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Prosiding Wetland

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PROCEEDINGS
International Workshop on Sustainable
Management of Lowland for Rice
Production
Banjarmasin, 27-28 September 2012

INDONESIAN AGENCY FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

2013

PROCEEDINGS
International Workshop on Sustainable
Management of Lowland for Rice Production
Banjarmasin, 27-28 September 2012

EDITORS:
Edi Husen (Chair)
Dedi Nursyamsi (Member)
Muhammad Noor (Member)
Arifin Fahmi (Member)
Irawan (Member)
I G.P. Wigena (Member)
MANAGING EDITOR
Widhya Adhy
Wahid Noegroho

Published in 2013:
Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development Ministry of
Agriculture
Jl. Ragunan 29. Pasar Minggu
Jakarta Selatan 12540. Indonesia
Telp (021) 7806202
Fax (021) 7800644
e-mail: [email protected]
www.litbang.deptan.go.id
Funded by DIPA Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa TA 2013
ISBN 978-602-8977-65-4

FOREWORD
In Indonesia, there are about 33.4 million ha of wetlands, 9.5 million ha of which are
suitable for agriculture. Approximately 5 million out of 9.5 million ha of the land have
been reclaimed and used by farmers, government, and private sectors for crop production,
such as in Sumatera and Kalimantan. This wetland becomes more important in the future
as an alternative land for food production due to an increase growth of human population
and accelerated reduction of fertile land. However, the uniqueness of wetland properties,
its utilization for agriculture requires a proper management to ensure the sustainability of
the ecosystem and productivity of the land for crop production.
So far, a lots of learning and experience gained from the development of wetland areas.
For example, today we see a large and growing number of cities such as Palembang,
Banjarmasin, Palangkaraya, Pontianak, Pekanbaru, and Jambi was originally developed
from wetlands, which previously flooded during rainy season. Some provinces such as
South Kalimantan, Jambi, West Kalimantan, and South Sumatera, their sources of food
supply, especially rice, were produced from wetlands. Likewise for other crops, especially
coconut, oil palm and rubber, were also cultivated extensively in wetlands. This shows a
significant contribution of wetland to the development of the region with a strong base in
agriculture, especially for food security and farmer’s livelihoods.
In the future, swamplands will be a basis for the development of agriculture, especially
foodcrop, because of the difficulties in finding fertile land and the increase demand for
food supply. The potential use of swamp land is huge, both in terms of coverage areas and
its capacity and opportunity to increase the productivity of existing land, primarily
through increasing cropping index. Stagnation of swampland development in recent years,
in addition to a low adoption of technological and social aspects, also due to the issues
related to resource diversity and climate change. The productivity of rice in the
swampland is still relatively low (2 to 3 t dry grain ha -1), whereas the productivity in some
areas with good management can reach 5 to 7 t dry grain ha -1.
Based on the issues, the papers in this proceedings illustrate the important of wetland for
future food production and the potential use of various appropriate technology innovations
to overcome the complexity of contraints in developing wetlands. The papers presented
and discussed in the workshop are the results of research and development as well as the
concept and experience of researchers from various research institutions and academia, as
well as a success story associated with wetlands management in Indonesia, Vietnam, and
Africa.
Upon completion of the preparation of these proceedings, I thank to all those who
contributed and participated in the organization of workshops, and particularly to the hard
work and creativity of the editorial team.
Hopefully this proceedings is useful for all of us.

Director General of IAARD,

Haryono
i

TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
FOREWORD .......................................................................................................

TABLE OF CONTENT ......................................................................................

iii

WELCOME ADDRESS ......................................................................................

vii

KEYNOTE SPEECH ..........................................................................................

CONCLUDING REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .........................

xiii

MAIN PAPERS
1.
2.

Tidal Swamp for Future Food Support in Facing of Climate Change
Muhrizal Sarwani, Mohammad Noor and Edi Husen. ...................................

Opportunities and Uniqueness of Suitable Lowland Bio-Physics for
Sustainable Rice Production
Bart Schultz ....................................................................................................

Flood and Tidal Inundation in The Context of Climate Change and Sea
Water Level Rise and Proposed Adaptation Measures in the Mekong Delta
To Quang Toan and Tang Duc Thang ............................................................

Strategy of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Lowland
Management for Poverty Alleviation
Lala M. Kolopaking and Mohammad Iqbal ...................................................

SUPPORT PAPERS
5.
6.

7.
8.

Application of Azolla Pinnata Enhanced Soil N, P, K, and Rice Yield
A. Arivin Rivaie, Soni Isnaini, and Maryati ...................................................

Raising Corn Technology on Peat Land at Gambut Mutiara Village, Riau
Province
Isdijanto Ar-Riza dan D. Nazemi ....................................................................

Carbon and Methane Emission at Acid Sulphate Soil of Tidal Swampland
Nurita, M. Alwi, and Y. Raihana ....................................................................

Mineralisation of Reclaimed Peats for Agriculture: Effects of Lime and
Nitrogen Application
Akhmad R. Saidy ............................................................................................

Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth and
Controlling Sheath Blight Diseases at Transplanting Stage on Tidal
Swamps
Ismed Setya Budi, Mariana, Ismed Fachruzi, and Fachrur Rozy ...................

iii

Page
10. Does Rice Straw Application Reduce Iron Concentration and Increase Rice
Yield in Acid Sulphate Soil
Arifin Fahmi and Muhrizal Sarwani ...............................................................

107

11. Emission of Methane and Carbon Dioxide at Management of Organic
Matter on Acid Sulphate Soil under Laboratory Experiment
Wahida Annisa, A. Maas, B. Purwanto, and J. Widada .................................

115

12. Performance of Some Rice Varieties on Acid Sulphate Soils
Andi Wijaya, Yakup Parto, Imelda Marpaung, and Siti Nurul Aidil Fitri ......

129

13. Pests at Fresh Swamp and Tidal Lowland of South Sumatra
Khodijah, Siti Herlinda, Chandra Irsan, Yulia Pujiastuti, Rosdah Thalib,
and Tumarlan Thamrin ..................................................................................

137

14. Potential of Indigenous Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria from Fresh-Water
Inceptisols to Increase Soluble P
Nuni Gofar, Hary Widjayanti, and Ni Luh Putu Sri Ratmini .........................

145

15. Predatory Arthropods on Paddy Field of Fresh Swamp Applied by
Mycoinsecticide and Synthetic Insecticide
Siti Herlinda, David Afriansyah Putra, Chandra Irsan, Yulia Pujiastuti, and
Rosdah Thalib ................................................................................................

155

16. Preliminary Study of Water Availability Related to Impact of Climate
Change (Case Study: Tanjung Api-Api Port Area, Banyuasin Valley)
Yunan Hamdani, Budhi Setiawan, Dwi Setyawan, and Azhar K. Affandi ......

165

17. PUGAM: A Specific Fertilizer for Peat Land to reduce Carbon Emission
and Increase Soil Productivity
I G.M. Subiksa ................................................................................................

175

18. Rice Farming Systems in South Sumatra Tidal Swamp Areas: Problems and
Feed Back Based on Farmer’s Point of Views
Yoyo Soelaeman, Maswar, and Umi Haryati ..................................................

183

19. Sample Preparation for Peat Material Analysis
Masganti .........................................................................................................

197

20. Technical Approach of Erosion and Sedimentation on Canal (Case Study in
Delta Telang I, Banyuasin, South Sumatra Province)
Achmad Syarifudin, Momon Sodik Imanudin, Arie S. Moerwanto,
Muhammad Yazid, and FX Suryadi ................................................................

203

21. The Improvement of Idle Peatland Productivity for Paddy through Organic
amelioration
Eni Maftu’ah, Linda Indrayati, dan Mukhlis ..................................................

213

22. Identification of Lowland Irrigation Condition on Irrigation Network
Krueng Aceh and Krueng Jreu in Aceh Besar
Deddy Erfandi ................................................................................................

223

..... Renny Utami Somantri................................ Thamrin.... 307 30..........H.......... and Dwi Putro Priadi ... and Salni ... and Dedi Nursyamsi ................... Utilization Of “Purun Tikus” (Eleocharis Dulcis) To Control The White Stem Borer In Tidal Swampland M............ Zulkifli Dahlan................. Susanto R...... 351 33. Optimal Water Sharing for Sustainable Water Resource Utilization by Applying Intermittent Irrigation and SRI in Paddy Field: Case Study of Cicatih-Cimandiri Watershed............................ Budi Raharjo. Setiawan B................................ Palembang City (Case Study: Sangkuriang Indah Residential) Ilmiaty R..... Asikin.....................M.... Technology of Iron Toxicity Control on Rice at Acid Sulfate Soils of Tidal Swamplands Izhar Khairullah and Muhrizal Sarwani . FX Suryadi....... Water Use Efficiency Improvement of Lowland Rice Based on Carbon Eficient Farming (CEF) in Sukamandi Umi Haryati and Yoyo Soelaeman ............... Indonesia) Dina Muthmainnah. 275 27.............. 265 26.............. Martin Gummert..... South Sumatra Rudy Soehendi.................. Marsi.... Muhakka.... The Nutrients Quality of Fiber Palm With Ammoniation-Fermentation Ali A................... and Anggrayeni S........ Smith Simatupang and Nurita ............... Syahri....... Vulnerability Analysis of Flooding in Residential Areas at Sub River Watershed Borang........ Abdul Karim Gaffar. M.......... S.. 315 31............................ The Effect of Hermetic Storage to Preserve Grain Quality in Tidal Lowland......... 299 29.....................Page 23........................... 287 28.... 231 24................... Financial Analysis of Citrus Farming on Sorjan System at Tidal Swampland Yanti Rina D............ The Regional of Water Quality Distribution of Peat Swamp Lowland Jambi Muhammad Naswir. S.... Utilization of Lowlands Swamp for Rice Field in Accordance with Fisheries and Animal Husbandry (Case Study in Pampangan............ and Sri Harnanik ............... West Java Popi Rejekiningrum and Budi I............ Susanti and Mahrita Willis . Susila Arita...... South Sumatra Province.. Robiyanto H........S........ Setiawan .......... Susanto... Conservation Soil Tillage at Rice Culture in Acid Sulphate Soil R..................I....................... Relationship between Soil Chemical Properties and Emission of CO2 and CH4 of Guludan at Surjan Systems in Acid Sulphate Soil Ani Susilawati and Bambang Hendro Sunarminto ......... 247 25..... Sandi........................... 369 v ..... ..A.. and Riswandi .......... 337 32........... 357 34.

....................... and Yuri Amiro Hitosi . Ade Dwi Sasanti..... A. Gaffar..... South Kalimantan Helda Orbani Rosa................................................................ 397 vi ...Page 35.................. 395 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ........................ and Dewi Fitriyanti ................K... Vulnerability the Quality Improvement of Giant Freshwater Prawns Postlarvae (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in Swamp Media with Addition Sodium during the Acclimatization Ferdinand Hukama Taqwa....................................................... 383 36.............. The Potency of Indigenous Rice Cropping System in Conserving the Natural Enemies of Pest (Predators and Parasitoids) in Back Swampland........................................................ 389 SCHEDULE OF THE PROGRAM ............... Mariana.....

Lowland such as swamplands have long been exploited and developed. we believe that the lowland have potency and strategically as one of the national barns. CIRAD and the Mekong Delta Research and Development Center  Ladies and gentlemen. Hokkaido University.WELCOME ADDRESS DIRECTOR GENERAL OF INDONESIAN AGENCY OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT International Workshop on Sustainable Management of Lowland for Rice Production Banjarmasin. If optimized to achieve 5-6 t/ha and with increased vii . Honorable Minister.000 tons/year. lowland is no longer positioned as an alternative resource. Vice Minister. either by farmers or by the government and has contributed significantly to national food production. the newly developed approximately 5 million hectares with production performance around 600-900. 27 . while overshadowed by the conversion and degradation of arable land as well as global warming.43 million hectares. we pray to GOD the Almighty for all the blessings and grace we got. Productivity can be achieved in the swampland is between 3-4 t/ha. However. In addition. so that we are able to be present here in International Workshop on Sustainable Management of Lowland for Rice Production with theme "Lowland for food sufficiency in the global climate change”. Based on the available technology and innovation and the potential that can be developed in the future. several other issues such as the challenge of the increasing need for food. Indonesia alone has the potential to swamp land suitable for farming about 10 million hectares of the total area of 33. but it has been our hope.28 September 2012 Honorable:  Minister for Research and Technology  Vice-Minister of Agriculture  Governor of South Kalimantan  Honorable speakers from UNESCO. workshop participants Assalamualaikum Warohmatullah Wabarkatuh Good Morning First of all. Governor and all the participants.

I thank you to the Minister of Research and Technology and Vice Minister of Agriculture to present here at this important workshop and giving key speech. indigenous knowledge in managing swamplands and various social economic aspects for swampland development. Unlam and IARRD. Wassalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Barakatuh. IPB. climate change. about 15 km from Banjarmasin. Lidon (CIRAD. To Quang Toan (DMDRC. Besides that. this land can contribute significant additional production. Barito Kuala district. and we do hope our vice Minister will officially opened the workshop.cropping intensity.5 million tons of paddy rice per year. Japan. Haryono viii . researcher. Vietnam). There will also be presented the successes story of the manager or the agency that manage the lowland (Regent Barito Kuala. Participants. innovative technology of swamplands management. the results of research and development as well as the experiences of the experts on lowland management will be presented among others by UNESCO-the Netherland. and Dr. opportunities and uniqueness of swamplands. Also. In addition. 201 in Sumatra and 19 unit in Sulawesi strongly associated with the development of community development or poverty alleviation. Africa). Regent Banyuasin. which is now a center for the rice and oranges production in South Kalimantan. Hokkaido Univ. decision making from outside and inside of Indonesia. Dr. participants were also invited to see the success of our lowland in Terantang village. In addition. The area has been reclaimed during the 1980s and developed the water system in 1994. approximately 35% where the transmigration site swamplands covering 84 Housing Units (UPT) in Kalimantan. Enjoy the workshop while feeling the atmosphere of the lowland in the city of Banjarmasin. practicion. Thank you for your attention. poster presentation will be display during this international workshop which will attended by almost 150 peoples as academician. in the side River Barito. Director General of IAARD. Our Projections using the lowland of 10 provinces (1 M hectares) with optimization through increased cropping intensity (IP) and the utilization of abandoned land can be contributed additional 3. UNSRI. This workshop will discuss some fundamental related to the development and management of swamplands. On this occasion.

The success of farmers in the use of swampland has disproved the opinions of Western scientists. Ladies and Gentlemen. in particular Dutch stating that swamplands are unsuitable for cultivation. and South Sumatera. especially rice. especially in developing of one million ha of peatlands in 1999. their sources of food supply. and Jambi is a great example of the growing cities with a background of swamp land. were produced from swamp areas. Palembang.KEYNOTE SPEECH VICE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA International Workshop on Sustainable Management of Lowland for Ric e Production Banjarmasin. West Kalimantan. Jambi. today we see a large and growing number of cities was originally developed from swamplands. Likewise for other crops. This shows a significant contribution of swampland to the development of the region with a strong base in agriculture. coconut. In Indonesia. Palangkaraya.28 September 2012 Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarokatuh Good morning. were also cultivated extensively in swamplands. a land clearing of swamp area has been started since 1969 in conjunction with the Transmigration Program. and rubber. So far. which is less attention to the environmental aspects and sustainability of resources. traditional farmers have already done it in several areas. For example. Pekanbaru. But this failure should be used for learning ix . About 3 million ha of swamp area have been opened by the society organizations for cultivation of rice. we also never forget the failure experience in the past. 27 . oil palm and rubber. a lots of learning and experience gained from the development of swampland areas. The opening of swamp land by Indonesian government was based on the success of the Banjar tribe in Borneo and Bugis tribe in coastal area of Sumatra in utilization of swamp area for agriculture. Banjarmasin. However. The key of failure is related to the unproperly planning and development of the model. which previously flooded during rainy season. my best wishes for all of us Ladies and Gentlemen. Pontianak. In addition. especially coconut. But long before that. especially for food security and farmer’s livelihoods. some provinces such as South Kalimantan.

at certain conditions. some consideration and attention are worth to be noted. in addition to a low adoption of technological and social aspects. At a minimum production (off season) in Java. This condition. These issues make us anxiousness for a while in developing swamplands for agriculture. Swamp land is part of wetland agroecosystem. 2 to 3 t dray grain/ha. swamplands will be a basis for the development of agriculture. The potential use of swamp land is huge. especially in challenging of the climate change issues. Besides having roles in food production the swamplands is also very important for environmental functions. particularly in Java. at least 1. such as: (1) characterization and identification of the development area for transfer of technology. In the future. Therefore. The productivity of rice in the swampland is still relatively low. However.0 to 1. particularly swampy marsh. especially foodcrop. ponds).2 million ha of swamp land is used for rice production every year yielded range from 1. Stagnation of swamp land development in recent years.experience in the development of swamp in the future. the productivity of existing swampland is still potential to be improved by technological innovation and increasing cropping index (IP). because of the difficulty of finding fertile land and the demand for food continues to increase. primarily through increasing cropping index (IP). Thus. both in terms of coverage areas and its capacity and opportunity to increase the productivity of existing land. also due to the issues related to resource diversity (biodiversity) and climate change. Currently. road for farming and x . (2) the availability of facilities and infrastructure of the water system (water gates. meaning that it is dependent on the upstream (terrestrial) and will have an impact on the downstream (river water. swamp land management must be integrated with the environmental management. the swamp areas become a buffer or safety of national food security and potentially as food barn. On the other side of the seasonal pattern of rice production in swamplands generally "contradictory" to the rice field.e. more swamp lands are potentially used for crop production. such as under an extreme climate-related drought (El-Nino). i. particularly in supporting food security. whereas the productivity in some areas with good management can reach 5 to 7 t dry grain/ha. rice cultivation in this area and farmer’s experience in utilization of swamp land are more than enough. it is the peak production in swamplands. Ladies and Gentlemen. lake). Ladies and Gentlemen.5 million tonnes of grain/year. Technological innovation in managing of swamp land. In addition.

agricultural machinery (tractors. Rusman Heriawan xi . Billahittaufiq wal hidayah. or with livestock that is now being developed. The holistic discussions and approaches are required to resolve the problems by considering various aspects. this workshop is very important. thereby it is important to be investigated in detail before being selected as agricultural land in a wide sense. I hope the workshop today can raise a variety of learning and experience to acquire a thought. medicines). and crop as well as land management will provide an overview that swamplands are complex and site-specific.). it requires the integration of rice with annual crops (horticulture. It means that the package of technology to be developed on swamplands should be comprehensive and multipurpose. To improve farmer welfare. plantations). Ladies and Gentlemen. The description presented on the properties of swamp resources including land. ideas and reliable and comprehensive strategies in managing and utilizing of swamplands. (4) the accessibility to inputs (seeds. with fish. Based on the issues. The discussion and attention needs to be addressed to the use of appropriate technology or innovation to overcome the complexity of swamplands for agriculture. Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh. climate. the expectation that SWAMP AS A FOOD BARN IN GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE or Lowland for food sufficiency in the global climate change could become a reality. Vice Minister of Agriculture. fertilizers. (3) institutional farmers and capital. and (5) market and price guarantees. etc. Finally. Integration of rice with citrus and vegetables increased farmers' income to be about 5-6 times compared with just rice alone. water.

xii .

5. (2) water regulation infrastructure. marginal soil fertility. West Africa and Japan have exemplified the best management practices for lowland rice cultivation. Several supporting factors are prerequisites in developing tidal swamp areas for rice production. 2. High potential emissions. 6. the scarcity of more suitable lands positions the high population density SE Asia to utilizing this marginal land. including: (1) technological innovation. The yield level and production can potentially be increased to 5-8 ton/ha through water and soil management practices and variety improvement. The cases in Vietnam. Despite fragile land condition. about 9. local government and foreign participants from the Netherland. 4. and (4) warranty of market demands. Japan and Vietnam. attended by around 200 participants from various ministries. The use of peatswamp poses local problems in the forms of peat subsidence. which threatens both the national and global environment must also be fully considered. was officially opened by the Vice Minister of Agriculture.CONCLUDING REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS International Workshop on Sustainable Management of Lowland for Rice Production Banjarmasin. and (3) improved accessibility to the agricultural areas and to market. and disappearance of its role to mitigate floods and droughts. The role of tidal swamp is very strategic as SE Asian rice bowl. Water management through avoidance of salt intrusion effects and development of adaptive variety have been the main key xiii . This land can buffer the low production of irrigated rice production areas during the dry season.5 Mha is considered suitable and around 5 Mha has been developed for agricultural development. acid sulphate problem. water management. From about 33 Mha Indonesian wetland. Universities. 27 .28 September 2012 International Workshop on Sustainable Management of Lowland for Rice Production on 27-28 September 2012 in Banjarmasin. adaptive-high yielding varieties. and environmental risks that may arise. especially on land management. France. This workshop highlights several important conclusions and recommendations as follows: 1. Rice yield of the wetland is relatively low of about 1-4 ton/ha. 3. Further expansion of agriculture to these lands must be done very selectively and cautiously as not to repeat the failure of the notorious 1 Mha ex Mega Rice Project.

high quality and high yielding varieties. while the traditional varieties actively absorb nutrients until grain tillering stage only. 8. The workshop has emphasized the importance of farmers’ participation in technology adaptation at farmer level. Japan put more emphasis on soil management and environmental aspects supported by research on development of adaptive. High yielding varieties actively absorb nutrients from the planting to maturing stage. Japan was in an era of emphasizing the development of high quality and high yielding varieties supported by soil management practices. In recent years. Socio-economic and cultural systems are also emphasized as key factors in the sustainable management of lowland for rice production. Research institutions and universities. In Western Africa the emphasis is on water distribution to meet crop requirement. 7.management practices of rice cultivation in the Mekong Delta to feed the Vietnamese people as well as for export. local government priority and farmers’ needs. xiv . in collaboration with the central and local government play a very strategic role in technology development to improve the synergy between the national strategy. however.

30-15.30 Lunch Dr. Mitsuru OSAKI 14.00-08. Edi Husen.00 Keynote speech II Moderator/ Secretary Minister of Research and Technology of Indonesia Plenary presentation (I and II)) 11.00-15. Banjarmasin Time Session Speaker 08. Fahmuddin Agus/Dr.30-08. Rattan Inn Hotel.20 Coffee Break Prof.15 Coffee break 10.00-10.00 Discussion 15. Anny Mulyani.00 New Concept on High Rice Production by Increasing Soil Fertility Prof. Thursday.30 Integrated Lowland Development and Management to Increase National Food (Rice) Production Prof. Dr.15-11.30 Tidal Swamp for Future Food Support in Facing of Climate Change Dr. Iding Chaidir/ Ir.40 Welcoming address Governor of South Kalimantan 08.00-10.00 Opportunities and Uniqueness of Prof.00-12.30-12.30-14.SCHEDULE OF THE PROGRAM DAY-1. Robiyanto 14.30-13. Bart Schultz Suitable Lowland Bio-Physics for Sustainable Rice Production 12.00 Opening Speech DG of IAARD 09. MS Plenary presentation (III to V) 13.30 Discussion 12. MSc 395 .00-14. 27 September 2012.30 Registration Committee 08. Muhrizal Sarwani 11.40-09.00 Opening ceremony and Keynote Speech Vice Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia 10.00-11.

