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Inndovation / Srijan Bharati Rural Technologies in Sanitation and Drinking Water Quality for Transforming India Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation Govt. of India 1.CapacitiveDeionizationTechnology(CDI)usingcarbonaerogelmaterial NameoftheFirm:AquasTechnology,Mumbai Principle Untreatedwaterflowsthroughanunrestrictedcapacitortypemoduleconsistingofnumerouspairs ofhigh6surfaceareacarbonaerogelelectrodes.carbonaerogelcontainsaveryhighspecificsurface area( m2/gbet)andaverylowelectricalresistivity( 40m6ohm6cm).thepositiveand negativeelectrodesrespectivelyadsorbanionsandcationsinthewatersolutionuponpolarization of each electrode pair by a direct current (DC) power source. The water is re6circulated in the moduleuntilionsareremoveduptothedesiredlevelafterwhichthepurifiedstreamiscollected andthenextstreamofuntreatedwaterisintroduced.themoduleholdstheionsuntilthematerial issaturated,andatthisstagethepowerisdisconnectedandtheelectrodesarewashedwithasmall quantityofwater/acid.thewashedoutwater/acidiscollectedaswastestreamandtheentirecycle isrepeated. O&M The module and the electrodes have a guaranteed life of 5 years and annual maintenance is negligibleasthereisnoneedforreplacementofanyparts.electricityconsumptionisestimatedto bearound1kwhper1000litresoftreatedwater. Innovationinthetechnologyanddifferencefromtheconventional/prevailingtechnology The breakthrough and innovation in CDI is in the use of carbon aerogel materials as electrodes. Almost all the elements in the periodic table can be removed using CDI with carbon aerogel electrodes. CDI with carbon aerogel material has shown massive improvement over RO technologies for brackish water ( less than 10,000 ppm dissolved solids) desalination. For low impuritylevelsinfeedwater,cdicanbethepowertechnologyofthefuture.otheradvantagesof CDIoverothertechnologiessuchaselectrodialysis,sedimentation,chemicalseparationetc.areas follows: Nodailydosageofchemicalsorannualreplacementoffilters. Sizeofsystemcanbeforhouseholdslevel,smallcommunitybasedsystemorlargeonescan bedesigned. Costforecasttodeclinewithscaleandoperationalimprovements. Lowelectricityconsumption,canbeintegratedwithsolarforoffgridregions. Noriskofdeteriaorationoforiginalwaterquality. Limitation CDI will be more expensive than other technologies for desalination of water with high salinitycontent( 10,000ppm)i.e.seawaterdesalination. Page 2 2.1Jal TARAWaterFilter NameoftheFirm:DevelopmentAlternatives,NewDelhi Background:Sandfilterscommonlyusedforwatertreatmentareoftwotypesaslowsand(2to 6m 3 /m 2 /day)andrapidsand(100to150m 3 /m 2 /day)filters.thoughtherearemanyotherways oftreatingwater,nosingleprocessisaseffectiveinsimultaneouslyimprovingmicrobiologicaland physio6chemicalqualitiesofwaterasslowsandfiltration.itisforthisreasonthatslowsandfilters are very much favoured in developing countries where land and labour constraints are not pressing,andtheeaseofoperation,maintenanceandcostaremostimportant. Jal6TARA filter has been developed by Developed Alternatives, New Delhi. These filters are now marketed by TARA Technology and Action for Rural Advancement), a social enterprise of the DevelopmentAlternativesGroup.TheFilterisdesignedtotreatdrinkingwatercontaminationwith pathogenic bacteria, turbidity (dust, dirt and suspended material) and iron using slow sand filtration technique. Jal6TARA filter is a community level system, which can provide litres of safe drinking water per day. It doesn t require electricity and is also suitable for hilly region. Principle:ThemainprincipleofJal6TARAwaterfilterisbasedonthetraditionalprocessofslow sand Filtration system. Filter is a biological filter merged with advanced technique of Fabric protection to improve and simplify the traditional process of slow sand filtration. Generally two typesoffiltrationprocessestakeplaceinthefilter,viz.physicalfiltrationandbiologicalfiltration, the fabric filter prevents most organic matter, silt and mud particles from passing