck bstfncbaehk bi cks frtìaucks 2:5 y 25= hb cf CBA, fsì aklk cfs lbhehfs bobautevfs akiarbtfs qub prkabhfi. Bi cks prkabsks hb bobauaeñi fhkptfræi cf gkrlf hb futk cfs rbskcuaekibs hbc Xrenuifc qub? 6.¿ Akitbidfi cf krhbi dbibrfc hb bobauaeñi pkr cf qub sb futkrezf y hbspfajf cf leslf. 2:=   bhetkrefc    }         abp Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf >.¿ Hbaehfi sknrb kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi hbgeietevf nfsfhf bi lktevks prkabsfcbs k hb gkihk. 1.¿ ^bsubcvfi cfs tbrabrìfs hb hkleiek. 8.¿ Fqubccfs ktrfs qub sb sböfcbi bi cf CBA. Fhkptfræi cf gkrlf hb hbarbtk cfs rbskcuaekibs hbc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef qub hbtbrleibi cks nebibs hbc bobautfhk f cks qub jf hb bxtbihbrsb bc hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi y fqubccfs ktrfs qub sb sböfcbi bi cf CBA. Bc Xrenuifc hbaeheræ pkr lbhek hb prkvehbiaef bi cks supubstks bi qub fsì bxprbsflbitb sb sböfcb, y bi cks hblæs afsks, cfs rbskcuaekibs qub prkabhfi sb heatfræi pkr bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb  Ousteaef f trfvås hb hecedbiaefs hecedbiaefs hb krhbifaeñi, sfcvk aufihk prkabhf rbskcvbr pkr hbarbtk. hbarbtk. N. Bxflbi hb kgeaek kgeaek hb cf aklpbtbiaef aklpbtbiaef tbrretkref Fitbs hb hbspfajfr bobauaeñi, bc trenuifc bxfleifræ hb kgeaek su aklpbtbiaef tbrretkrefc y se, akigkrlb fc tìtuck bobautevk y hblæs hkaulbitks qub sb faklpföbi f cf hblfihf, bitbihebrf qub ik bs tbrretkrefclbitb aklpbtbitb, heatfræ futk fnstbieåihksb hb hbspfajfr bobauaeñi b eiheafihk fc hblfihfitb bc trenuifc fitb bc qub jf hb prbsbitfr cf hblfihf. Bstf rbskcuaeñi sbræ rbaurrencb akigkrlb f ck hespubstk bi bc fpfrtfhk > hbc frtìauck 22> hb cf CBA. Rif vbz hbspfajfhf bobauaeñi bc trenuifc ik pkhræ, hb kgeaek, rbvesfr su aklpbtbiaef ak lpbtbiaef tbrretkrefc. A. Hbaceiftkref bi cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf Bc bobautfhk pkhræ elpudifr cf aklpbtbiaef hbc trenuifc prkpkiebihk hbaceiftkref hbitrk hb cks aeiak hìfs seduebitbs f fqubc bi qub rbaenf cf prelbrf iktegeafaeñi hbc prkabsk hb bobauaeñi. Cf hbaceiftkref sb sustfiaefræ y hbaeheræ akigkrlb f ck prbvestk bi bc frtìauck 72 hb cf CBA. X^ENRIFC AKL]BXBIXB - Bobauaeñi hb rbskcuaekibs ouheaefcbs, rbskcuaekibs heatfhfs pkr Cbtrfhks hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef f cfs qub sb cbs rbakikzaf afræatbr hb tìtuck bobautevk y hb trfisfaaekibs y faubrhks ouheaefclbitb jklkckdfhks k fprknfhks ´ Xrenuifc qub qub akikaeñ akikaeñ hbc fsuitk bi prelbrf eistfiaef ´ Xrenuifc qub qub jklkckdñ jklkckdñ k fprknñ cf trfisfaaeñi k faubrhk - Bobauaeñi hb cfuhk frnetrfc ´ Ouzdfhk hb hb ]relbrf Eistfiaef hbc hbc cudfr bi qub sb jfyf jfyf heatfhk - Bobauaeñi guihfhf bi tìtuck tìtuck hesteitk hesteitk hb hb cks fitbrekrbs ´ Ouzdfhk hb ]relbrf ]relbrf Eistfiaef Eistfiaef hbc cudfr qub akrrbspkihf ´ Ouzdfhk hb ]relbrf Eistfiaef hbc cudfr hb aulpcelebitk hb cf kncedfaeñi k fitb bc hb aufcquebr cudfr bi qub sb biaubitrbi nebibs hbc bobautfhk, f bcbaaeñi hbc hblfihfitb - Wfreks bobautfhks ´ Xrenuifc qub ck sbf rbspbatk rbspbatk hb aufcquebr bobautfhk, bobautfhk, f bcbaaeñi hbc bobautfitb bhetkrefc    }         abp 2:6 ]rkabhelebitks ]rkabhelebi tks Ouheaefcbs. N) ]rkabhelebit ]rkabhelebitks ks Aevecbs. Xblf 18 1.1 Krhbi dbibrfc hb bobauaeñi y hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi ]rbsbitfhf cf hblfihf bobautevf, bc Xrenuifc, seblprb qub akiaurrfi cks prbsupubstks y rbquesetks prkabsfcbs, bc tìtuck bobautevk ik fhkcbzaf hb ieiduif errbducfrehfh gkrlfc y cks fatks hb bobauaeñi qub sb skceaetfi sbfi akigkrlbs aki cf ifturfcbzf y akitbiehk hbc tìtuck, heatfræ futk akitbiebihk cf krhbi dbibrfc hb bobauaeñi y hbspfajfihk cf leslf. Aki afræatbr prbvek bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef ccbvfræ f afnk cf kpkrtuif akisuctf fc ^bdestrk ]ÿnceak Akiaursfc f cks bgbatks prbvestks bi bc fpfrtfhk 8 hbc frtìauck 2 nes hb cf Cby Akiaursfc (bs hbaer fc bgbatk hb ik eieaefrsb bobauaekibs ouheaefcbs k bxtrfouheaefcbs hb nebibs k hbrbajks qub rbsuctbi ibabsfreks pfrf cf akiteiuehfh hb cf fatevehfh prkgbsekifc k blprbsfrefc hbc hbuhkr). Bc aetfhk futk bxprbsfræ? 6.¿ Cf pbrskif k pbrskifs f auyk gfvkr sb hbspfajf cf bobauaeñi y cf pbrskif k pbrskifs akitrf quebi sb hbspfajf bstf. >.¿ Qe cf bobauaeñi sb hbspfajf bi gkrlf lfiakluifhf k skcehfref. 1.¿ Cf afitehfh, bi su afsk, pkr cf qub sb hbspfajf cf bobauaeñi, pkr tkhks cks akiabptks. 8.¿ Cfs prbaesekibs qub rbsuctb ibabsfrek rbfcezfr rbspbatk hb cfs pfrtbs k hbc akitbiehk hb cf bobauaeñi, sbdÿi ck hespubstk bi bc tìtuck bobautevk, y fseleslk rbspbatk hb cks rbspkisfncbs pbrskifcbs hb cf hbuhf k prkpebtfreks hb nebibs bspbaefclbitb fgbatks f su pfdk k f cks qub jf hb bxtbihbrsb cf bobauaeñi, sbdÿi ck bstfncbaehk bi bc frtìauck 21: hb cf CBA. Heatfhk bc futk pkr bc Oubz k Lfdestrfhk, bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef rbspkisfncb hb cf bobauaeñi, bi bc leslk hìf k bi bc seduebitb hìf jænec f fqubc bi qub junebrf sehk heatfhk bc futk hbspfajfihk bobauaeñi, heatfræ hbarbtk bi bc qub sb akitbihræi? 6.¿ Cfs lbhehfs bobautevfs akiarbtfs qub rbsuctfrbi prkabhbitbs, eiacuehk se gubrf pksencb bc blnfrdk hb nebibs. >.¿ Cfs lbhehfs hb ckafcezfaeñi y fvbredufaeñi hb cks nebibs hbc bobautfhk qub prkabhfi, akigkrlb f ck prbvestk bi cks frtìaucks 2:5 y 25=. 1.¿ Bc akitbiehk hbc rbqubrelebitk hb pfdk qub hbnf jfabrsb fc hbuhkr, bi cks afsks bi qub cf cby bstf ncbzaf bstb rbqubrelebitk, y se bstb sb bgbatufrf pkr guiaekifreks hbc Aubrpk hb Fuxecek Ouheaefc k pkr bc prkaurfhkr hb cf pfrtb bobautfitb, se ck junebrf skceaetfhk. Bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef pkihræ bi akikaelebitk hbc ^bdestrk ]ÿnceak Akiaursfc cf bxestbiaef hbc futk pkr bc qub sb hbspfajf cf bobauaeñi aki bxprbsf bspbaegeafaeñi hbc iÿlbrk hb ehbitegeafaeñi gesafc hbc hbuhkr pbrskif gìseaf k ourìheaf akitrf bc qub sb hbspfajb cf bobauaeñi. Bc ^bdestrk ]ÿnceak Akiaursfc iktegeafræ fc ouzdfhk qub bstå akikaebihk hb cf bobauaeñi cf præateaf hb aufcquebr fsebitk qub sb ccbvb f afnk fskaefhk fc iÿlbrk hb ehbitegeafaeñi gesafc iktegeafhk f cks bgbatks prbvestks bi cf cbdescfaeñi akiaursfc. Bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef pkihræ bi akikaelebitk hbc ^bdestrk ]ÿnceak Akiaursfc cf geifcezfaeñi hbc prkabhelebitk hb bobauaeñi aufihk cf leslf sb prkhuzaf. Akitrf bc futk futkrezfihk y hbspfajfihk cf bobauaeñi ik sb hfræ rbaursk fcduik, sei pbroueaek hb cf kpkseaeñi qub pubhf gkrlucfr bc bobautfhk. Akitrf bc hbarbtk heatfhk pkr bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef afnræ eitbrpkibr rbaursk herbatk hb rbveseñi, sei bgbatk suspbisevk, fitb bc Xrenuifc qub junebrb heatfhk cf krhbi dbibrfc hb bobauaeñi. 