Transcript
Fundamentals Fundamentals of Public Speaking Principles of Speech Wring The Speech Writng Process Jus like evens planning, or any oher actvites, writng an efectve speech ollows cerain seps or processes. raher, i is recursive. recursive. Tha means you have he The process or writng is no chronological or linear; raher, opporuniy o repea a writng proceure ine!niely, ine!niely, or prouce multple ra"s !rs #eore you can se$le on he righ one.
The ollowing are he componens o he speech writng process. %. Audience analysis- enails looking ino he pro!le o your arge auience. This is one so you can ailor&! your speech conen an elivery o your auience. The pro!le inclues he ollowing inormaton. emography 'age range, male&emale rato, eucatonal #ackgroun an a(liatons or egree program aken, natonaliy, natonaliy, economic saus, acaemic or corporae esignatons) siuaton 'tme, venue, occasion, an si*e) preerences, culural an racial ieologies, an nees) psychology 'values, #elies, a+ues, preerences, . The purpose or writng an elivering he speech can #e classi!e ino hree-o inorm, o enerain, enerain, or o persuae. n informave speech provies he auience wih a clear unersaning o he concep or iea presene #y he speaker. n entertainment speech provies he auience wih amusemen. persuasive speech provies he auience wih well&argue ieas ha can in/uence heir own #elies an
ecisions. 0. The topic is your ocal poin o your speech, which can #e eermine once you have ecie on your purpose. 1 you are ree o ecie on a opic, choose one ha really ineress you.
There are a variey o sraegies sraegies use in selectng a opic, such as using your personal e2periences,
iscussing wih your amily mem#ers or riens, ree writng, listng, asking 3uestons, or semantc we##ing. Narrowing down a topic means making your main iea more speci!c an ocuse. The sraegies in
selectng a opic can also #e use when you narrow own a opic. 4. ata gathering is he sage where you collec ieas, inormaton, sources, an reerences reerences relevan or relae o your speci!c opic. This can #e one #y visitng he li#rary, #rowsing he we#, o#serving a c erain phenomenon or even relae o your opic, or conuctng an inerview or survey. The aa ha you will gaher will #e very useul in making your speech inormatve, eneraining, or persuasive. persuasive. !" Wring pa#erns , in general, are srucures ha will help you organi*e he ieas relae o your opic. 52amples are biographical, categorical/topical, causal, chronological, comparison/contrast, comparison/contrast, problem-soluon, and spaal . a. 6iographical&Presens escriptons escriptons o your lie or o a person, amous or no #. 7aegorical8 Topical& Presens Presens relae caegories supportng he opic c. 7ausal& Presens cause&efec cause&efec relatonships . 7hronological& Presens he iea in tme orer e. 7omparison8 conras&Presens conras&Presens comparison8 conras o wo or hree poins
. Pro#lem&soluton& Presens an ient!e pro#lem, is causes, an recommene solutons 9. n outline is a hierarchical lis ha shows he relatonship o your ieas. 52pers in pu#lic speaking sae ha once your ouline is reay, wo&hirs o your speech writng is !nishe. goo ouline helps you see ha all he ieas are in line wih your main iea or message. The elemens o an ouline inclue inroucton, #oy, an conclusion. Wrie your ouline #ase on how you wan your ieas o evelop. a. Ta#le orma
#. :is orma %.< s o oay, here is an alarming increase o wases in our communiy. %.% ccoring o Soli Wase =anagemen >(ce, i we o no ake immeiae acton, we migh ace more perils cause #y naural calamites. %. ?ow, 1 am going o alk a#ou how o eliminae wases an proec he environmen. .< 1mproper wase isposal causes environmenal pro#lems. .% Wases conaminae he soil. . Wases conaminae he waer. .0 Wases can cause /oos. 0.< There are ways o eliminae wases an proec he environmen. 0.% @eucing, reusing, an recycling can help eliminae wases. 0. People shoul sar oing hese a home. 4.< We mus ac now. 4.% This soluton shoul #e suppore #y he local governmen. 4. :e us learn rom he lessons in naural calamites we have e2perience. . The body of the speech provies e2planatons, e2amples, or any eails ha can help you eliver your purpose an e2plain he main iea o your speech. >ne maAor consieraton in eveloping he #oy o your speech is he ocus or cenral iea. The #oy o your speech shoul only have one cenral iea.
The ollowing are some sraegies o highligh your main iea. Presen real&lie or practcal e2amples B Show satstcs Presen comparisons Share ieas rom he e2pers or practtoners
The introducon is he ounaton o your speech. Cere, your primary goal is o ge he a$enton o your auience an presen he su#Aec or main iea o your speech. Dour !rs ew wors shoul o so. The ollowing are some sraegies. Ese a real&lie e2perience an connec ha e2perience o your su#Aec. Ese practcal e2amples an e2plain heir connecton o your su#Aec. Sar wih a amiliar or srong 3uoe an hen e2plain wha i means.