through. Biological community builds up on fabric filter and sand bed, scavenging and breaking down pathogensandorganicmatterintherawwater. Jal6TARAfilterisstandardizedin1000litreswatertankwiththeoutputwatersupplyof litres per day. The filter contains pebbles and sand of different sizes. System is provided with a syntheticfabricfilterdesignedwithadvancedtechniqueoffabricprotection.thesystemcanbefed undergravityfloworthroughconventionalpumpsoroperatedbysolarphoto6voltaic. FlowRate:263m 3 /m 2 /day InJal TARAFiltertwotypesoffiltrationprocessesacttogethertoimprovethequalityofwater. Thetwofiltrationprocessesareasbelow: Physical filtration: The fabric filter prevents most organic matter, silt and mud particles from passingthrough. Biologicalfiltration:Abiologicalcommunitybuildsuponfabricfilterandsandbed,scavengingand breakingdownunwantedpathogensandorganicmatterintherawwater. Jal6TARA is NABL accredited laboratory certified community based slow sand filter available commerciallyinthecountry. 2.2Aqua+andAntennaWATATechnology NameoftheFirm:DevelopmentAlternatives,NewDelhi Page 3 The current standard of sodium hypochlorite as per IS: 11673: 1993 reaffirmed 2003 prescribe strengthtobeat4concentration.thebeautyofaqua+isthatittreatsthewaterandmakesit safefordrinkingevenatalowerconcentrationof0.6.thereforeanewgradeneedtobeaddedto theexistingbisstandardtoencourageelectro6chlorinatorbasedsodiumhypochloriteproduction. ThiswasdiscussedbythedeveloperofAqua+withBISandtheinitiativehasbeenappreciatedby BIS. Aqua+ was developed by Developed Alternatives, New Delhi in partnership with Antenna technologies,switzerland.afterdevelopingandtestingthebusinessmodel,itwasthenhalvedoff into a profit company called TARAlife Sustainability Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Aqua+ contains Sodium Hypochloriteinliquidform(0.6concentration)anditispackagedin50mlbottlewithdropper. Each bottle can treat 500 litres of water and the Shelf life is 6 months from the date of manufacturing. WATA technology was developed by Antenna technologies, Switzerland. It uses a simple, manageable process of electrolysis to convert a measure of salt and water into sodium hypochlorite.itisavailablein3models.thedifferenceinthe3modelsisthescaleofoperation. Although the standard WATA device produces 1 litre Sodium Hyp. Solution per hour, the maxi6 WATAproduces12.5litresofsodiumhypochlorite. 1liter of water+25g of salt+1hour of electrolysis=1liter of sodium hypochlorite=treatment of4 000liters of water=daily consumption of drinking water by 1 000people* Page 4 3.P&Gsachetsforpurificationofwaterfordrinkingpurpose Nameofthefirm:AproGreenTechMumbai Technology: P&G Purification of water sachet is a powdered water purification technology packaged in a 4 gramsachet.ittreats10litersofwateratatime.p&gpurificationofwatersachetsareasimple, point of use, household level water treatment technology developed by Procter and Gamble in collaboration with US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Treatment with P&G purificationofwaterresultsinwaterqualitythatmeetswhoguidelines.theproducthasaself6life of3years. P&G Purification of Water contain a chlorine disinfectant (Calcium Hypochlorite) for killing of bacteriaandanironsaltcoagulant(ferricsulphate)forremovingsuspendedmatter,protozoaand viruses.thepacketsdonotrequireanyelectricityormaintenance.onlysimplereadilyavailable household implements6 bucket, stirrer, cotton cloth, scissor/knife are needed to use the packets. P&G Purifier of water is safe for long term use by the entire family, including infant, and is considered a protective technology by WHO effectively reducing pathogens, muddy sediments leavingresidualprotectionanddemonstratinghealthbenefits. P&GPurifierofwaterisdesignedtotreatwatersourcethatpeoplearealreadyusingfordrinking water. Typically, these are surface water like lakes, rivers, and ponds, or water from wells or reservoirs. Many time, these water resource become contaminated and require treatment. P&G