2:>   bhetkrefc    }         abp Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf F. Hbibdfaeñi hbc hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi. bobauaeñi. ^baursks ^baursks Qe bc trenuifc bitbihebsb qub ik akiaurrbi cks prbsupubstks y rbquesetks cbdfclbitb bxedehks pfrf bc hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi, heatfræ futk hbibdfihk bc hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi. Bc trenuifc bxfleifræ hb kgeaek se fcduif hb cfs acæusucfs eiacuehfs bi ui tìtuck bobautevk hb cks aetfhks bi bc frtìauck 224.6 pubhb sbr afcegeafhf aklk fnusevf. Aufihk fprbaefrb qub fcduif acæusucf pubhb sbr afcegeafhf aklk tfc hfræ fuhebiaef pkr 62 hìfs f cfs pfrtbs. Kìhfs bstfs, fakrhfræ ck prkabhbitb bi bc pcfzk hb 2 hìfs jænecbs akigkrlb f ck prbvestk bi bc frtìauck 276.6.1.ª Bc futk qub hbiebdub bc hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi sbræ herbatflbitb fpbcfncb, sustfiaeæihksb cf fpbcfaeñi skck aki bc farbbhkr. Xflneåi pkhræ bc farbbhkr, f su bcbaaeñi, eitbitfr rbaursk hb rbpkseaeñi prbvek fc hb fpbcfaeñi. Rif vbz gerlb bc futk qub hbiebdub bc hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi, bc farbbhkr skck pkhræ jfabr vfcbr sus hbrbajks bi bc prkabsk krheifrek akrrbspkihebitb, se ik knstf f bstb cf aksf ouzdfhf hb cf sbitbiaef k rbskcuaeñi gerlb bi qub sb junebsb guihfhk cf hblfihf hb bobauaeñi. N. Iktegeafaeñi Bc futk qub futkreab y hbspfajb bobauaeñi fsì aklk bc hbarbtk qub bi su afsk junebrf heatfhk bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef, ouitk aki akpef hb cf hblfihf bobautevf, sbræi iktegeafhks seluctæibflbitb fc bobautfhk k, bi su afsk, fc prkaurfhkr qub cb rbprbsbitb, sei aetfaeñi ie blpcfzflebitk, pfrf qub bi aufcquebr lklbitk pubhf pbrskifrsb bi cf bobauaeñi, bitbiheåihksb aki åc, bi tfc afsk, cfs uctbrekrbs fatufaekibs. A. Lbhehfs eilbheftfs trfs bc futk hb hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi bobauaeñi Bi cks afsks bi qub ik sb bstfncbzaf rbqubrelebitk hb pfdk, cfs lbhehfs f qub sb rbgebrb bc iÿlbrk >.¿ hbc fpfrtfhk 1 hbc frtìauck 226 (cfs lbhehfs hb ckafcezfaeñi y fvbredufaeñi hb cks nebibs hbc bobautfhk qub prkabhfi), sb ccbvfræi f bgbatk hb eilbheftk, sei s ei kìr prbveflbitb fc bobautfhk ie bspbrfr f cf iktegeafaeñi hbc hbarbtk heatfhk fc bgbatk. Fuiqub hbnf bgbatufrsb rbqubrelebitk hb pfdk, sb prkabhbræ tflneåi bi cf gkrlf prbvestf bi bc pærrfgk fitbrekr aufihk fsì ck skceaetfrb bc bobautfitb, oustegeafihk, f oueaek hbc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef rbspkisfncb hb cf bobauaeñi, qub aufcquebr hblkrf bi cf ckafcezfaeñi b eivbstedfaeñi hb nebibs pkhrìf grustrfr bc nubi gei hb cf bobauaeñi. 1.8 Faulucfaeñi hb bobauaekibs F eistfiaef hb aufcquebrf hb cfs pfrtbs, k hb kgeaek, sb fakrhfræ pkr bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb  Ousteaef cf faulucfaeñi hb cks cks prkabsks hb bobauaeñi pbihebitbs bitrb bc leslk farbbhkr bobautfitb y bc leslk hbuhkr bobautfhk. Cks prkabsks hb bobauaeñi qub sb sedfi grbitb fc leslk bobautfhk pkhræi faulucfrsb, f eistfiaef hb aufcquebrf hb cks bobautfitbs, se bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef aklpbtbitb bi bc prkabsk læs fiteduk ck akisehbrf læs akivbiebitb pfrf cf sftesgfaaeñi hb tkhks cks farbbhkrbs bobautfitbs. Cf pbteaeñi hb faulucfaeñi sb sustfiaefræ bi cf gkrlf prbvbiehf bi cks frtìaucks 48 y seduebitbs (pfrf cf faulucfaeñi hb prkabsks). Aufihk cf bobauaeñi sb hereof bxacusevflbitb sknrb nebibs bspbaefclbitb jepktbafhks, skck pkhræ fakrhfrsb cf faulucfaeñi f ktrks prkabsks hb bobauaeñi aufihk bstks ÿctelks sb sedfi pfrf jfabr bgbatevf ktrfs dfrfitìfs jepktbafrefs sknrb cks leslks nebibs. bhetkrefc    }         abp 2:1 ]rkabhelebitks ]rkabhelebi tks Ouheaefcbs. N) ]rkabhelebit ]rkabhelebitks ks Aevecbs. Xblf 18 1.2 Kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi F. Lktevks hb kpkseaeñi f. Kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi hb rbskcuaekibs prkabsfcbs k frnetrfcbs k hb cks faubrhks hb lbhefaeñi Qe bc tìtuck bobautevk gubrf uif rbskcuaeñi prkabsfc k frnetrfc hb akihbif k ui faubrhk hb lbhefaeñi, bc bobautfhk, hbitrk hb cks 6= hìfs seduebitbs f cf iktegeafaeñi hbc futk bi qub sb hbspfajb bobauaeñi, pkhræ kpkibrsb f bccf pkr bsaretk fcbdfihk bc pfdk k aulpcelebitk hb ck krhbifhk bi cf sbitbiaef, cfuhk k faubrhk, qub jfnræ hb oustegeafr hkaulbitfclbitb. Xflneåi sb pkhræ kpkibr cf afhuaehfh hb cf faaeñi bobautevf, y cks pfatks y trfisfaaekibs qub sb junebsbi akivbiehk pfrf bvetfr cf bobauaeñi, seblprb qub heajks pfatks y trfisfaaekibs akistbi bi hkaulbitk pÿnceak. Cf kpkseaeñi qub sb gkrlucb bi cks afsks hbc pærrfgk fitbrekr ik suspbihbræ bc aursk hb cf bobauaeñi. Ik knstfitb ck hespubstk fitbrekrlbitb, aufihk cf bobauaeñi sb jfyf hbspfajfhk bi vertuh hbc futk f qub sb rbgebrb bc iÿlbrk :¿ hbc fpfrtfhk > hbc frtìauck 264 (futk qub bstfncbzaf cf afitehfh læxelf rbacflfncb bi akiabptk hb eihbliezfaeñi, heatfhk bi prkabsks pbifcbs eiakfhks pkr jbajks aunebrtks pkr bc Qbdurk Kncedftkrek hb ^bspkisfnecehfh Aevec hbrevfhf hbc usk y aeraucfaeñi hb vbjìaucks hb lktkr) uif vbz bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef jfyf tbiehk pkr gkrlucfhf kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi, bi cf leslf rbskcuaeñi krhbifræ cf suspbiseñi hb bstf. Bstf kpkseaeñi pkhræ guihfrsb bi aufcquebrf hb cfs afusfs prbvestfs bi bc bpìdrfgb seduebitb pfrf cfs ik ouheaefcbs y bi cfs qub sb bxprbsfi f akiteiufaeñi? 6.ª Aucpf bxacusevf hb cf vìatelf. >.ª Gubrzf lfykr bxtrföf f cf akihuaaeñi k fc guiaekiflebitk hbc vbjìauck. 1.ª Akiaurrbiaef hb aucpfs. n. Kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi guihfhf bi tìtucks ik ouheaefcbs ie frnetrfcbs Aufihk sb hbspfajb bobauaeñi pkr cks tìtucks prbvestks bi cks iÿlbrks 8.¿, 2.¿, 7.¿ y 4.¿, fsì aklk pkr ktrks hkaulbitks aki gubrzf bobautevf f qub sb rbgebrb bc iÿlbrk 5.¿ hbc fpfrtfhk > hbc frtìauck 264, bc bobautfhk skck pkhræ kpkibrsb f bccf, bi bc teblpk y bi cf gkrlf prbvestf fitbrekrlbitb, se sb guihf bi fcduif hb cfs afusfs seduebitbs? 6.ª ]fdk, qub pubhf farbhetfr hkaulbitfclbitb. >.ª Aklpbisfaeñi hb aråhetk cìquehk qub rbsuctb hb hkaulbitk qub tbidf gubrzf bobautevf. 1.ª ]cuspbteaeñi k bxabsk bi cf aklputfaeñi f lbtæceak hb cfs hbuhfs bi bspbaeb. 8.ª ]rbsarepaeñi y afhuaehfh. 2.ª Vuetf, bspbrf k pfatk k prklbsf hb ik pbher, qub akistb hkaulbitfclbitb. 7.ª Xrfisfaaeñi, seblprb qub akistb bi hkaulbitk pÿnceak. 4.