Ese acs or satstcs an highligh heir imporance o your su#Aec. Tell a personal sory o illusrae your poin.
The conclusion resaes he main iea o your speech. urhermore, i provies a summary, emphasi*es he message, an calls or acton. While he primary goal o he inroucton is o ge he a$enton o your auience, he conclusion
aims o leave he auience wih a memora#le saemen. The ollowing are some sraegies. 6egin your conclusion wih a resaemen o your message. Ese positve e2amples, encouraging wors, or memora#le lines rom songs or sories amiliar o your
auience. sk a 3ueston or series o 3uestons ha can make your auience re/ec or poner. %<. $ding%&evising your wri$en speech involves correctng errors in mechanics, such as grammar, puncuaton, capiali*aton, uniy, coherence, an ohers. nrew Flugan '<%0), an awar&winning pu#lic speaker, liss si2 power principles or speech eitng. %%. &ehearsing gives you an opporuniy o ienty wha works an wha oes no work or you an or your arge auience. Some sraegies inclue reaing your speech alou, recoring or your own analysis or or your peers or coaches o give ee#ack on your elivery. The #es hing o remem#er a his sage isG H7onsan practce makes perec.I Some uielines in Speech Writng %. Keep your wors shor an simple. Dour speech is mean o #e hear #y your auience, no rea. . voi Aargon, acronyms, or echnical wors #ecause hey can conuse your auience. 0. =ake your speech more personal. Ese he personal pronoun H1,I #u ake care no o overuse i. When you nee o emphasi*e collectveness wih your auience, use he personal pronoun Hwe.I 4. Ese actve ver#s an conractons #ecause hey a o he personal an conversatonal one o your speech. L. 6e sensitve o your auience. 6e very careul wih your language, Aokes, an nonver#al cues. 9. Ese meaphors an oher !gures o speech o efectvely convey your poin. M. =anage your tme well; make sure ha he speech alls uner he tme limi.
Principles o Speech Felivery 1nsighs on Pu#lic Speaking ccoring o Sephen :ucas '<%%), auhor o The r o Pu#lic Speaking, a goo elivery means ha you are capa#le an a#le o presen your message in a clear, coheren, an inerestng way. 1n aiton o his, he also saysG Good delivery…conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly, interesngly, and without distracng the audience. Most audiences preer delivery that combines a certain degree o ormality with the best a!ributes o good conversaon" directness, spontaneity, animaon, vocal and acial e#pressiveness, and a lively sense o communicaon $p. %&&'. s a suen o pu#lic speaking, you shoul know ha pu#lic speaking is no simply reaing your speech or alking a#ou your opic. (t re)uires making connecons with your audience and presenng yoursel ormally to the public. There are ypes o speeches accoring o purpose an elivery rom which you can choose he #es one or he mos appropriae in a given siuaton. TDP5S > SP557C 77>@F1? T> PE@P>S5 %. n inormave speech provies he auience wih a clear unersaning o a concep or iea. The lecures o your eachers are he #es e2amples o his ype. . n entertainment speech amuses he auience. The humorous speeches o comeians an perormers are he #es e2amples o his ype. 0. persuasive speech seeks o provie he auience wih avora#le or accepa#le ieas ha can in/uence heir own ieas an ecisions. The campaign speeches o he running caniaes or governmen poss are he #es e2amples o his ype.