Purifierofwaterwillnotdesalinateseawaterandshouldnotbeusedonsewagesludgeor watercontaminatedwithindustrialwastes. Guidelineforuse: Add the contents of 1 packet to 10 liters of contaminated water and stir to begin theprocessof flocculationandcoagulation.stirfor5minutesuntilflocsformandthewaterisclear.letwaterrest for 5 minutes. Filter clear water through a cotton cloths and dispose of separated floc in latrine. Wait20minutesbeforedrinkingtoallowforcompletedisinfection.Storeinsuitablecontainerto preventre6contamination.theamountoflaborrequiredforusingp&gpurifierofwaterisroughly 5minutes,eventhoughthefulltreatmentprocessrequireapproximately30minutes. The product is primarily used for treating water used for drinking purposes in rural areas, and naturaldisasterseffectedareas.ithasbeenusedinuttrakhandfloods2013andj&kfloods2014, PuneandinHIV/AIDSCareCenter.TheproducthasbeenapprovedfromHaffkinelaboratoryand fromabisapprovedlaboratory. Page 5 4.SupremusAquastandalonewaterpurificationsystem Nameofthefirm:SupremusGroup SupremusAquastandalonewaterpurificationsystemisanUltraFiltrationMembranebasedsystem underthebrandnameofsupremusaquahavingcapacityof1000lph.thesystemisbasedonlow pressure Ultra Filtration Technology meeting WHO requirements for safe drinking water. Low pressure ultra6filtration membrane technology is highly effective in removing all non6dissolved elements in feed waters. The system removes Pathogens (disease causing organism), Total suspendedsolidsandturbidityfromwater.itoperateswithoutelectricityandonlyrequiresdaily backwashaspartofitsmaintenance.thereisnowastageofwater. Technology The technology is based on chlorine disinfection combined with a self6contained low6pressure membrane filtration system which operates under minimal feed pressure without the need for powerandconditioningchemicals.waterpermeatesbillionsofmicroscopicpourintheouterwalls ofthousandsoftinyhollowfiberswhereeventuallycollectinginacanisteratoneendandflowing outasdrinkingwater. Features: Alifespanupto10Yearswithpropermaintenance,requireslessthan1hourtraining,unitscanbe clubbedtoincreasetheoutput,nowastageofrawwater.theunitoperateswithoutelectricity.it canbeinstalledinurbanslums,refugeecamps,disasterrelief,religiousandpilgrimage,schools, residentialhouses,clubsandpre6filtersforrosystems&smallcommunities. The product has been installed by Govt. of West Bengal at North Bengal Medical College and Hospital and B J Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital (Pune). The results have been certified by these institutions. The product has been installed by Govt. of West Bengal at North BengalMedicalCollegeandHospitalandBJMedicalCollegeandSassoonGeneralHospital(Pune). Page 6 5.Nameofthefirm:ASHTECH(INDIA)PVTLTD Name of the Technology: Prefabricated, Precast Modular Toilet with Bio digester(drd0)approved NameoftheProduct:PRECASTECOTOILET&PRECASTECOBIOTOILET AbstractoftheTechnology/Product: This is a Ecofriendly long duration maintenance free, weather proof Technology. Septic tank is replacedbydrdoapprovedbio6digesterwhichcontainsbacteria.thesebacteriaproducebiogas andwaterfromthewastematerial.thatwatercanbeusedforflushingandgardening. Meritsoverothersimilartechnology/product(USP): EcoFriendly MaintenanceFree LifeAbout5oyrs. PathogenFree PolluctionFree CostEffective Suitabilityoftheproductinruralareas: Ourproductisportable,havelonglife,maintenancefree.Soitismoresuitableproductforpeople. Eco/Energy friendliness: As it contains Fly ash as a part of material, it is the more Eco6Friendly product. Capacityoftheproduct:Average5to6membersofthefamilycanuseitforlifetime. Rejectmanagementprotocol:Itcanbereplacedbyourcompanyifrejected/damaged. Easeof60&M:Veryeasytooperate,requireslesswater,Flush&forgetTechnology. Page 7 Capital cost and Cost of treated water per kiloliter: Average Rs.4o,ooo/6 for Eco Toilets and Rs.go,ooo/6forECO'B~O 6.1Integrated Drinking water disinfectant system with solar pumping and water disinfectionbyuv NameoftheFirm:Sintex Asystemhasbeendevelopedintegrating. Solarpumpingfordrawingwaterfromgroundwatersurface. Filtrationunit. Elevatedstoragetankonstaging. UVdisinfectionunitpoweredbysolar. Standpostorwaterhutforcollectionofwater. The total integration brings a complete holistic low cost solution for disinfected drinking water differentiating our system from the conventional or other offered systems, the system can be offered in different capacities and is designed for long trouble tree life with minimum O& M requirement. 