Transcript
Technische Universität Dresden Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Science
Destruction of Cultural Heritage during the Post-Yugoslav Wars: 1991-1999 and 2004 Croatia, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Kosovo A Critical Discourse Analysis
Dissertation for the attainment of the academic degree Doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil. (Ph.D.))
presented by: Tobias Strahl (M. A.)
reviewed by: Prof. Dr. Bruno Klein Prof. Dipl.-Ing. M. Arch. (Cornell) Thomas Will
Technische Universität Dresden Philosophische Fakultät
Kulturerbezerstörung in den Postjugoslawischen Kriegen: 1991-1999 und 2004 Kroatien, Bosnien-Herzegovina, Kosovo Eine kritische Diskursanalyse
Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor philosophiae (Dr. phil.)
vorgelegt von: Tobias Strahl (M. A.) geboren am 28. Mai 1978 in Dresden
Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Bruno Klein Prof. Dipl.-Ing. M. Arch. (Cornell) Thomas Will
Abstract
Throughout the Post-Yugoslav Wars in Croatia, Bosnia-Hercegovina and Kosovo in the years of 19911999 as well as during the so-called “March riots” of 17 and 18 March 2004 in Kosovo a large number of immovable cultural and religious objects were destroyed or heavily damaged. Moreover, thousands of movable objects belonging to the cultural heritage of the region were (mostly illegally) removed from collections, places of their origin or conventionally agreed locations of display.
A careful comparison of all relevant sources, both regional and international, shows that altogether 6103 individual built objects (Croatia 1602, Bosnia-Hercegovina 4024, Kosovo 477) belonging to the religious and cultural heritage of the region were destroyed or more or less heavily damaged in the course of war. A precise account of destroyed, stolen or otherwise illegally removed movable cultural and religious objects on the other hand can barely be given since the relevant archives and classification systems of the republics of the former Socialist Yugoslav Federation were for different reasons partially corrupted and characterized by a high degree of inconsistency.
Exhaustive investigations of the religious and cultural heritage destroyed during the Post-Yugoslav Wars in the years of 1991-1999 and 2004 by relevant international and supranational institutions as UNESCO, ICOMOS, ICOM or responsible European institutions were never conducted. All attempts from this side to evaluate the destruction and damage in respect of quantity and quality were deficient, incomplete and characterized by a remarkable lack of knowledge as well of the region itself as of its historical and cultural specifics. More than two decades after the wars in Croatia, Bosnia-Hercegovina and Kosovo only a fractional part of the destroyed and damaged cultural and religious heritage has been investigated and confirmed independently by international institutions not belonging to any of the warring parties.
The dissertation thesis, submitted by the candidate in June 2016 at the Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Science at the Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), is the result of more than ten years of research on the history and fate of the cultural heritage on the Balkan Peninsula, focusing on the territory of the former Yugoslavia.
It locates the destruction of cultural heritage during the Post-Yugoslav Wars in the years of 1991-1999 as well as the anti-Serbian riots in Kosovo in March 2004 in a broader historical investigation on the history and fate of cultural heritage since the emergence of the Balkan nation states at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century, especially focusing on the different political caesura as the national uprisings against Ottoman rule in Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria, furthermore the
occupation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by Nazi-Germany from 1941 to 1945 as well as the “Second Yugoslavia” under communist rule.
Thematically it focuses on the fate of the heterogeneous cultural and religious heritage of the various religious and ethnic groups as the Catholic, Orthodox, Muslim and Jewish sacred architecture, including the fate of the communist monuments erected between 1945 and 1991. Therefore, it investigates the heritage policies of the different political systems in the territory of the former Yugoslavia since the beginning of the nineteenth century in close relation to the transforming political and social discourses.