Types o Speech ccoring o Felivery %. 52emporaneous Fescripton N Speaking wih limie preparaton N Felivere conversatonally N uie #y noes or ouline N =os popular ype Speaking Siuatons N When you are a caniae or a pos in a suen governmen an you eliver your campaign speech #eore a votng pu#lic N When you are assigne o presen a opic8oupu in class vanages N Celps you look con!en N 5ngages he auience Fisavanages N =ay no have ae3uae tme o plan, organi*e, an rehearse Tips N 7reae an ouline N >rgani*e your poins logically 'mos imporan o leas imporan or vice versa) N Ese acs an real&lie e2periences as your e2amples N =anage your tme well N @ehearse, rehearse, rehearse . 1mprompu Fescripton N Speaking wihou avance preparaton N Enrehearse speech N Spoken conversatonally Speaking Siuatons N 1n an even where you are aske o say a ew wors N irs ay a work or in class, or uring an inerview vanages N Sponaneous or naural speaking N =ore ocuse an #rie Fisavanages N Tenency o #e isorgani*e N :acks connecton wih he auience N ?erve&racking or ine2perience speakers an #eginners Tips N >nce you are re3uese o say somehing, pause or a momen o plan in your hea wha o say. N Sae your main poin #rie/y an eliver i a a pace your auience can ollow. N 5n #y saying hank you. 0. =anuscrip Fescripton N Speaking wih avance preparaton N Planne an rehearse speech N @eaing alou a wri$en message Speaking Siuatons N ?ewscastng wih a TelePromper or an auocue evice N Presentng he legal proceeings an veric in cour N @eaing he rules an crieria in a cones vanages
N 52ac repetton o he wri$en wors
N uie speech Fisavanages
N 6oring an uninerestng presenaton N :acks auience rappor or connecton
Tips N @ehearse he speech over an over again untl you soun naural. N >#serve accomplishe news anchors an noe how conversatonal hey soun when hey eliver he news. 4. =emori*e Fescripton N Speaking wih avance preparaton N Planne an rehearse speech N @ecitng a wri$en message wor&or&wor rom memory Speaking Siuatons N When you perorm in a sage play N When you eliver a eclamaton, oraorical, or lierary piece N When an acor or acress in a scene perorms a scrip rom memory vanages N 52ac repetton o he wri$en wors rom memory N ree o move aroun he sage Fisavanages N Speakers migh en up speaking in a monoone pa$ern. lernatvely, he8she migh ake a as pace. N When he speaker canno conrol his8her sage righ, he8she migh have i(culy remem#ering his8her memori*e speech. Tips N @ehearse he speech over an over again untl you soun naural an eel con!en. N >#serve how acors8acresses perorm heir scrip in a heaer, elevision, or movie scenes. =ore Tips or 5fectve Speech Felivery %. Ese a conversatonal syle more o"en. This is he syle ha is more naural; i is he syle ha you always use when you e2press yoursel wih your amily an riens. uience mem#ers o no like he speaker o soun unnaural or e2aggerae. . :ook your auience mem#ers in he eye so hey will eel ha hey are par o your speech. 5ye conac shoul #e mainaine o keep he a$enton o your auience an enhance your elivery. 0. @emem#er o aAus your volume o he si*e o he auience an he venue. When aressing a large auience, moulae your voice in such a way ha you speak louly wihou souning like shoutng or yelling. 4. Oary your rae or spee o keep your auience inerese an o avoi a monoone pa$ern. The auience migh ge #ore i you speak very slowly an hey migh ge conuse i you speak very as. Cence, your rae shoul #e a an appropriae spee. L. =aser your voice an !n your pich level 'high or low). 1 you have a high pich level, moulae or slighly move i own. 1 you have a low pich level, moulae or slighly move i up. Dour perormance will e!niely #e afece i you o no moulae. 9. Ese pauses when you emphasi*e he mos imporan wors, phrases, or senences. Dour pauses shoul no las or hree secons. >herwise, i will resul in ea air or a momen o awkwar silence. M. Pronounce an enunciae wors correcly. Dou will conuse he auience i you mispronounce wors, an i coul israc hem an afec your crei#iliy. . voi !llers or e2pressions ha su#stue acual wors in your speech #ecause hese wors are isractng. 52amples o !llers are Hlike,I Hum,I Hah,I Huh,I an Her.I To reuce he use o hese !llers, eec he insances when you use hemG Fo you generally use !llers a"er each senence, #eween iferen ieas, or whenever you make ransitonsQ Then, insea o using hem he ne2 tme you eliver a speech, simply sop an pause. R. Sar your speech #y saning sraigh an #alancing your weigh. This will give a positve !rs impression. %<. Ese precise movemens. voi isractng mannerisms like swaying #ack an orh, leaning on he poium, licking or #itng your lips, playing wih your wriswach or Aewelry, scraching pars o your #oy, rowning, an ohers. >#serve your mannerisms an learn how o avoi hem when speaking in pu#lic.
%%. voi having a poker ace or a highly animae ace. These acial e2pressions appear isractng an may even #e annoying. 1nsea, ollow he mos highly suggese tpG smile. Cowever, make sure ha he meaning o your speech re/ecs in your acial e2pressions; o no smile i you are alking a#ou somehing sa. %. Fress properly an appropriaely. Wearing he proper a+re will make you look more con!en an proessional. =ake sure no o overress, as his may israc your auience. %0. >#serve ehics #y coming prepare, #eing hones wih your wors, #eing polie, avoiing ofensive wors an #ack&#itng or alking negatve hings a#ou oher people, or copying someones work wihou proper ocumenaton. %4. 6reahe in an ou o rela2 #eore your speech. =os imporanly, have un.