Noor Dr.30-16. Lutfi Fatah Arsyad / Dr.00 Success Story of Tidal Swamp Farming System in Banyuasin. Friday. Dr.40 Discussion 17.00 Return to Hotel 396 Dr.10 Success story of Lowland Management in Africa 17. 28 September 2012.15-10. South Sumatera. South Kalimantan Province 17.00-16.30-10. Kasdi Subagyono/Dr.30-09.40 Success Story of Tidal Swamp Farming System in Barito Kuala.00-09.50-17.00-17. Izhar Khairullah Dr. Kasdi Subagyono 10. M. Sri Rochayati.Time Session Speaker Moderator/ Secretary Success Story (I to II) 15.00-10.30-14.30 Sociological aspect of the development of Tidal Swamp in Kalimantan Dr. South Kalimantan. To Quang Toan Development and Management in the Mekong Delta and Planning for Water Resources Management for Sustainable Agricultural Cultivation Adapting to Climate Change and Sea Level Rise 16.15 Coffee break 10.40-19. Bruno Lidon Hosted by DG of IAARD DAY-2. Taufik Hidayat 09. Trip Alihamsyah/ Dr.45 Conclusion Dr.00 Dinner Prof.00 Strategy of Climate Change Mitigation in Wetland Management for Poverty Alleviation Prof. Barito Kuala Regency.45-11.20-15.00 Break and praying 19. Committee Belawang Sub District. Indonesia Banyuasin Regent 16. Rattan Inn Hotel. Banjarmasin Plenary Presentation (V–VII) 08. MSc Committee .00-21.00 Field trip to Karang Buah Village.40-16. Indonesia Barito Kuala Regent 15.30 Discussion 16.10-17.50 Success story of Lowland MSc.30 Closing remarks and ceremony DG of IAARD 11.00 Lunch and praying 14.00 Discussion 10. Lala Kolopaking 09.

9. 12. 33. 16. Scientific and Cultural Organization Dinas Pertanian dan Hortikultura Riau French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development Dinas Pertanian Tanjab Barat Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Bengkulu Dewan Riset Nasional Balai Penelitian Tanah Balai Penelitian Tanah Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Jawa Timur Universitas Sriwijaya Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Nusa Tenggara Barat Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Bengkulu A.N. 29. 4. Name Institution 1. 18. Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Maluku Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian Balai Penelitian Teknologi Pertanian Bali Universitas Sriwijaya Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Papua Balai Pengelola Alih Teknologi Pertanian Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Kalsel Balai Penelitian Tanah Pemerintah Kabupaten Batola Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian Universitas Sriwijaya Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi Balai Penelitian Tanah Balai Besar Mekanisme Pertanian Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sulawesi Utara Universitas Lambung Mangkurat United Nations Educational. 20. 3. Didik Harnowo Didik Suprihatno Dina Muthmainah Dwi Pratomo 34. 5. 11. 2. Bruno Lidon 23. 13. E.B.A. Basriman 22. Harsanti 35. 19. Ali Pramono Andi Wijaya Anny Mulyani Arif Budiman Arifin Fahmi Aris Pramudia Asmawati Ahmad Astu Unadi Bahtiar Bakti Nur I. Dedi Heriyanto Dedi Nursyamsi Dedi Sugandi Desianto Budi Dewi Novia Diah Setyorini Didi Ardi S. 32. Arivin R. 27. Wihardjaka A. 30. 15. 31. 7. 8. 26. 24. Kamandalu Achmad Syarifudin Afrizal Malik Agung Hendriadi Agus Supriyo Ai Dariah Akhmad M. 28. Eddy Makruf 397 .S. Bart Schultz 21. 10. 25. A.LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Nr. 6. 14. 17.

40. 51. 71. 53. 49. 45.T. 62. 37. 55. 74. 59. Saliem Haris Syahbuddin Harmanto Haryono Haryono Hasil Sembiring Helmi Hadi Hendri Hendri Sosiawan Herdis Herman Subagjo Herry Sastramihardja I G. 43. 72. 56. Name Institution 36. 70. 68. 47. Wigena Ibrahim Adamy Iding Chaidir Indya Dewi Irawan Irsal Las Ismed Setya Budi . 41. 63. Pisau Metro TV Pusat Analisis Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi Balai Besar Mekanisme Pertanian Badan Litbang Pertanian Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan Universitas Sriwijaya Dinas Pertanian dan Hortikultura Riau Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi Dewan Riset Nasional Balai Penelitian Tanah Balai Penelitian Tanah Balai Penelitian Tanah Dewan Riset Nasional Universitas Lambung Mangkurat Balai Penelitian Tanah Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian Universitas Lambung Mangkurat 398 Edi Husen Edi Santoso Eleonora Runtunuwu Ellia Dariah Enday Kusnendar Eny Rachmawati Erna Suryani Erni Susanti Eviati Fadlullah Ramadhani Fahmuddin Agus Faizen O. 52. 73. 46. 60. Ferdinand Fitriani Malik Ganjar Jayanto H. 58.P. 44.B. 48. 39. 65. 54. 64. 66. 38. 42. Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian Balai Penelitian Tanah Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi Dewan Riset Nasional Dewan Riset Nasional Universitas Lambung Mangkurat Balai Penelitian Tanah Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi Balai Penelitian Tanah Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi Balai Penelitian Tanah Banyuasin Pusat Perpustakaan dan Penyebaran Teknologi Pertanian Pupuk Kalimantan Timur Universitas Sriwijaya Pusat Unggulan Riset-Pengembangan Lahan Suboptimal Pupuk Kalimantan Timur Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi Dinas Pertanian dan Peternakan P. 50. Naedy Rustam Hakim Handewi P. Baktir Fastiyanti Ferdinan H.Nr. 57. 67. 61. Farid H. 69.

Karden Mulya 79. M. Iswari 76. Name 75. Keichi Hayashi 81. Nanik R. 106. Kasdi Subagyono 80. Gerly Institution Balai Besar Litbang Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa Balai Penelitian Tanah Balai Besar Litbang Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian Badan Litbang Pertanian International Rice Research Institute Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi Universitas Sriwijaya Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi Institut Pertanian Bogor Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Kalimantan Timur Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa Universitas Sriwijaya Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa Trans 7 Banyuasin Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi Banyuasin Universitas Lambung Mangkurat Universitas Sriwijaya Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Riau Balai Penelitian Tanaman Baku dan Serat Balai Penelitian Tanah Jepang Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian Balai Penelitian Tanah Pusat Unggulan Riset-Pengembangan Lahan Suboptimal Balai Pengelola Alih Teknologi Pertanian Balai Penelitian Tanah Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Bali Balai Penelitian Tanah Dewan Riset Nasional 399 . Naswir 91. 86. Madian 96. M. Lala Kolopaking 87. M. Oyok Sumardja 112. M. Mastur 100. Kharmila Sari 83. M. Marsi 98. Maswar 101. Mariana 97. Najib 90. Le Istiqlal Amien 88. Mulyadi 104. Risanta 93. Nuni Gofar 108.Nr. Nurjaya 110. Hidayanto 89. Joko Purnomo 78. Made J. Muhrizal Sarwani 103. Nurida 107. Nurjaman 109. Nani Heryani 105. Yasin Sahri 94. Khairil Anwar 82. Mitsuru Osaki 102. Mejaya 95. Noor 92. M. Neneng L. Izhar Khairullah 77. Khodijah 84. Masganti 99. P. Ladiyani Retno W. Nyoman Adijaya 111. Kurmen Sudarman 85.

Selly Salma 132. Setyono H. Rahmah 120. Ilmiyati 121.P. Said 129. Susilawati 145. Ten Umaiyah 148. Taufiq 147. Siti Nurul A. Sahat M. Prihasto Setyanto 118. Suharsih 142. Rosdah Thalib 125. Tri Windari Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa TV One Universitas Sriwijaya Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Bangka Belitung Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Lampung Universitas Sriwijaya Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sumatera Selatan Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian Kemeterian Ristek dan Teknologi Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Daerah Dewan Riset Nasional Universitas Lambung Mangkurat Balai Penelitian Tanah Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi Universitas Sriwijaya Universitas Sriwijaya Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sulawesi Tenggara Balai Pengelola Alih Tekmologi Pertanian Balai Penelitian Tanah Balai Penelitian Tanah Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian 400 Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian Institut Pertanian Bogor Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Kalimantan Tengah Universitas Lambung Mangkurat Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sulawesi Tengggara TVRI Kalimantan Selatan Vietnam Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Jawa Tengah - . Popi Rejekiningrum 116. Poniman 115. Supiandi Sabiham 144. Susanto 124. Robert Asnawi 123. 128. Sudarto 141. Sakri Widhianto 130. Sri Purniyanti 138. Siti Herlinda 135.S. Sidik Hadi Tala’ohu 134. To Quang Toan 149. Samharinto 131. Sumarni 143. Subowo 140.Nr. Name Institution 113. Saefoel Bachri 127. Sri Rochayati 139. Risfaheri 122. Priatna Sasmita 117.F. Tri Sudaryono 150. Taufik Hidayat 146. Adi 133. Rudy Soehendi 126. Soeharsono 137. Simatupang 119. Robiyanto H. 136. Reini S. R. Paidi 114.

Udiansyah 154. Zulkifli Zaini 401 . Yuliantoro B. Yandy Saden 161. Yanti Rina 162. Zaenal Soedjais 167. 165. Widyantoro 158. Tumarlan 153. Y. Name Institution 151. Umi Haryati 155. Wahyu Wibawa 156. Zainal Ilmi 168. Yayan Apriyana 163. Hamdani 160. Wasidin 157.Nr. Trip Alihamsyah Balai Besar Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sumatera Selatan Balai Penelitian Tanah Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Bengkulu Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi Balai Penelitian Tanah Universitas Sriwijaya BPLR Kalteng Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi Balai Penelitian Tanah Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi Universitas Sriwijaya Dewan Riset Nasional Badan Koordinasi Penyuluhan Kalimantan Selatan Forum Komunikasi Profesor Riset 152. Wiwik Hartatik 159. Yoyo Soelaeman 164. Yunan Hamdani 166.

Biophysical elements include subsystems of soil. 2Mohammad Noor. Meanwhile. The choice is related to the government's strategic policy to protect and feed the people that continue growing. Therefore. pests and diseases. 12 Cimanggu-Bogor 2IAARD Researcher at Indonesian Wetland Research Institute (IWETRI). and 1Edi Husen Researchers at Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development (ICALRD). Stronger environmental issues are related to climate change and global warming along with the rapid development of oil 1 . plants. To minimize the import. and environment. (iii) strengthening institutions.1 1Muhrizal 1IAARD WETLAND FOR FUTURE FOOD PRODUCTION IN FACING CLIMATE CHANGE Sarwani. the growing issue of climate change and global warming in line with broad and rapid development of wetland is envisaged by potentially increasing greenhouse gas emissions and pollution. The basic concept of environmentally benign or friendly farming in the context of wetland agriculture is the ability and efforts to maintain agricultural production (yields and economics) at a certain optimum level. the demand in respect to the international concern is related to the world issues and the efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and development of green economy. the Indonesian government expanded the area of food crop in wetland area targeted 5. The P4S project is supported by the transmigration programs for the poor in Java and Bali to Kalimantan and Sumatra settlement. INTRODUCTION Utilization of wetlands for agriculture has been taking place since the 13th century at the era of Majapahit Kingdom (Darmanto 2000). implementation of environmentally benign farming system needs to be realized. Tentara Pelajar No. Wetland farming system consists of biophysical and socioeconomic elements interlinked with each other. the use of wetlands increases public concerns in relation to environmental issues. (ii) increasing in value added. Kebun Karet. water.25 million ha in Kalimantan and Sumatra for 15 years through the Tidal Rice Project (P4S). and (iv) policy support. Jl. This concept is highly dynamic concerning the nature of wetlands in relation to its historical development for farming and current choice versus global demand. However. land degradation. Efforts to be addresed to support the implementation of environmentally friendly wetland farming systems are: (i) improving land and crop management system. However. and sociological conditions. Lok Tabat. Jl. and poverty. Banjarbaru-South Kalimantan Abstract. Utilization of wetlands for agriculture in the last few decades shows rapid development. Environmentally friendly farming in the context of wetland agriculture develops as a result of the interaction between biophysical and socio-economic elements. public perception. In the period 1950-1980 Indonesia is rice importing countries. Socio-economic elements include comparative advantage.

70 million ha which consists of 9. This model becomes mutually beneficial integration.27 million ha which consists of 2.17 million ha of swampy areas. In addition. Thus. POTENCY AND USE OF WETLAND Wetland area in Indonesia reached 33.27 million ha opened by government for transmigration settlement units and 3. so that the rice become a supporting plant. about 20% or an area of 2. Environmentally friendly farming is a perspective to see the extent farmers’of effort or ability dealing with the current demands and interests. Suryatmojo 2012). However.Sarwani et al. Wetland area which has been utilized is only about 5.14 million ha of tidal land and 13. future wetlands areas are likely to be the source of new economic growth and source of foreign exchange.5 million tons of grain per year (Noor and Nursyamsi 2012). Integrated farming systems between food crops and annual crop (oil palm) can be done by increasing the distance between the line width of the oil palm. Implementation of environmentally friendly farming systems requires a well planning for moving forward. palm and rubber plantations in the wetland area that allegedly has the potential to increase greenhouse gas emissions (Agus and Subiksa 2008.53 million ha of tidal land and 4. Agronomically and economically. 2 . This paper reviews agricultural practices in wetland in the context of environmentfriendly farming.5 million ha of peat and swamp lands has developed into oil palm and rubber plantations spread across Kalimantan. so concerns of further decrease of rice land area that reduces rice production can be overcome. It is just necessary required a wise land management in order to remain environmentally friendly.4 million ha consisting of 20. The results of potential land analysis from ten provinces showed that by the optimalization of the land supported by technology innovation and good cultivation management can obtain additional production of 3.0 to 2. the suitable area for agriculture is estimated 13. wetland and peatland are also feasible for the development of oil palm and rubber plantations as it can provide a profit for farmers and entrepreneurs.00 million ha opened by local community independently (Noor 2004). Sumatra and Sulawesi.30 million ha of swampy areas.

441 million ha). Although a target of rice production according to the initial plans for the development of an area of 5.075. Based on land availability map of Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Lahan Pertanian in year 3 .782 ha or 35. the availability of wetland that has been reclaimed (3.44 million ha has been utilized.320 million ha).45%) can be used to increase domestic rice production. At least.571 ha) can be optimized and some of them that are unutilized (1.767.5 million tons of paddy rice per year by land optimalization through increased cropping intensity and the use of abandoned land (Noor and Nursyamsi 2011). 2. for rice (1. Projections of additional rice production by relying only on wetland from 10 provinces can be about 3. and other uses such as settlements and roads (0.499 million ha). vegetable crops.25 million ha still cannot be reached as expected. i. it is still available potential wetlands that have not been reclaimed (7. Performances of rice.e. oil palm. ponds (0. Moreover.Wetland for Future Production in Facing Climate Change Figure 1. and rubber in wetland farming ADVANTAGES OF WETLAND FOR FUTURE FOOD PRODUCTION Improved Food Production Opportunities Of wetland that has been opened by the government.794 ha). estate crops (0. the role of wetlands cannot be ignored.182 million ha).335.

9 million ha of which are available for extension (idle “bongkor” wetland not included). Biophysical component includes land resources as a medium for plants. including universities. in South Sumatra (Telang and Karang Agung in Banyuasin district). AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN WETLAND Wetland farming system consists of biophysical and socioeconomic components which are interlinked with each other. pesticides are accessible.e. 4 . The success of various regions in the utilization of wetland for increased production is numerous and not all are presented in this paper. the findings of research or technological innovation play an important role.Sarwani et al. (2) facilities and infrastructure of water management (water gates. the efforts to become wetland as barns in some areas are supported by technological innovations generated by IAARD and several other institutions. farm roads and agricultural machinery (tractors) are available.7 million ha of potential land. climate and infrastructures. However. The following descriptions are some biophysical and socio-economic conditions of wetlands for agricultural uses. (4) seeds. and fresh swamps in South Kalimantan (Babirik in Hulu Sungai Utara district). fertilizers. i. Socio-economic biophysical includes human resources as the main actors or agents of changes having perceptions and sociological conditions that may affect attitudes and behaviors. Availability of Technology The successful development of wetlands for agriculture. approximately 7. and (5) there are markets and competitive price. including legal institutions and efforts to improve community awareness. 2009. In this case. ponds). However. (1) transfer of technology requires the characterization and identification of development areas. especially rice has been achieved by several tidal swamp areas like in South Kalimantan (Terantang in Barito Kuala district and Kurau in Tanah Laut district). Technology innovations for wetland management as well as rice cultivation techniques are available and farmers’ experiences in using wetland are more than enough. in Central Kalimantan (Terusan in Kapuas district).0 to 7. One or two areas of 17 provinces that has wetlands become a central of rice production. pests and diseases. (3) farmers institutions and capital are exist. Policy and Implementation Accelerating the development of wetlands is determined by policy support (political will) from the government. some are worth and important to be concerned. Environmentally friendly farming in the context of wetland is a natural system that is developed as a result of the interaction between biophysical and socio-economic elements. of 30.

Reclamation system at early stage to drain the water could also cause over drainage and irreversible drying. under the conditions of limited availability of fertilizers (as well as expensive) some farmers no longer apply fertilizer on farmland based on recommended dose. Water management is the main key in opening or reclamation of wetland for plant growth. especially in areas that have been reclaimed equipped with water gates. land suitability classes of wetlands are conditional suitable with mild to severe limiting factors. some water gates have been damaged and are not functioning so that the water flows freely causing drought at dry season. rivers. and some are not suitable for agriculture. or with N and P without K fertilizer. Some of wetlands have low nutrient status. water quality at high tide or rainy season is better than those at low tide or dry season. This management is practiced by farmers in response to wetland conditions. or their partially just fertilize the land with fertilizer N (urea) only. particularly those are intensively for land for food crops. Water sources come from rain. and high levels of sulfate (SO4). forests and swamps of adjacent streams or flood from upstream. and sulfides. and Fe 2+ (Anwar and Mawardi 2011). especially in using wetlands for seasonal crops. salt and animal manures have been practiced widely. However. In general. In traditional agricultural practices. organic acids. Opening or reclamation of wetlands should be followed by constructing water gates in order to maintain water level. In general. elevated levels of toxic elements such as Al. Acidification processes and nutrient deficiency (nutrient shortage) are often occurred after reclamation of wetland and then use it for longtime without proper management. These practices cause a decrease in the production of biomass or yield and accelerate land degradation (Noor 2012) Water subsystem Water management is a key to successful utilization of wetlands for agriculture. organic matter management and minimum tillage known as tajak puntal hambur system. as such their intensive use or recklessly land clearing may create many problems. so that the soil remains moist or wet. Water quality at low tide or dry season is more acidic (pH 2-3). together with the applications of ash. Management practices. Fe. Wetlands have highly fragile. as such plant can grow well without flooded in rainy season or drought in dry season. Water quality depends much on water circulation or replacement that occurs periodically from tidal water and floodwater from upstream areas such as in fresh wetlands. seas.Wetland for Future Production in Facing Climate Change Biophysical and Environmental Conditions of Wetlands Soil subsystem Soil in wetlands as a medium for plant growth has various constraints. Mn. organic acids. Constructing floodgates or ponds (dam 5 . especially acidification (pH 2 to 3).

Introducing new superior varieties or clones require an alteration in crop cultivation and farmers’ mindset that may be confronted by local habits and customs. the use of crop varieties that are susceptible to pests and diseases and limited plant rotation become the main factor for not optimal yields. especially those used for annual crops. among others are rat. 6 . The use of high-yielding rice varieties by farmers in wetlands agriculture is still low. Noor 2010). the production of local varieties is still relatively low. The use of pesticides does not seem to help much. expensive of pesticides makes farmers reduce the dose and intensity of spraying resulting increasing levels of pests and diseases incidents. Moreover. especially for food crops. the use of local varieties of food crops and annual crops are widely possible. small scale of farmland and inadequate fertilizer inputs weaken plant vigor that are susceptible to pests and diseases. In addition to conserve water. and stem borers. overflow) by local communities should always be encouraged widely to prevent drought (EMRP 2009. quantity and quality. Agricultural practices like food crops (rice) with different planting time. white pests. i. In present agricultural practices. ponds also prevent fires and land degradation. Although their low productivity. The use of high yielding varieties are often challenged by: (i) limited support of infrastructure for water system service and mechanization for some land preparation. Pest and disease subsystem Pests and diseases infestation in wetlands is quite high. local varieties are known for their availability and accessibility and required not much fertilizers.Sarwani et al. and about 85-90% of the farmers still use local varieties because of some considerations. In addition. (iii) it does not require intensive care and much fertilizers. or around 10-15%. Pest management to control the outbreak of certain pest due to environmental disturbance is often faced by unsupported cultivation systems that are managed in traditional way. To increase cropping or planting intensity (IP) for food crops. blast. Until this time. (ii) the selling price is more expensive and marketable. (iv) its ability to resist pests and diseases are quite good.e. and (iii) the availability of fertilizers and pesticides at the right time. water management systems are very important and absolutely necessary. even worst it kills also natural pest and disease enemies if it uses excessively. and (v) it has long-lived (11 months) giving opportunities for farmers to do another works outside farmland. Plant subsystem Various crops that are now growing in wetlands are the result of adaptation and domestication of wild crops by farmers in the long time period. (i) the seeds are easy to obtain because most farmers develop their own seeds. (ii) low price of agricultural products. plant hopper.

Some research reported that water management by maintaining the water table at a depth of 30 cm or less can reduce GHG emissions and prevent fires. NO2) in wetlands becomes a global concern. rubber. most wetlands for rice farming have been converted to non-agricultural purposes. Currently. fast development of these plantations provide a rapid impact on socio-economic development. Climate change triggered by increasing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) (CO2. 2005 in Harsono. Wetlands have biomass with around 200 tons of carbon that can be a source of emissions when burned or decomposed (Rahayu et al. The fact that some farmers have changed their commodities from food crops to other crops is an indicator that rice is no longer attractive or lower advantage compared to other crops. But long before that. cocoa. especially rice to strengthen food security at that time. Improper management of previous Peatland Mega Project (PLG) in Central Kalimantan also increases negative perceptions and conceals its potential use for agriculture. 2012). Reports on the failure of transmigration in this Mega Project with increasing growth of poverty in this location add further the length of bad record of wetlands for 7 . The expansion of oil palm and rubber plantations by private companies increased rapidly in the last ten years (Noor 2012). Therefore. In one hand. which can yield 3 t of pineapple ha-1 (Noor 2004).Wetland for Future Production in Facing Climate Change Environment subsystem The changes of natural wetland ecology are associated with climate change and global warming. citrus and oil palm. Socio-economic Conditions of Wetland Agriculture Comparative advantage Background and policy direction on the opening of wetlands for agriculture in the beginning (1982-1999) devoted to increase food crop production. thus wetland management and utilization. CH4. management of wetland should be based on mitigation of GHG emissions. especially peat lands. Public perception Controversy about the use of wetlands for agriculture is still strongly sensed by public in general. The use of certain varieties such as pineapple with low GHG emission is encouraged since it is known as a highly adaptive plant in wetlands with acidic soil conditions (pH 2-3) and poor drainage or in thick peat lands. but in another hand it may reduce national food production in the future because some of productive wetlands are converted or not optimized for food production. Increasing activities in using wetlands for various purposes are alleged to boost GHG emissions that affect climate change. actually wetlands have been developed by the local community with a variety of annual crops such as coconut. gains special attention. Application of local chicken manure can also lower GHG emission.