Methodically the dissertation thesis is based on the Discourse analysis as developed by the French historian and philosopher Michel Foucault, further developed by scholars as Achim Landwehr (historical discourse analysis) and Sigfried Jäger (critical discourse analysis). Thus, the thesis investigates statements and utterances made in the different regional and international discourses on the destruction of cultural heritage as given in both regional and international media, institutional and scientific publications as well as in the political propaganda of the warring parties in the years from 1991 to 2014.
It contains a great quantity of original documents (in copy) regarding the cultural heritage of the region e.g. by now unpublished statistics on built heritage, the documentation of the transport of whole archives from Kosovo to Serbia during the course of the war, imagery of the destroyed and damaged objects and reactions of various individual authors.
The dissertation thesis will be available as hard copy in German language at the Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB) in November 2016. A further publication as well as a translation into English language is in preparation.
Content Preface
I
i
Destroyed churches and ravaged countries – on the contemporary imagination of Ottoman Rule at the Balkan Peninsula and in Croatia in national mythology and attempts of universal historiography
I.1
3
Rejected heritage – on the contemporary imagination of the Ottoman Rule in the national mythologies of the nation states on the Balkan Peninsula and in Croatia.
5
I.1.2
Under the „Turkish Yoke“
7
I.1.2.3
Serbia
8
I.1.2.4
Montenegro
9
I.1.2.5
Bulgaria
11
I.1.2.6
Greece
12
I.1.2.7
Macedonia
13
I.1.3
Antemurale Christianitatis – rampart of the der Christendom
16
I.1.3.1
Croatia
16
I.1.3.2
Romania
17
I.1.4
Contradictions, Similarities
18
I.1.5
The intimate “Others“ – The Muslims of the Balkan Peninsula
19
I.1.5.1
Albania, Kosovo
19
I.1.5.2
Bosnia-Hercegovina
20
I. 1.6
Conclusion – on the structure of national myths on the Balkan Peninsula and in Croatia
I.2
22
Conquest and administration – Ottoman rule from the conquest of the Balkan Peninsula until the emergence of the national discourses in the eighteenth century
25
I.2.1
The Ottoman conquest of the Balkan Peninsula
25
I.2.2
The administration of the conquered territories
27
I.2.3
On the destruction of sacred architecture in the Ottoman Empire
31
I.2.3.1
A case study: The Monastery of the Holy Archangels and the Sinan Pasha Mosque in
I.2.3.1.1
Prizren, Kosovo
31
Where to start from
32
I.2.3.1.2
The Monastery of the Holy Archangels – its history before the Ottoman conquest of Prizren in 1455
32
I.2.3.1.3
The “destruction” of the Monastery in the scientific and in the popular discourse
34
I.2.3.1.4
Facts, Myths, Contradictions
42
I.2.3.1.5
Who was Sinan-Pasha?
49
I.2.3.1.6
Sinan-Pasha and the Monastery of the Holy Archangels – Deconstruction of a myth?
