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Geschlechterrollenvorstellungen Im Tafsīr

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Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Fragestellung................................................................................................... 1.2 Geschichte des Tafsīr s .................................................................................. 1.2.1 Frühe Enstehungsgeschichte....................................................... 1.2.2 M e th o d e n ......................................................................................... 1.2.3 Moderne K oraninterpretation................................................... 1.3 Islam und G eschlechterrollen.................................................................... 1.3.1 Weiblicher Tafsīr? Feministische Koranexegese zwischen Anspruch und W irk lic h k eit....................................................... 1.3.2 „Die Frau im Islam“ als Thema m oderner Publikationen . . 1.3.3 Männlichkeitsvorstellungen - ein neues F eld ........................ 1.3.4 Korandeutungen auf dem Prüfstand......................................... 1.3.4.1 Westliche F o rs c h u n g ................................................ 1.3.4.2 Aus der Binnenperspektive - geschlechterge­ rechte N eulesungen................................................... 2 A utoren 2.1 Muqātil b. Sulaymān ..................................................................................... 2.1.1 P e rs o n ............................................................................................... 2.1.2 K orankom m entar........................................................................... 2.2 Abū Ğa‘far aṭ-Ṭabarī ..................................................................................... 2.2.1 P e rs o n ............................................................................................... 2.2.2 K orankom m entar........................................................................... 2.3 ‘Alī b. Ibrāhīm al-Qummī ........................................................................... 2.3.1 P e rs o n ............................................................................................... 2.3.2 K orankom m entar........................................................................... 2.4 Abū l-Layṯ as-Samarqandī ........................................................................ 2.4.1 P e rs o n ............................................................................................... 2.4.2 K orankom m entar........................................................................... 2.5 Abū l-Qāḫsim az-Zamahšarī ........................................................................ 2.5.1 P e rs o n ............................................................................................... 13 13 18 19 20 23 25 25 26 30 30 30 32 33 33 33 34 35 35 36 37 37 37 37 37 38 38 38 6 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 2.5.2 K orankom m entar...............................................................................39 2.6 Faḫr ad-Dīn ar-Rāzī .........................................................................................40 2.6.1 P e rs o n ............................................................................................... ....40 2.6.2 W e rk .......................................................................................................40 2.6.3 K orankom m entar...............................................................................40 2.7 Nāṣir ad-Dīn al-Bayḍāwī ...............................................................................41 2.7.1 P e rs o n ............................................................................................... ....41 2.7.2 K orankom m entar...............................................................................41 2.8 Ibn Kaṯīr ..............................................................................................................42 2.8.1 P e rs o n ............................................................................................... ....42 2.8.2 W e rk .......................................................................................................42 2.8.3 K orankom m entar...............................................................................42 2.9 Al-Fīrūzābādī .......................................................................................................43 2.9.1 P e rs o n ............................................................................................... ....43 2.9.2 W e rk .......................................................................................................44 2.9.3 K orankom m entar...............................................................................44 2.10 Ğalāl a y n ..............................................................................................................45 2.10.1 P ersonen................................................................................................45 2.10.2 K orankom m entar...............................................................................46 2.11 Ismā‘īl Ḥaqqī .......................................................................................................46 2.11.1 P e rs o n ............................................................................................... ....46 2.11.2 W erk und K orankom m entar...................................................... ....47 2.12 Ibn ‘Ağība ..........................................................................................................48 2.12.1 P e rs o n ............................................................................................... ....48 2.12.2 W e rk .......................................................................................................49 2.12.3 K orankom m entar...............................................................................49 2.13 Šihāb ad-Dīn al-Ālūsī ......................................................................................50 2.13.1 P e rs o n ............................................................................................... ....50 2.13.2 K orankom m entar...............................................................................51 2.14 ‘Abduh und Riḍā................................................................................................53 2.14.1 P ersonen................................................................................................53 2.14.2 W e rk .......................................................................................................55 2.14.3 K orankom m entar...............................................................................55 2.15 Sayyid Quṭb .......................................................................................................58 2.15.1 P e rs o n ............................................................................................... ....58 2.15.2 W e rk .......................................................................................................59 2.15.3 K orankom m entar...............................................................................60 2.16 Muhammad Husayn Tabātabā’I .....................................................................62 2.16.1 P e rs o n ............................................................................................... ....62 2.16.2 K orankom m entar...............................................................................63 2.17 Ibn ‘Āsūr ..............................................................................................................65 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 7 2.17.1 P e rs o n ............................................................................................... ...65 2.17.2 W e rk ......................................................................................................66 