This concept is highly dynamic concerning the nature of wetlands in relation to its historical development for farming and current choice versus global demand. These conditions increase the complexity of the future development of wetlands. This opportunity is expected to be used for the improvement of wetland management system and intensification of the lands that already exist. The use of wetlands is also become a global issue related to the environmental problems in terms of climate change. the demand in respect to the international concern is related to the world issues and the efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and develop green economy. The involvement of many agencies or institutions. Meanwhile. (ii) increasing the value added. conserve natural resources. At the field level. in one hand may provide a comprehensive. The government's commitment to reduce GHG emissions as much as 26% by his own efforts or 40% by external funding has been able to temporarily stop the clearing of forests and peat lands for plantation.Sarwani et al. This requirement can be achieved by: (i) improving land and crop management systems. and (iv) government policy. but in another hand it may also promote overlapping tasks and works. Sociological conditions The development of society globally has a consequence in increasing various regulations and policies. 8 . holistic and integrated solutions approach in handling various aspects according to each responsibility and power. to achieve environmentally friendly wetland agriculture it requires a proper land resources management to meet adequate food production. ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY WETLAND AGRICULTURE The basic concept of environmentally friendly farming in wetland agriculture is the efforts to maintain agricultural production at a minimum level. gradually it realizes that the successful use and development of wetlands is strongly influenced by well understanding of the nature and characteristics of wetlands prior to opening the land for agriculture. However. Inadequate experience in technical and strategic development of wetland raises many problems that are difficult to solve quickly and appropriately. The choice is related to the government's strategic policy to protect and feed the people that continue growing. but is also areas of the Water Resources at the Ministry of Public Work and the Environment at the Ministry of Environment. 10/2011). agriculture (Levang 2007). (iii) strengthening institutional cooperation. The authority to handle the wetlands is not merely the domain of the Ministry of Agriculture. and at the same time maintain environmental quality. particularly oil palm (Presidential Instruction No.

Wetland for Future Production in Facing Climate Change Improvement of Land and Plant Management Systems Management of wetlands should be regulated and directed to follow an integrated system in single management unit. opportunities to increase farmers’ income can also be achieved by secondary product processing.g. fisheries. Improvement in cultivation technology. including proper cropping pattern of farming with diversification of commodities (e. distinctive regions as protected habitats) and areas for regional development (coastal and adaptive areas. extensions. only few of them are adopted and it is also limited to some components. In line with the diversification of commodities. the smallest management unit could be based on the characteristics of the hydrological units (swamp/river/watershed). Other added value is the utilization of agricultural waste. and research and development. rice-fish) can increase farmers’ income. The use of technological innovation is still limited. Referral for the zoning is based the interests that include areas for conservation (forests/protected areas. peat land with thickness 3 m depth or more.paddy . citrus and rice . dosage of fertilizers. Strengthening Institutional Cooperation Implementation of environmentally friendly farming systems or sustainable agriculture cannot be separated from the involvement of the stakeholders and institutional cooperation at national and local levels. such as the use of recommended varieties. The efforts to change and improve the way of cultivation and cropping patterns as well as the implementation of technological innovations are expected to include always various stakeholders (institutions at various levels). This may one of the reasons less interest of the younger generation to agriculture. Zoning of wetland areas (macro to micro) is required to eliminate the effects of development that may arise in the region and surrounding areas. livestock in wetlands is still labor intensive and traditional. areas for agriculture and fisheries). Currently. even biogas for domestic use. The cooperation includes institutions of policy makers. Added Value Increase Most management systems in agriculture. peat dome. such as rice straw for mushroom. 9 . particularly in wetlands that are often muddy and dirty. Even if technological innovations have started to be introduced.livestock integration (ricechicken.crops vegetables) and diversification of farming such as crop . animal feed. In agreement to the characteristics of wetlands. so this added value can benefit the farmers. the institutional cooperation is still limited to the level of communication and is expected to further progress to the level of implementation. and tractors for land preparation.

including the development of nano-technology for fertilizers. In this project. and economical. This income is not included the revenue from fish and vegetable crops (eggplant). 7. known as Delta Kayan Food Estate (KADEFE).500. it yielded Rp. (5) modification of agricultural mechanization tools to be user and environmentally friendly as well as economical.000 kg-1.000. In addition. then the farmers earn about Rp. When it is calculated with rice price about Rp. (6) formulation of organic and bio-fertilizers (in situ) to remediate “bongkor” swamp land.000. and (8) the dissemination of technological innovations in wetland 10 . FUTURE RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT OF WETLAND Research required to support future development of wetlands should be directed to or focus on: (1) mapping the potential land and recommendation to develop wetlands per district/sub-district as a basis for development planning of wetlands. government concern and commitment to develop wetland is still discontinuous (inconsistent). 32. (3) generating models of regional water system (macro and micro) as the basis of wetland water management. Regional autonomy basically gives an opportunity for local governments to take advantage of widely use of wetlands for food and energy (plantations). encouragement and support by the government is still required. KADAFE also harvest chili with a productivity of 0. the local government engaged partnerships with several companies that have investments in East Kalimantan. mapping of disaster prone areas related to climate change. (4) generating appropriate cultivation technology to improve land productivity.65 tons (GKP) ha-1 or 5. including efficient and effective water gate models. lower GHG emissions. preparation of wetland Planting Calendar in various climatic conditions.28.75 tons of grain ha-1 (equivalent to 3. its propagation and spread on a large scale to the wetlands areas. 10.607 tons of rice ha-1).Sarwani et al.856. Of the 700 plants (with a total yield of 525 kg) and price about Rp 20. KADEFE first harvest at 26 November 2012 is reported to yield rice with average productivity of 6.75 kg plant-1. Nowadays. (7) creating institutional models and the empowerment of farmers to wise use of wetland for agricultural.000. The yield achieved is quite high. Government Policy Government empowerment in terms of policy to implement environmentally friendly farming systems in wetlands is very important. the result is Rp. East Kalimantan province for food production. An interesting example is the planning of Government of East Kalimantan and Bulungan to utilize Delta Kayan.000/kg. However.000. and macro and micro water balance. including the dynamics water level predictions model. 39. If the production cost of growing rice and chili is Rp.8.000 season-1. This Delta Kayan area has the opportunity for 3 planting seasons per year. (2) producing adaptive crop varieties. Bulungan district.000. Total revenue from rice and chili farming reaches Rp.000.356.

Environmentally friendly farming in the context of the nature of wetland system are formed as a result of the interaction between biophysical and socio-economic elements. and (iii) sociological conditions. including the development of actor or principal agent attitudes. REFERENCES Agus. (iv) pests and diseases. recommendation to develop wetland as a basis for planning. including the development of nano-technology for fertilizers. formulation organic and bio-fertilizers to remediate “bongkor” unproductive wetland. (iii) strengthening institutional cooperation. (4) Strengthening research which includes mapping of potential wetland resources. then became a profit oriented (agribusiness). 11 . empowering productive farmers institution and dissemination of appropriate technological innovation for wetland management. (ii) increasing the value added. Biophysical elements include: (i) land subsystems. Subiksa. producing adaptive crop varieties and cultivation technologies to improve land productivity with GHG emissions. visitor plots. (ii) water. (2) Wetland farming system consists of interrelated biophysical and socioeconomic elements. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS (1) Wetland farming systems are developed along with human intervention through technology.M. planting calendar.Wetland for Future Production in Facing Climate Change management to stakeholders and users. 36 hlm. Bogor-Indonesia. generating models of regional water system and its management. and (iv) government policy. (ii) public perception. and (v) environment. which originally use wetland is just to meet the family needs. 2008. and seminars. Socioeconomic elements include: (i) comparative advantage. Lahan Gambut : Potensi untuk Pertanian dan Aspek Lingkungan.G. (3) The efforts needed as the hopes to create environmentally friendly wetland farming systems in supporting wetlands for future food production are: (i) improving land and crop management systems. F dan I. including policies in the conduct of the study. through the national and international cooperation partnerships. (iii) plants. Balai Penelitian Tanah dan World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF).

Mitigasi dan Adaptasi Kondisi lahan Gambut di Indonesia dengan Sistem Pertanian Berkelanjutan. Press. Darmanto. P. ______ 2010. S. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Transformatif Wacana 27/XIV: 11-38. Lahan Rawa: Pengelolaan Tanah Bermasalah Sulfat Masam. Konservasi dan Perubahan Iklim. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Transformatif Wacana 27/XIV: 55-84. 2012.Sarwani et al. Noor. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Teknik Sipil UGM. 2003. 2008. 2011. Disertasi KPG-IRD. Adaptasi Masyarakat di Kawasan Ekosistem Gambut dalam Mengantisipasi Perubahan Iklim. K dan Mawardi. Maswar. 2012. Dinamika Tinggi Muka Air dan Kemasaman Air Pasang Surur Saluran Sekunder Sepanjang Sungai Barito. 12 . H.). 362 hlm.FJP. ______ 2012. S. GOI-RNE. Fahmi dan Y. 2000. Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada/Rajawali Press. Mamat HS.189 p. Pengelolaan Lahan Gambut Berkelanjutan 155-172.. Bogor: Balai Besar Litbang SDLP. Bogor: Balai Besar Sumber Daya Lahan Pertanian. Anda. M. Tanah dan Iklim Edisi Khusus Juli: 1-12. Ayo Ke Tanah Sabrang : Transmigrasi di Indonesia (Judul asli La terrad’en face-La transmigration en Indonesie). 2004. Kilas Balik Pengembangan Lahan Rawa : Sejarah Ilmu Reklamasi Rawa. Sulaiman (ed. 2008. A. Levang. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada Univ. Suryatmojo. Dalam Edi Husen. Jakarta-Palangka Raya. Harsono. M. M. Lahan Gambut : Pengembangan. Report First Draft for Counsultation July. Jakarta. Anwar. EMRP. Kearifan Lokal Pertanian di Lahan Gambut. Master Plan for the Conservation and Development of the Ex Mega Rice Project In Central Kalimantan. Noor. Pidato Pengukuhan Lektor Kepala Madya dalam Ilmu Teknik Sipil.

Chair Group Land and Water Development. Based on this. a rich stock of information on the potentials of the lowlands has been obtained. sensitive areas with a high ecological value. this cooperation has been strongly supported by the concerned Indonesian Ministries. About 8 million ha of the tidal lowlands are potential for rice cultivation. the Netherlands Abstract. While the reclaimed lowlands are generally located on clay soils and especially the government schemes have a rational lay out. Of the non-tidal lowlands the potential area for rice cultivation is estimated at 5 million ha. It is even possible to grow three crops per year. environmental degradation. Indonesia avails of 20 million ha tidal lowlands and 13 million ha non-tidal lowlands. land subsidence when peat soils are reclaimed. in many cases. However. Over the years. loss of natural values. as well as by Netherlands Development Cooperation. these are. of which almost 4 million ha has already been reclaimed. Examples can predominantly be found in many countries of the Asian Continent. Provincial and District Authorities. availability of fresh water resources. Therefore they are basically unsuitable for development. fertile clay soils. the lowlands play an increasing role in worlds' rice production. due to their generally strategic location there is often a tremendous pressure to develop these areas for various types of land use. long term cooperation between Sriwijaya University. and to a certain extent possible impacts of climate changes. In order to investigate and promote such an integrated approach there has been. Initially after 13 .can be found all over the world. the lowlands have unique opportunities for sustainable rice production. they have good potential for agricultural development. In their natural state. combined with the on-going population growth and urbanization. INTRODUCTION Lowlands . or a dry food crop in the dry season. of which 2 million might have been reclaimed. Their unique suitability is primarily based on the flat topography. The integrated approach would have to be based on effective water management in combination with adequate farming systems technology and post harvest activities. Due to this. Especially in the humid tropical zone.flood prone areas . Delft. It will therefore be of utmost importance that integrated approaches are being followed in development and management of lowlands. in river floodplains. with a rice crop in the wet season and a second rice crop. among others.32 2 OPPORTUNITIES AND UNIQUENESS OF SUITABLE LOWLAND BIO-PHYSICS FOR SUSTAINABLE RICE PRODUCTION Bart Schultz UNESCO-IHE. The results show that when an integrated approach is being followed and the suitable areas are being developed and effectively managed. However. UNESCO-IHE and farmers representatives. lowlands are to a large extent used for rice cultivation. there are also risks that carefully need to be dealt with. and possibility for rational lay out of the fields. Such risks concern the requirement of adequate water management and for several areas flood protection. along coasts. and as inland depressions.

World population and population growth (Schultz et al. population growth and urbanization will be presented. which results in changes in diet with the implication that more food needs to be produced than would follow from just the increase in population. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2009). as well as in certain cases. The least developed countries are home to nearly 800 million people. The developed countries house almost one billion people and there is almost no population growth anymore. emerging.house almost 5 billion people (74% of worlds’ population). In these countries. 14 . resulting in an estimated 30% increase in population by 2050. However. into recreational areas and man-made nature conservation areas (Schultz 2006). The contribution will conclude with a brief future outlook and concluding remarks. International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID 2009.Indonesia belongs to this group . In this contribution some characteristics of population. They still show a significant population growth. Figure 1. This will be followed by a summary of the opportunities of the lowlands in Indonesia for food production as well as of certain risks that have to be taken into account in their development and management. the land use is generally agriculture. 2009. These countries also show a rapid growth in the standard of living. AND URBANIZATION Population and population growth. distinguished in three groups of countries: least developed. there is rapid population growth resulting in an estimated duplication of the population by 2050. and developed are presented in Figure 1 (Schultz et al. 2009. POPULATION. The emerging countries . POPULATION GROWTH. in time the land use may gradually change towards increasingly urban and industrial land use. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2009).Schultz reclamation.

030 5. From these figures it can be derived that the urban population has significantly increased and will further increase in future. Most of these areas are in the lowlands (Schultz 2008). In Figure 3 the change in percentage of urban population from 1950 to 2050 is shown for Indonesia as well as for Asia and the World. Table 1.540 Total population in millions 2010 2050 225 287 4. 2009. with a focus on rice. as well as some data for Asia and the World as a whole.020 Population density (persons km-2) total area arable land 2010 2050 2010 2050 117 149 662 844 127 164 705 912 49 66 433 586 Source : Schultz et al. 15 .600 34 572 1. some characteristic data have been compiled.5 times more dense than the Worlds' average. United Nations Department of Economic And Social Affairs 2009 POPULATION GROWTH AND URBANIZATION Population growth in the emerging countries will be concentrated in the urban areas. Figure 2 shows the growth of Jakarta from 1972 to 2005. As example of rapid urbanization in the lowlands of Indonesia. Figure 4 shows the growth of the urban. These data are summarised in Table 1. population density with respect to geographic area and arable land are of particular importance. If we look at the population density with respect to arable land we see that Indonesia has a slightly lower density than Asia and about 1. With respect to the topic of this contribution.Opportunities and Uniqueness of Suitable Lowland Bio-Physics To analyse the importance of the lowlands for the food production of Indonesia. rural and total population in Indonesia.180 13.670 9. Population density related to geographic area and arable land Country/ Continent Total area in 106 ha Arable land in 106 ha Indonesia Asia World 192 3. On the contrary the rural population of Indonesia has had its maximum and is expected to reduce in the coming decades.220 6. It can be observed that population density of Indonesia with respect to geographical area is in the order of magnitude of the average for Asia and almost three times as dense as the World average.

Schultz Percentage of urban population Figure 2. rural. and total population in Indonesia over 100 years 16 . Asia. Growth of Jakarta over thirty years 80 60 40 20 0 Year 1950 1970 1990 Indonesia 2010 2030 World Asia 2050 Figure 3. and the World over 100 years Figure 4. Increase in percentage of urban population in Indonesia. Growth of urban.

• to significantly increase the contribution of the lowlands. especially in rice production. or a dry food crop in the dry season. they have good potential for agricultural development. Schultz et al. with a rice crop in the wet season and a second rice crop. 2009). Indonesia avails of 33 million ha lowlands (Figure 5). 2010) 17 . 2009): • to feed the growing urban population at affordable prices. • to improve standard of living and environmental conditions in lowland areas. While the reclaimed lowlands are generally located on clay soils and especially the government schemes have a rational lay out. Based on the developments as outlined above. the following challenges with respect to food self sufficiency in rice are relevant for Indonesia (Schultz 2006. It concerns 20 million ha tidal lowlands in the coastal zone and 13 million ha non-tidal lowlands in river floodplains and depressions. of which 2 million might have been reclaimed. of which almost 4 million ha has already been reclaimed. Of the non-tidal lowlands. the potential area for rice cultivation is estimated at 5 million ha.Opportunities and Uniqueness of Suitable Lowland Bio-Physics OPPORTUNITIES OF THE INDONESIAN LOWLANDS FOR RICE PRODUCTION In order to maintain food self sufficiency in rice. Lowland areas in Indonesia (Rahmadi et al. • to develop and manage land and water in the lowlands in a sustainable way. This implies an increase in farm size and production of higher value crops on land surrounding urban areas (Schultz et al. It is even possible to grow three crops per year. a significant change will be required from predominantly smallholder farming towards food production for the urban population. About 8 million ha of the tidal lowlands are potential for rice cultivation. Lowland Figure 5.

Figure 6. B. and the possibility of further introduction of mechanisation and increase in farm sizes. with strong stakeholder participation and commitment. because of the suitability of a substantial part of these lands for food production based on the: • potential to have 3 harvests per year. • rational lay out of the fields. The soil conditions in the lowlands have a significant influence on their suitability for agriculture and require different approaches. • possibility to use the tidal fluctuation in a significant part of the tidal lowlands for the additional advantage that irrigation as well as drainage by gravity is possible. C and D) as generally applied in the tidal lowlands is very effective and useful (Figure 6) (Suprianto et al. Classification of tidal lowland areas (WS = wet season. peat. but dependent on the local conditions also in combination with other crops.Schultz The lowlands of Indonesia have indeed the potential to significantly contribute to cope with these challenges. • possibility of an effective water management infrastructure and good operation and maintenance. and clay: 18 . 2010). DS = dry season) • possibility to effectively adapt to medium and long-term changes in opportunities due to land subsidence and/or sea level rise. of primarily rice. A distinction would have to be made in sand. especially when the tidal movement is taking place in the fresh water zone near the mouth of a river. With respect to this the classification in four categories (A.

This is the basis for the statement that out of the 20 million hectares of tidal lowlands only about 8 million hectares are suitable for agriculture (Suprianto et al. This subsidence by far exceeds the possible impacts of sea level rise (Figure 7) (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2007. • peat: generally moderately suitable for agriculture. based on the highest forecast of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (2007) and the expected subsidence and oxidation in Indonesia. Only those peat soils where it is known that after disappearance of the peat. This will require adapted water management measures during a certain period until the acidity has been removed from the soil. Rahmadi et al. 2010). Ministry of Public Works and Rijkswaterstaat 2006a). 2010). drainage by pumping is generally not affordable for agricultural land use. drainage by gravity will still be possible could be reclaimed.00 m. When clay soils are properly treated the conditions of the farmers will improve as illustrated by the Figures 8 and 9 (Joint Working Group.15 cm per year may take place. • clay: generally very suitable for agriculture (Figure 8). Due to this the areas become waterlogged and those who are exploiting these areas will leave. but not for agriculture. while it may be supposed that by that time the land will be under water. A major problem with thick peat layers is that due to reclamation a subsidence of 10 .Opportunities and Uniqueness of Suitable Lowland Bio-Physics • sand: will generally be suitable for urban and industrial development. With certain clay soils there is the risk of development of acidity after reclamation. Figure 7. 19 . For subsidence and oxidation of peat the maximum has been set at 4. Under the climatic conditions of Indonesia. Sea level rise and subsidence of peat soil after reclamation. It is therefore of major importance that such peat soils in the lowlands will not be reclaimed but be preserved. The consequence of these processes is that for reclaimed peat soils after a period of 15 to 20 years drainage by gravity will have to be replaced with drainage by pumping.

operation and maintenance. it is of importance that integrated approaches are being applied. • Public facilities: schools. 20 . cultivation. consisting of: • Selection of suitable soils and soil treatment measures. design. harvesting. • Infrastructure development and transport. Rice field in the tidal lowlands in Indonesia with a yield of the first rice crop of 8 tons per ha Figure 9. Example of housing conditions in the Indonesian lowlands just after the arrival of the (transmigrant) farmers in the period 1975–1985 and nowadays about 30 years after reclamation In order to achieve the best results in developing and managing the lowlands. construction. water control structures. • Water management: canal systems. post harvest measures.Schultz Figure 8. shopping. • Agricultural measures (Figure 10): land preparation. healthcare administration. marketing.

Opportunities and Uniqueness of Suitable Lowland Bio-Physics Figure 10. combined with vertical sliding gates in the secondary canals (Figure 11) in combination with the establishment of water users associations (WUA) that have a legal status (Joint Working Group. on the operation rule of these structures. The problem with the water control structures in the secondary canals is that there is generally no agreement among the about 125 farmers that have their fields in the concerned secondary block. Mechanised harvesting and post harvest processing This underlines the importance of adequate water management infrastructure. and last. In the tidal lowlands in Indonesia this is being. 2010). For the operation of the water control structures in the tertiary canals. or can be established very well with movable flapgates in the tertiary canals and flapgates. but not least of stakeholder (farmer) participation and commitment. 21 . agreement can be relatively easily obtained among the up to 16 farmers that have their fields in the concerned tertiary block. resulting in their inadequate performance. Suprianto et al. Ministry of Public Works and Rijkwaterstaat 2006 a and b. good operation and maintenance.

legislation and the construction. when there is no agreement among these three parties. but by the end of the day they are only contributing and the key for success is with the responsible parties. 22 . and main structures of crucial importance. All other parties as shown on the right side of Figure 12 are of importance. systems will decay. Movable flap gate in a tertiary canal and flap gate and vertical sliding gate structure in a secondary canal With respect to the institutional and financial aspects of water management in the lowlands. This implies that when these parties agree on how the systems will have to be operated and maintained. However. insufficient measures with respect to operation and maintenance will be taken. and yields will be significantly below the achievable level. there will generally be high returns by means of good yields per hectare. generally for the tertiary canals and structures and the field systems. and last but not least the farmers.Schultz Figure 11. These concern the Central Government for policy. the Provincial and District authorities for the primary and secondary canals. it has to be realised that only three parties are really in charge (Figure 12) (Schultz et al. operation and maintenance of large water bodies. 2005). water control structures.

for example. improvements in the institutional aspects of system management need to be realised.Opportunities and Uniqueness of Suitable Lowland Bio-Physics RESPONSIBLE CONTRIBUTING Consultants Contractors. legislation. short. manufacturers Central Government Policy. especially for rice production. Farmers associations Figure 12. schools Research institutes Banks.00050. • in the densely populated isles. agricultural areas are taken out of production.000 ha per year of agricultural land is taken out of production due to urbanization. agricultural areas are taken out of production which aggravates the problem. medium. Due to this. there is a general understanding that food production in the emerging countries will have to be doubled in the forthcoming 25-30 years. 23 . On the other hand due to urbanization. • a development and management strategy on food self sufficiency. • the clay soils in the lowlands offer excellent opportunities. the following can be stated: • Indonesia encounters a rapid population growth and urbanization. In Indonesia. Actors in water management for lowland areas FUTURE OUTLOOK With respect to the future outlook. Int. • modernisation of the water management systems will be required. In addition to this. about 40. With respect to the future outlook for food self sufficiency in Indonesia. In line with the required technical improvements in the water management systems. National waters District/ Province Primary and secondary canals Farmers (WUA) Tertiary canals and fields Universities. taking into account. like increased stakeholder participation in the operation and maintenance of the water management systems (Schultz et al. There is also an understanding that 80-90% of this duplication will have to come from existing cultivated land and only 10-20% from new land reclamation. the share of lowlands in food production will have to significantly increase. and long-term perspectives would have to be the basis. industrialisation. Modernisation of water management systems in the lowland areas will be required at a large-scale. donors NGO’s. org. and various other processes. 2009).

with a focus on rice. In several of the lowland schemes. 2010). medium. such changes basically imply that lands gradually change from a higher to a lower category (Figure 6). I would like to make the following remarks: • The suitable soils in the lowlands of Indonesia have a tremendous potential for food production. Figure 13. The value of crops per hectare is rising and farmers in the lowlands will not accept flooding of a significant part of their crop anymore. or food security. For the tidal lowlands. the short. South-Sumatra (Figure 13) (Rahmadi et al. South Sumatra (Rahmadi et al.Schultz flood protection will increasingly be needed. Musi Delta. as well as on the role allocated to the lowlands in achieving this objective. Expected changes due to subsidence and sea level rise in Telang I. will imply that Indonesia would need a development and management strategy on maintaining food self sufficiency. 24 . In the development of such a strategy. and long-term perspectives need to be taken into account. This has for example been analysed for the Telang I Scheme in Musi Delta. CONCLUDING REMARKS In conclusion. with on the one hand the growth of the population and rapid urbanization and on the other hand the specific physical conditions in the (tidal) lowlands. medium to long-term changes may be expected due to land subsidence and/or sea level rise. 2010) The developments as outlined above.