51
I.2.3.1.7
Conclusion – heritage replaces history
55
I.2.3.2
Christian sacred architecture during Ottoman rule on the Balkan Peninsula and in Croatia
I.3
57
On the contradiction between contemporary popular imagination of the Ottoman Rule and historical objectivity
62
II
Theoretical principles – Discourse and reproduction
67
II.1
Preface
69
II.2
Discourse
70
II.2.1
Historical narration and discourse analysis
70
II.2.2
Multi-perspective description
72
II.3
Discourse analysis
73
II.3.1
Madness and Civilization (1961)
73
II.3.2
The Birth of the Clinic (1963)
75
II.3.3
The Order of Things (1966)
76
II.3.4
Conclusion I
77
II.3.5
The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969)
79
II.3.6
Conclusion II
81
II.3.7
The “Characteristics” of the discourse
83
II.3.8
Discourse in the meaning of this work
84
II.3.9
Power
87
II.4
Reproduction
II.4.1
Attribution of meaning – “Aura” and (technical) reproduction in the work of
93
Walter Benjamin
93
II.5
One first example – War, art and the independence of Greece
98
III
Erasing the traces – cultural and religious architecture in the nationalist discourses on the Balkan Peninsula during the nineteenth and twentieth century
107
III.1
Nationalist discourse
109
III.1.1
Basics
109
III.1.2
Nationalism as a historical phenomenon
113
III.1.2.1
Nationalism as a power strategy
114
III.1.2.2
Economy and bourgeoisie
115
III.1.2.3
Nationalism in a phase-model
117
III.1.2.4
The constructed nation
120
III.1.2.5
Conclusion
129
III.2
Cultural and religious objects in the nationalist discourses on the Balkan Peninsula
130
III.2.1
General preconditions of the nationalist discourses on the Balkan Peninsula
130
III.2.2
On the decline of the Ottoman Empire
130
III.2.3
Serbian nationalist discourse
133
III.2.3.1
The uprisings at 1804 and 1815
133
III.2.3.2
On the periodization of Serbian national historiography
134
III.2.3.3
Nationalist discourse and political power in Serbia
137
III.2.3.4
Nationalist discourse, typology and variability of criteria
144
III.2.3.5
Excursus: culture
149
III.2.3.6
Cultural and nationalist discourse in Serbia
152
III.2.3.7
The Kosovo-Myth
154
III.2.3.8
Deconstruction – destruction of cultural and religious objects
163
III.2.3.9
On more time Prizren: The portico of the Sinan Pasha Mosque
171
III.2.3.10
Construction – the erection of cultural and religious objects
180
III.2.3.11
Conclusion
182
III.2.4
The Bulgarian nationalist discourse
185
III.2.5
The nationalist discourse of the Bosnian Muslims
189
III.2.6
The Albanian nationalist discourse
191
III.2.7
The Croatian nationalist discourse
195
III.2.8
The Holocaust and the persecution of minorities in Yugoslavia 1941-1945
201
III.2.8.1
On the persecution and killing of the Yugoslav Jews and the destruction of their cultural and religious heritage
201
III.2.8.2
Serbs
210
III.2.8.3
Bosnian Muslims
213
III.2.8.4
Romani
214
III.2.9
Conclusion
215
III.2.9.1
Presentability
215
III.2.9.2
On the meaning of cultural and religious objects in the nationalist discourse
217
III.2.9.3
Cultural heritage
218
IV
Cultural and religious heritage in the socialist Yugoslavia
225
IV.1
Preconditions
227
IV.1.1
On the relation of the communists of Yugoslavia to its religious communities
228
IV.1.1.1
Catholicism and the Catholic Church of Croatia
228
IV.1.1.2
The Serbian Orthodox Church
231
IV.1.1.3
The Muslims of Yugoslavia
234
IV.1.1.4
The Jewish communities of Yugoslavia
235
IV.1.1.5
Conclusion I
236
IV.1.2
Monument protection and modernization
238
IV.1.2.1
Excursus and recourse: pictorial evidence – on the documentation of the cultural heritage of the Balkan Peninsula in early photographs
240
IV.1.2.2
Priština / Prishtina
244
IV.1.2.3
Monument protection
251
IV.1.2.4
Prizren
255
IV.1.2.5
On the fate of Jewish houses of prayer and gathering in the socialist Yugoslavia 262
IV.1.2.6