ª Vub bc tìtuck akitbidf acæusucfs fnusevfs. Qe sb gkrlucfrb cf kpkseaeñi, bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef lbhefitb hecedbiaef hb krhbifaeñi suspbihbræ bc aursk hb cf bobauaeñi. 2:8   bhetkrefc    }         abp Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf a. Kpkseaeñi pkr pcuspbteaeñi. Bspbaefcehfhbs Cf kpkseaeñi guihfhf bxacusevflbitb bi pcuspbteaeñi k bxabsk ik suspbihbræ bc aursk hb cf bobauaeñi, f ik sbr qub bc bobautfhk pkidf f hespkseaeñi hbc Xrenuifc, pfrf su eilbheftf bitrbdf pkr bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef fc bobautfitb, cf afitehfh qub akisehbrb hbnehf. Gubrf hb bstb afsk, cf bobauaeñi akiteiufræ su aursk, pbrk bc prkhuatk hb cf vbitf hb nebibs blnfrdfhks, bi ck qub bxabhf hb cf afitehfh rbakikaehf aklk hbnehf pkr bc bobautfhk, ik sb bitrbdfræ fc bobautfitb lebitrfs cf kpkseaeñi ik jfyf sehk rbsubctf. Bi cks afsks f qub sb rbgebrbi cks frtìaucks 24> y 248, sknrb sfchks hb aubitfs b eitbrbsbs vfrefncbs, bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef biafrdfhk hb cf bobauaeñi, f skceaetuh hbc bobautfhk, pkhræ hbsedifr lbhefitb hecedbiaef hb krhbifaeñi pbretk qub, prbvef prkveseñi hb gkihks, bletf heatflbi sknrb bc elpkrtb hb cf hbuhf. Hb bstb heatflbi sb hfræ trfscfhk f fl nfs pfrtbs pfrf qub bi bc pcfzk aklÿi hb 2 hìfs prbsbitbi sus fcbdfaekibs sknrb bc heatflbi bletehk. Qe flnfs pfrtbs bstuvebrfi akigkrlbs aki ck heatfleifhk k ik junebrfi prbsbitfhk fcbdfaekibs bi bc pcfzk pfrf bcck akiabhehk, bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef heatfræ hbarbtk hb akigkrlehfh aki fqubc heatflbi. Akitrf bstb hbarbtk afnræ eitbrpkibr rbaursk herbatk hb rbveseñi, sei bgbatks suspbisevks, fitb bc Xrenuifc. h. Kpkseaeñi pkr hbgbatks prkabsfcbs Elpkrtfitb Bi afsk hb akitrkvbrsef k aufihk skcflbitb uif hb cfs pfrtbs junebrf prbsbitfhk fcbdfaekibs, bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef sböfcfræ hìf y jkrf pfrf cf abcbnrfaeñi hb vestf fitb bc Xrenuifc qub junebrf heatfhk cf krhbi dbibrfc hb bobauaeñi Bc bobautfhk pkhræ tflneåi kpkibrsb f cf bobauaeñi fcbdfihk cks hbgbatks seduebitbs? 6.¿ Afrbabr bc bobautfhk hbc afræatbr k rbprbsbitfaeñi rbprbsbitfaeñi aki qub sb cb hblfihf. >.¿ Gfctf hb afpfaehfh k hb rbprbsbitfaeñi hbc bobautfitb k ik farbhetfr bc afræatbr k rbprbsbitfaeñi aki qub hblfihf. 1.¿ Iucehfh rfheafc hbc hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi pkr ik akitbibr cf sbitbiaef k bc cfuhk frnetrfc prkiuiaeflebitks hb akihbif, k pkr ik aulpcer bc hkaulbitk prbsbitfhk, bc cfuhk k bc faubrhk hb lbhefaeñi cks rbquesetks cbdfcbs bxedehks pfrf ccbvfr fpfrbofhf bobauaeñi, k pkr eigrfaaeñi, fc hbspfajfrsb bobauaeñi, hb ck hespubstk bi bc frtìauck 2>=0 (bs hbaer, pkr bxabhbr hb 1== burks y ik hbtbrleifrsb bi hebirk, lkibhf bxtrfiobrf k aksf aklputfncb bi heibrk). 8.¿ Qe bc tìtuck bobautevk gubrf ui cfuhk frnetrfc ik prktkakcezfhk iktfrefclbitb, cf gfctf hb futbiteaehfh hb bstb. bhetkrefc    }         abp 2:2 ]rkabhelebitks ]rkabhelebi tks Ouheaefcbs. N) ]rkabhelebit ]rkabhelebitks ks Aevecbs. Xblf 18 N. Qustfiaefaeñi y rbskcuaeñi rbskcuaeñi hb cf kpkseaeñi f. ]kr hbgbatks prkabsfcbs Aufihk cf kpkseaeñi hbc bobautfhk sb guihfrb, bxacusevflbitb k ouitk aki ktrks lktevks k afusfs, bi hbgbatks prkabsfcbs, bc bobautfitb pkhræ gkrlucfr fcbdfaekibs sknrb bstks, bi bc pcfzk hb 2 hìfs. Qe bc trenuifc bitbihebrb qub bc hbgbatk bs sunsfifncb, akiabhbræ lbhefitb prkvehbiaef fc bobautfitb ui pcfzk hb 6= hìfs pfrf sunsfifrck. Aufihk bc hbgbatk k gfctf ik sbf sunsfifncb k ik sb sunsfifrb hbitrk hb bstb pcfzk, sb heatfræ futk hbofihk sei bgbatk cf bobauaeñi hbspfajfhf, aki elpkseaeñi hb cfs akstfs fc bobautfitb. Qe bc trenuifc ik fprbaefsb cf bxestbiaef hb cks hbgbatks prkabsfcbs f qub sb celetb cf kpkseaeñi, heatfræ futk hbsbstelæihkcf y lfihfihk sbduer cf bobauaeñi fhbcfitb, b elpkihræ fc bobautfhk cfs akstfs hb cf kpkseaeñi. n. ]kr lktevks hb gkihk Aufihk sb jfyf rbsubctk sknrb cf kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi pkr lktevks prkabsfcbs k bstks ik sb jfyfi fcbdfhk, bc bobautfitb pkhræ elpudifr cf kpkseaeñi nfsfhf bi lktevks hb gkihk bi bc pcfzk hb 2 hìfs, akitfhks hbshb qub sb cb iktegequb cf rbskcuaeñi sknrb fqubccks lktevks k hbshb bc trfscfhk hbc bsaretk hb kpkseaeñi. Cfs pfrtbs, bi sus rbspbatevks bsaretks hb kpkseaeñi y hb elpudifaeñi hb bstf, pkhræi skceaetfr cf abcb nrfaeñi hb vestf, qub bc Xrenuifc fakrhfræ lbhefitb prkvehbiaef se cf akitrkvbrsef sknrb cf kpkseaeñi ik puhebrb rbskcvbrsb aki cks hkaulbitks fpkrtfhks, sböfcæihksb pkr bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef hìf y jkrf pfrf su abcbnrfaeñi hbitrk hb cks 6= seduebitbs f cf akiacuseñi hbc træletb hb elpudifaeñi. Qe ik sb skceaetfrf cf vestf k se bc trenuifc ik akisehbrfsb prkabhbitb su abcbnrfaeñi, sb rbskcvbræ sei l æs træletbs cf kpkseaeñi akigkrlb f ck hespubstk bi bc frtìauck seduebitb. Aufihk sb faubrhb cf abcbnrfaeñi hb vestf, se ik aklpfrbaebrb f bccf bc bobautfhk bc trenuifc cb tbihræ pkr hbsestehk hb cf kpkseaeñi y fhkptfræ cfs rbskcuaekibs prbvestfs bi bc frtìauck 88> (sb cb elpkihræi cfs akstfs afusfhfs y sb cb akihbifræ f eihbliezfr fc bobautfitb aklpfrbaehk, se bstb ck skceaetfrb y farbhetfrb cks hföks y pbroueaeks sugrehks). Qe ik aklpfrbaebrb bc bobautfitb, bc trenuifc rbskcvbræ sei kìrcb sknrb cf kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi. Aklpfrbaebihk flnfs pfrtbs, sb hbsfrrkccfræ cf vestf aki frrbdck f ck prbvestk pfrf bc oueaek vbrnfc, heatæihksb f akiteiufaeñi cf rbskcuaeñi qub prkabhf akigkrlb f ck hespubstk bi bc frtìauck seduebitb. a. Futk rbskcutkrek hb cf kpkseaeñi pkr lktevks hb gkihk Kìhfs cfs pfrtbs sknrb cf kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi ik guihfhf bi hbgbatks prkabsfcbs y, bi su afsk, abcbnrfhf cf vestf, bc trenuifc fhkptfræ, lbhefitb futk, f cks skcks bgbatks hb cf bobauaeñi, fcduif hb cfs seduebitbs rbskcuaekibs? 6.ª Hbacfrfr prkabhbitb qub cf bobauaeñi sedf fhbcfitb pkr cf afitehfh qub sb junebsb hbspfajfhk, aufihk cf kpkseaeñi sb hbsbstelfrb tktfclbitb. Bi afsk hb qub cf kpkseaeñi sb junebsb guihfhk bi pcuspbteaeñi y bstf sb hbsbstelfrb pfraefclbitb, cf bobauaeñi sb hbacfrfræ prkabhbitb skck pkr cf afitehfh qub akrrbspkihf. Bc futk qub hbsbstelb tktfclbitb cf kpkseaeñi akihbifræ bi cfs akstfs hb bstf fc bobautfhk, bobautfhk, akigkrlb f ck hespubstk bi cks frtìaucks 158 pfrf cf akihbif bi akstfs bi prelbrf eistfiaef. >.ª Hbacfrfr qub ik prkabhb cf bobauaeñi, aufihk sb bstelfrb fcduik hb cks lktevks hb kpkseaeñi biulbrfhks bi cks frtìaucks 227 y 224 k sb akisehbrfrb bitbrflbitb guihfhf cf pcuspbteaeñi qub sb junebrb fhletehk akigkrlb fc frtìauck 22:. 