Volume II: Water Management. • In such an approach. Technical Guidelines on Tidal Lowland Development. R.H. F. Helsinki University of Technology. C. as well as of the integrated development approach will be of major importance for success. Advancing Human Development and the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Rahmadi. and B. Issue S1. Main contributors to global food production. Volume III: Operation and Maintenance. Concepts for water management. Schultz. Schultz.D. Susanto. drainage.Opportunities and Uniqueness of Suitable Lowland Bio-Physics • First of all. Yogyakarta. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis report.. South Sumatra. Finland and Tallinn. Water and Food for ending poverty and hunger. Finland. Ministry of Public Works and Rijkwaterstaat. Bart. 6-11 July 2008. 2007. Estonia. New Delhi. 2008.3. Suryadi. and V. Irrigation and Drainage 54. Case study Telang I. EnviroWater 2006. For new reclamations. Opportunities and threats for lowland development. 2005. Joint Working Group. Schultz. and A. 2006.3. 2006. Tardieu. 2010. 10-16 October 2010. Proceedings of the 6th Asian Regional Conference of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID). 2009. Thatte. Effects of climate change and land subsidence on water management zoning in tidal lowlands. Role of water management for global food production and poverty alleviation. India. Schultz. Intergovernmental Panel on climate Change Fourth Assessment Report. Concepts for Watermanagement and Multifunctional Land-Uses in Lowlands. 17-19 May. flood management. Theme 2. REFERENCES International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID). Synthesis report Topic 2.X. Irrigation and drainage. Vidal. Supplement: Special Issue on Water for Food and Poverty Alleviation. Ministry of Public Works and Rijkwaterstaat. Delft. 25 .. B. Indonesia. Technical Guidelines on Tidal Lowland Development. existing cultivated lowlands can be improved. Labhsetwar. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Drainage Workshop. flood protection. B. Irrigation and Drainage:58. careful selection of areas. 5th World Water Forum.K. Helsinki. 2009. Extreme weather conditions. 2006b. and land use. 2006a. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Joint Working Group. B. H.. the specific local physical conditions have to play an important role in order to prevent reduced benefits from generally considerable investments. Schultz. and multifunctional land-use. the Netherlands. In: Proceedings of the 9th Inter-Regional Conference on Environment-Water. Helsinki.

H. Irrigation and Drainage 59. R. 2010. S. 2009. E.3.X. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Suryadi. World Population Prospect: The 2008 revision. Susanto. South Sumatra. Irianto. Land and water management in tidal lowlands.Schultz Suprianto. Schultz..H.G. Experiences in Telang and Saleh. B. and van den Eelaart. 26 . F. Ravaie.

strategy to maintain sustainable agriculture development in the Mekong delta is considered as the top priority for food security of Vietnam. inundation.3 FLOOD AND TIDAL INUNDATION IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND SEA WATER LEVEL RISE AND PROPOSED ADAPTATION MEASURES IN THE MEKONG DELTA To Quang Toan and Tang Duc Thang Southern Institute of Water Resources Research.4 million ha is agriculture land. of which 2. the total food product was increased from 6. Ho Chi Minh City. Based on the evaluated results on the change of floods and inundation conditions in the Mekong delta and the present situation of the delta. Keywords: Adaptation measure. Vietnam Abstract. this will be a threat to sustainable agriculture development of the Mekong Delta and food security of Vietnam. and bounded by the sea in the East and the West.3 million tons in 1985 to 22 million tons in 2010. floods.6 million ha to 2 million ha. an average of the elevation is about 1 m above the mean sea level. The Mekong Delta of Vietnam has a total area of 3. some proposed measures for flood and tidal inundation protection were exposed in this study with consideration for sustainable development of the Mekong delta in the context of climate change. Mekong delta INTRODUCTION The Mekong Delta of Vietnam (MDV) is located at most downstream of the Mekong river. bordered with Cambodia in the North.9 million hectares. Mekong delta is considered as the granary of Vietnam. inundation may happen in the normal condition with the sea water level rise. Therefore.7 million ha. and it contributes 48% of the national food product and more than 85% of annual exported rice product. In the context of climate change and sea water level rise. it has a total area of about 3. It has affected area by annual flooding of about 1. it has affected by tidal variation and seasonal salinity intrusion with an annual affected area by saline water of about 1. It is considered as the main rice bowl of Vietnam. Mekong Delta is very flat and low. It contributes 48% of the national food product and more than 85% of annual exported rice product. climate change. MD. 27 . an average of the elevation is about 1 m above the mean sea level. The Mekong Delta of Vietnam is located at most downstream of the Mekong River and it is affected by annual flood and drought. the floods and droughts may become more severe.9 million ha. The Mekong Delta is very flat and low.

28 . tidal inundation and salinity intrusion phenomenon in the Mekong delta may has much change due to its has more than 700 km coast long and river mouths open link to the sea. which highest by the end of September or earlier of October. until now ‘Adaptive leaving with floods’ is still a popular measure. Consideration the flood damages.5 m to more than 4 m. Vinh Long and Long Xuyen. seasonal floods is considered as unavoidable natural factor. e. Adaptation measures need to be considered to ensure the sustainable development condition in the Mekong Delta. The floods. cause flooding and inundation for a large area in the Mekong delta plan. The total flood area is about 3 to 4 million ha. during the flood season the high river flood flow. the temperature is gradually extent increase and cause of sea water level rise. My Tho. The unusual climate events like typhoons. the total flooded area was accounted for only 3% of the total basin area while the Mekong river flood flow is extremely high. National climate change and sea water level rise scenarios Climate change is considered as the most threat to the life of people in this 21st century. The Vietnam’s National scenarios for sea water level rise (SLR) [1] shown that by the end of this century (2100) the sea water level may rise up to 1m. Can Tho. DATA. cause a lot of damages to agriculture and affect to the life of people in most cities in the Mekong delta. flood duration is about 2 to 5 months and flood depth from 0. the advantages of the floods and possible negative impacts of the embankment for flood control. METHODOLOGY AND EVALUATED RESULTS OF SIMULATED SCENARIOS Present flooding and spring tidal intrusion in the Mekong delta The Mekong delta has an annual flooding. Continues high floods in 2000 to 2002 caused a large damages to people and properties. Tan An. floods and drought happen more often in most parts of the world.Toan and Thang However.g.000 m3 s-1 (1939). due to the low topography. Only a few area was fully protected against floods. maximum flow of 65. The highest tidal level from 2005 occur during the spring tidal period in October to December was much higher than the maximum water level in previous five decades (about 20-30 cm) and cause inundation in large area in the coastal zones. In addition. the concerns about the upstream development scenarios can alter the flow to the Mekong Delta and affected very much to cultivation conditions.

• Water demands and rainfalls. • More than 5.900 rivers.000 hydraulic works represent irrigation sluices. Vietnam is considered as one of the 10 most countries would seriously impact in the context of climate change. the mean temperature may increase about 3 degree censius. especially the Mekong delta due to its low land plain.900 water level points and 18. in low development scenario (B1). and sea water level rise from 51 cm to 99 cm (Table 1).500 water flow calculation points. The application schematization for Mekong delta is given in Figure 1. over road floods. 29 . • The whole Mekong delta and a part of Saigon-Dongnai river basin. medium development scenario (B2) and high development scenario (A1FI). SLR in National climate change scenarios compared with the period 1980-1999 [1] SLR (cm) by the year Scenarios 2020 2030 2050 2070 2100 Low development (B1) 89 1113 2226 3442 5166 Medium development (B2) 89 1214 2327 3744 5975 High development (A1FI) 89 1314 2630 4553 7999 Hydraulic modelling for the Mekong delta This study was applied the Mike 11 model to simulate the impact of upstream flow and sea water level rise for inundation phenomenon in the Mekong delta with special concern for the coastal zones. salinity protection sluices. rainfall may increase 5% to 10%.200 km. covered the flood prone areas and around the Great Lake in Cambodia. • Including more than 3. roads. • More than 25. canals and branches with total length of 24. an average 500 m/point. Summary of Mike 11 application: • Staring from Kratie.Flood and Tidal Inundation in the Context of Climate Change Vietnam’s National climate change scenarios. Table 1.

around Great Lake. Legend Rivers and canals Weirs and spills Figure 1. inundation was not only happened due to the Mekong river flood but it was also happened during the dry season in SLR condition. 5.6. 6 and 7] was showed that. 30 . the area along the main rivers and the low land area in the delta. 4. Cambodia areas and SaigonDongnai river basin.5. Hydraulic and water quality schematization application in the Mekong delta This model application was calibrated. tidal inundation in sea water level rise was very seriously.4. The most extent flooding areas were the coastal zone area. • Tidal boundaries at river mouths. For further detail are refer to the references. The inundation area with different depths and inundation duration was showed at Table 2 [5].7 and 10]. validated and applied in number related studies [3. Evaluation of simulated results on flood and tidal inundation change in the context of climate change Evaluation of simulated results from author’s published studies [3.Toan and Thang • Inflow boundaries: at Kratie.

5m <50% of times 19 27 12 >50% of times 62 17 Remark: % area was compared with the total area the Mekong delta of Vietnam It was find out that 69% of the Mekong delta can be flooded and inundated by SLR of 1m. As can be seen from the Table 3. the flood and inundation condition in the Mekong delta would become more seriously as presented on Table 3. A few areas in Cambodia near the border may be affected in this scenario. in which. it was increased for about 1. it can be seen that 22% of the delta area may be severely impacted and other 40% of the delta may be considerably impacted if there are no proper measures taken.5 m with the occurrence above 50% of time accounted for 62% of the delta. more danger than that the affected area with more than 1m depth and happen in more than 50% of the time accounted for 22%. in combination of a high flood from the Mekong river basin like the 2000 flood with different sea water level rise scenarios. the inundated area above 0.5 m in SLR 0. In SLR 0. Meanwhile. similar flood risk condition in the 2000 flood it was accounted for 50% of the delta.Flood and Tidal Inundation in the Context of Climate Change Table 2. 31 . The area with inundation depth of more than 1m with the occurrence above 50% of time is accounted for 3% and the area with inundation depth above 0.5 m to 1 m. Summary of inundation condition with % Mekong delta area in simulated scenarios No 1 2 3 Scenarios SLR 100cm SLR 50cm Present 2005 % inundated area compare with delta area Shallow Deep (<1 m) (>1 m) 28 25 8 41 9 % inundated period above 1m <50% of times 26 14 2 >50% of times 22 3 % inundated period above 0. inundated area with water depth above 1m accounted for 41%.5 m and 96% in SLR 1 m.5 m with the occurrence of more than 50% of time accounted for 17% of the delta. the possible impact of climate change and SLR to the Mekong delta of Vietnam is considerable high in scenario the Mekong river flood as of 2000combination with the sea water level rise for 0.5 m is accounted for 34% of the delta area. in which area with inundation of more than 1 m is accounted for 9% of the delta. Evaluation of simulated results from author’s published studies [6 and 7] was showed that.5 million ha.5 m scenario. It was evaluated that: • 84% of the total area in MDV may be inundated with a water depth above 0. Therefore.5 m and 1 m.1 to 1. The impact of SLR in this scenario to Cambodia is small. may mainly due to the rise of water level on the main river. Inundated area with water above 0. this mean that the shallow inundation area would possible increase in the SLR condition with 0.

SLR 1m scenario compared with 2000 flood 2. ha) 1.5m.3 mil.444.Toan and Thang • 36% of the total area in MDV may be inundated with a water depth above 1m and prolonged for more than 1 month in SLR 0. 32 .5 m scenario compared with 2000 flood condition (flood area is 1.34 million ha to 1.400 4 Flood extent above 1 m and duration > 1month in SLR 1m scenario compared with 2000 flood condition 1.000 1.000 3.656.100.300. maintain national benefit and equal benefit sharing among regions and sectors.900 2 Shallow inundation area above0.100.6 million ha in comparison with 2000 flood.556. Table 3.300 +1. The flood area above 1m depth and prolonged for more than 1month would increase about 0.000 3. this is created a base for sustainable agriculture development with trend to modern and high intensive cultivation.000 2.5 m.5m scenario compared with 2000 flood condition (flood area in 2000 flood is 2.800 POINT OF VIEW AND POSSIBLE ADAPTATION MEASURES FOR FLOOD AND TIDAL INUNDATION CONTROL IN THE MEKONG DELTA IN THE CONTEXT OF CC & SLR Point of view To be fully aware of the government strategy for water resources development as illustration below : • Water resources development to ensure national socio-economic and sustainable environment development strategy to 2020 and view up to 2050. Change on the flooding areas incombination of Mekong river 2000 flood with SLR scenarios No Comparison of flooding area in simulated scenarios with baseline 2000 Flooding area in baseline 2000 (ha) Flooding area in simulated scenario (ha) Change on flooding area in comparison with baseline 2000 (ha) 1 Shallow inundation area of above 0.800 +1.400 +344.1 mil.5 m and 68% in SLR 1 min comparison with 28% was inundated in 2000 flood.390. it would contribute for economic development and improve living condition for the local people in the MDV.774.300.090.300 3 Flood extent above 1m and duration >1 month in SLR 0. SLR 0. ha) 2.474. to ensure the national food security and rice export strategy.000 +1.

the project area is located in deep flooding areas in the Mekong Delta. are affected by annual floods. Pay attention to environmental protection of water.Flood and Tidal Inundation in the Context of Climate Change • Mining water use reasonable. adaptation and reduce the negative impacts of climate change and sea rise. avoiding or adapting to minimize the damage. has much advantages of water conditions and a mild climate conditions are very favorable for agricultural development. salinization. 1) a deep flooding area in South Vam Nao. Have a good plan and appropriate measures for each specific region with proactively prevention measures. is divided into 79 sub-zones that is based on topography. soil erosion. rivers. avoiding depletion of water resources. canals. 2) coastal zone area in South Mang Thit irrigation project. renewable water resources by structural and non-structural measures. drought. Two pilot study areas were selected. crops grown 33 . causing much damage to people and property. water resources management not be divided by administrative boundaries. belong to Cho Moi district. floods. Based on the above mentioned viewpoints for water resources development to adapt with floods and sea level rise in the Mekong delta. Bassac river in the south and Vam Nao river in the Northwest. this is the fertile lands in the Mekong Delta. Flood control dike system in South Vam Nao is formed from 1996 and basically completed in 2002. flash floods. roads and existing natural embankments and levees. • Management. The proposed measures were introduced for each plot study in way to adapt with climate change and sea water level rise as presented below. especially water on irrigation systems. unified in river basins and irrigation systems. The existing dike system has just protect the area against the small and medium floods or against the large flood in August. the Cai Tau Thuong river in the Southeast. exploitation and development of water resources to ensure the immediate requirements and do not conflict with the needs for future development. Exploitation and use of water in coupled with measures for protection against degradation. Dike system formation opens a great opportunity to exploit the full potential and advantages of this fertile land area. • Increasing the safety level for people and property against disasters: hurricanes. Cho Moi district The South Vam Nao project area is surrounded by the Mekong river in the North. A pilot study for a deep flooding area in South Vam Nao area. water logging. Agricultural production and husbandry.571 ha. However. making difficult barrier for agricultural development. Cho Moi district. serve multiple purposes. The research team was continued some in-depth studies for some typical case study areas with severely impact by floods or tidal inundation. An Giang province with a total natural area is about 35.

so call ‘Double ring dikes’: • 34 Outer ring-dike: this dike lies along the perimeter line of 4 flood protection zones. in which Zone 1: limited by the Ong Chuong river. [10]. To meet these goals. Zone 3: limited by Mekong. this is a high security dike with respect for full flood protection for . Figure 2. Zone 2: limited by the Mekong river. Zone 4: this is the island in the Mekong river including the communes of Tan My. My Hiep and Binh Phuoc Xuan. need to upgrade protection level for this deep flooding area like. Bassac. The South Vam Nao flood protection plan to adapt with the Climate change and SLR shown in Figure 2. Chung Dung and Cai Tau Thuong rivers. a number of flood simulation scenarios and impact analysis were done for the project. Requirements set forth. Zone 1 to Zone 4. the proposed plan for dike system was divided into 2 levels. in the context of climate change and sea level rise. The South Vam Nao flood protection plan to adapt with the CC & SLR The project area is divided into 4 zones.Toan and Thang rapidly in recent years. after some public consultation and feedback local and provincial government. inside of each zone the there is an existing flood control system of sub-zone with a low flood protection level. less than or equal to the 2000 flood level. based on natural conditions and administrative boundary. South Vam Nam and the Bassac rivers. Ong Chuong and Chung Dung rivers.

• No major changes to the environment condition in the project area. the outer ring-dike system is operated (closed). as it was used the existing ring dike in each sub-zone with proper upgrading. Accompanied by the dredging of main canals between the sub-zones. 35 . So if the pump water directly into the main canals outside the sub-zones (but still inside the protected zone) the main canals lies between the sub-zones must be designed to huge canals to accumulate the pumped water or rising the elevation level of the inside ring-dike system as high as the outer ring-dike system. improving the water environment for the area. small sub-zone can pump water into the main canals. the high water levels on the rivers outside protected zone inability for gravity drainage. sea water level rise. • Simple and flexible operation. except in special cases. • Irrigation and drainage initiative by each sub-zone in most the time of the year. • Improvement of irrigation and local transportation development. In sub-zones where are difficult to meet this requirement need to merge to a larger sub-zone. • Outer ring-dike is operated and regulated only in such conditions: during the flood peak period. Irrigation and drainage depend on the operation schedule of the outer ring-dike was in a short period only. Go along with the dike system there is irrigation and drainage sluice gates to ensure the irrigation and drainage requirement as well as transportation in the zone. and intakes for the sub-zone as well as bridges for local traffic. during the flood peak period of a high flood. • No major change to the local infrastructural condition the project area. The advantages of this decentralized dike system are: • The investment budget was modest. this leads to very large increase in the investment budget. to insure the irrigation and drainage for each sub-zone. at the early stage of the flood season or during small flood there was only the inside ring-dike operated. or high flood combination with sea level rise.Flood and Tidal Inundation in the Context of Climate Change its responsible zone in terms of taking into account climate change. • Inside ring-dike: with some improvement of the existing ring-dike in sub-zones. to take the advantages of flood: bring silts to fertile the soils. A Problem arising in this case is in a large flood. while the requirement for dynamics drainage in each sub-zone was existing due to a heavy rain may occur. to ensure the sub-zone safety against the floods at a certain level in order to save investment for the whole system works and avoid negative environmental issues in the project area. during a high flood. So the location of pumps in each sub-zone should be selected in able to pump water directly to outside the project area.

7] show that sea levels rise could increase significantly the inundated area in the Mekong delta.5. especially in the shallow flood area and the coastal areas as South Mang Thit irrigation project area.6. the disadvantage of this sluice gate is once it was open it can not be closed until the direction of water flow changed. stabilized at 0.5 m. Figure 3.680 ha covering the Tra Vinh province and a part of Vinh Long province. it was assumed that a small scale dike system like the inside ring-dike was implemented in the project area in similar criteria.g. they are operated automatically by tidal pressure. The South Mang Thit project Figure 3 showing the dike system and sluice gates of the South Mang Thit irrigation project. East sea to the East and the Mang Thit river in the Northwest with a total area of about 256. e. Bassac river in the south. there was a ring dike in combination with about 20 main salinity intrusion prevention sluice gates. the mechanism to operate the sluice gates was improved to ensure the initiative opens and closes of sluice gates as required and allow to maintain the water level inside the project area to a such level. Layout of South Mang Thit Irrigation project The South Mang Thit irrigation project was located at the coastal zone of the Mekong river.Toan and Thang A pilot study in coastal zone area with existing ring dike. But it was also realized that there is a possibility to upgrading the existing dike system and taking advantage of low tidal period to drain water by gravity. 36 . The irrigation project was started in 1993 and basically completed in 2004 with a large excavation and dredging of main canals in side the area. In addition. Evaluation of the simulated results from author’s published studies [4. Taking the advantage of the double ring dike systems planed for the South Vam Nao project. it was surrounded by the Ham Luong river in the North.

while ensuring protection goals do not affect the water quality in protected areas because the water is changed often and avoiding stagnant water. SLR 50 cm.3.5 m and SLR 1m as shown in Figure 4. SLR 0. this can be seen that. with improvement measures as assumed above can reduce these impacts. In the South Mang Thit irrigation project. as can be seen from the maps the coastal areas without dikes and control sluice gates will seriously affected by sea level rise. • Solutions with small dikes.Flood and Tidal Inundation in the Context of Climate Change Figure 4. Combined with the dynamic pump to actively drain during flood peak period in large floods.3 m. flood extent depth Figure 4. for sub-zones. SLR 1 m. flood extent depth Figure 4.3. reminded that the driving force to pump the water to out of the project areas. there is a possibility to control the water level to avoid the impact of SLR to extent the tidal inundation area for the coastal zone areas in general and in the South Mang Thit irrigation project in particular if the dike systems and the sluice gates was renovated and upgraded. flood extent depth The flood extent maps for simulated scenarios with climate change and SLR 0. with low elevation of the dikes to small floods response is necessary.2. 37 . CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the evaluated results of impact assessment due to climate change and sea level rise to the flood and inundation change in the Mekong delta as well as the simulated results on appropriate measures to adapt with climate change condition. requiring the adaptation measures and plans must act promptly to minimize the negative impacts to maintains sustainable development in the Mekong delta.1. As an illustrated above. SLR 30 cm. a number of conclusions and recommendations were drawn: • Possible impacts caused by climate change and sea level rise to the Mekong Delta is very serious.1 to 4.