On the presentation of the Yugoslav regime in architecture and sculpture
V
The discourse on the destruction of cultural heritage in the Post-Yugoslav Wars
263
1991-1999 und 2004
267
Preface
269
V.1
Preconditions: The socialist Yugoslavia – constellation of conflicts
273
V.1.2
The national question, the legacy of the wars and the terror of communist retributive justice
273
V.1.3
Economic crisis
280
V.2
Nationalist discourses in the post-war period
284
V.2.1
Croatian nationalist discourse after 1945
284
V.2.1.1
The Catholic Church of Croatia
285
V.2.1.2
Building activities of the Catholic Church of Croatia after 1945
287
V.2.1.3
Political and economic diaspora
287
V.2.1.4
The „Croatian Spring“
288
V.2.1.5
Croatian nationalism as a mass phenomenon
291
V.2.2
Nationalistic discourse of the Bosnian Muslims after 1945
294
V.2.2.1
National self-awareness of the Bosnian Muslims and the building of Islamic religious structures
295
V.2.3
Nationalistic discourse of the Albanian population of Kosovo after 1945
297
V.2.4
Nationalistic discourse of Serbia after 1945
302
V.2.4.1
Protagonists and objects
302
V.2.4.2
Serbs in Croatia
305
V.2.4.3
Kosovo in the Serbian nationalist discourse
306
V.2.4.4
The Protests in Kosovo in 1981 and the Appeal for the protection of the Serbian population and their sacred sites of 1982
306
V.2.4.5
On the building activities of the Serbian Orthodox Church
315
V.2.4.6
The Serbian Academy of Science and Arts and the Memorandum of 1986
317
V.2.4.7
Slobodan Milošević and the Post-Yugoslav Wars
321
V.3
The destruction of cultural and religious objects during the wars in Croatia, BosniaHercegovina and Kosovo 1991-2004
332
V.3.1
The “quality” of the war – on the structure of the fighting units
332
V.3.2
War objectives
346
V.3.3
Destruction – scenarios
352
V.3.4
Terror and expansion
356
V.3.4.1
Croatia 1991
356
V.3.4.2
Vukovar
372
V.3.4.3
Dubrovnik
381
V.3.4.4
Libraries
385
V.3.4.5
Destruction of cultural heritage in Croatia 1991 – extent and territorial dimensions 386
V.3.5
Destruction of Cultural heritage – Identities
391
V.3.5.1
Četniks
391
V.3.5.2
Nazis and Fascists
393
V.3.5.3
Dragons
395
V.3.5.4
Blasting Tito
398
V.3.6
Destruction of cultural heritage – propaganda und international perception
404
V.3.7
The documentation of the destruction of cultural heritage in Croatia
419
V.3.7.1
December 1991 und June 1992: The documentation of the Institute for Monument Protection of the Republic of Croatia
V.3.7.2
419
February1992: The documentation of the Ministry for Information, the Ministry for Culture and the Institute for Monument Protection of the Republic of Serbia
422
V.3.7.3
1993: The Association of Croatian Libraries: The Wounded Libraries in Croatia.
427
V.3.7.4
1993: The documentation of the Institute for History of Art in Zagreb, the Ministry of Culture and Education and the Institute for Monument Protection of the Republic of Croatia
V.3.7.5
February 1993: The first report of the Committee for Culture and Education of the Council of Europe
V.3.7.6
437
February 1993: Dubrovnik II – the documentation of war damage under the auspices of the UNESCO
V.3.7.7
431
446
July 1993: The second report of the Committee for Culture and Education of the Council of Europe
447
V.3.7.8
September 1993: The third report of the Committee for Culture and Education of the Council of Europe
V.3.7.9
1994: “Spiritual Genocide” – on Serbian Orthodox sacred buildings in Croatia by Slobodan Mileusnić
V.3.7.10
471
1994: Branka Šulc for the Muzejski Dokumentacijski Centar – Destruction of cultural heritage in Croatia
V.3.7.14
465
August 1994: The sixth report of the Committee for Culture and Education of the Council of Europe
V.3.7.13
460
April 1994: The fifth report of the Committee for Culture and Education of the Council of Europe
V.3.7.12
451