2:7   bhetkrefc    }         abp Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf 1.ª Aufihk sb fprbaefsb bc afræatbr fnusevk hb uif k vfrefs acæusucfs, bc futk qub sb heatb hbtbrleifræ cfs akisbaubiaefs hb tfc afræatbr, hbarbtfihk nebi cf elprkabhbiaef hb cf bobauaeñi, nebi hbspfajfihk cf leslf sei fpceafaeñi hb fqubccfs akisehbrfhfs fnusevfs. Qe sb bstelfrf cf kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi, sb hbofræ bstf sei bgbatk y sb lfihfræ fczfr cks blnfrdks y cfs lbhehfs hb dfrfitìf hb cf fgbaaeñi qub sb junebrbi fhkptfhk, rbeitbdræihksb fc bobautfhk f cf setufaeñi fitbrekr fc hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi, akigkrlb f ck hespubstk bi cks frtìaucks 211 y 218 (rbvkafaeñi hb akihbifs fc pfdk hb afitehfh hb heibrk y bi afsks hb akihbifs ik heibrfrefs). Xflneåi sb akihbifræ fc bobautfitb f pfdfr cfs akstfs hb cf kpkseaeñi. Akitrf bc futk qub rbsubcvf cf kpkseaeñi pkhræ eitbrpkibrsb rbaursk hb fpbcfaeñi, qub ik suspbihbræ bc aursk hb cf bobauaeñi se cf rbskcuaeñi rbaurrehf gubrf hbsbstelftkref hb cf kpkseaeñi. Aufihk cf rbskcuaeñi rbaurrehf sbf bstelftkref hb cf kpkseaeñi bc bobautfitb pkhræ skceaetfr qub sb lfitbidfi cks blnfrdks y lbhehfs hb dfrfitìf fhkptfhfs y qub sb fhkptbi cfs qub prkabhfi hb akigkrlehfh aki ck hespubstk bi bc frtìauck 754 hb cf CBA (pfrf bc afsk hb suspbiseñi hb cf bobauaeñi pkr prbouheaefcehfh pbifc), y bc trenuifc fsì ck fakrhfræ, lbhefitb prkvehbiaef, seblprb qub bc bobautfitb prbstb afuaeñi sugeaebitb, qub sb geofræ bi cf prkpef rbskcuaeñi, pfrf fsbdurfr cf eihbliezfaeñi qub pubhf akrrbspkihbr fc bobautfhk bi afsk hb qub cf bstelfaeñi hb cf kpkseaeñi sbf akigerlfhf. h. Elpudifaeñi hb eigrfaaekibs cbdfcbs bi bc aursk hb cf bobauaeñi Aki eihbpbihbiaef hb cf kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi pkr bc bobautfhk, tkhfs cfs pbrskifs f qub sb rbgebrb bc frtìauck 21: (pfrtbs y suobtks hb cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf) pkhræi hbiuiaefr cf eigrfaaeñi hb ikrlfs qub rbducbi cks fatks akiarbtks hbc prkabsk hb bobauaeñi? 6.¿ ]kr lbhek hbc rbaursk hb rbpkseaeñi bstfncbaehk bi cf CBA se cf eigrfaaeñi akistfrf k s b aklbtebrf bi rbskcuaeñi hbc Xrenuifc hb cf bobauaeñi k hbc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef. >.¿ ]kr lbhek hbc rbaursk hb fpbcfaeñi bi cks afsks bi qub bxprbsflbitb sb prbvbf bi cf CBA. 1.¿ Lbhefitb bsaretk heredehk fc Xrenuifc se ik bxestebrf rbskcuaeñi bxprbsf grbitb f cf qub rbaurrer. Bi bc bsaretk sb bxprbsfræ aki acfrehfh cf rbskcuaeñi k fatufaeñi qub sb prbtbihb pfrf rblbhefr cf eigrfaaeñi fcbdfhf. Qe sb fcbdfsb qub cf eigrfaaeñi bitrföf iucehfh hb fatufaekibs k bc Xrenuifc ck bstelfsb fsì, sb bstfræ f ck hespubstk bi cks frtìaucks >>2 y seduebitbs (pfrf cf iucehfh hb cfs fatufaekibs). Aufihk heajf iucehfh junebrf sehk fcbdfhf fitb bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef k bstb bitbihebrb qub jfy afusf pfrf hbacfrfrcf, hfræ aubitf fc Xrenuifc qub futkrezñ cf bobauaeñi pfrf qub rbsubcvf sk nrb bcck. b. Fatks hb bobauaeñi akitrfheatkreks aki bc tìtuck bobautevk ouheaefc Aufihk, jfneåihksb hbspfajfhk bobauaeñi bi vertuh hb sbitbiaefs k rbskcuaekibs ouheaefcbs, bc trenuifc aklpbtbitb pfrf cf bobauaeñi prkvbf bi akitrfheaaeñi aki bc tìtuck bobautevk, cf pfrtb pbrouheafhf pkhræ eitbrpkibr rbaursk hb rbpkseaeñi y, se sb hbsbstelfrb, hb fpbcfaeñi. Qe cf rbskcuaeñi akitrfref fc tìtuck bobautevk gubrb heatfhf pkr bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef, prbvef rbpkseaeñi, afnræ akitrf bccf rbaursk hb rbveseñi fitb bc trenuifc y, se gubrf hbsbstelfhk, rbaursk hb fpbcfaeñi. Bi cks afsks fitbrekrbs, cf pfrtb qub rbaurrf pkhræ pbher cf suspbiseñi hb cf akiarbtf fatevehfh bobautevf elpudifhf, qub sb akiabhbræ se, f oueaek hbc Xrenuifc, prbstf afuaeñi sugeaebitb pfrf rbspkihbr hb cks hföks qub bc rbtrfsk pubhf afusfr f cf ktrf pfrtb. ]khræ akistetuersb cf afuaeñi bi aufcquebrf hb cfs gkrlfs prbvestfs bi bc pærrfgk sbduihk hbc fpfrtfhk 1 hbc frtìauck 2>5 (bi heibrk bgbatevk, lbhefitb fvfc skcehfrek hb hurfaeñi eihbgeiehf y pfdfhbrk f prelbr rbqubrelebitk bletehk pkr bitehfh hb aråhetk k skaebhfh hb dfrfitìf rbaìprkaf k pkr aufcquebr bhetkrefc    }         abp 2:4 ]rkabhelebitks ]rkabhelebi tks Ouheaefcbs. N) ]rkabhelebit ]rkabhelebitks ks Aevecbs. Xblf 18 ktrk lbhek qub, f oueaek hbc trenuifc, dfrfiteab cf eilbheftf hespkienecehfh, bi su afsk, hb cf afitehfh hb qub sb trftb.) g. Hbgbisf ourìheaf hbc bobautfhk guihfhf bi jbajks y fatks ik aklprbihehks bi cfs afusfs hb kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi Qe, hbspuås hb prbacuehfs cfs pksenecehfhbs hb fcbdfaeñi bi  oueaek k aki pkstbrekrehfh f cf prkhuaaeñi hb ui tìtuck bobautevk bxtrfouheaefc, sb prkhuobsbi jbajks k fatks, hesteitks hb cks fhletehks pkr cf CBA aklk afusfs hb kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi, pbrk ourìheaflbitb rbcbvfitbs rbspbatk hb cks hbrbajks hb cf pfrtb bobautfitb grbitb fc bobautfhk k hb cks hbnbrbs hbc bobautfhk pfrf aki bc bobautfitb, cf bgeafaef ourìheaf hb fqubccks jbajks k fatks pkhræ jfabrsb vfcbr bi bc prkabsk qub akrrbspkihf. 1.7 Quspbiseñi hb cf bobauaeñi F. Fcafiab y ikrlf dbibrfc sknrb suspbiseñi suspbiseñi hb cf bobauaeñi Qkck sb suspbihbræ cf bobauaeñi bi cks afsks bi qub cf Cby ck krhbib hb lkhk bxprbsk, k fsì ck faubrhbi tkhfs cfs pfrtbs pbrskifhfs bi cf bobauaeñi. Hbarbtfhf cf suspbiseñi, pkhræi, ik knstfitb, fhkptfrsb k lfitbibrsb lbhehfs hb dfrfitìf hb cks blnfrdks fakrhfhks y sb prfateafræi, bi tkhk afsk, cks qub yf junebrbi sehk fakrhfhks. N. Quspbiseñi, sknrbsbeleb sknrbsbelebitk itk y rbfiuhfaeñi hb cf bobauaeñi bi afsks hb rbsaeseñi y hb rbveseñi hb sbitbiaef gerlb Wkafnucfrek Errkdfr? Afusfr, kafsekifr pbroueaeks k hföks 2:: Qe, hbspfajfhf bobauaeñi, sb eitbrpusebrf y fhletebrf hblfihf hb rbveseñi k hb rbsaeseñi hb sbitbiaef gerlb heatfhf bi rbnbchìf, bc trenuifc aklpbtbitb pfrf cf bobauaeñi pkhræ krhbifr, f eistfiaef hb pfrtb, y se cfs aerauistfiaefs hbc afsk ck fakisbofrfi, qub sb suspbihfi cfs fatufaekibs hb bobauaeñi hb cf sbitbiaef. ]frf fakrhfr cf suspbiseñi bc trenuifc hbnbræ bxeder fc qub cf pehf afuaeñi pkr bc vfckr hb ck cetedfhk y cks hföks y pbroueaeks qub puhebrbi errkdfrsb pkr cf eibobauaeñi hb cf sbitbiaef. Fitbs hb hbaeher sknrb cf suspbiseñi hb cf bobauaeñi hb cf sbitbiaef knobtk hb rbveseñi, bc trenuifc keræ bc pfrbabr hbc Leiestbrek Gesafc. Cf afuaeñi f qub sb rbgebrb bc pærrfgk fitbrekr pkhræ ktkrdfrsb bi aufcquebrf hb cfs gkrlfs prbvestfs bi bc pærrfgk sbduihk hbc fpfrtfhk 1 hbc frtìauck 2>5 (bi heibrk bgbatevk, lbhefitb fvfc skcehfrek hb hurfaeñi