Kim N. Kim N. Hydrology and hydraulic calculation report. Vietnam National Scenarios for Climate Change.. 2010 Flood and tidal inundation change in the Mekong delta in sea water level rise scenarios. 2009. 2010.Q. report in seminars ‘Economic Forum in Mekong delta region. salinity and water supply.Q. and Toan T. the sub-zones should be linked to protect with a higher protection level. and Toan T. a) reported at the ‘Strategy for National flood security: measures and policies’ 5/2009. Operation and management of the system will be less complex. Q.Toan and Thang • Depending on natural conditions. Evaluation the hydrological change due to the impact of upstream development scenarios in The Mekong river basin. Hydrology and Environmental journal. Evaluation the flooding condition change in Can Tho city in different climate change scenarios.M.D. Evaluation the salinity intrusion change in the Mekong delta due to upstream development scenarios. Q. the hydraulic works can be changed to ensure initiative operation (open and closed) to reduce the impact of tidal inundation by maintaining water levels and reduce salinity intrusion increase due to salt water from adjacent areas entering the protected areas. Toan T. flood control system for South Vam Nao Project. outer ring-dike was required to protect of the linked zones in the high flood or flood combined with sea level rise. less investment cost.D.Q. • For coastal areas and the areas along the Mekong and Bassac rivers where tidal influence effects. Asian Cities Climate Change resilience network. presented and published on Large Dams workshop in 2010. Toan.. b) Water Resource Sciences and Technology journal. Water resources development measures supporting to national flood security strategy in the Mekong delta in the context of climate change. MARD. 2012. REFERENCES MONRE. 2009. presented and published at the 5th Mekong annual flood forum. Hung L.Q. 2009. 2009. 2010. and Thang T..D. Government of Vietnam. Hanoi Water Resources University. Toan T. 2010b. T. Decision 1590/QD-TTg dated 9th Oct/2009 of the Primer Minister to approve the Orientation strategy for water resources development in Vietnam to 2020 and view of 2050. and Thang T. Toan T. Agriculture and rural development strategy during period 2011 to 2020.Q. 2010.Q. 2010. 38 . Orientation and water resource development measures supporting to sustainable socio-economic development in the Mekong delta in the context of Climate change. Links to actively control the flood.Q. Toan T. geographical characteristics and existing infrastructure. Vietnam Academy for Water resources.. 2009a. Thang T.

climate change. the development actions become important in the framework of strengthening regional development. In Indonesia. the management of lowland needs to find a form of climate change adaptation and mitigation action which not only considers technical dimensions of natural resource management but also incorporates elements of economic improvement. e. and forest areas. This paper suggests strategies for developing climate change adaptation and mitigation actions in the context of strengthening regional development management and poverty reduction in Indonesia. social resilience INTRODUCTION Rationale Poverty alleviation will be more effective if it succeeds to build an action which not only addresses the socio-economic issues but also deals with the conservation and rehabilitation of natural resources (Kolopaking 2010). subdistrict. Addressing climate change in the context of lowland management and poverty alleviation should be seen not only to manage risks but also as an opportunity. coastal. village) but also paying attention to development of the ecosystem in a region. mitigation. By this perspective. urban. and Head of Center for Agriculture and Rural Development Studies–Bogor Agricultural University (CARDS-IPB) 2Researcher at Center for Agriculture and Rural Development Studies–Bogor Agricultural University (CARDS-IPB) Abstract. watershed unit (Daerah Aliran Sungai/DAS).g. The action approach should be developed through participatory development of productive areas which is started as small-scaled action and then upscaled to become a development movement. Kolopaking and 2Mohammad Iqbal 1Member of National Research Council of Indonesia. As implication. rural. district. involving multi-stakeholders and strengthening social resilience. Discovering a form of climate change adaptation and mitigation for lowland management should focus on achieving social and regional 39 . Lowland Management needs to be developed as resource management actions in addressing risks and opportunities of climate change impacts. poverty alleviation efforts need to be developed not only in the administrative units (province. regional development. social and political development. Keywords: Adaptation.4 1Lala STRATEGY OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION IN LOWLAND MANAGEMENT FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION M.

Firstly. For that reason. b) Identify cross-sector and vertical coordination issues. internal and external factors of water institution were identified through group 40 . regulation mapping from Indramayu Regency Government was conducted to understand how the regulation worked in resource utilization. group discussions. to answer two last specific questions by using Focus Group Discussion (FGD). and key person interviews were used to identify the water institution system in reality. In these four sub districts. Literature studies. and irrigation officer to recognize main institution while the method was also used for assessing barriers and best practices to overcome barriers and identify cross sector and vertical coordination issues. The process of examining existing institutional condition as a system that relied on various institution development design techniques was conducted in two steps. farmers group leader. After performed FGD in regency level. Whereas. This process later derived the institutional system recommendation and proposition for strengthening institutional cooperation. • To formulate procedure of integrated climate change issues into lowland management as a part of regional development planning and poverty alleviation action. the institutional design development was formulated. RESEARCH METHOD Qualitative method techniques were used to collect and analyze data in this study.combination between the Strength Weak Opportunity Threat and Analytical Hierarchy Process.Kolopaking and Iqbal resilience rather than merely increasing agricultural production. four sub-districts case were chosen. Based on the regulation mapping. AWOT Analysis . local agriculture extension officer. and Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM). Afterwards. especially to answer two earlier specific questions: a) Assessing barriers and best practices to overcome barriers. key person interviews were performed into local government. Objectives There are two objectives presented in the next description: • To propose general recommendation of adaptation and mitigation action strategy for lowland management based on experiences in a pilot site in Indramayu Regency. Group discussions activity conducted simultaneously along with the survey techniques by multi-disciplines team to collect data and information from farmers group and institutions in district level. Indonesia. it is important to formulate lowland management strategy in the context of climate change risks and opportunity management in synergy with poverty alleviation.

A. Main points found and should be noticed are: • The damage of irrigation infrastructure in Indramayu regency is very serious. and achievement criteria of institutional design system. • There is large gap between formal regulation (government) and local (community) institution process which is indicated that the government has not fully captured the development required by the community. This forum can not properly conduct its function as the institution which can derive local development strategy based on their representative assessment. From each sub-element then. the forum which discusses and derives development plan and strategy. and achievement criterion) used the ISM method. goal. goal. analyzing three elements of institutional design (requirement. BEST PRACTICES AND BARRIERS IN LOWLAND MANAGEMENT Resource Management Institutional Condition in Indramayu Regency This sub-chapter explains the existing institutional condition in resource management sector in Indramayu Regency. It is including water channel damage. river depletion and broken waterway. and achievement criterion in a hierarchy form of a sub-element over other sub-element. and achievement criteria was stated with the level of driver power and its affection (dependence). The ISM was based on the informant’s opinion related and concerned to the proposition of alternative policy implementation. Afterwards. It is usually conducted in subdistrict or village.Strategy of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Lowland Management discussions. goal. goal. Then from this point. The results were afterwards consolidated and formulated as suggestion for strengthening institutional cooperation on adaptation in the water sector. it was derived the requirement. the strategy of institutional design development was appointed using AWOT method. 1 41 . 0 into the scores of 1 and 0. The contextual relations assessment data are containing contextual relations between sub-elements in the requirement and the goal of institutional design policy making encompassed in Structural Self-Interaction Matrix (SSIM) form. 1 • Musrenbang as the multi-stakeholder forum both in village. Secondly. sub-district and regency levels is not fully worked. Results received from the ISM analysis were made as information about the sub-element of requirement. the reachability matrix table was derived by replacing V. The further step was the calculation according to transitivity rule. More information is provided in the Annex. Analysis results displayed as directional recommendation for institutional design development through the process of discussions using FGD. X. Musrenbang: Acronym of Musyawarah Rencana Pembangunan. The sub element of requirement.

Technical field officer is responsible for investigating. it referred also an ulu-ulu 2 and technical field officer. Farmers group can recognize the areas and potencies which included into their irrigation system. b. Other lessons learned on their way to strengthen the institution of their irrigation system are can be pointed as shown below: • farmer group requires leadership which majoring the principle of accommodating group member aspiration. Those conditions have been used as the starting point in 2Traditional 42 terms referred to the occupation of irrigation gatekeeper . This facilitation does not have to be conducted by one person only but it can also performed by some people in the context of cooperation. according to the experience of Indramayu Regency. Government of Indramayu Regency does not have sufficient fund to support proper water management required by their people. and repairing equipment and building that have supporting function into irrigation in flowing water to rice fields of the farmers group member. secretary and bookkeeper. they are: a. institutional adaptation system in resource management to be developed using existing farmers group expansion. agriculture aspect and good cooperation capability with the group leaders in order to develop social strength. drought) or cause and effect which is generated by waterway depletion. There are two positive points that need to be underlined in this principle. The process itself requires a facilitator which possessing capability in irrigation technique. Management of production area has been adapts and recognizes natural condition and periodic disasters (floods. therefore they can exploit those potencies to occupy and control the existing irrigation constraint. Whereas ulu-ulu is responsible for arrangement and ensures that irrigation water flows into correct rice field area as according to agreement of farmers group about time schedule and amount of irrigation water. besides having chief. It began with the institution which was traditionally developed by the community and then growing into the institution which has been based on formal guidance and regulation.Kolopaking and Iqbal • The funding and budget aspects require attention. Flood risk and drought management requires dynamic and well organized farmers group because the farmers group is important institution core in management of irrigation and other natural resource. Along the organization forming. It happens due to the limitation of authority and also because of the misidentification of development needs. Input and information gotten from the member of group has to be accommodated and designed as the core in group activity plan. looking after. Lesson learned from the experiences of the farmers groups observation is that the farmers group can be well developed because of good facilitation. This study obtained.

the planning has been covering the perspective of climate change risk and opportunity management planning. and the qualification to coordinate with various stakeholders at the level of secondary block. Damaged Irrigation Infrastructures As explained before. From Indramayu experience. the water cannot flows into the 1/3 of rice field area because the waterway which heading into this area is getting more and more shallow because of waterway erosion. it is enough to provide the ability for the whole group to implement their duty in managing water channeling at irrigation waterway and overcomes emerging technical problems.the 1/3 of ricefield area which only be flown for just 5 month is not caused by the lack of water supply. In other word. Application of aid for reparation has been addressed to related government division. But this maximum condition is actually admitted for can be more improved. The recognition of farmer group about irrigation channel problems. by placing ulu-ulu along with officer which is possessing technical ability of irrigation and agriculture as facilitators which can communicate with the rest of group member and knowing problems about the irrigation or agriculture technology. but it seems that the issue doesn't match with government development plan. Other main point which then learned is that those all of dynamic organization job management of farmer group. the farmers group has already strived the maximum way in utilizing their area. As a result. by placing them on proper position. planning of lowland system utilization have been strived to be made considering the anticipation of disasters that is possibly happened. practical ways in solving agriculture problems which submitted from village level into the branch of sectoral of local government organization simply not guaranteed to get the proper feedback of problem’s way out. • The group is supported by adequate technical capability of its member related into irrigation aspects. Member of farmer group have coped to collectively repair the aqueduct but they are failed because this activity requires heavy equipment to dig the shallow area. Not all of the members are having the technical capability but only some of them. The existing rainwater contained by the embankment is sufficient to water all of ricefield area during 9 months. Reparation is 43 . province or even national level. But. Therefore. Example. simply doesn't guarantee that the process can be matched into development policy design in management level of regency government.Strategy of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Lowland Management compiling the lowland production area utilization plan. like as ulu-ulu and technical field officer. when the water level is getting lower at dry season. farmer can only cultivate in the watered area.

The community is still weak and requires facilitation. but the shallow waterway is not included into repair plan so that until now the 1/3 area is still only watered during 5 month only. Rengas Gate) c. but it came not optimal in the implementation. Cayut Area. Also it has to conduct the dredging of Cipanas River. requires a boundary between salt water and plain water. for supporting floods and drought control effort. Rehabilitation into damaged water channels which has not functioned or been depleted also conducted not in proper time and target. Besides that. flow into Kandanghaurin Indramayu or Downstream) required to be normalized. Manggungan Dam. it requires the renovation and streamlining of water channels.Kolopaking and Iqbal conducted. Muara Kedung Ketel). Rehabilitation and conservation upstream of Cipanas River (Upstream in Sumedang. Cipanas 1. 44 . But. flow into Kandanghaur or Downstream) required to be normalized. b. On the other area. On their plan. Cilalanang River (Upstream in Sumedang. the community also has identified steps required to do dredging of river and rehabilitation of water channels which have been more than 20 years never been repaired. Idea of making embong by the community is desisted because of forest area spatial usage rights problem. Actually. in the other side the forestry division still assessed to be more commercializes than assisting the community and conducting natural conservation. For example. Cilencap River (Flow from KroyakeKandanghaur) required to be normalized. The Weak Function of Development Planning Policy (Musrenbang) The issues that already identified by the community for infrastructures rehabilitation is actually has been floored in the discussion forum in the village and the again exposed in The Musrenbang in sub-district level. this is not a brand new idea and some of those efforts are having ever been done before. Beji Creek Normalization (Kandanghaur-West side of Haur Geulis). and it have to build dam in 3 places (Lajem. Pedati) d. In other area in Indramayu. e. they are proposed for the conduction of reboisation and the making of embong in upstream. and it also have to build dam in 3 places (Tegal Putat. like: a. Perawan River (Flows from Kroya to Kandanghaur) requires to normalize and to make boundary between salt water and plain water. it seems like the issue is only become a formulation of problem without getting any solution. the community has formulated the plan.The study cover of community proposal for several activities. reboisation and allowance to the community to join cultivation of eucalyptus based on the pattern of “community forest” in forest area has not worked well. and it have to build dam in 3 places (Kemisan Dam.

the community has submitted ideas to make embong or gentongan or check dam in headwaters.Strategy of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Lowland Management But. Floods risk management requires to be developed in broader activity scale. Rehabilitation of Cipanas River channel is belongs to the province authority. Based on assessment. But. Besides. controlling floods and drought requires more than small problems solving oriented scheme. it recognized that floods control activity from various stakeholders in Indramayu Regency is only limited in information sharing. Gap between Planning and Implementation Development To prevent floods. But. From the community viewpoint. from giving aid until doing casualty relocation. and ended as an idea without action. But. Actions which are generally taken at the time are conducted variously. streamlining of waterway comes up with renovation of irrigation infrastructure. the conducted activity generally still oriented to anticipate disaster emergency impact. In the end. Besides budgeting demarcation. like collectively heightens bank. the community seems to be "surrendered" and only handles action which can be done by them. 3Natural Disaster Control Task Force 45 . Only a few institutes which have been developed synergy cooperation entangling government and non-government institution. This team also coordinated aid and assistance of various parties in helping floods casualties. the idea only designed and re-designed. Preventing efforts also have been conducted in parallel with effort to generate rehabilitation upstream areaof Cipanas-Pangkalan watershed. For example. The team is selected because they are the one who controlled the action. the infrastructure rehabilitation problem is budgeting authority procedure. the idea is corrupted in implementation. people actually done precautions. community provides equipment to wade pond. to anticipate water pond. Those anticipatory initiatives of disaster emergency impact are coordinated by Tim Pengendalian Bencana 3 Alam in sub-district level. as recognized by community. repairs tertiary waterway or cultivates trees around bank. the steps which assessed by the community is not optimally takes effect. Steps taken have already been oriented to lessening risk. The steps with similar orientation also conducted when facing drought. As known. starts from river dredging. As a result. It becomes institution problem which blocks the implementation of flood and drought control operation scheme. budgeting allocation authority has to obey irrigation area authority regulation. and not the regency. like damaged water gate until rehabilitation of upstream area. the activity seems to be hard to conduct. But. coordination between institutions at the same level in Indramayu Regency also still have to be consider.

it can be pointed that the programs which have been applied into villages/region inside these five sub-districts is unable yet to reach the main problem. Province. the legal regulation about irrigation management in Indramayu Regency is adequately strong and properly enough. The declaration of this regional regulation is increasingly specifying the guidance of authority boundaries which owned by each institution. The regency government is also having other authority about irrigation besides stipulating regional regulation. there is problem in institutionalizing authority arrangement which actually have mounted in legal regulation. 22 of Year 2007.Kolopaking and Iqbal Ideas of preventing floods and controls drought always discussed in The Musrenbang. at 2007 the Government of Indramayu Regency releases regional regulation about Irrigation named Regional Regulation No. And lately. First. executor of observation and facilitation function in the case of interregional irrigation dispute in the region of 46 . province or national level) into this region. the development proposals which are proposed to the regency government is not matched with program or project which later on executed by government (regency. which are development and management of both primary and secondary irrigation system. start from village up to sub-district level. The assessment then finds at least three factors which causing gap between planning and implementations of policy.000 hectares. Or in other word. publishing permit of water usage and water utilized company. But the problem is. the government has released regulations about irrigation. many floods and drought anticipation development programs/project which come to the village not in proper time and target. (b) Arrangement of P3A team-work mechanism which can be matched with activity and execution plan of irrigation system in regency level. Thereby. Regional regulation about irrigation was firstly released at 2001. Regency and the Village Government and also the community role through farmer group. and even has been improved three times. and (c) specific regulation about division of management region area and specific division of authority between National. 3 of Year 2001 about Irrigation.We can say that the proposals of preventing annually routine floods and drought which formulated through The Musrenbang seldom basically realized. The Government of Indramayu Regency themselves. this regulation is improved through regional regulation No. from Regional Regulation No. For the information. 14 of Year 2003. Then. in this case. follows the regulation as organizer of all irrigation block both primary and secondary which existed in Indramayu Regency in area under 1. There are three important regulation point which strengthening its previous version. 22 of Year 2007 compared to its former which is: (a) Providing of group participation area. About natural resource management. indicates that the existence of farmer group isimportant in irrigation system. named Regional Regulation No.

Strategy of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Lowland Management

Indramayu, facilitation and empowerment into consumer community which joined into
farmer groups and forming commission of irrigation.
In Indramayu case, besides Regional Regulation No. 22 of Year 2007 about
Irrigation, it is also requires to paid attention into contents of Decree of Regent of
Indramayu about The Commission of Irrigation of Indramayu Regency. Things require to
be highlighted in this decree of regent are:
• Element Composition of member of Commission of Irrigation of Indramayu Regency
• Duties Explanation of Commission of Irrigation of Indramayu Regency
• Funding source for Commission of Irrigation of Indramayu Regency activity.
Mentioned in Decree of Regent, Irrigation Commission consisted of direct related
4
stakeholders into issues of irrigation in Indramayu Regency. They are Bappeda , Regency
Government, Water Resource Division, Agriculture and Livestock Division, Ocean and
Fishery Division, Forestry and Plantation Division, PJT II Jatiluhur (Patrol Area Section),
PT Rajawali, all of sub-district government in Indramayu, all of farmer group alliance in
Indramayu and element of college and NGOs. Duties of commission of irrigation are as
recommendation giver of operation fund allocation priority, treatment and rehabilitation
and as social control receiver conducted by group of water consumer farmer into
operation execution and treatment of primary and secondary irrigation network with
activity financial source from Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget.
Considering the regulation, there is only small opportunity for gap between
planning and development policy implementation to happen. Moreover, Irrigation
Commission of Regency Indramayu seems to be the hope for a mutual cooperative forum
for multi stakeholder in managing irrigation. This arrangement can become the backbone
for conducting steps for climate change adaptation, especially to control floods and
drought risks. Even more, Irrigation Commission of Regency Indramayu has done many
things to strengthen the institution of farmer groups. In recent two years, it has been
conducted training for all of farmer group about various thing related to irrigation
management: reinforcement of group management, irrigation channel maintaining
technique and division of water, measurement technique of requirement and availability
of water debit, division of water planning technique and basic agriculture technique. But,
due to the regional regulation which is only one year old, Irrigation Commission requires
more time to develop their institution so they can be functioned more than just reinforcing
the institution of farmer groups. This commission has to develop effective forum of multi
stakeholder cooperation in local ecological entity to build role and responsibility sharing
up to benefit sharing from irrigation institution system. Even more, the commission has to
find the way of alternative funding based on arrangement of activity that is not based on
4Badan

Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah ---Regional Development Planning Board

Kolopaking and Iqbal

Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget Plan, but also can utilize other source as long
as based on the principle of multi-stakeholder participative, to ensure that the future of
irrigation system development and maintenance is supported by all involving stakeholders
(hybrid finance).
Gap of legal regulation institutionalization can be indicated that in this moment,
there is another activity which is works and have been developed by the community in
regulating water utilization. This is the evidence that water utilization actually can be
related not only into formal legal regulation, but it also can be attached into traditional
norms and institution. Moreover, farmer group can congregate and arranges themselves in
water utilization or agriculture technologies development is a part of institution which has
adaptively institutionalized in the community.
Thereby, second factor causing of gap between planning and implementations of
development policy is rejection into arrangement about official institution regulation. For
example, there are questions about why the irrigation area which managed by
Government of Indramayu Regency is only below 1,000 hectares. Also there are
perspectives; the role of irrigation management which is given to the government
(province and national) causes irrigation infrastructure is not looked after well. Finally the
community has to survive to looks for the way to get water. In the end, when there are
climate change sign which generating floods and drought, hence negative impacts always
sacrifices community. Not wrong then, if the community institution which has to fulfill
their water rights showing rejection into uncontrolled growth of water pump entrepreneurs
that is not regulated well in the regional regulation.
Third factor which causing gap between development policy planning and its
implementation, is the community role which still weak in development planning
management. Assessment finds, though in development scheme concept it gives place at
participation of community, but practically the development planning process still based
on government’s bureaucracy. This thing can happen because development planning is
obligated to obey the specified procedure, causing prioritizing concordance of
administration becomes more important than implementing the substance of solving
community purpose.
As a result, floods and drought which are frequently happened is responded with
routine development management. For example, at dry season when community faces
drought, the community creating their own way to fulfill water requirement through
various efforts start from "looks for water", maintain the institution of water pump
business, up to the activity (if they have to) "steals water". To fulfill water requirement of
5
the community, some kuwu (head of the village) confess that they have to pay the jeger
to watch over the water gate in upstream, or even if they have to, helping steals water.
5Local

term for bodyguard, traditional security officer.

Strategy of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Lowland Management

Water stealing activity confessed to conduct in various ways, from blocking water way so
6
it can flow to the downstream up to forcing water from an embung owned by a private
company (government-owned corporations) in the upriver to flow. During dry season, it
also possible to happen conflict of water utilization between water pump entrepreneur
group which selling water for irrigation and State Owned Water Resource Company
which is distributing water for domestic usage and household requirements. If this
situation is left over and not well taken cared, on the long term it can ignite potential
conflict.
Based on description above, hence institutional system in climate change
adaptation in irrigation sector is as depicted in Figure 1. Following the description of this
institution system, we can describe that it is happened an adjustment of institution
(institutional adaptation) which is leading into structure and authority of group farmer and
other stakeholders in management of irrigation which is capable in controlling the climate
change risk, especially floods and drought. The process requires conflict resolution about
water utilization.