January 1994: The fourth report of the Committee for Culture and Education of the Council of Europe
V.3.7.11
451
474
December 1994: Dubrovnik III – The report of the Commission of Experts of the United Nations Security Council / Annex XI: Destruction of Cultural Property Report and XI A. The Battle of Dubrovnik and the Law of Armed Conflict
V.3.7.15
480
Mai 1995: Vukovar II – The seventh report of the Committee for Culture and Education of the Council of Europe
485
V.3.7.16
Recapture and Revenge
492
V.3.7.17
June 1995: The tide is turning – the eighth report of the Committee for Culture and Education of the Council of Europe
V.3.7.18
492
January 1996: “Operation Storm” – the ninth report of the Committee for Culture and Education of the Council of Europe
496
V.3.7.19
After the war –last inventories (for the time being) of the destruction in Croatia
504
V.3.7.20
Spring 1996: “Librozid” – The Slovenian art historian Nataša Golob on Libraries in the areas of war
V.3.7.21
1996: A “bleeding wound in the living cultural body of the Croatian territory” – Croatian Information Centre et al.: The wounded church in Croatia
V.3.7.22
504
506
1997: Spiritual Genocide II – Slobodan Mileusnić’s updated information on destroyed and damaged sacred building of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Croatia and BosniaHercegovina
V.3.7.23
522
January 1997: The tenth and last report of the Committee for Culture and Education of the Council of Europe on destroyed and damaged cultural heritage in Croatia and Bosnia-Hercegovina
526
V.3.7.24
1997: Shock, propaganda, disappointment – the publication “War damage to Museums and Galleries in Croatia” of the Muzejski Dokumentacijski Centar
529
V.3.7.25
The discourse on the destruction of cultural heritage in Croatia – others
533
V.3.7.26
Conclusion: Characteristics, statements and problems of the discourse on the destruction and damage of cultural heritage between 1991 and 1997
538
V.3.7.26.1
On the characteristics of the discourse
539
V.3.7.26.2
The international discourse
539
V.3.7.26.3
The problem to determine and verify the extent of damage
540
V.3.7.26.4
The problem of a lack of knowledge regarding the region within the international institutions
541
V.3.7.26.5
The problem of inconsistent reports und propaganda
543
V.3.7.26.6
The problem of the fragmentary documentation of the Croatian cultural heritage
545
V.3.7.26.7
The problem of the lack of communication and deficient international co-operation
545
V.3.7.26.8
The problem of insufficient ressources
546
V.3.7.26.9
The problem of the definition of relevant objects
547
V.3.7.26.10
The problem of the inaccessibility of certain regions
548
V.3.7.26.11
Other characteristics of the international discourse on the destruction of cultural heritage in Croatia
549
V.3.7.26.12
The regional discourse
551
V.3.8
Systematic obliteration
556
V.3.8.1
Bosnia-Hercegovina 1992-1995
556
V.3.8.2
„Ethnic Cleansing“
562
V.3.8.3
The destruction of cultural heritage in Bosnia-Hercegovina in the regional and international perception
566
V.3.8.4
The documentation of the destruction of cultural heritage in Bosnia-Hercegovina
587
V.3.8.4.1
The reports of the Committee for Culture and Education of the Council of Europe 1993-1997
587
V.3.8.4.2
Cultural heritage in Bosnia-Hercegovina as distinct from Croatia
588
V.3.8.4.3
The particular situation of Bosnian institutions for the protection of cultural heritage
590
V.3.8.4.4
On the structure of Bosnia’s monument protection during the war
593
V.3.8.4.5
Missions, sources, scenarios of the destruction and extent of the damage, international reactions
595
V.3.8.4.6
Sources
597
V.3.8.4.7
Scenarios of the destruction and extent of damage
600
V.3.8.4.8
International reactions
607
V.3.8.4.9
Mostar
610
V.3.8.4.10
Sarajevo
624
V.3.8.4.11
Banja Luka
635
V.3.8.4.12