2.17.3 K orankom m entar..............................................................................67 Muḥammad al-Ġazālī .....................................................................................68 2.18.1 P e rs o n ............................................................................................... ...68 2.18.2 W e rk ......................................................................................................69 2.18.3 K orankom m entar..............................................................................69 Zaynab al-Ġazālī ...............................................................................................70 2.19.1 P e rs o n ............................................................................................... ...70 2.19.2 W e rk ......................................................................................................72 2.19.3 K orankom m entar..............................................................................73 Muḥammad Ḥusayn Faḍlallāh ....................................................................73 2.20.1 P e rs o n ............................................................................................... ...73 2.20.2 K orankom m entar..............................................................................75 Ḥasan at-Turābī ...............................................................................................75 2.21.1 P e rs o n ............................................................................................... ...75 2.21.2 W e rk ......................................................................................................78 2.21.3 K orankom m entar..............................................................................78 3 Koranverse 79 3.1 Ehe und Scheidung im K o ra n .......................................................................81 3.1.1 Verse zu Ehe und S cheidung...................................................... ...81 3.1.2 Schlüsselbegriffe der untersuchten V e rse ..................................82 3.1.2.1 Darağa ..............................................................................82 3.1.2.2 Faḍl .....................................................................................82 3.1.2.3 M a h r .............................................................................. ...83 3.1.2.4 N a fa q a ..............................................................................84 3.1.2.5 N ušūz .............................................................................. ...84 3.1.2.6 Qiwām a ....................................................................... ...85 3.1.2.7 Ṣāliḥāt, qāniṭāt und ḥāfiẓāġt al-ġa y b .................... ...86 3.1.2.8 Ṭalāq .............................................................................. ...87 3.2 Weitere Bezüge ...............................................................................................88 3.2.1 S chöpfung............................................................................................88 3.2.2 Eltern-K ind-Beziehung....................................................................90 3.2.3 Historische P e rso n en .......................................................................91 3.2.3.1 Ansprache weiblicher H ö rerin n e n ...........................94 4 G eschlechterrollen im Tafsīr 97 4.1 Q 2:228 ..........................................................................................................97 4.1.1 E in leitu n g ............................................................................................97 4.1.2 Kontextualisierung durch die Korankommentatoren . . . . 98 8 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 4.1.3 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Pflichten von Ehemann und -frau w ährend des Scheidungs­ prozesses ........................................................................................ 104 4.1.4 Was sind gleiche R echte?............................................................. 111 4.1.5 Das größere Recht auf W iederaufnahme der Ehe (aḥaqq) . 118 4.1.6 Der höhere Status des (Ehe-)Mannes (darağa ) .................... 123 4.1.7 Z usam m enfassung........................................................................133 Q 2:282 ............................................................................................................. 136 4.2.1 E in leitu n g ........................................................................................ 136 4.2.2 Irren und V e rg e s s e n ....................................................................137 4.2.3 Z usam m enfassung........................................................................144 Q 4:3 ................................................................................................................ 145 4.3.1 E in leitu n g ........................................................................................ 145 4.3.2 Schutz der W a is e n ........................................................................147 4.3.3 Polygamie (at-ta‘a d d u d )............................................................. 153 4.3.4 Z usam m enfassung........................................................................170 Q 4:34................................................................................................................ 171 4.4.1 E in leitu n g ........................................................................................ 172 4.4.2 Qiwāma: zwischen Vormundschaft, Erziehung und Ver­ antwortung .....................................................................................178 4.4.3 Bevorzugung und Privileg (faḍīla) ............................................ 185 4.4.4 Gehorsam gegenüber Gott und dem Ehemann - ṣāliḥāt, qānitāt und ḥafiẓāt ........................................................................192 4.4.5 N ušūz der E h e f r a u ....................................................................... 195 4.4.6 Z usam m enfassung........................................................................206 Q 4 :1 2 8 .............................................................................................................210 4.5.1 E in leitu n g ........................................................................................ 210 4.5.2 N ušūz des E h e m a n n e s.................................................................211 4.5.3 Z usam m enfassung........................................................................219 5 Analyse 221 5.1 Entw icklungsprozesse..................................................................................221 5.1.1 Konstanten und neue Trends im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert . 223 5.1.1.1 Suche nach dem übergeordneten Sinn des Textes 223 5.1.1.2 K om plem entarität...................................................... 223 5.1.1.3 Rationalität und N aturw issenschaften.................225 5.1.1.4 Familie und N a tio n ...................................................227 5.1.1.5 Verteidigung der P o ly g a m ie ..................................230 5.1.1.6 Geschichte als moralischer F ortschritt.................230 5.2 Exkurs: Geschlechtergerechte N eulesungen.........................................230 5.2.1 Auswahl an P o sitio n en .................................................................231 5.2.1.1 Darağa ...........................................................................231 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 5.2.2 9 5.2.1.2 Polygamie ....................................................................234 5.2.1.3 N ušūz .............................................................................. 235 5.2.1.4 Ḍa ra b a ...........................................................................237 E in o rd n u n g .....................................................................................239 6 Ausblick 241 Literaturverzeichnis 249