Climate Change

Land Conversion
Legal Regulation
(UU, PP, Perda)

Flood/Drought

CONFLICT

TRADITIONAL IRRIGATION

Water Availability

Rules of Representation
Water Allocation

Best Practices
Water Right

Maintenance and
Renovation

Barriers
Jurisdiction Boundary

Figure 1. Institutional System In The Context of Climate Change Adaptation in Water

6Same

with gentongan is the local term for check dam.

Kolopaking and Iqbal

Funding Aspect and Development Proper Allocation
The main issue that requires further notification for institution adaptation in water
sector is the limitation of budgeting sharing coordination; especially for high budgeted
water sector activities such as irrigation infrastructures rehabilitation which is as
explained below, is the main problem in Indramayu. At the moment, cooperation between
most institutions is limited only in information sharing.
Meanwhile, in the vertical coordination context, the budgeting limitation also
becomes important issue that requires attention, especially between regional (province)
level and local (regency) level. But, there is hope that in the future this problem will be
solved. Especially after the ratification of Regional Regulation by Legislative Board of
The Province of West Java that is providing regulation guidance for the establishment of
Council of Water Management as multi-stakeholder forum for vertical cooperation and
budget sharing.
Other problem felt to be blocking in coordinating relationship between institutions
horizontally and vertically is the absence of well communication. This constraint often
relates due to availability limitation of financial, human and technology resource. Besides
that, government also faces difficulty because the climate change risk has not become the
part of development policy formulation. The community also still has not comprehended
the climate change issue systematically, which can be related to the control of related
disaster like floods and drought.
Best Practices and Barriers throughout the Water Institution
This study finds that on the existing local institution and institutionalization
process, there are best practices that should be noticed, which are:
1.

Voluntary facilitation program for farmers group exists and coordination among the
farmer group is already in place for managing one sub-irrigation area (<350 ha).

Good responsive of local legislative body to national regulations related to water
resource management.

At provincial level, climate change has been seriously considered in developing
climate risk management programs. This has been stated officially in the meeting on.

On the other side, barriers that should be paid consideration are:

There is no effective system in budget allocation system that ensures effective
implementation of Climate Change Adaptation or Mitigation Actions from upstream
to downstream. The issues related to this are: (i) limitation of budget allocation for
managing flood and drought risk, (ii) misallocation of funding, for example funding

Strategy of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Lowland Management

provided for rehabilitation the irrigation system was used in appropriate target areas,
(iii) No synchronization of government programs with local needs on Climate
Change Adaptation or Mitigation.
6.

There is large gap between formal regulation (government) and local (community)
institution process. For example, government has issued formal water scheduling for
irrigating rice field, however, the structure of irrigation system does not fit well with
the location of the irrigation area, and this reduce the effectiveness of the scheduling
system and finally lead to the illegal irrigation water pumping. The increase in illegal
pumping will increase drought risk in the downstream areas.

Bargaining position of community in prioritizing government program that meet with
community needs is weak.

Potential Adaptation and Mitigation Activities
Base on best practices and barriers identification, the study also found the
principles of adaptation and mitigation policy.Climate change adaptation and mitigation
action in lowland management have to be developed based on existing community
livelihood. In the context of Indramayu, it means considering the perspectives: ecological
tradition, farmers economic and social institution and also agricultural and irrigation
technology, especially participatory technology.
The study note several type of adaptation and mitigation from community which
can developed. They are development of dam/aqueduct (rain harvesting technology),
normalization of River, development and rehabilitation of Irrigation Channel and
Drainage System, application of Water Saving Technology, cropping pattern
development, Integrated Organic Agriculture Development (Biogas, Organic Fertilizer,
Integrated Pest Control), community development and institutional assistance to conduct
anticipative act toward climate risk, and rehabilitation or conservation of upstream of
water catchment area.

INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN
Developing Participatory Climate Change Adaptation Strategy in Lowland
Management
Indramayu pilot based institutional design for effective adaptation and mitigation
There are four strategies that prepared as suggestion to strengthen institutional
cooperation on lowland management. This design was aimed for management area below

Kolopaking and Iqbal

1,000 hectares where requires sub district and inter sub-districts cooperation to put the
climate change adaptation issue in the development plan.
• Strategy 1
Strategy related to the authority regulation. Lesson learned from Indramayu that the
institution adaptation development in lowland management requires support through
availability of Regional Regulation of resource management which capable to implement
the issue of climate change into development design.
• Strategy 2
Strategy related to institution development. The development policy in lowland
management is related with the revitalization of values to build cooperation and collective
action and also arrangement of inter-farmers and group relation horizontally, and
partnership with other stakeholders.
• Strategy 3
Strategy which is related to the second strategy: the institution adaptation and mitigation
development in lowland management requires community institution capacity building.
• Strategy 4
Strategy related to multi-stakeholder process. The institution adaptation development in
lowland management requires expansion of community-based multi stakeholder
collaborative management. This thing is including activity management which more in the
form of expansion of participative action entangling multi-stakeholder, causing the
processed have to not only relies on activity management in program/project under
government bureaucracy arrangement.
Based on the evaluation, it is identified some internal factors (the strength and the
weakness) and external factors (the opportunity and the threat) as determiners of policy
strategy of resource management. Each internal and external factor which identified then
are scored by stakeholders to determine the importance of each factor.
The strength factor that could be made optimally as possible in influencing the
success of adaptation system in lowland management is the farmer’s recognition about
farmer’s group importance in resource management. This point showed that resource
management is the part of agricultural system which based on group’s activity. Beside the
strength, there are also weakness requires to overcome. That is is farmer’s lack of fund
and authority access to maintain and repair damaged water channel apart from tertiary
level channel.
The opportunity factor is advantaging government (both national and regional)
development budget to develop and rehabilitate agriculture infrastructure and also
52

Strategy of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Lowland Management

facilitating farmer institutional capacity building. Threat factors that must be paid
attention is the absence of development co-operation between irrigation territory and
inter-group in the community for irrigation management and issue of environmental
damage in the upstream area.
As explained above, the processes are deriving results of strategy alternatives that
have been chosen. These strategies are then consolidated. From this process, there are four
chosen strategies as mentioned before in the beginning of this sub-chapter (Strategy
Formulation). Those strategies require to be applied in the development policy of
mainstreaming climate change issues into development plan at regency level.
Local Based Institutional System Design
Based on the strategy formulation, then it is developed the system design that
considering local condition which is hoped to be able to synergize with institutional
development in regional and national level. There are two results, first is the analysis of
three elements, need, goal and the achievement criterion. Second, FGD output to show the
step of system design.
Results of the analysis structure requirement, goal and the achievement criterion of
the development institutional design system for the adaptation in the sector irrigation,
strengthened the conclusion that the design of this system basically was developed the
irrigation agricultural region that was continuous based in the strengthening the rural
community. Therefore, the achievement plan of goal must be designed by paying attention
to the social condition for the culture and in accordance with the characteristics of the
community's ecology not only in the village unit, but in the same ecological unit, which is
the rural region. The process of the achievement goal of having three characteristic there
are; first, to accommodate the interests of the community, second, achievements of the
agriculture development goal pushing the smoothness of investment that reinforced the
authority of the village as the lowest government and the autonomous communitarian
system. The third characteristics, we should not forget that the activity also must fill the
goal of maintaining the environment and conservation of natural resources.
Implementation Procedure
There are three main steps in implementation procedure. First, develop the
collaboration of multi stakeholders’ management. This process includes developing new
cooperates values and performing real collective work between parties. Second, used the
legal opportunities in managing the irrigation regulation and performing participatory lay
out area planning development to identify the phase manage area and boundaries. Third,

Kolopaking and Iqbal

institutional capacities and farmer’s community reinforcement through participatory
technology used.
Collaborative multi-stakeholder management: start from community level by system
implementation
These processes require outsider as facilitator. Facilitator needs to have an
experience ascommunity worker and possessing well knowledge about government
bureaucracy procedures planning management. Activity in this step begins with
continuing FGD that have already performed when institution design was developed
before. FGD become a workshop for multi stakeholders. Workshop’s themes that can be
choose, such as sharing ideas and experiences to prevent and minimize flood and drought
risks. In the next step, facilitator can arrange the collective work design in workshop. Few
dialog topic that can be choose, such as area of identification, equipped the identification
stakeholder to clarify the distribution of the role in accordance with the task and function,
development planning for school of extension, finding the proper form of agriculture in
the upstream river are that gave profit for the community and functioned for rehabilitation
and conservation of natural resources and environment.
The workshop results and process was expected to be able to be aimed to the work
agenda collaboration through shared role in accordance with their respective function of
parties. Inside and in the end of workshop must be developed by multi stakeholders’
commitment to carry out the real collective activity. Moreover, workshop results also
must decide the farmer of the forum for the multi stakeholder dialogue that was placed on
the agenda in the period of time that was agreed to, for example meeting every month,
three monthly, so on.
The process of dialogues in next multi stakeholder forum was hoped to develop the
values to perform collective work. Cooperation multi parties were not only built with the
framework of the coordinative work between parties inside government bureaucracies, but
also involving parties outside the bureaucracy agency (private sectors, NGOs). The
collective work principles relied on the commitment, inter-group equality and informal
relations that were hoped to build the institution become more effective and having
sustainable cooperative.
Farmers group capacity building and institutional development
The farmers group capacity building in fact has been begun when the management
and its member were motivated to take part in performance the compilation of
participatory layout. The further activity that must be performed was developing field
school of irrigation. In this form of activity, as a developing participative training,
apprentice, the equal study to see best practices in various areas, the compilation of the
54

the community had the right to know and to be involved in maintaining the spatial plan. This activity involved the farmer's group also the local government's apparatus.Strategy of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Lowland Management action plan. both in the boundary of one sub district territory and supervised by the framework of two or more sub district. Through this mapping. to recognize and determine irrigation area boundaries below 1000 hectare. Figure 2 depicted the sketch for area of Community Based Institutional System Design Development in Water Sector. The capacity building needs to follow by ecosistem based agriculture and rural areas development. Based on spatial area regulation. The process should be continued in farmers group boundary. The regional boundary of irrigation below 1000 hectare was pointed in Regional Regulations No. The essence of activity in the framework of reinforcement community's capacity was performed the learning social process in a productive participatory collective action. The development of participatory spatial plan also used to identify the rights and the farmer's access of land possession that available inside the identified area. 55 . and advocacy. 23 of Year 2007 about Irrigation that reconciled current regulation which maintained this area as the area that could be managed by Regency Government. Networking development: from inter-community to regency level One real work that must be produced from multi stakeholders’ collaboration management was a real action from the farmer's group and the rural community. this institutional development must be followed by the farmers of collective work that combine between farmers group and other community’s group between villages. it was hoped that farmer group could become an institutional organization across villages. Results of this stage were the participatory mapping of rural area that was united by the watershed. Afterwards. which was followed by the collective work development with the other community's groups in village level. From Indramayu case. and reinforcing their respective included village. one thing that must be developed is the compilation of participatory spatial planning about irrigation area management.

Kolopaking and Iqbal

Figure 2. Sketch area for institutional system design development
The further process of institutional development must be followed by collective
multi stakeholder work with partnership relations, both in regency boundary and in cooperation boundary between regencies. This activity was important because it will
become a media that input ideas of the climate change in the development plan into the
government's regency boundary, the province and synergized with development plan that
was developed through the level of available administrative unit in government's
bureaucracy.
Blending Finance Aspect for Implementing Institution Design
As being known before, institutional design’s proposed was the mechanism of
development planning that equipped the mechanism that was done through the regulation
of the government's bureaucracy. Therefore, operate institution design need creation in
funding.
One opportunity that can be used was funding from the government. This
opportunity had the regulation that allowed this process to be developed. The
development of the co-operation multi stakeholder was mentioned in in the Regulation
Home Affair Minister RI No. 51 of Year 2007 about the Community Based Rural Area
Development that justified the development of the co-operation multi stakeholder in the
framework of the ecological unit (between the villages, sub districts or regencies) that
could be funded by blending finance. Funding can come from Government (National
Development Budget Plan, Regional Development Budget Plan and Village Development
Budget Plan), Private (Corporate Social Responsibilty Budget), Community, and other
56

Strategy of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Lowland Management

institution. The interesting matter afterwards, this funding was acknowledged as the truth
made use of the source of the other legal fund (Chapter IX, Article 39). Apparently the
implementation institution design was raised to look for sources of funding apart from the
government and other parties. This is important so the process of its implementation is not
trapped back in supervised activity by the framework regulation of the government
bureaucracy.

CONCLUSION
Based on the description above, hence that for better anticipation of climate change effect
in the future, we have to do some adjustment about the program and development
planning which still developed until now. Challenges faced in doing the effort are starts
from problem of weak coordination between sectors, limitation of resource, and lack of
integrating climate change problem into compiled development plan. On the other hand,
the existing ability in overcoming climate risk is still have not adequate pointed by the
height of negativity impact generated by the case of extreme climate. Therefore some
strategic point should be underlined from this assessment are:
a. Community based multi-stakeholder process, both in horizontal and vertical level, is
absolutely has to develop and become the main principle for institutional development
in the future. This process is become important because it is hoped to generating
aspects:
• The multi-stakeholder process can revitalize the spirit of collective action which is
seemed to be faded in recent condition.
• The participatory multi-stakeholder process can also facilitate regulation
institutionalization into local lowland management institution. Since the multistakeholder process is involving both local and regional stakeholders, it can be used
as the forum for water irrigation problem assessment and also for recommending
and formulating exit strategy that based on the condition faced in local level.
• On the next phase, the spirit of collective action can become the basis for interinstitution coordination; drive it to the synergy phase, developing cost sharing
cooperation and then lessening the coordination gap.
b. In the future, the planning compilation of climate change adaptation in lowland
management requires to consider more lesson learnt and best practices from various
places in Indonesia in order to derive more comprehend and precise strategy. The
compilation process of horizon in overcoming the existing climate risk which
synergized with the development program in the future is presented in Figure 3.

Kolopaking and Iqbal

c. Adaptation and mitigation of climate change action should be done by combining
structural and non-structural measures. The structural measures will include the
improvement and establishment of irrigation infrastructure, water reservoir and dikes,
integrated organic farming while non-structural measures may include the utilization
of integrated spatial planning, enhancement of capacity in using climate and hydrology
information for better water resource management, and establishment of effective
climate information system and risk management systems. Effective climate
information system is defined as a system which is able to provide climate information
that is easy to understand, meet the client needs and gets into the hands of appropriate
users in a timely fashion which allowing them to use it for making appropriate
decisions.

Population Density Increase, Land Use
and Socio-Economic Change

Climate Change
Regional Development
Poverty Alleviation

Adaptation & Mitigation

• Land Use Planning
• Disaster Early Warning System, Climate
Information Utilization
• Appropriate TechnologyImplementation
• Integrated Organic Agriculture Development
(Biogas, Organic Fertilizer, Integrated Pest
Control)
• Application for Climate Risk Control
• Land Use Planning
• Rehabilitation and Conservation in Forest Area
• Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
• etc

Collective
Action
Design

•
Lesson Learnt
and
Best Practices

National Policy
Formulation

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Multistakeholders
Collaborative
Management

Community
Based Action

Strengthening Multi-disciplines
Cooperation
Strengthening Multi-sector
Communication and Coordination
Finance and Technology Resource
Availability
Integrating Climate Change into Regional
Development Plan
Poverty Alleviation
Advancing Education/Information
Program and Public Awareness
Integrated Programs Conduction
etc

Planning Perspective of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation
into Lowland Management in Local Government and Poverty
Alliviation Policy

Strategy of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Lowland Management

Project Activities
Collective Actions

Lala M. Kolopaking and Mohammad Iqbal

REFERENCE
Denzin, N.K. and Y.S. Lincoln. 2000. Handbook of Qualitative Research (Second
Edition), Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage Publication.
Deuwel, J. 1987. Perkembangan Lembaga-lembaga Irigasi Asli di Pedesaan Jawa: Suatu
Kajian mengenai Model P3A Dharma Tirta di Jawa Tengah. Dalam Nat J. Coletta
dan Umar Kayam. Kebudayaan dan Pembangunan: Sebuah Pendekatan Terhadap
Antropologi Terapan di Indonesia. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. Jakarta.
Eriyatno dan F. Sofyar. 2007. Riset Kebijakan Metode Penelitian untuk Pascasarjana, IPB
Press. Bogor.
Geertz, C. 1983. Involusi Pertanian, Proses Perubahan Ekologi di Indonesia. Bhratara
Karya Aksara. Jakarta.
Hulme, M. dan N. Sheard. 1999. Climate Change Scenarios for Indonesia. Leaflet CRU
and WWF. Climatic Research Unit. UAE, Norwich, UK. (http://www.cru.uea.
ac.uk)
Indonesia Country Study on Climate Change. 1998. Vulnerability and Adaptation
Assessments of Climate Change in Indonesia. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup.
Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001. Climate Change 2001: Impacts,
Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Summary for Policymakers and Technical
Summary of the Working Group II Report. WMO-UNDP.
Koentjaraningrat. 2002. Kebudayaan, Mentalitas, dan Pembangunan. Gramedia Pustaka
Utama. Jakarta.
Kolopaking, L.M. 2010. REDD+ Capacity Building Work in Musi Rawas District, South
Sumatra, Indonesia. Bangkok: Workshop on REDD+ Strategies in Indonesia,
Cambodia and Mexico: Lessons to Develop Integrated National REDD Programs
and Inform International Policy. Conduct by CCAP’s USA.
........................... 2007. Pengembangan Kawasan Perdesaan Berbasis Masyarakat. Jakarta
:Kerjasama Pusat Studi Pembangunan Pertanian dan Pedesaan dengan Direktorat
Jenderal Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Desa, Departemen Dalam Negeri RI.
........................... 2012. Policy Processes of Mainstreaming Climate Change in the
Institutional Strengthening of Water Resource Management in Citarum River
Basin.Bogor: Working Paper in CCROM-Bogor Agriculture University.
Murdiyarso, D. 2001. Pengembangan Kelembagaan dan Peningkatan Kapasitas dalam
Mengimplementasikan Konvensi Perubahan Iklim. Makalah pada Seminar Sehari
Peningkatan Kesiapan Indonesia dalam Implementasi Kebijakan Perubahan Iklim.
Bogor, 1 Nopember 2001.
Yin, R. 1996. Studi Kasus: Desain dan Metode. Radja Grafindo Persada, Jakarta.
Yusmin. 2000. Integrated Management of Flood and Drought in Food Crop Agriculture
dalam Land Use Change and Forest Management. Mitigation Strategy to Minimize
The Impacts of Climate Change. Indonesian Association of Agricultural
Meteorology. Bogor.

5
1A.

APPLICATION OF Azolla pinnata ENHANCED SOIL N,
P, K, AND RICE YIELD *)

Arivin Rivaie, 2Soni Isnaini, and 2Maryati

1IAARD

Researcher at Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (BPTP)-Maluku, Jl.
Chr. Soplanit. Rumah Tiga Poka-Ambon. Email: [email protected]

2Dharma

Wacana Agricultural High School, Metro, Lampung

Abstract. Studies in other countries have proven that the application of Azolla pinnata as
a biofertilizer improved soil fertility for some agricultural crops, including lowland rice.
However, most farmers in South Lampung District, Sumatra, consider that A. pinnata
suppresses the growth of rice seedlings, so they throw it away from paddy fields by
raising irrigation water surface. To date, only little information is available on the effects
of different doses of A. pinnata application on the availability of soil nutrients and rice
yield of paddy fields in the region. A trial was conducted to determine the effects of
different doses of A. pinnata (0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5; and 10.0 t ha-1) to the concentrations of N,
P, and K in the paddy soil, N uptake, and the rice yield. The trial was conducted on a wellirrigated paddy field. Rice seedlings of Ciherang variety had been grown on it from June
up to December 2009. The results revealed that the incorporation of A. pinnata at the dose
of 5 t ha-1 enhanced the concentrations of N, P, and K in the soils as well as the rice yield.
Furthermore, the application of 7.5 t ha-1 A. pinnata as the source of nutrients significantly
enhanced the available soil P, suggesting that it is required a fairly high P to grow A.
pinnata optimally. In addition, the application of A. pinnata of 7.5 t ha-1 also gave the
highest dry grain yield, suggesting that the application A. pinnata did not suppress the rice
yield.
Keywords: Azolla pinnata, in situ organic matter, rice yield, soil nutrients

INTRODUCTION
In order to keep paddy soil producing high yield sustainably, it is imperative to have an
adequate supply of nutrients, so the soils are able to provide satisfactorily available
nutrients to the crops (Izaurralde et al. 2001; Sahrawat 2004). Only little information is
available on the effects of different doses of A. pinnata on the availability of soil nutrients
and rice yield of paddy fields, especially derived from South Lampung, Sumatra.
Li et al. (2010) who studied the effects of long term organic amendments reported
that the application of organic amendments enhanced soil organic C and total N in paddy
soil as well as the rice yields. In rice ecosystems, A. pinnata is a great source of N. The
plant can fix N from the air (Singh and Singh 1990) and contributes N of about 60-80 kg
N-1 ha-1 season-1 to soils (Khan 1983) as well as the organic matter to the soil as a result of
the decomposition (Watanabe 1984). Studies reported that A. pinnata is commonly used
as organic fertilizer in cultivation of various crops (Lillian 2000; Pabby et al. 2003; Abd
*)

This paper is also published in Special Edition of Indonesian Soil and Agroclimate Journal

Rivaie et al.

El-Rasoul et al. 2004). The application of A. pinnata as a green manure on agricultural
lands can increase the availability of nutrients and soil physical properties, especially to
increase soil porosity (Singh and Singh 1990; Choudhary and Kennedy 2004; Ventura and
Watanabe 1993).
In South Lampung District, one of rice production centers in Indonesia, A. pinnata
is available extraordinarily in the paddy fields. However, normally the farmers throw it
away from paddy fields by raising irrigation water surface, in addition. In these regards,
the objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of the application of various
doses of A. pinnata to paddy fields on changes in the concentration of N, P, and K in the
soil, N uptake, and the rice yield.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiments were conducted in Kedaloman Village, South Lampung District from
June up to December 2009. Analysis results of selected chemical properties of the soil are
presented in Table 1. In this region, water is available throughout the year, hence, the trial
can also be implemented even during the dry season.
Table 1. Chemical and physical properties of the rice field soil at Kedaloman Village
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Parameter
pH-H2O
pH-KCl
C-organic
N-total
C/N ratio

Unit

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Bray-1 P
K
Ca
Mg
Na

mg kg-1
cmol kg-1
cmol kg-1
cmol kg-1
cmol kg-1

2.45
1.28
3.84
2.61
0.03

11.
12.
13.