The report of the Federal Institute for the protection of the historico-cultural and natural heritage of the Republic of Bosnia-Hercegovina of 1995
644
V.3.8.4.13
András Riedlmayer in Bosnia-Hercegovina
650
V.3.8.4.14
1997: Croatian Information Centre et al.: The crucified church in Bosnia-Hercegovina
662
V.3.8.4.15
1997: Slobodan Mileusnić’s “Spiritual Genocide II“
672
V.3.8.4.16
1999: Council of Europe – Specific Action Plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina
673
V.3.8.4.17
1999: Muharem Omerdić – Prilozi Izučavanju Genocida nad Bošnjacima (1992-1995)
V.3.8.4.18
The discourse on the destruction of cultural heritage in Bosnia-Hercegovina – others
V.3.8.4.19
674
682
Conclusion: The discourse on the destruction and damage of the cultural heritage in Bosnia-Hercegovina 1992-1995
684
V.3.9
Recapture and Revenge II – Kosovo 1998/99
687
V.3.9.1
(Re-) Serbianization of Kosovo and Albanian resistance
692
V.3.9.1.2
Temporary measures – Privremene Mere
692
V.3.9.1.3
Evidence of the Serbianization of the cultural heritage of Kosovo – the Register of the immovable cultural heritage of the Institute of Statistics of the Republic of Serbia 1994/1995
701
V.3.9.1.4
On the role of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the Re-Serbianization of Kosovo
707
V.3.9.2
The documentation of the destruction of cultural heritage in Kosovo
710
V.3.9.2.1
Initial conditions
710
V.3.9.2.2
The removal of the documentation of the immovable cultural heritage in Kosovo by Serbian authorities and its transport to Serbia
712
V.3.9.2.3
International und regional reactions I – Serbian religious and cultural heritage
716
V.3.9.2.4
Governmentally organized disinformation: Republic of Serbia, Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs: NATO Crimes in Yugoslavia / Documentary Evidence / 24 March – 24 April 1999 und NATO Crimes in Yugoslavia / Documentary Evidence / 25 April – 10 June 1999
V.3.9.2.5
1999: Crucified Kosovo: the Serbian Orthodox Church and its publication Crucified Kosovo / Raspeto Kosovo
V.3.9.2.6
725
733
Secular Serbian institutions and authors on the destruction and damage of Serbian cultural heritage in Kosovo
740
V.3.9.2.7
The Institute for Monument Protection of the Republic of Serbia: Cultural Heritage of Kosovo and Metohija (1999 (2002))
V.3.9.2.8
2002: Branislav Krstić: Saving the Cultural Heritage of Serbia and Europe in Kosovo and Metohia
V.3.9.2.9
740
746
Mnemosyne – Centre for Protection of Natural and Cultural Heritage of Kosovo and Metohija: Final Report / Project /Protection of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Metohija (2003)
V.3.9.2.10
760
Conclusion – topoi of the Serbian discourse on the destruction and damage of the Serbian cultural heritage in Kosovo
768
V.3.10
The anti-Serbian riots at17 and 18 March 2004
772
V.3.10.1
Reactions in Serbia
784
V.3.10.2
Reactions of Serbian institutions
795
V.3.10.2.1
The Memorandum on Kosovo and Metohija of the Holy Synod of the Bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church
V.3.10.2.2
796
The Ministry for Culture of the Republic of Serbia and the Museum of Priština: March Pogrom in Kosovo and Metohija / March 17-19, 2004
798
V.3.10.2.3
Ana Jović-Lazić: Zaštita kulturne baštine na Kosovu i Metohiji
800
V.3.10.2.4
Crucified Kosovo II – radicalization of the diction
803
V.3.10.2.5
One more time Mnemosyne – the Report on the study of endangered Serbian Sacred/Holy Places in Kosovo and Metohija
V.3.11
804
On the international reception of institutional and individual statements in the Serbian discourse on the destruction and damage of cultural heritage in Kosovo
807
V.3.11.1
Simon Jenkins: Not war but vandalism
807
V.3.11.2
Nikolaus Thon: The End of a thousand-year-old culture?
809
V.3.11.3
Slobodan Ćurčić: Destruction of Serbian cultural patrimony in Kosovo: a world-wide precedent?