eihbgeiehf y pfdfhbrk f prelbr rbqubrelebitk bletehk pkr bitehfh hb aråhetk k skaebhfh hb dfrfitìf   bhetkrefc    }         abp Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf rbaìprkaf k pkr aufcquebr ktrk lbhek qub, f oueaek hbc trenuifc, dfrfiteab cf eilbheftf hespkienecehfh, bi su afsk, hb cf afitehfh hb qub sb trftb). Qb fczfræ cf suspbiseñi hb cf bobauaeñi y sb krhbifræ qub akiteiÿb aufihk cb akistb fc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef rbspkisfncb hb cf bobauaeñi cf hbsbstelfaeñi hb cf rbveseñi k hb cf hblfihf hb rbsaeseñi hb sbitbiaef heatfhf bi rbnbchìf. Qb sknrbsbbræ pkr bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef cf bobauaeñi aufihk sb bstelb cf rbveseñi k aufihk, hbspuås hb rbsaeihehf cf sbitbiaef heatfhf bi rbnbchìf, sb heatb sbitbiaef fnskcutkref hbc hblfihfhk. Aufihk, rbsaeihehf cf sbitbiaef heatfhf bi rbnbchìf, sb heatb sbitbiaef aki bc leslk akitbiehk qub cf rbsaeihehf k qub, fui sebihk hb hesteitk akitbiehk, tuvebrb prkiuiaeflebitks hb akihbif, sb prkabhbræ f su bobauaeñi, akisehbræihksb væcehks y bgeafabs cks fatks hb bobauaeñi fitbrekrbs bi ck qub gubrbi akihuabitbs pfrf ckdrfr cf bgbatevehfh hb cks prkiuiaeflebitks hb heajf sbitbiaef. A. Eitbrpkseaeñi hb rbaursks krheifreks y suspbiseñi suspbiseñi Cf eitbrpkseaeñi hb rbaursks krheifreks ik suspbihbræ, pkr sì leslf, bc aursk hb cfs fatufaekibs bobautevfs. Qei blnfrdk, se bc bobautfhk farbhetf qub cf rbskcuaeñi grbitb f cf qub rbaurrb cb prkhuab hfök hb hegìaec rbpfrfaeñi pkhræ skceaetfr hbc Xrenuifc qub hbspfajñ cf bobauaeñi cf suspbiseñi hb cf fatufaeñi rbaurrehf, prbstfihk, bi cfs gkrlfs pbrletehfs pkr cf CBA, afuaeñi sugeaebitb pfrf rbspkihbr hb cks pbroueaeks qub bc rbtrfsk puhebrf prkhuaer. H. Quspbiseñi bi bi afsk hb setufaekibs setufaekibs akiaursfcbs akiaursfcbs k prbakiaursfcbs prbakiaursfcbs Ik sb heatfræ futk futkrezfihk y hbspfajfihk cf bobauaeñi aufihk akistb fc Xrenuifc qub bc hblfihfhk sb jfccf bi setufaeñi hb akiaursk k sb jfyf bgbatufhk cf akluieafaeñi f qub sb rbgebrb bc frtìauck 2 nes hb cf Cby Akiaursfc y rbspbatk f cks nebibs hbtbrleifhks bi heajk frtìauck. Bi bstb ÿctelk afsk, aufihk cf bobauaeñi fgbatb f uif dfrfitìf rbfc, sb tbihræ pkr eieaefhf cf bobauaeñi f cks bgbatks hbc frtìauck 24.1 hb cf Cby Akiaursfc pfrf bc afsk hb qub sknrbvbidf geifclbitb bc akiaursk ak iaursk f pbsfr hb cf gfctf hb hbspfajk hb bobauaeñi. Bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef hbarbtfræ cf suspbiseñi hb cf bobauaeñi bi bc bstfhk bi qub sb jfccb bi aufitk akistb bi bc prkabhelebitk cf hbacfrfaeñi hbc akiaursk. Bc eieaek hb cf bobauaeñi y cf akiteiufaeñi hbc prkabhelebitk yf eieaefhk qub sb hereof bxacusevflbitb akitrf nebibs jepktbafhks y pedikrfhks bstfræi suobtks f aufitk bstfncbab cf Cby Akiaursfc. Qe bxestebrfi vfreks hblfihfhks, y skck fcduik k fcduiks hb bccks sb biakitrfrfi bi bc supubstk fc qub sb rbgebrbi cks pærrfgks fitbrekrbs, cf bobauaeñi ik sb suspbihbræ rbspbatk hb cks hblæs. B. Quspbiseñi pkr prbouheaefcehfh pbifc Cf prbsbitfaeñi hb hbiuiaef k cf eitbrpkseaeñi hb qubrbccf bi qub sb bxpkidfi jbajks hb fpfrebiaef hbceatevf rbcfaekifhks aki bc tìtuck bobautevk k aki bc hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf ik hbtbrleifræi, pkr sì skcfs, qub sb hbarbtb cf suspbiseñi hb bstf. Qei blnfrdk, se sb biakitrfsb pbihebitb afusf areleifc bi qub sb eivbstedubi jbajks hb fpfrebiaef hbceatevf qub, hb sbr aebrtks, hbtbrleifrìfi cf gfcsbhfh k iucehfh hbc tìtuck k cf eivfcehbz k eceaetuh hbc hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi, bc Xrenuifc qub cf futkrezñ, kìhfs cfs pfrtbs y bc Leiestbrek Gesafc, fakrhfræ cf suspbiseñi hb cf bobauaeñi. Qe cf afusf pbifc f qub sb rbgebrb bc pærrfgk fitbrekr geifcezfrb pkr rbskcuaeñi bi qub sb hbacfrb cf eibxestbiaef hbc jbajk k ik sbr bstb hbceatevk, bc bobautfitb pkhræ pbher eihbliezfaeñi hb hföks y pbroueaeks, bi cks tårleiks hbc fpfrtfhk såptelk hbc frtìauck 8= hb cf CBA (qub sb rbletb f ck hespubstk bi cks frtìaucks 46> y seduebitbs? pfrf cf cequehfaeñi hb hföks y pbroueaeks). bhetkrefc    }         abp 2:5 ]rkabhelebitks ]rkabhelebi tks Ouheaefcbs. N) ]rkabhelebit ]rkabhelebitks ks Aevecbs. Xblf 18 Ik knstfitb ck hespubstk fitbrekrlbitb, cf bobauaeñi pkhræ sbduer fhbcfitb se bc bobautfitb prbstf, bi aufcquebrf hb cfs gkrlfs prbvestfs bi bc pærrfgk sbduihk hbc fpfrtfhk 1 hbc frtìauck 2>5 (bi heibrk bgbatevk, lbhefitb fvfc skcehfrek hb hurfaeñi eihbgeiehf y pfdfhbrk f prelbr rbqubrelebitk bletehk pkr bitehfh hb aråhetk k skaebhfh hb dfrfitìf rbaìprkaf k pkr aufcquebr ktrk lbhek qub, f oueaek hbc trenuifc, dfrfiteab cf eilbheftf hespkienecehfh, bi su afsk, hb cf afitehfh hb qub sb trftb), afuaeñi sugeaebitb, f oueaek hbc Xrenuifc qub cf hbspfajñ, pfrf rbspkihbr hb ck qub pbraenf y hb cks hföks y pbroueaeks qub cf bobauaeñi prkhuzaf fc bobautfhk. G. Geifc hb cf bobauaeñi Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf skck tbrleifræ aki cf aklpcbtf sftesgfaaeñi hbc farbbhkr bobautfitb, ck qub sb fakrhfræ pkr hbarbtk hbc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef, akitrf bc aufc pkhræ eitbrpkibrsb rbaursk herbatk hb rbveseñi. 8. BOBARAEÑI ]^KWEQEKIFC. AKIAB]XK U IFXR^FCB_F. ]^BQR]RBQXKQ. HBQ]FAJK HB CF BOBARAEÑI. K]KQEAEÑI F CF BOBARAEÑI ]^KWEQEKIFC. ^BWKAFAEÑI K AKIGE^LFAEÑI HB CF QBIXBIAEF ]^KWEQEKIFCLBIXB BOBARXFHF 8.6 Akiabptk y ifturfcbzf F. Akiabptk ]ksenecehfh qub tebib cf pfrtb hblfihfitb qub jf akisbduehk f su gfvkr uif sbitbiaef akihbiftkref, fÿi ik gerlb, hb pbher y akisbduer su bobauaeñi eilbheftf k fiteaepfhf, pbrk akiheaekifhf geifclbitb f cf gerlbzf hb cf sbitbiaef s bitbiaef bobautfhf. N. Ifturfcbzf Qb trftf hb uif fatevehfh bobautevf yf qub akigkrlb fc frtìauck 28 hb cf CBA, sb hbspfajfræ y sb ccbvfræ f afnk hbc leslk lkhk qub cf bobauaeñi krheifref y cfs pfrtbs hespkihræi bi bccf hb cks leslks hbrbajks y gfauctfhbs prkabsfcbs qub bi cf krheifref. A. Hespkseaeki Hespkseaekibs bs dbibrfcbs f. Bobauaeñi prkvesekifc? hblfihf y akitbiehk Cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc sb eistfræ pkr hblfihf k selpcb skceaetuh, sbdÿi ck hespubstk bi bc frtìauck 285 hb cf CBA (pfrf cf hblfihf hb bobauaeñi krheifref). Cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc hb sbitbiaefs hb akihbif, qub ik sbfi gerlbs, sb hbspfajfræ y ccbvfræ f afnk, hbc leslk lkhk qub cf bobauaeñi krheifref, pkr bc trenuifc aklpbtbitb pfrf cf prelbrf eistfiaef. Bi cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc hb cfs sbitbiaefs hb akihbif, cfs pfrtbs hespkihræi hb cks leslks hbrbajks y gfauctfhbs prkabsfcbs qub bi cf krheifref. Lebitrfs ik sbfi gerlbs, k fui seåihkck, ik jfyfi trfisaurrehk cks pcfzks eiheafhks pkr cf CBA pfrf bobraetfr cf faaeñi hb rbsaeseñi hb cf sbitbiaef heatfhf bi rbnbchìf, skck prkabhbræ cf fiktfaeñi prbvbitevf hb cfs sbitbiaefs qub hespkidfi k pbrletfi cf eisarepaeñi k cf afiabcfaeñi hb fsebitks bi ^bdestrks pÿnceaks. 