CEC
Al
Texture: Sand
Silt
Clay

cmol kg-1
cmol kg-1
%
%
%

14.95
0.25
29.57
29.97
40.46

%
%

Value
6.50
5.41
1.29
0.20
6.45

The study observed the effect of application of various doses of A. pinnata,
namely: 0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5; and 10.0 t ha-1. The treatments were arranged in a randomized
block design with five replicates. The soils were plowed once and then flooded.
Afterwards, A. pinnata was sown and buried by trampling and plowing for the second
time. Then the soils were flooded for 21 days. The 14-day old rice seedlings of Ciherang
62

pinnata Parameter (Unit) Water content (%) pH C (%) N-total (%) P-total (mg/100 g) K (cmol kg-1) Ca (cmol kg-1) Mg (cmol kg-1) Value 89. soil and water samples were taken for measuring their chemical properties. One day after flooded. 3.17 0.76 2.5 t ha-1. the rate of urea was 250 kg ha-1. 21 days after planting. At the end of the trial. pinnata to the paddy soil may give 121. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the LSD test at p = 0.0 t ha-1 of fresh A. 4.0 was used to determine exchangeable K. 63 . 1.76 and 2. For the application of A.Application of Azolla pinnata Enhanced Soil N. N-NH4+ (1 N KCl). This suggests that the application of 5. and K concentrations in the soils. Fe and Mn (DTPA method). P. 7.000 grain weight. the rate of urea was 150 kg ha-1. K. Urea was given three times (1/3 portion each at planting time. Ca. pinnata did not affect the concentrations of total N. and panicle initiation time. pinnata of 10 t ha1 . Table 2. 6. 1. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chemical Properties of A.12 6. while the extraction method of 1 N NH4C2H4O2 at pH 7. N-total (Kjeldahl method). N uptake by plant. The SP-36 at the rate of 100 kg ha-1 was applied once at planting time.22 N.5 t ha-1. pinnnata of 0 and 2. and the rice yield (number of grains per panicle.19 0. and Na.05. The rate of urea was 200 kg ha-1 for the application of A. While KCl fertilizer at the rate of 100 kg ha-1 was applied twice (1/2 at planting time and 1/2 at 21 days after planting). C-organic (Kurmies method). Chemical properties of A. and grain yield ha-1). and N uptake by the rice (Table 3). pinnata of 5.000 hill ha-1).77 0. C/N ratio.43%. respectively). No. P. respectively.43 0. available P (Bray I).13 kg urea ha-1. For the treatment of A. Mg.5 kg N ha-1 or equivalent to 264. 5. and Rice Yield variety were planted with spacing of 30 cm x 30 cm (about 11. pinnata are 21. Soil samples were taken at the beginning of panicle initiation time.0 and 7. namely pH. Each plot size was 4 x 5 m2.50 21. and Cation Exchange Capacity (percolation method). pinnata The results in Table 2 show that the contents of C-organic and N-total in A. it was measured N. and K Concentrations in Soils The application of A. 8. 2. P. exchangeable K.

0 t ha-1.55 ab 1. pinnata as source of organic matter for paddy soil inhibited or suppressed the rice growth as the farmers thought. pinnata application on the number of grains per panicle. Yield Components and Rice Yield The application of A. the farmers in the study area throw A.60 a 178. there was no difference in the number of grains per panicle between the A. The highest grain yield was resulted from the application of 7.73 a 28.58 a 0. Table 3. 1.0 7.91 b 1. These results could be due to the increase in N. 4. Normally. which released by the decomposed A.12 b 163.18 a ns Bray-1 P (mg kg-1) 1. 5.69 a 0. pinnata application on N-total.93 b 8.46 a 0. pinnata significantly increased the number of grains per panicle and dry grain yield (Table 4).46 a Grain yield (t ha-1) 8. After decomposition of A. and exchangable K concentrations in soils and N uptake No.5 and 10.05) 0 2. 4. pinnata.17 a 0.5 10. 3.5 5. pinnata. For instance. 3. pinnata optimally.5 10. pinnata at the dose of 10 t ha-1 increased the soil available P by 89%.06 At the time of panicle initiation. Effects of A.07 a 26.54 a 0.0 Number of grains/ panicle 154. pinnata (t ha-1) 1. A. the application of A. pinnata. LSD (p<0.13 a 27.0 7. This result also confirms that there was no evidence that the use of A.34 a 28.68 b 3.50 Ns 0. pinnata away from paddy fields 64 .05) A. pinnata (t ha-1) 0 2. P compounds will be released into paddy soil (Watanabe et al.84 a 8. available P.12 ab 7.59 a 0.64 a ns ns 1. pinnata application doses of 7.17 a 0.Rivaie et al.51 a 0. pinnata significantly increased the soil available P. application of A.17 a 0.000 grain weight 27. 2.86 b 2. Table 4.9 However.28 b 176. Effect of A.60 a 1.68 ab 8.17 a Exchangable K (cmol kg-1) 0. and grain yield No.92 b 163.0 N-tot (%) 0.000 grain weight. 1980). suggesting that it is needed a fairly high P to grow A.18 ab 9.63 a N-uptake (g plant-1) 0. 5.5 5.17 a 0.5 t ha-1 of the A.54 a 0. LSD (p<0.57 a 0. 1. P. and K contents. 2.

K. Plant Physiol.N. N. 1–75. 73-79. Adv. A. 169-201. 2004.2793. Trop.K. Xiaochen Wu. as a biofertilizer under dryland conditions.M.. monitoring..R.M. and Bi Taolin Zhang.J. Ming Liu. 70.0 and 7.T. A.. Pabby. Agron. Effects of long-term chemical fertilization and organic amendments on dynamics of derived from barren land in subtropical China. Prospects and potential for systems of biological nitrogen fixation in sustainable rice production. C. Elham.. 2003. UPLB. A.5 t ha-1 enhanced the soil available P. Organic matter accumulation in submerged soils. 65 . 1990. 2010. In addition. P. CONCLUSIONS Incorporation of A. Intercropping of Azolla biofertilizer with rice at different crop geometry. and the rice yield. yield components. S. Cyanobacteria and effective microorganisms (EM) as possible biofertlizers in wheat production. (Trinidad) 6. It means that by giving 5 t ha-1 of A. and P.Application of Azolla pinnata Enhanced Soil N. there was no evidence that the use of A. pinnata is equivalent to apply approximately 121. Thesis. Lillian. 350-354. and P. 219227. Mitigation of climate change by soil carbon sequestration: Issues of science. M. 106.M. PCARRD. For organic farming practices. Fengxiang Han. and Kennedy. Nayak. K. pinnata to the paddy fields at the rate of 5. indeed. Ghazal. Prasanna. and Rice Yield by raising irrigation water surface. Biochem. Izaurralde. M. Li Z. and Lal.M. Sahrawat.M. Rosenberg. J. 2004. A. S. Mona. 29(5).. Agric. 1983. Agron. This amount of urea. H.5 kg N or 264 kg urea ha-1.M. 2004.43% N. 2001. Singh. Adv.. Rhodes University.L. Res. A. The utilization of Azolla filiculoides Lam.L. Choudhury. Agric Mansoura Univ. and F. Khan. 81. 268-274. 2000. I. 2783. and SEARCA. is very meaningful from the viewpoints of fossil fuel and foreign exchange saving. 41. K. Biofertile Soils 39. Singh. Soil & Till. Physiological characterization of cultured and freshly isolated endosymbionts from different species of Azolla. A primer on Azolla: Production & utilization in agriculture. R..K. Singh. pinnata is one of the reliable sources of N because it contains 2. pinnata as source of organic matter for paddy soil inhibited or suppressed the rice growth as the farmers in the study area thought. R.Sc. R. REFERENCES Abd El-Rasoul. and degraded lands.

and I. Berja.C. Anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in flooded rice soils. Laguna.S. 1993. 1984. Watanabe. 301-307. 241-248. I. 237-258. Philippines. Watanabe.. 26 (2).. Soil Sci. Watanabe. 66 . IRRI. and D. Green Manure Production of Azolla microphylla and Sesbania rostrata and Their Long-Term Effects on Rice Yields and Soil Fertility. Plant Nutr. Fert. Los Baños.Rivaie et al. Pp. In Organic Matter and Rice. Del Rosario. N. W. Ventura. Soils 15. 1980. Growth of Azolla in Paddy Field as Affected by Phosphorus Fertilizer. Biol. I.

peatland. Upaya membatasi pengusahaan lahan gambut tentu akan sulit. mudah terbakar. Kondisi tersebut menjadi penyebab keragaan hasil untuk pertanaman jagung sangat rendah. even though there are many problems such as high acidity levels. meliputi penyiapan lahan tanpa bakar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan penerapan teknologi pengelolaan lahan dan tanaman yang tepat. jagung 67 . productivity Abstrak. because the drive needs on foodstuffs keep increasing along with population increase. Efforts to limit the exploitation of peat lands would be difficult. production stagnant. especially its role as a carbon sink and greenhouse gases (GHG) emision. Nazemi IAARD Researchers at Indonesian Wetland Agricultural Research Institute (IWETRI). and Mo). Zn. deficient nutrients (such as P. and nutrients. moisture. which is potential to raise a variety of agreements setting for prevention efforts (moratory). K. as well as management arrangements of land preparation without land burning. pengaturan kelembaban dan pengelolaan hara. Lahan gambut merupakan lahan pertanian yang cukup potensial. K. amelioration. The results showed that the application of land management technologies and the appropriate plants. produktivitas. Peat land is now becoming the world's attention. terutama peranannya sebagai penyimpan karbon dan sebagai pelepas gas rumah kaca (GRK) yang sangat potensial. Kata kunci: Lahan gambut.6 RAISING CORN TECHNOLOGY ON PEAT LAND AT GAMBUT MUTIARA VILLAGE. karena dorongan kebutuhan bahan pangan yang semakin meningkat seiring dengan pertambahan penduduk. Cu. Keywords: Maize. and the shrinking areas of fertile land that occured in a relatively short period of time. namun terdapat banyak permasalahan. kahat unsur hara seperti P. dan Mo. sejumlah masalah bisa diatasi dan produktivitas jagung di lahan gambut/bergambut masih bisa ditingkatkan. RIAU PROVINCE Isdijanto Ar-Riza and D. so it needs good management technologies. di antaranya tingkat kemasaman yang tinggi. Lok Tabat Utara. Cu. Zn. low variability in maize yield. Lahan gambut saat ini merupakan lahan yang menjadi perhatian dunia. pelandaian produksi dan terjadinya penciutan areal lahan subur yang terjadi dalam kurun waktu yang relatif cepat. sehingga muncul berbagai upaya kesepakatan pengaturan (moratorium) untuk pencegahan terjadinya degradasi yang lebih lanjut. Peat lands are great potentials for agricultural lands. was able to solve a number of problems and productivity of maize in peat/peaty land can be still improved. ameliorasi. Banjarbaru-South Kalimantan Abstract. Jl Kebun Karet.

and fertilization for maize based on the typology and character of soil. Many peatlands are already a shelter and there is also the place to find their livelihood. 68 . Efforts to limit peatlands exposure would be difficult. Zn. 1999. there is a lot going on controversial because some people. Technology preparation was based on the characteristics of the land and the results of previous studies. stagnant rice production. But the fact at the field level. Maas et al. Pelalawan. 1992 ). METHODOLOGY Activities in implementing cultivation technology package for maize was conducted at the Gambut Mutiara village. Widjaja-Adhi et al. 2010). The technology packages are shown in Table 1.000-50. 1999 and Widjaja-Adhi et al. Ar-Riza et al. 1999.000 hectares per year (Nasoetion and Winoto. so it can be used as a reference in the management of peatlands for agriculture. Peatlands are a potential agricultural land because of its potential is great (approximately 10. So there is an agreement setting effort for the prevention of further degradation. Maas et al. especially its potential role as a carbon sink and greenhouse gases (GHG) release. District of Teluk Meranti. Riau Province in 2009. amelioration. Peatland is land formed from organic materials that can be either under water saturated with 12-18% organic carbon content or unsaturated with 20% organic carbon content. so it needs good management technology because of fragile nature and some times very extreme (Adimihardja et al. 1995. 1995). due to the growing need for food increases with population. Riau Province (Ar-Riza et al.Ar-Riza and Nazemi INTRODUCTION Peatland is now a land that becomes the world's attention. (Adimihardja et al. Widjaja-Adhi. Cu and Mo. such as in Gambut Mutiara village. peat lands are agricultural land that can be managed to increase their income. 1992. 1999.89 million hectares) but it is generally deficient in nutrients such as P. K. and the acceleration of shrinking arable land area for the purposes of non-food economy. 2003 ). Conversion of arable land as a major food producer mainly rice into other economic purposes in Java and Bali is approximately of 35. especially farmers. This paper discusses land preparation (without burning).

Fertilizer 6. Ripening acceleration 8. The number of seeds 1-2 seeds hole-1 Hybrid variety: Urea (200 kg ha-1). 1. but the line is 1. In phase physiologically ripe (corn cob skin have started yellowing) upper trunk cob can be cut/trimmed. burning about 2 weeks later the young weeds growing systemic herbicide sprayed (4-5 l ha-1) depending on the type of herbicide. At the same time weeding activity also performed on the base corn stalks by landfill. 2/3 of Urea next dose given at age 1 month. Cuprum (Cu) 4 kg ha-1. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In general. Saromil. controlled with appropriate pesticides. local farmers have not much familiar with the technology of farming maize in peat soil. 3. 4. the affected plants should be removed and burned. Land/grass was not burned. peat peeling controlled burned. Line spacing Mono culture: Spacing (75 cm x 20 cm. Teluk Meranti District. KCL 100 (kg ha-1) can be substituted from the ashes of the burning controlled. and the ashes are returned to the soil (in the planting hole). 2. added ash (to taste) the burning weeds control. Planting Mix between Palm Oil: Spacing is the same as in monoculture. 69 . depending on varieties). Control of pests (caterpillars. Component of technology Implementation Land preparation without land In the very thick weeds (growing meetings and high) should be cut down.4 t ha-1). In the weeds that grow tightly. orsupplied with NPK fertilizer. then cleared In the areas that have Gombat layer (layer during root ferns) ≥ 15 cm thick have peeled.Raising Corn Technology on Peat Land Gambut Table 1. because he prefers to grow oil palm. seeds treatment with Metalisin (Rendomil. 2009 No. Riau Province. Maize cultivation technology package on Peatland in the Gambut Mutiara village. can be directly sprayed with herbicide. depending on the condition of the weeds growth. SP-36 (200 kg ha-1). Harvest Before planted. can be given through seed treatment (seeds soaked in a solution Cu for 5-8 hours). Urea is given 2 times (1 = 1/3 + doses of SP-36 + KCL at age 7-10 days). so that the roots can more develop. 1 plant hole-1). Harvesting is done while corn cob skin have dried at 100% (100 days. Ameliorant material giving Dolomite 10 g planting hole-1 (0. Weeding activity at 30 and 50 days after planting. etc. organic fertilizer/compost 50 g hole-1 (2 t ha-1). but small branch. even though the land is a land of business.5 m from the edge of the oil palm (palm oil depending on age). grasshoppers).) 1 kg/20 kg of seed for the prevention of downy mildew (Sercospora sp). Maintenance 7. If at the age of 10 days still appear downy mildew symptoms. Planting 5.

almost all the farmers have known taht Cu micro fertilizers are visible if using in cultivation.000 1.000 663.000 795. lack of knowledge on the diseases caused by the fungus (Sclerosphora maydays). However. Table 2. the main problem in land preparation is weeds. land preparation is not required.000 120.257 Note: Price Rp2. Based on the analysis and evaluation. Yield (t ha-1) and the analysis of the costs and revenue of maize farmers 1 hectare of existing Gambut Mutiara Village. 70 . maize cultivation will not be success. (4) exposed to downy mildew. Land preparation is done by the system of without land burning.5 1.600.Man power (IDR) Profit (IDR) R/C Rainy season Drought season 1 0. as listed in Table 1.000 675.000 120.000 205. 5. In the crude application of the technology.Ar-Riza and Nazemi Based on the results of interviews with local farmers. It has been believed that without land burning. etc. whereas corncob empty (Bogang) with out Cu application. the management of the plant is still very simple and much spaced population. 2009 No. 1.).000 937. farmers always burns the land Preparing it for planting maize because the method is easily done. 2. ash from burning. the obtained maize production is still low as well as the benefits (Table 2). 3.000 817.707 1 0. Pelalawan District. (2) very low plant population. Likewise.000 1. Description Land area (ha) Production (ton) Revenue (IDR) Total cost (IDR) . visible from the rest of the harvest stem diameter was very small.000 kg-1 dry shelled maize. Technology Application Land preparation Generally peatlands/peat has a low soil density (soil bulk density). In this land.8 1.000. Teluk Meranti Sub District.Tool production (IDR) . Cu application can be improve efficacy. 4. the production of maize was a low due to: (1) root systems were not solid anchor in the ground because they were burnt peat soil structure hollow-cavity. (3) the application of fertilizer was very low. It has not been accustomed to using locally available resources (manure. so if the soil surface is flat.

because after the lime dissolves. and low N available to plants. In this research. particularly micro elements of Cu and Zn. nitrogen fertilization increased plant growth and yield (Kanapathy and Keat. Giving Cu element has very real. P. Fertilizer in peatlands Fertility levels of acid sulfate and peat soils are low and often indicated by of nutrients deficiency symptoms. Cu source was from CuSO4. Ca. and improve fertilizer efficiency and plant growth (Lubis et al. Lime addition can improve soil reaction increase the availability of primary nutrients such as P and Ca. In such conditions. making it easier available. 1998). Sources of ash are from branch plant burning. 1993). so that certainly affect the results Nitrogen fertilizer The analysis results of the peat soil showed that N-total was in moderate-high level (0. giving ash is more effective than lime. while more ash stability (Subiksa et al. and nutrients status in the soil. 71 .1%) with very high C/N ratio value. The public is already known this technology. Figure 1. because the plants ash contains nutrient elements of K. 1998). In peat medium. showed of cobs that could contain a full. nutrient availability. so the provision of soil materials such as lime or ash is needed very much. Without fertilization. 1970).Raising Corn Technology on Peat Land Gambut Ameliorant management Peatlands are generally very acid in soil reaction.3 to 1. Subiksa et al. while Zn is not given as because they are not available in the region. cultivated plants cannot result in optimal production. The use of plant ash as a soil material (ameliorant) can increase soil pH. 1993. calcium and magnesium nutrients are mostly washed out and the land is back to its initial conditions. Mg which are required to the plant growth (Lubbis et al.

because the plant was grown in the off-seasonwith a lot of barriers. Performance of maize without land burning technology Performance of maize without land burning technology did not yet produce optimal yield.Ar-Riza and Nazemi Yield (t ha-1) The results of previous research in other locations. K = 60 kg K2O ha-1). 72 . including quite a lot of pests. N fertilization at the dosage of 90 kg N ha-1 was able to increase maize yields by 69% compared with no fertilization. Sources: Data synthesized from Masganti et al. This was done because it was expected to remain as an example of technology that will be applied by farmers on the actual growing season. Figure 3. Fertilizer can be derived from inorganic fertilizers such as SP-36. N. (Dosages N = 90 Kg N ha-1. Highly reactive rock phosphate has been recommended to be used as natural phosphate (Suriadikarta et al. K and NPK compound fertilizers effects on maize yield in peatsoil. Complete NPK fertilization on maize crops conducted in Gambut Mutiara Village (Table 1) shows good performance (Figure 3). Figure 2. or natural phosphates. 1999). P = 45 kg P2O5 ha-1. and the further results kept improving by providing a complete balanced NPK fertilizer (Figure 2). P. so P fertilization in peatlands is stronglyy needed. SP-18. P-total content is generally high as well as in Gambut Mutiara districts but with low availability. (1996) Phosphate fertilizer On peat soils.

M. Lubis. Saragih. Centre for Research and Development Social Economics of Agriculture. S. Description Land area (ha) Production (ton) Revenue (IDR) Total cost (IDR) . and D..860. 000 1. pp. Maize cultivation pilot project on peat soil.000 5. REFERENCES Adimiharja. Kanapathy.E. Wahid.32 CONCLUSION Farmer beliefs that without land burning.Ar-Riza. 2009 No. It may be other wise if land preparation without land burning.Raising Corn Technology on Peat Land Gambut Table 3.000 5.000 5. Keat.299. A. I. Indonesian Swamp Land Agriculture Research Institute. I.000 1. A. W. Murphy.Tool production (IDR) . and Sardjijo. Jakarta. Banjarbaru.151. 214-218. Ar-Riza. 5. Rusastro I.580.989. D.A. Intercession. 1993.849. and crop management. I. Teluk Meranti Sub District. 4. A. Yield (t ha-1) and cost analysis and crop farm income maize land preparation without land burning Gambut Mutiara Village.Man power (IDR) Profit (IDR) R/C Hybrid 1 5. and D. Abidin.000 1.B. organic matter management. maize cultivation will not be success. November 23-26. Utilization of alternative fertilizer in cultivation palawija in wetlands. 2010. National Seminar on Peat II. Cole. and A.M.J.. 1999. N. Perspective development of agriculture in wetlands. 2003. fertilizer.W. Nazemi.000 3. Napu. Effect of stocking rates and cobalt and copper supplementation on the performance of bullocks on shallow peatland.000 1. amelioration. 1970. Sudarman.701.000. and G. Samarinda. and Z..000. Jakarta. Pelalawan District. 1. Djauhari. Papers. 2. sorghum and tapioca on peat soils.000 3. Meeting of Experts and National Workshop on Optimization of Land Utilization a Swamp resource.. Rina.5 11.719.. Irish Journal of Agricultural Research 18:195-209. Suriadikarta. Directorate General of Food Crops and Horticulture. Directorate of Land Rehabilitation and Development. A. 1979. Jakarta.R. Indonesian Peat Association and the Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology. Ar-Riza.5 7. Application of Technology Specific Location In Support of Agricultural Development.88 Local variety 1 3. National Seminar. K. Cooperative Research Report (Balittra-government) in Pelalawan.. Karno (2003) Ed. and Y. A. Effect of ash plants against rice peat. K. 73 .A. 000 1. Bambang. 3. Proceedings of a Conference on crop diversification in Malaysia: 26-35.B. Poole. Pros. In. Growing maize. Z.

K. and I P. et al. Adimihardja..G.. Completion of reclamation and development of systems to support sustainable development of the water system in the swampy land agriculture. Potential Limitations and Utilization. National Seminar paper on Agricultural Research and Development in the Swamp Land.) 1992. 74 . Widjaja-Adhi. 1995. Papers. L.M. I P. South Sumatra. Center for research and development of food crops. Swamp land resources. 1995. 25-27 July 2000. Completion of the water network system to support the development of sustainable agriculture in wetlands.G. Integrated Agricultural Development of Tidal swamp and Monotonous swampy land. 119-132 In. 1984. 2010. Soil Survey Staff. 1999.3 to 4 March 1992. D.G. Key to Soil Taxonomy. You. A. Papers. 31 October . I G. 388 pp. Bogor. 2000. Cipayung. Eleventh Edition. In S. Sulaeman. Benchmarking influence ameliorant materials to increase productivity peatlands. Dublin 4:451-454. Subiksa. 1998. Ardhi S. and B. Invite K. In the workshop competition utilization of land and water resources: Its Impact on the Sustainability of Food Self-Sufficiency. Darmanto. Wignyosukarto. I P. Cipayung. Widjaja-Adhi.I and J.. Nasoetion. USDA-NRCS. Proceedings of the 7th International Peat Congress.. Management of land and water resources development in wetlands for sustainable and environmentally friendly farming. Karama. Paper presented at the Training of Trainers for Agricultural Development in Tidal Areas. 1992. Soil and Agro-climate Research Center. Bogor. Okruszko.. Cipayung 25 to 27 July 2000.A. Cisarua 0. Widjaja-Adhi. M. H. Soil and Agro-climate Research Center. National Seminar on Agricultural Research and Development in the Swamp Land. (ed) Proceedings of the Discussion Meeting and Communication Research Soil and Agro-climate. 26-30 June 1995. Nugroho. Winoto. Suriadikarta..2 November 1995. Bogor. Agricultural land conversion issues and their impact on sustainability food self-sufficiency. Bogor. and A. D. Partohardjono and M. Agricultural utilization of peatlands. Syam (Eds. and S.Ar-Riza and Nazemi Maas.