V.3.11.4
812
Valentino Pace: Kosovo: passato, presente e futuro dei suoi monumenti cristiani in pericolo
814
V.3.11.5
Positions from the Serbian discourse in the international discourse – others
816
V.3.12
International and regional reactions II: Albanian and Ottoman religious and cultural heritage
V.3.12.1
818
Albanian initiatives for the assessment and documentation of the destroyed and damaged cultural heritage of Kosovo
818
V.3.12.1.1
„Serbian genocide at the Albanian culture– an exhibition in Ðakovica/Gjakova
818
V.3.12.1.2
The documentation of Islamic sacred buildings by the Islamic Society of Kosovo
820
V.3.12.2
International reactions
825
V.3.12.2.1
András Riedlmayer in Kosovo
825
V.3.12.2.2
International reactions – others
835
V.3.13
International Institutions and the cultural heritage of Kosovo
840
V.3.13.1
Preconditions
840
V.3.13.2
Cancellation of the Yugoslav (Serbian) legislation for monument protection and the Action Plan for Cultural Heritage in Kosovo
V.3.13.3
International Management Group: Emergency Assessment of damaged housing and local/village Infrastructure in Kosovo (1999)
V.3.13.4
842
842
Council of Europe: Cultural Situation in Kosovo (Montenegro and Serbia) (1999-2002)
843
V.3.13.5
UNESCO: General Assessment of the Situation of Archives in Kosovo (2000)
845
V.3.13.6
John A. Bold und Rob Pickard: Study on the State of the Cultural Heritage in Kosovo (2001)
846
V.3.13.7
UNESCO: Cultural Heritage in South-East Europe: Kosovo (2003)
848
V.3.13.8
Council of Europe: Edward O’Hara on the cultural situation in Kosovo (2003)
854
V.3.13.9
The anti-Serbian riots in March 2004 – UNMIK, UNESCO, European Commission and Council of Europe
V.3.13.10
857
European Commission / Council of Europe / UNMIK: Integrated Rehabilitation Project Plan (2004 (20006))
858
V.3.13.11
UNESCO: Cultural Heritage in South-East Europe: Kosovo (2004)
860
V.3.13.12
The Memorandum of Understanding on Agreed General Principles for the Reconstruction of Serbian Orthodox Religious Sites and the Reconstruction Implementation Commission (2004 (2005))
861
V.3.13.13
Cultural Heritage Law (2006) und Law on Special Protective Zones (2008)
865
V.3.13.14
Conclusion
868
V.3.14
Excursus – Reconstruction, Renovation and Overwriting
870
V.3.14.1
Croatia
872
V.3.14.2
Bosnia-Hercegovina
878
V.3.14.3
Kosovo
887
V.3.14.4
Serbia
904
V.3.14.5
Macedonia
906
V.3.15
The “others” – Opposite positions in the discourse on the destruction of cultural heritage during the Post-Yugoslav Wars
908
V.3.15.1
Serbia
908
V.3.15.2
Kosovo
915
V.3.15.3
Croatia
917
V.3.16
Evergreens and false (?) friends
919
V.3.16.1
The bridge as a symbol of reconciliation
920
V.3.16.2
Peasant eats citizen – the rural murders the urban space
924
V.3.16.3
Destruction of architecture interpreted with Derrida – representation of ethnicity and modernity
928
List of figures
931
Bibliography
945
Materials
1001
Chart 0001: Comparative summary of the cultural and religious heritage destroyed and damaged throughout the Post-Yugoslav Wars as mentioned in regional and international publications listed alphabetical order
in 1003
Chart 0002: Register of the immovable cultural heritage of the Republic of Serbia (including Kosovo), effective by the year of 1994. Nepokretna Registrovana Kulturna Dobra / Stanje 31. 12. 1994. godine. Bilten 372, Sig. 31:7, Nr. 16224 Republika Srbija / Republički Zavod za Statistiku, Belgrad 1995. Transcript
1045