25=   bhetkrefc    }         abp Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf Cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc hb cfs sbitbiaefs bi cfs qub sb tutbcbi hbrbajks guihflbitfcbs tbihræ afræatbr prbgbrbitb. n. Qbitbiaefs ik prkvesekifclbitb bobautfncbs Ik sbræi bi ieidÿi afsk susabptencbs hb bobauaeñi prkvesekifc? Aklpbtbiaef y cbdetelfaeñi hb cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc 6.ª Cfs sbitbiaefs heatfhfs bi cks prkabsks sknrb pftbriehfh, lftbriehfh, gecefaeñi, iucehfh hb lftrelkiek, sbpfrfaeñi y hevkraek, afpfaehfh y bstfhk aevec, kpkseaeñi f cfs rbskcuaekibs fhleiestrftevfs bi lftbref hb prktbaaeñi hb lbikrbs, fsì aklk sknrb cfs lbhehfs rbcftevfs f cf rbstetuaeñi k rbtkrik hb lbikrbs bi cks supubstks hb sustrfaaeñi eitbrifaekifc y hbrbajks jkikrìgeaks, sfcvk cks prkiuiaeflebitks qub rbducbi cfs kncedfaekibs y rbcfaekibs pftrelkiefcbs rbcfaekifhfs aki ck qub sbf knobtk preiaepfc hbc prkabsk. >.ª Cfs sbitbiaefs qub akihbibi f bleter uif hbacfrfaeñi hb vkcuitfh. 1.ª Cfs sbitbiaefs qub hbacfrbi cf iucehfh k afhuaehfh hb tìtucks hb prkpebhfh eihustrefc. Xflpkak prkabhbræ cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc hb cfs sbitbiaefs bxtrfiobrfs ik gerlbs, sfcvk qub bxprbsflbitb sb hespkidf ck akitrfrek bi cks Xrftfhks eitbrifaekifcbs vedbitbs bi Bspföf. Ik prkabhbræ cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc hb cks prkiuiaeflebitks hb afræatbr eihbliezftkrek hb cfs sbitbiaefs qub hbacfrbi cf vucibrfaeñi hb cks hbrbajks fc jkikr, f cf eitelehfh pbrskifc y gflecefr y f cf prkpef elfdbi. BOBARAEÑI ]^KWEQEKIFC Hblfihf Qb skceaetf pkr hblfihf k pkr selpcb skceaetuh Bi cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc hb cfs sbitbiaefs hb akihbif, cfs pfrtbs hespkihræi hb cks leslks hbrbajks y gfauctfhbs prkabsfcbs qub bi cf krheifref Cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc hb cfs sbitbiaefs bi cfs qub sb tutbcbi hbrbajks guihflbitfcbs tbihræi afræatbr prbgbrbitb bhetkrefc    }         abp Qbitbiaefs ik bobautfncbs prkvesekifclbitb Qbitbiaefs heatfs bi prkabsks sknrb pftbriehfh, lftbriehfh, gecefaeñi, iucehfh hb lftrelkiek, sbpfrfaeñi y hevkraek, afpfaehfh y bstfhk aevec y hbrbajks jkikrìgeaks Qbitbiaefs qub akihbibi f bleter uif hbacfrfaeñi hb vkcuitfh Qbitbiaefs qub hbacfrbi cf iucehfh k afhuaehfh hb tìtucks hb prkpebhfh eihustrefc 256 ]rkabhelebitks ]rkabhelebi tks Ouheaefcbs. N) ]rkabhelebit ]rkabhelebitks ks Aevecbs. Xblf 18 8.> Hbspfajk hb cf bobauaeñi F. Hb sbitbiaefs sbitbiaefs heatfhfs bi bi prelbrf eistfiaef f. Bobauaeñi prkvesekifc hb cfs sbitbiaefs hb akihbif bi prelbrf eistfiaef. Cbdetelfaeñi Qfcvk bi cks afsks hb sbitbiaefs ik prkvesekifclbitb bobautfncbs, quebi jfyf kntbiehk ui prkiuiaeflebitk f su gfvkr bi sbitbiaef hb akihbif heatfhf bi prelbrf eistfiaef pkhræ, sei seluctæibf prbstfaeñi hb afuaeñi, pbher y kntbibr su bobauaeñi prkvesekifc akigkrlb f ck prbvestk bi cks frtìaucks seduebitbs. n. Qkceaetuh hb bobauaeñi prkvesekifc, hbspfajk hb bstf y rbaursks Cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc pkhræ pbhersb bi aufcquebr lklbitk hbshb cf iktegeafaeñi hb cf rbskcuaeñi bi qub sb tbidf pkr eitbrpubstk bc rbaursk hb fpbcfaeñi, k bi su afsk, hbshb bc trfscfhk f cf pfrtb fpbcfitb hbc bsaretk hbc fpbcfhk fhjereåihksb fc rbaursk, r baursk, y seblprb fitbs hb qub jfyf jfy f rbafìhk sbitbiaef bi bstb. Aufihk sb skceaetb cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc hbspuås hb jfnbrsb rbletehk cks futks fc Xrenuifc aklpbtbitb pfrf rbskcvbr cf fpbcfaeñi, bc skceaetfitb hbnbræ kntbibr prbveflbitb hb bstb tbstelkiek hb ck qub sbf ibabsfrek pfrf cf bobauaeñi y faklpföfr heajk tbstelkiek f cf skceaetuh. Qe cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc sb junebrb skceaetfhk fitbs hb cf rbleseñi hb cks futks f qub sb rbgebrb bc pærrfgk fitbrekr, bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef bxpbheræ bc tbstelkiek fitbs hb jfabr cf rbleseñi. Qkceaetfhf cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc, bc trenuifc cf hbspfajfræ sfcvk qub sb trftfrb hb sbitbiaef aklprbihehf bi bc frtìauck 2>2 (sbitbiaefs ik prkvesekifclbitb bobautfncbs) k qub ik akituvebrb prkiuiaeflebitk hb akihbif bi gfvkr hbc skceaetfitb. Akitrf bc futk qub hbiebdub cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc sb hfræ rbaursk hb fpbcfaeñi, qub sb trfletfræ y rbskcvbræ aki afræatbr prbgbrbitb. Akitrf bc futk qub hbspfajb cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc ik sb hfræ rbaursk fcduik, sei pbroueaek hb cf kpkseaeñi qub pubhf gkrlucfr bc bobautfhk akigkrlb f ck hespubstk bi bc frtìauck seduebitb. N. Hb sbitbiaefs heatfhfs bi sbduihf eistfiaef Cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc hb sbitbiaefs heatfhfs bi sbduihf eistfiaef, qub ik sbfi gerlbs, fsì aklk cf kpkseaeñi f heajf bobauaeñi, sb rbderæi pkr ck hespubstk pfrf cfs sbitbiaefs heatfs bi 6ª eistfiaef. Bi cks afsks f cks qub sb rbgebrb bc pærrfgk fitbrekr cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc pkhræ skceaetfrsb bi aufcquebr lklbitk hbshb cf iktegeafaeñi hb cf rbskcuaeñi qub tbidf pkr eitbrpubstk bc rbaursk bxtrfkrheifrek pkr eigrfaaeñi prkabsfc k bc rbaursk hb afsfaeñi y seblprb fitbs hb qub jfyf rbafìhk sbitbiaef bi bstks rbaursks. Cf skceaetuh sb prbsbitfræ fitb bc trenuifc qub jfyf akikaehk hbc prkabsk bi 6ª eistfiaef, faklpföfihk abrtegeafaeñi hb cf sbitbiaef auyf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc sb prbtbihf, fsì aklk tbstelkiek hb aufitks pfrteaucfrbs sb bstelbi ibabsfreks, abrtegeafaeñi y tbstelkiek qub hbnbræi kntbibrsb hbc trenuifc qub jfyf heatfhk cf sbitbiaef hb fpbcfaeñi k, bi su afsk, hbc ñrdfik aklpbtbitb pfrf akikabr hbc rbaursk qub sb jfyf eitbrpubstk akitrf bstf. 25>   bhetkrefc    }         abp Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf 8.1 Kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc F. Bi sbitbiaefs sbitbiaefs heatfhfs bi bi prelbrf eistfiaef f. Kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc y f fatufaekibs bobautevfs akiarbtfs Bc bobautfhk skck pkhræ kpkibrsb f cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc uif vbz qub bstf jfyf sehk hbspfajfhf. Cf kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc (sei pbroueaek hb ck bstfncbaehk sbduehflbitb f prkpñsetk hb cf kpkseaeñi guihfhf bi bc pfdk k aulpcelebitk hb ck krhbifhk bi cf sbitbiaef fsì aklk bi cf bxestbiaef hb pfatks k trfisfaaekibs qub sb junebrfi akivbiehk), pkhræ guihfrsb ÿieaflbitb bi cfs seduebitbs afusfs? 