6.2Integrateddrinkingwaterdisinfectionsystemwithsolarpumpingandwaterdisinfection byelectrochlorination. Sintexhasdevelopedasystemintegrating Solarpumpingfordrawingwaterfromgroundwatersurface. Filtrationunit. Elevatedstoragetankonstaging. Electrochlorinationunitpoweredbysolarpower. Standpostorwaterhutforcollectionofwater. The total integrating bring a complete holistic low cost solution fordisinfected drinking water differentiating our system from the conventional or other offered systems the system can be Page 8 offered in different capacities and is designed for long trouble tree life with minimum of O & M requirement. 7.1IronRemovalbyusingIronSpecificResin(INDIONISR) Nameoffirm: IonExchangeIndiaLtd.,NewDelhi The Iron Specific Resin works as a catalyst to promote the oxidation of Iron. Basically, iron and Oxygenareattractedtoresincatalyticmoietywhichenhancestheoxidationofdissolvedironand convertthesolubleironintoinsolublferricions.theaboveresinactsasthemediaanditcombe easilybackwashed. Thistechnologyhasthefollowinglimitations. ItcantolerateTDSupto2500PPM Thesuspendedsolidsandturbitiyshouldbeupto10PPMand20NTUrespectively. Minimum15ofironleveloxygenshouldbethereinfeedwater. Organicmatter,H 2S,oilandgreaseshouldbeintrace. 7.2FluorideRemovalusingionexchangeresin(INDIONRS F) Nameoffirm: IonExchangeIndiaLtd.,NewDelhi Anionexchangeresin(INDIONRS6F)isdesignedselectivelytoremovefluoridefromwater.This resinperformswelleveninthepresenceofcommonionssuchaschloride,sulphateandnirates. After exhaustion the resin can be regenerated using poly aluminium chloride solution. Due to effectsofmassactionandshiftofequilibriumthefluorideisextractedfromresinandexchanged withchloride,thissystemcanbeprovidedasattachmentstohandpumpsandalsotopowerpump schemes.solarpoweroperatedsystemisalsoavailable. Thistechnologyhasfollowinglimitation Themediacantoleratechloridelevelsupto1600PPM,TDSupto2500PPM,alkalinityupto 450PPMandsulphateupto500PPM. AbsorptioncapacityismaximumwhenpHisbetween566. For better results, the feet water should have turbidity of 162 NTU, organic6nil, iron and heavymetals 0.5ppm 7.3Arsenicremovalusinganionexchangeresin(INDIONArsenicselectivemedia) Nameoffirm: IonExchangeIndiaLtd.,NewDelhi Page 9 Thisionexchangeresinisdesignedtoselectivelyremovearsenicfromgroundwater.ArsenicIII& Vions,co6precipitatesonresinmatrix,formingchemicalbondwhichafterexhaustionwillnotleach outarsenicasaresultitdoesnotdecontaminategroundwater.itperformswellinspiteofpresence of common ions such as chlorides, sulphates or bicarbonates. No pretreatment is required for conversionofarsenitetoarsenate.themediahasaffinitytowardstrivalentandpentavalentarsenic andcantoleratemaximum3000ppbofarsenic.thistechnologyhasthefollowinglimitations. PhosphateandNitrateconcentrationshouldbe 25PPMand 50PPMrespectively. TDS should be within 1000 PPM61200 PPM and no single ion concentration greater than 1000PPM. 7.4NitrateRemovalusinganyionexchangeresin(INDIONNSSR) Nameoffirm: IonExchangeIndiaLtd.,NewDelhi This resin is designed to selectively remove nitrate from potable water, proper mix of physico6 Chemical properties give ideal nitrate exchange to this resin. After exhaustion the resin can be regeneratedusingcommonsalt.thissystemcanbeprovidedtohandpumpsandtopowerpump schemes.itcanbeoperatedusingsolarpoweralso.howeverpresenceofhighlevelofsuspended solids,biologicalorganicmattermayfoultheresin.hencepretreatmentisrequiredforremovalof suspendedsolids. 