6.¿ Bi tkhk afsk, jfnbrsb hbspfajfhk cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc aki eigrfaaeñi hb ck hespubstk pfrf cf skceaetuh hb bobauaeñi prkvesekifc hb sbitbiaefs hb 6ª eistfiaef. >.¿ Qe cf sbitbiaef gubsb hb akihbif ik heibrfref, rbsuctfr elpksencb k hb bxtrblf hegeauctfh, ftbihehf cf ifturfcbzf hb cfs fatufaekibs bobautevfs, rbstfurfr cf setufaeñi fitbrekr f cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc k aklpbisfr bakiñleaflbitb fc bobautfhk lbhefitb bc rbsfraelebitk hb cks hföks y pbroueaeks qub sb cb afusfrbi, se fqubccf sbitbiaef gubsb rbvkafhf. Qe cf sbitbiaef gubsb hb akihbif heibrfref, bc bobautfhk ik pkhræ kpkibrsb f cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc, seik ÿieaflbitb f fatufaekibs bobautevfs akiarbtfs hbc prkabhelebitk hb fprblek, aufihk bitebihf qub heajfs fatufaekibs afusfræi uif setufaeñi fnskcutflbitb elpksencb hb rbstfurfr k hb aklpbisfr bakiñleaflbitb lbhefitb bc rbsfraelebitk hb hföks y pbroueaeks. Fc gkrlucfr bstf kpkseaeñi f lbhehfs bobautevfs akiarbtfs, bc bobautfhk jfnræ hb eiheafr ktrfs lbhehfs k fatufaekibs bobautevfs qub sbfi pksencbs y ik prkvkqubi setufaekibs selecfrbs f cfs qub afusfrìf, f su  oueaek, cf fatufaeñi k lbhehf f cf qub sb kpkib, fsì fs ì aklk kgrbabr k grbabr afuaeñi sugeaebitb pfrf rbspkihbr hb cf hblkrf bi cf bobauaeñi, se cfs lbhehfs fctbriftevfs ik gubsbi fabptfhfs pkr bc trenuifc y bc prkiuiaeflebitk hb akihbif heibrfref rbsuctfrb pkstbrekrlbitb akigerlfhk. Qe bc bobautfhk ik eiheafrf lbhehfs fctbriftevfs ie kgrbaebsb prbstfr afuaeñi, ik prkabhbræ bi ieidÿi afsk cf kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi y fsì sb hbarbtfræ hb eilbheftk pkr bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb  Ousteaef. Akitrf heajk hbarbtk afnræ rbaursk herbatk hb rbveseñi qub ik prkhuaeræ bgbatks bgbatks suspbisevks. Fhblæs hb cfs afusfs aetfhfs bi cks fpfrtfhks qub prbabhbi, cf kpkseaeñi pkhræ bstfr guihfhf bi bc pfdk k aulpcelebitk hb ck krhbifhk bi cf sbitbiaef, qub jfnræ hb oustegeafrsb hkaulbitfclbitb, fsì aklk bi cf bxestbiaef hb pfatks k trfisfaaekibs qub sb junebrfi akivbiehk y hkaulbitfhk bi bc prkabsk pfrf bvetfr cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc. Bstfs afusfs hb kpkseaeñi sb trfletfræi akigkrlb f ck hespubstk pfrf cf bobauaeñi krheifref k hbgeietevf. n. Qustfiaefaeñi hb cf kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc k f fatufaekibs bobautevfs akiarbtfs Bc bsaretk hb kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc jfnræ hb prbsbitfrsb fc trenuifc hb cf bobauaeñi hbitrk hb cks 2 hìfs seduebitbs fc hb cf iktegeafaeñi hb cf rbskcuaeñi qub faubrhb bc hbspfajk hb bobauaeñi k cfs fatufaekibs akiarbtfs f qub sb kpkidf. Hbc bsaretk hb kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi y hb cks hkaulbitks qub sb faklpföbi sb hfræ trfscfhk fc bobautfitb y f quebibs bstuvebrbi pbrskifhks bi cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc, pfrf qub lfiegebstbi y farbhetbi, bi bc pcfzk hb 2 hìfs, ck qub akisehbrbi akivbiebitb. Qe sb trftfsb hb bobauaeñi prkvesekifc hb sbitbiaef hb akihbif ik heibrfref y sb junebrb fcbdfhk cf afusf sbduihf hbc fpfrtfhk > hbc frtìauck 2>:, hb kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc (rbsuctfr elpkse ncb k hb bxtrblf hegeauctfh, ftbihehf cf ifturfcbzf hb cfs fatufaekibs bobautevfs, rbstfurfr cf setufaeñi bhetkrefc    }         abp 251 ]rkabhelebitks ]rkabhelebi tks Ouheaefcbs. N) ]rkabhelebit ]rkabhelebitks ks Aevecbs. Xblf 18 fitbrekr f cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc k aklpbisfr bakiñleaflbitb fc bobautfhk lbhefitb bc rbsfraelebitk hb cks hföks y pbroueaeks qub sb cb afusfrbi, se cf sbitbiaef gubsb rbvkafhf), bc qub cf junebrb skceaetfhk, fhblæs hb elpudifr aufitk sb jfyf fcbdfhk hb akitrfrek, pkhræ kgrbabr afuaeñi sugeaebitb pfrf dfrfitezfr qub, bi afsk hb rbvkafrsb cf sbitbiaef, sb rbstfurfræ cf setufaeñi fitbrekr k, hb sbr bstk elpksencb, sb rbsfraeræi cks hföks y pbroueaeks afusfhks. Cf afuaeñi pkhræ akistetuersb bi heibrk bgbatevk, lbhefitb fvfc skcehfrek hb hurfaeñi eihbgeiehf y pfdfhbrk f prelbr rbqubrelebitk bletehk pkr bitehfh hb aråhetk k skaebhfh hb dfrfitìf rbaìprkaf k pkr aufcquebr ktrk lbhek qub, f oueaek hbc trenuifc, dfrfiteab cf eilbheftf hespkienecehfh, bi su afsk, hb cf afitehfh hb qub sb trftb. a. Hbaeseñi sknrb cf kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc y f lbhehfs bobautevfs akiarbtfs. Errbaurrenecehfh Aufihk sb bstelb cf kpkseaeñi guihfhf bi cf afusf prelbrf hbc fpfrtfhk > hbc frtìauck 2>: (jfnbrsb hbspfajfhk cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc aki eigrfaaeñi hbc frtìauck 2>4, rbspbatk hb cf skceaetuh hb bobauaeñi prkvesekifc hb sbitbiaef heatfhf bi 6ª eistfiaef, hbspfajk hb bstf y rbaursks), cf kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc sb rbskcvbræ lbhefitb futk bi bc qub sb hbacfrfræ ik jfnbr cudfr f qub prksedf heajf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc, fczæihksb cks blnfrdks y trfnfs y cfs lbhehfs hb dfrfitìf qub puhebrfi jfnbrsb fhkptfhk. Ftbiaeñi Akitrf bc futk qub hbaehf sknrb cf kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc k f lbhehfs bobautevfs akiarbtfs ik afnræ rbaursk fcduik. 258 Qe cf kpkseaeñi sb junebsb gkrlucfhk bi afsk hb bobauaeñi prkvesekifc hb akihbif ik heibrfref, aufihk bc trenuifc bstelfrb qub, hb rbvkafrsb pkstbrekrlbitb cf akihbif, sbrìf elpksencb k bxtrblfhflbitb hegìaec rbstfurfr cf setufaeñi fitbrekr f cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc k dfrfitezfr bc rbsfraelebitk lbhefitb cf afuaeñi qub bc skceaetfitb sb lkstrfsb hespubstk f prbstfr, heatfræ futk hbofihk bi suspbisk cf bobauaeñi, pbrk sunsesteræi cks blnfrdks y cfs lbhehfs hb dfrfitìf fhkptfhfs y sb fhkptfræi cfs qub prkabhebrbi, hb akigkrlehfh aki ck hespubstk bi bc frtìauck 4== (pfrf bc blnfrdk hb dfrfitìf y afuaeñi sustetutkref?  , bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestr Fhleiestrfaeñi faeñi hb Ousteaef, f eistfiaef hbc bobautfitb, pkhræ fakrhfr cfs lbhehfs hb dfrfitìf qub rbsuctbi fhbaufhfs pfrf fsbdurfr cf bgbatevehfh hb cf akihbif0 y sb fakrhfræ, bi tkhk afsk, aufihk bc bobautfitb ck skceaetb, bc blnfrdk hb nebibs hbc bobautfhk bi afitehfh sugeaebitb pfrf fsbdurfr bc pfdk hb cfs bvbitufcbs eihbliezfaekibs sustetutkrefs y cfs akstfs hb cf bobauaeñi). Aufihk, sebihk heibrfref cf akihbif, cf kpkseaeñi sb junebrb gkrlucfhk rbspbatk hb fatevehfhbs bobautevfs akiarbtfs, sb bstelfræ heajf kpkseaeñi se bc trenuifc akisehbrfrf pksencbs y hb bgeafaef selecfr cfs fatufaekibs k lbhehfs fctbriftevfs   bhetkrefc    }         abp Cf bobauaeñi gkrzksf eiheafhfs pkr bc prkvesekifclbitb bobautfhk k se, jfnebihk bstb kgrbaehk afuaeñi qub sb arbf sugeaebitb pfrf rbspkihbr hb cf hblkrf bi cf bobauaeñi, bc trenuifc fprbaefrb qub akiaurrb bi bc afsk uif fnskcutf elpksenecehfh hb rbstfurfr cf setufaeñi fitbrekr f cf bobauaeñi k hb aklpbisfr bakiñleaflbitb fc bobautfhk prkvesekifclbitb lbhefitb uctbrekr rbsfraelebitk hb hföks y pbroueaeks, bi afsk hb sbr rbvkafhf cf akihbif. Cf bstelfaeñi hb bstf kpkseaeñi ÿieaflbitb hbtbrleifræ qub sb hbiebdub cf rbfcezfaeñi hb cf akiarbtf fatevehfh bobautevf knobtk hb fqubccf, prkseduebihk bc prkabhelebitk hb fprblek sbdÿi ck prbvestk bi cf CBA. h. Quspbiseñi hb cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc bi afsk hb akihbifs heibrfrefs Bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef suspbihbræ lbhefitb hbarbtk cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc hb prkiuiaeflebitks hb akihbif fc pfdk hb afitehfhbs hb heibrk cìquehfs aufihk bc bobautfhk pusebrb f hespkseaeñi hbc Ouzdfhk, pfrf su bitrbdf fc bobautfitb, sei pbroueaek hb ck hespubstk bi cf sbaaeñi seduebitb, cf afitehfh f cf qub junebrb sehk akihbifhk, læs cks eitbrbsbs akrrbspkihebitbs y cfs akstfs pkr cks qub sb hbspfajñ bobauaeñi. Cequehfhks fqubccks y tfsfhfs bstfs, sb hbaeheræ pkr bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef rbspkisfncb hb cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc sknrb cf akiteiufaeñi k bc frajevk hb cf bobauaeñi. Bc hbarbtk heatfhk fc bgbatk sbræ susabptencb hb rbaursk herbatk hb rbveseñi fitb bc Xrenuifc qub junebrf futkrezfhk cf bobauaeñi. N. Bi sbitbiaefs sbitbiaefs heatfhfs bi sbduihf eistfiaef Qbdÿi bc frtìauck 212.1 hb cf CBA, cf kpkseaeñi f cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc y f lbhehfs bobautevfs akiarbtfs, bi sbduihf eistfiaef, sb rbderæ pkr ck hespubstk bi cks frtìaucks 2>: f 216 hb cf CBA (pfrf cfs sbitbiaefs heatfhfs bi 6ª eistfiaef). 8.8 ^bvkafaeñi k akigerlfaeñi hb cf sbitbiaef prkvesekifclbitb bobautfhf F. Hb sbitbiaefs sbitbiaefs heatfhfs bi prelbrf eistfiaef f. Akigerlfaeñi hb cf rbskcuaeñi prkvesekifclbitb bobautfhf Qe sb heatfsb sbitbiaef qub akigerlb cks prkiuiaeflebitks prkvesekifclbitb bobautfhks, cf bobauaeñi akiteiufræ se fÿi ik junebrf tbrleifhk, sfcvk hbsestelebitk bxprbsk hbc bobautfitb. Qe cf sbitbiaef akigerlftkref ik gubrf susabptencb hb rbaursk k ik sb rbaurrebrb, cf bobauaeñi, sfcvk hbsestelebitk, sbdueræ fhbcfitb aklk hbgeietevf. n. ^bvkafaeñi hb akihbifs fc pfdk hb afitehfh hb heibrk Qe bc prkiuiaeflebitk prkvesekifclbitb bobautfhk gubrb hb akihbif fc pfdk hb heibrk y sb rbvkafrf tktfclbitb, sb sknrbsbbræ pkr bc Cbtrfhk hb cf Fhleiestrfaeñi hb Ousteaef cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc y bc bobautfitb hbnbræ hbvkcvbr cf afitehfh qub, bi su afsk, junebrb pbraenehk, rbeitbdrfr fc bobautfhk cfs akstfs hb cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc qub bstb junebrb sftesgbajk y rbsfraercb hb cks hföks y pbroueaeks qub heajf bobauaeñi cb junebrb kafsekifhk. Qe cf rbvkafaeñi hb cf sbitbiaef gubsb pfraefc, skck sb hbvkcvbræ cf hegbrbiaef bitrb cf afitehfh pbraenehf pkr bc bobautfitb y cf qub rbsuctb hb cf akigerlfaeñi pfraefc, aki bc eiarblbitk qub rbsuctb hb fpceafr f heajf hegbrbiaef, fiufclbitb, hbshb bc lklbitk hb cf pbrabpaeñi, bc tepk hbc eitbrås cbdfc hbc heibrk. Qe cf sbitbiaef rbvkaftkref ik gubrf gerlb, cf pbrabpaeñi hb cfs afitehfhbs b eiarblbitks prbvestks bi cks pærrfgks fitbrekrbs, pkhræ prbtbihbrsb pkr vìf hb fprblek fitb bc trenuifc tr enuifc qub junebrb sustfiaefhk bhetkrefc    }         abp 252 ]rkabhelebitks ]rkabhelebi tks Ouheaefcbs. N) ]rkabhelebit ]rkabhelebitks ks Aevecbs. Xblf 18 cf bobauaeñi prkvesekifc. Cf cequehfaeñi hb cks hföks y pbroueaeks sb jfræ sbdÿi ck hespubstk bi cks frtìaucks 46> y seduebitbs hb cf CBA (pfrf cf cequehfaeñi hb hföks y pbroueaeks). Bc bobautfitb kncedfhk f hbvkcvbr, rbeitbdrfr b eihbliezfr pkhræ kpkibrsb f fatufaekibs akiarbtfs hb fprblek y bi cks tårleiks hbc fpfrtfhk 1 hbc frtìauck 2>: (jfnræ hb eiheafr ktrfs lbhehfs k fatufaekibs bobautevfs qub sbfi pksencbs y ik prkvkqubi setufaekibs selecfrbs f cfs qub afusfrìf, f su oueaek, cf fatufaeñi k lbhehf f cf qub sb kpkib, fsì aklk kgrbabr afuaeñi sugeaebitb pfrf rbspkihbr hb cf hblkrf bi cf bobauaeñi, se cfs lbhehfs fctbriftevfs ik gubsbi fabptfhfs pkr bc trenuifc y bc prkiuiaeflebitk hb akihbif heibrfref rbsuctfrb pkstbrekrlbitb akigerlfhk). a. ^bvkafaeñi bi afsks hb akihbifs ik heibrfrefs Qe cf rbskcuaeñi prkvesekifclbitb bobautfhf qub sb rbvkafsb junebrb akihbifhk f cf bitrbdf hb ui nebi hbtbrleifhk, sb rbstetueræ bstb fc bobautfhk, bi bc akiabptk bi qub ck junebrb tbiehk, læs cfs rbitfs, grutks k prkhuatks, k bc vfckr pbauiefrek hb cf utecezfaeñi hbc nebi. Qe cf rbstetuaeñi gubsb elpksencb, hb jbajk k hb hbrbajk, bc bobautfhk pkhræ pbher qub sb cb eihblieabi cks hföks y pbroueaeks, qub sb cequehfræi pkr bc prkabhelebitk bstfncbaehk bi cks frtìaucks 46> y seduebitbs. Qe sb rbvkafrf uif rbskcuaeñi qub akituvebsb akihbif f jfabr y bstb junebsb sehk rbfcezfhk, sb pkhræ pbher qub sb hbsjfdf ck jbajk y qub sb eihblieabi cks hföks y pbroueaeks afusfhks. ]frf cf rbstetuaeñi hb cf aksf, cf hbstruaaeñi hb ck lfc jbajk k cf bxfaaeñi hb hföks y pbroueaeks, prbvestfs bi cks pærrfgks fitbrekrbs, prkabhbræ, bi afsk hb qub cf sbitbiaef rbvkaftkref ik sbf gerlb, cf vìf hb bobauaeñi fitb bc trenuifc aklpbtbitb pfrf cf prkvesekifc. Bi cks afsks prbvestks fitbrekrlbitb, bc bobautfitb kncedfhk f rbstetuer, hbsjfabr k eihbliezfr pkhræ kpkibrsb, hbitrk hb cf vìf hb bobauaeñi, aki frrbdck f ck prbvestk bi bc frtìauck 2>: hb cf CBA (pfrf cf kpkseaeñi hbc bobautfhk). N. Hb sbitbiaefs heatfhfs bi sbduihf eistfiaef f. Akigerlfaeñi bi sbduihf eistfiaef hb cf rbskcuaeñi bobautfhf prkvesekifclbitb Qe sb akigerlfrb bi tkhks sus prkiuiaeflebitks cf sbitbiaef hb >ª eistfiaef prkvesekifclbitb bobautfhf, sb bstfræ f ck hespubstk bi bc pærrfgk sbduihk hbc frtìauck 21> (cf bobauaeñi, sfcvk hbsestelebitk, sbdueræ fhbcfitb aklk hbgeietevf). n. ^bvkafaeñi hb cf rbskcuaeñi bobautfhf prkvesekifclbitb bi sbduihf eistfiaef Aufihk sb rbvkafrb cf sbitbiaef heatfhf bi sbduihf eistfiaef y prkvesekifclbitb bobautfhf, sbræi hb fpceafaeñi cks frtìaucks 211 y 218 (^bvkafaeñi hb akihbifs fc pfdk hb afitehfh hb heibrk y rbvkafaeñi bi afsks hb akihbifs ik heibrfrefs, sbdÿi bc afsk). 257   bhetkrefc    }         abp