7.5DisasterManagementUnit product(DMU) Nameoffirm: IonExchangeIndiaLtd.,NewDelhi ThissystemoperateswithUFandROfollowedbyozonation.Itcanproduce5000litofpurewater perhourwithsurfacewaterhavinglow( 200ppm)tdsandproduce200lit/hourofpurewater whentherawwatertdsisashighas2000ppm. 7.6UltraHighRateclarifier(UHRC) Nameoffirm: IonExchangeIndiaLtd.,NewDelhi This system combine technology of solid contact and plate clarifier and hence give improved performance.thisclarifiercombines,mixing,flocculationandsedimentationinasinglebasin.the sludgesettledatbottomisremovedatregularinterval. 7.7LampakTreatmentUnit Nameoffirm: IonExchangeIndiaLtd.,NewDelhi This unit consist of pump, mixer, flocculator, lamella clarifier, gravity sand filter and dosing system.itisdesignedtoproduce25cu.m/hourofpurewaterfromrawwaterhavingtssashighas 500mg/l Page 10 7.8Continuoussandfilter Nameoffirm: IonExchangeIndiaLtd.,NewDelhi The sand filter is a continuous up flow deep bed granular media filter. The back wash is also continuous.thefiltermediaismovingindownwarddirectionandalsocontinuouslycleanedby recyclingthesand. Thewaterintroducedintothelowerpartoffilterbedthroughrisertubes.Filterationtakesplaceup wardsthroughthesandbedwhichismovingindownwarddirection.mostofthesuspendedsolids willberemovednearthefeedlevelandthereforedirtiestsandwillbefoundatlowerpartofthe filter. Thefilteredwaterispassedthroughactivatedcarbonfilterfortheremovalofanyodor,colouror organicmatter. 7.9Lamellaclarifier Nameoffirm: IonExchangeIndiaLtd.,NewDelhi TheLamellaclarifiercontainsaseriesofinclinedoverlappingplates,whicharearrangedtoforma separatesedimentationchamber.theseplatesprovideslargesettlingareawithinarelativelysmall floorareacomparedtoaconventionalsettlingtankofequalfloorarea.beforereachingthelamella Clarifier,waterisfirstfedtoFlocculationTankandthenenterstheLamellafromthebottomsection of plates and flows in upward direction between the plates. As the feed water moves upwards, solidssettledownwardanddescendsalongthesurfaceoftheplates.thesettledsolidsreachesthe collectionhopperatbottom.nearthetopofeachplate,waterleavesthroughopeninginthesidesof clarifier. 7.10DesalinationusingR.OTechnology Nameoffirm: IonExchangeIndiaLtd.,NewDelhi TheconventionalMembraneTechnologyisadoptedtoremoveTDS. 8.Nameofthefirm:UnitedWatersIndiaPvt.Ltd. NameoftheTechnology:BioEcoTech andiontex NameoftheProduct:Biologicalandpatentedwaterpurificationtechnologieswithoutusingany chemicalsproducingzerosludgeandzeroenvironmentalpollution AbstractoftheTechnology/Product: Page 11 BioEcoTech TheBioEcoTech isasocalled insitu processtopurifygroundwaterorinfiltratedsurfacewater utilisingsemiaerobicmicrobesnaturallyoccurringtopurifycontaminations.thetechnologyonly usesbiologicalresourcesthatarefoundintheearth,withoutaddinganyharmfulchemicalsinits purification process. Different live organisms, present on earth since billions of years, act as a naturalpurifyingagent. TheprinciplebehindtheBioEcoTech istocontrolthemicrobialoxidationofdissolvedsubstances suchasiron,manganese,arsenicandfluorideinazonearoundaproductionwell.thisisachieved by regulating the oxygen content in the aquifer to a level where the naturally occurring contamination oxidizing microbes thrive. The zone is maintained by intermittent injection of aerated water into a number of satellite wells surrounding the production well. Effectively this works as a safety bio6zone around the production well, which prevents leakage of untreated water. The aerated water that is injected optimizes the complete removal of substances such as iron, manganese, fluoride, nitrates, pesticides, hormones and arsenic before the groundwater reachesthemainproductionwell.acomplexsimulationmodelallowsthebioecotech systemto structure and optimize each purification plant to produce a reliable and sustainable purification process. References: More than 50 plants have been installed in Europe and China from capacity ranging from500m3/dayto82,000m3/day.ourfocussizeisupto50,000m3/day. TheBioEcoTech systemisbasedonanaturalbiologicalprocessconstantlyoccurringinthesoil utilizing semi aerobic microbes to purify water. What takes at least 100 years to be p