563 t ha-1 CH4 and at generative phase was 0. Tidal swampland with acid sulfate soils is developed into productive farmland aiming to sustain food self sufficiency.7 CARBON AND METHANE EMISSIONS AT ACID SULPHATE SOIL OF TIDAL SWAMPLAND Nurita. Alwi. carbon dioxide.7 million ha) is one of reasonable alternatives (Widjaja-Adhi and Alihamsyah 1998). methane. as well as development of agribusiness and region (Abdurachman and Ananto 2000). Soil porosity was the most important factor which affected carbon dioxide emissions.696 t ha-1 CH4 for one planting season. M. Attempt to overcome this problem. emissions.844 t ha-1 CO2. development of agriculture towards the utilization of marginal land like a tidal marsh land of acid sulfate soils (as many as 6. Jl Kebun Karet. while soil organic matter at vegetative phase and soil Fe solubility at generative phase were the most important factors. Activities undertaken included surveys. Lok Tabat Utara. Raihana IAARD Researchers at Indonesian Wetland Agriculture Research Institute (IWETRI). rice field. mainly at rice fields are often blamed as the main cause of global warming because they contribute to greenhouse gases emission such as carbon and methane emissions. The results showed that carbon dioxide emission at vegetative phase was 20. production diversification . South Kalimantan Province at growing season of 2011.228 t ha-1 CO2 and at generative phase was 3. tidal swampland INTRODUCTION Agriculture development faces fastly shrinking fertile agricultural land due to changes of land function to other purposes. boost income and employment. The research was conducted at Karang Indah Village. Barito Kuala Regency.616 t ha-1 CO2 so for one planting season was 23. Keywords: Acid sulfate soil. Agricultural activities. Potential tidal swampland is so large so that it could be used to support programs to increase food security and agribusiness that are the main program of agriculture sector. direct observation and soil and gas analysis at vegetative and generative phases. and Y. Rice field played an important role in producing carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions because it was one of the largest sources of emissions as a result of organic matter decomposition by anaerobic (waterlogged) conditions. which affected methane emissions. Tidal swampland that will be reclaimed and developed as paddy land impacts on greenhouse gas emissions that can damage ozone layer thus it may accelerate 75 . While methane emission at vegetative phase was 0. Banjarbaru-South Kalimantan Abstract. The land was classified as potentially acid sulfate soil of tidal swampland B type.133 t ha-1 CH4 resulting in 0.

1990. which is dominated by rice plants on maintained landscaping of surjan system. when plants undergo change of generations or die it will produce litter (trash) then decompose into carbon gas. (3) soil temperature. 76 . While methane emissions occur from decaying organic matter at anaerobic condition. CFC by 12%. Yagi et al. global warming. CO2. and combustion. Earth's temperature rising globally is driven by increasing greenhouse gases (GHG) in atmosphere. METHODOLOGY This research is a descriptive study to depict amount of carbondioxide and methane emissions resulting from one rice-planting season at acid sulfate soil of tidal swampland arranged by surjan systems (orange-rice pattern). Kimura et al. H2. Carbonstock in the soil is released into the atmosphere to cause global warming. The purpose of this study was to evaluate carbon and methane emissions from one rice-planting season in tidal swamplands of acid sulfate soil arranged by surjan systems (orange-rice pattern). Methanogenic bacteria could convert CO2. and methylamine to methane (Cicerone and Oremland 1988). CH4. acetic acid. In its early life. tillage. Therefore. (4) plant variety. because the methane gas was produced by a group of obligate anaerobic bacterium called Archaebacteria having primitive cell structure. The first cellulose metabolism by bacteria acetogenic was overhauled to produce secondary outcomes such as formic acid. among others: (1) soil type. such as CO2. GHG emissions need to be evaluated in the form of carbondioxide and methane at acid sulfate soil. CH4 by 15%. manure. 1990.Nurita et al. Greenhouse gas emissions that happen in agricultural sector are discharge of nitrogen gas (N2O) from fertilizer. Methane emissions were influenced by many factors. CO. (6) fertilization. Methane emissions were higher at paddy (or reduction) fields rather than dry conditions. PFCs. 1993). methanol. (5) plants. decomposition. Contributions to global warming from the biggest to the lowest are CO2 by 61%. the greenhouse gas emissions of paddy fields were also affected by oxidation and reduction processes. acetic acid. Activities that result in land cover change activities of land-use management (crop management) in agricultural areas will produce or release carbon gases into the air. plant will absorp gas known as carbon or carbon biomass. In addition. 1991. the relationship between soil chemical properties with carbondioxide and methane emissions was also observed. N2O by 4%. (2) water management. and H2. and SF6 which are produced from a variety of human activities and natural processes. However. formic acid. and (7) the growing season (Yagi and Minami. In addition. N2O. HFCs. Neue and Roger. and other sources amounting to 8% (Barchia 2006).

41 liter on 23oK RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Carbon and Methane Emissions 77 . and flip) every year. urea. Carbon and methane emissions measured in the field using chamber gauges on vegetative and generative phases of the rice plant.2 Vm δt E = emission CO2/CH4 (mg m-2 day-1) V = chamber volume (m3) A = area of chamber (m2) T = average air temperature inside the chamber (oC) δCsp/δt = rate of change of the CH4 and CO2 concentrations (ppm min-1) Bm = gas molecular weight of CH4 and CO2 at standard condition Vm = volume of gas at STP (standard temperature and pressure) conditions is 22. 100 kg. respectively. 273. GHG emissions were directly measured from acid sulfate soil with closed (?) chamber method. The technique was adopted from IAEA (1993). Gas sampling was collected by using a chamber size of 50 cm x 50 cm x 100 cm.5 t.2 Bm δ Csp V x x x E= A T + 273. and. Mandastana Sub District.Carbon and Methane Emission at Acid Sulphate Soil The experiment site was Karang Indah Village. The land was belonged to potential acid sulfate soil areas of tidal swampland type B (overflow land with water at high tide) with flat to gentle slopes (0-2%) and elevation of land ranged between 1-3 m above sea level. 6th. 9th. Soil samples were taken at a depth of 0-20 cm from surjan rice fields that were planted with local varieties of rice managed traditionally (slash. 15th minute. and South Kalimantan Province at growing season of 2011. Barito Kuala District. 12th. Sampling GHGs (CO2 and CH4) were conducted during vegetative and generative phases. roll. Flux calculation at each treatment used the following equation adopted from IAEA (1993). SP-36 commonly given by farmers were: 0. Gas samples were taken using 10 ml syringe and then analyzed by a micro type CP 4900 GC with TCD (thermal conductivity detector) detector. The doses of lime. The time interval used fo sampling was the 3rd. Area of the analyzed gas samples (CO2 and CH4) will come out simultaneously. trowel. and 50 kg ha-1. which covered 4 rice hills.

This might be caused by high decomposition activity of organic material that produced carbon gases. Mandastana District is one of rice field areas. environmental factors also influenced amount of carbon dioxide measured. especially at maximum tiller. The result of measurements of carbondioxide and methane emissions at rice fields is presented in Table 1.616 CO2 t ha-1. Carbon dioxide gas was released into atmosphere through abulision process (air bubbles due to changes in osmotic) (Setyanto et al.563 Generative 3. Karang Indah village. Carbon dioxide and methane emissions from rice fields at acid ulfate soils of tidal swampland Karang Indah Village Parameter -1 Emission of CO2(t ha ) Emission of CH4(t ha-1) Vegetative 20. As reported by Setyanto et al. (2007) that high methane was produced during vegetative growth. rice plants took carbon dioxide from air or environment surrounding rice plants. 2007).696 t CO2 ha-1. In addition.133 One planting season 23.228 CO2 and 3.563 and 0.616 0. this organic matter stimulated production of methane through a series of processes that ends with formation of carbondioxide and methane. so the emission in one cropping season was 0. where both derived from rice plant respiration and plantation surrounding areas such as citrus is in ridges.844 CO2 t ha-1. So total carbon emission in one planting season was 23.133 t ha-1. Table 1.Nurita et al. Carbon emission at vegetative phase was higher than that at generative phase. and tended to go down next generative phase. It was arranged with Surjan system.844 0. Table 1 shows that carbon emissions of Siam Pangling rice variety at maximum vegetative growth and generative phases were 20. Metanotrop bacteria existing in rice field were microorganisms that could use methane as part of metabolism process for later converting into carbon dioxide (Setyanto 2008a). The decrease was caused by use of plant photosynthate at the process leading to formation of flowers womb. Rice fields play important role in contributing amount of methane emissions because it is one of the largest emission sources as a result of organic material decomposition under an anaerobic condition. Generally tidal swampland contains a lot of organic material so that reductive conditions (flooded) may high potential in the formation of methane. As reported by Wihardjaka (2005). where rice was planted on sunken bed and orange on rise bed.696 Methane emission at vegetative growth phase was greater than that at generative phase. respectively. at which time gas sampling in the morning. and also root exudates in soil were low in the generative 78 . While methane emissions at maximum vegetative growth and generative phase were 0.228 0.

Soil temperature played an important role in controlling nutrient solubility. The number of tiller increased density and number of vessels that transport capacity of methane from aerenkima became enormous (Aulakh et al. It could be seen from water table data. and the decomposition of organic matter. amount of methane emission from rice field of 6 experimental sites was very high exceeding standard value of methane emission which is still allowed by the IPPC from paddy soil of 160 kg ha-1 season-1 (Anonymous 2011). activity of soil microorganisms. The lower content of root exudates was the higher inhibition of methanogenesis process so that flux of methane was down. Soil Physical Properties Analysis results of several soil physical properties taken from the experiment sites are presented in Table 2. (2007) stated that the formation of root exudate closely related to root biomass. methane emission is higher than that in dry condition (Kimura et al. In the flooded condition. rice varieties also played an important role in determining amount of methane gas emissions. which ended with the formation of carbon dioxide and methane (Setyanto 2008c). (2007). Addition in aerenkima diameter and number of tiller of a rice variety affected the release of methane. 2005 in Setyanto 2008a. Management of organic material usually done when planting local varieties under waterlogged resulted in anaerobic decomposition. From evaluation of GHG emissions above. which was lower at generative phase 79 .). Farmers planted local varieties (Siam Pangling) in the experiment site. and roots of local rice caused waterlogged soil gas exchange took place quickly. amino acids. stems. drying occured so that soil temperature increased. Root exudates are organic compounds consisting of sugars. These vessels act was as a chimney of methane emissions into atmosphere (Setyanto 2008a). Soil temperature at generative phase was higher than that at vegetative phase. According Setyanto et al. Wihardjaka 2005). 1991. The high methane emission in the experiment sites was caused by high accumulation of plant biomass as a result from local rice variety.Carbon and Methane Emission at Acid Sulphate Soil phase. and organic acids as constituent materials immediately available for methanogenic bacteria. where the more the formation of root biomass was the more formation of methane. which had been grown in longer period. Air space on vessels aerenkima leaves. in which results showed that rice varieties varied in release of methane into atmosphere and it was affected by physiological and morphological condition. where at generative phase. Setyanto et al. It was also important in producing and dismantling methane by soil microorganisms (methanogenic and metanotrop bacteria). which had longer maturity and different capabilities with shorter maturity varieties in removing root exudates in soil. The results showed that soil texture was classified as clay.

-3 PD (g. Soils with high organic matter content generally had low bulk density or low in weight of volume. (2006) stated that bulk density was influenced by soil management. The calculation of percentage of soil pore at generative phase showed that total soil porosity in this phase was 69. spin. Soil Chemical Properties Analysis results on some soil chemical properties are presented in Table 3.64 55. Analysis results on soil physical properties of paddy rice fields of acid sulfate soil of tidal swampland No. High porosity rate was influenced by application of organic matter from rice straw returned to the soil at traditional system of land management (trowel.63 36.50 60.72 28. 2. WV (g. In dry conditions.cm ) Note: Criteria of scaling by Indonesian Soil Research Institute (2005) (-) = Sampling could not be taken because of looding condition Soil porosity was percentage of total soil pore space from soil volume.20 and 80 .45 g cm-3. Sutanto in Idris (2010) stated that the difference in pore percent was influenced by organic matter. Total soil porosity (%) - 69. Ground water level (cm) 15. tends to have low weight of volume (Grossman and Reinsch 2002). This is in line with the ability of land to pass water and air.09 5.09%.74 - 2. 1. Table 2 also shows that BD (bulk density) and particle density (PD) are 0.73 Clay 10.78 Clay Soil temperature (º C) 25.2 3. Agus et al. Parameter Sampling time Vegetative Generative Soil texture Sand (%) Dust (%) Clay (%) Soil texture class 7. flip. Table 2.74 and 2. Pore space was volume of soil occupied by air and water (Foth 1995).00 4. low soil moisture and high solar radiation intensity would increase soil temperature. Soil with a high total pore space. such as clay.cm-3) - 0.45 6.00 -5.55 28. (Table 2). The addition of organic matter in the form of returning straw will increase the total soil pore and ground will lose volume (Wiskandar 2002).Nurita et al. Density directly related to the weight of volume of soil. This Table shows that soil pH H2O values at both growth phases of rice plants are 4. and spread) by local farmers.

7. 4. i. The value of soil C/N indicated decomposition level of organic matter. 6.m-1) Total-N(%) Org-C(%) C/N ratio Available P2O5 (mg kg -1) Available-K (cmol (+) kg-1) CEC(cmol (+) kg-1) Exchangeable-Fe (mg kg -1) Redox potential (mV) Vegetative 4. (1986) stated that the rate of decomposition of organic material further demonstrated by high soil C/N was low. whereas low soil C/N showed a high decomposition up yet or just starting. 2.20 (low) 2.66 mg kg-1 P2O5.m-1. UN-FAO (2005) stated that at the rate of EC below 2 dS. Winarso and Setiawati (2003) stated that soil P concentration was closely related to soil pH. EC observation indicated that salt condition at the sites was still lower than the limit rate of EC which could disrupt plant growth.08 (very low) 32. The analysis results of soil chemical properties also show that soil P contents at both growth phases are low i.760. Table 3.08 (very low) 0.65 (medium) 5.30 (low) 26.S.33 (high) 1.Carbon and Methane Emission at Acid Sulphate Soil 4.55%) and at generative phase became relatively moderate (2.11 respectively.08 219. Analysis results on soil chemical properties of paddy rice field at acid sulfate soil of tidal swampland Growing phase No.5 Generative 4.26 (medium) 3.30 cmol(+)kg-1).25 (high) 2.: 5.20 (very acid) 0. Soil C/N at the second phase was same.20% at generative phases. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) was a soil chemical property that was closely related to level of soil fertility.11 (very acid) 0. Factors affecting availability of soil P for plants were soil pH.50 Note: Criteria of scaling by Indonesian Soil Research Institute (2005) Soil total-N was 0.55 (high) 13. Soil available potassium content at vegetative phase was very low (0.65. The condition was caused by addition of potassium from decomposition of organic matter at generative phase. 3. pH H2O EC (d.25 cmol(+)kg-1 (relatively high) . Soil org-C content at vegetative phase was relatively high (3. Electrical conductivity (EC) at the second phase of rice growth and relatively very low 0.26% at vegetative and 0.e.e 32. respectively.73%). 5.272.04 and 6. The higher soil pH causes the more P availability in the soil. Table 3 shows that soil CEC values at both phases were equal.04 (low) 0. 9.11 (very low) 0.11 and classified as very acid.33 and 26. 10.73 (medium) 13. Parameter 1. 8. the effect of salinity was negligible for rice plants growth.08 and 0.08) while that in generative phase was low (0. Hakim et al.65 (medium) 6.23 298. namely 13.66 (low) 0. High CEC was allegedly due to 81 .

Higher soil redox potential at generative phase associated with organic matter content. and -0. and aerobic microorganism activities would be higher.5 mV. The greater the soil porosity meant the better soil air circulation and root activity. (3) temperature. While soil redox potential during vegetative phase was 219. respectively.272.80 and 0. among others: (1) surface of groundwater associated with entry of oxygen into the soil. Hardjowigeno (2003) stated that soil CEC depended on soil organic matter content and number of base cations in soil solution.85.760. Table 4 shows that at generative phase all soil physical properties affected carbon dioxide emissions with strong correlation coeficients (r) for soil porosity. soil moisture. The r values were 0. and soil BD.90. Methane emission at vegetative phase was more influenced by soil organic-C (r = 0. 82 . Soil Fe solubility at vegetative phase was 1. Relationship between Soil Physical and Chemical Properties with Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emissions Relations of soil physical and chemical natures of the CO2 and CH4 emissions of rice plants at research sites (Karang Indah village) are presented in Table 4. and soil temperatures would be higher which stimulated activity of soil micro-organisms.79. and soil pH. the lower soil BD. and (4) soil pH. further decomposition of organic matter indicated by the C/N value was low.76).23 mg kg-1. The smallest value of correlation coeficient was for soil temperature (r = 0. -0.Nurita et al. soil PD. While methane emissions were more affected by soil BD (r = -99). then the lower soil PD. BD.50). and temperature. (2) organic materials.92. meaning the greater the soil porosity. Soil porosity was resultant of soil PD. so that the carbon dioxide would be produced more and more.5 mV and increased at generative phase to become 298.84) and at generative phase was more affected by soil Fe (r = 0.08 mg kg-1 and a increased at generative phase to become 2. Reddy and Delaune (2008) stated that soil redox potential was influenced by several factors. respectively. Soil chemical property having the most powerful effect on carbon emissions at both vegetative and generative phases was soil C/N ratio (r values of -0.

50% 65.27% 70.41 -0.22 Note :(-) = Sampling could not be taken because of flood Methane emissions were closely related to soil organic matter content and Fe2+ solubility.84 0.65% 64. Soil properties Vegetative 2 1.26 Vegetative 2 R 42.84% 59.90% 0.76 -0.60% 66.01% R 0.11 -0.80 -0.46 -0. 11.55% 5.42 0.29% 5.82% 0.92% 31.46% 50.31 0.18 0.97% 16. Therefore in this phase.844 t ha-1 while methane emission was 0.86% 0. 83 . Relationship between soil properties with carbon dioxide and methane emissions from paddy rice field at acid sulfate soil of tidal swampland Emission CO2 No.52 0.59 -0.31% 84. In contrast to generative phase generally soil was dry resulting in oxidative conditions.39% 61.90 0.48% 72.77 -0.89% 0.02 CH4 Generative 2 R 24. High organic matter content at vegetative phase would trigger reductive conditions and increase activity of methanogenic bacteria.26 0.10% 13.50 -0.Carbon and Methane Emission at Acid Sulphate Soil Table 4.97% 46.13% 32.79 0.22 0. 14.71 -0.09 Generative 2 R 52. Soil temperature BD PD Porosity pH H2O Total-N Org-C C/N ratio.92% 1.64% 58. 2. 2.68 0. Available P2O5 Available-K CEC Available-Fe Redox potential EC R 1.09 -0.66% 3.72 -0. At acid sulfate soil in oxidative conditions.696 t ha-1. Carbon dioxide emission during one planting season from paddy rice field at acid sulfate soil of tidal swampland was 23.09 0.81 -0.50% 33.07 -0. 13.13% 17.99% 18. 3 4. 5.99% 59.14% 4. 8.65% 52.44 0.24 0.85 -0.56 0. concentration of Fe3+ was increased by oxidation of pyrite.14 -0.58 -0.12% 49. 9. soil Fe3+ solubility greatly affected soil pH and activity of methanogenic bacteria.64 0.54% 27.66 0.98% 1.58 0.81 0.75% R 0.37 -0.08% 81.77 0.77 0.33% 56.87% 0. 10. 7. CONCLUSION 1.12 -0. This suggested that methane emissions were greatly affected by soil redox potential.92 0.87% 4.34% 37.65 -0.47 -0.55% 6.6% 41.07% 43.53% 4.20% 6.61 0. 12.10% 21. 6.83% 2.74% 33.84% r 0. Soil porosity was the most important factor which affected carbon dioxide emissions.52% r 0.21 0.99 0. while soil organic matter at vegetative phase and soil Fe solubility at generative phase were the most important factor which affected methane emissions.04% 56. and resulted in increasing methane emissions.24 0.73 -0.

F. dan H.B. Nyakpa. Gambut: Agroekosistem dan Transformasi Karbon. Diha. Lubis. dan U. Program Pasca Sarjana.G. R. Klasifikasi Tanah dan Pedogenesis. Abdurachman Adimihardja. Nugroho. Yustika. S.. Oremland.go. H. Grossman. N. Soc. Dane and G. (In Indonesia). Agus. Foth. Saul. Konsep Pengembangan Pertanian Berkelanjutan di Lahan Rawa untuk Mendukung Ketahanan Pangan dan Pengembangan Agribisnis. A.C. Dasar-dasar Ilmu Tanah. Sifat Fisik Tanah dan Metode Analisisnya. M. Inc. Kandungan Karbon Organik dan Kemampuan Kesuburan Tanah Entisol dan Inseptisol pada Land Use Berbeda di KP4 UGM Yogyakarta. Cicerone. S. M.). UGM Press.Y. Hakim. Hardjowigeno. Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Diponegoro. (In Indonesia).D.H. Fundamental of Soil Science. Universitas Lampung. 2006. (In Indonesia). Jakarta..E. 2002. and R. Yogyakarta. (In Indonesia). 2011.D. Fahmuddin Agus. R. Tesis.F. Bogor.. 2006. Abdurachman and E. (In Indonesia). Kementerian Negara Riset dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia. http//pustaka2 ristek. Dasar-dasar Ilmu Tanah. Reinsch.H. (In Indonesia).Nurita et al. Departemen Pertanian. Wisconsin. Gadjah Mada Universitas Press. P 201-228 in J. 2010. Hong.J. 23 hlm. R. Madison.id/katalog/byld/270199.R. Fakultas Pertanian UGM. F. Penetapan berat volume tanah Dalam UndangKurnia. Ai Dariah (Eds. M. Edisi revisi.A. 25−27 Juli 2000. Bailey.G. N. Global Biogeochem. Barchia. and T. Cycles 2:299-327. 1988.).B. Sixth Edition. Akses tanggal 14 Desember 2011. Biogeochemical aspects of atmospheric methane. Haryati. Fakultas Pertanian. 84 . Akademika Pressindo. Soil Sci. Methods of Soil Analysis Part 4-Psycal Methods.M. Yogyakarta. 1995. 2000. Idris. G. Terjemah. 1986. 2003. Seminar Nasional Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian di Lahan Rawa. Lampung. The Solid Phase. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian.S. Asisten Deputi Data dan Informasi Iptek.M. Top (Eds. Amer. Ananto. REFERENCES Anonim. Bogor.

2005. Dalam Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pertanian Lahan Rawa. Setyanto.U. Y. 2003. Puslitbangtan dan Agroklimat. A. Wihardjaka. FAO.L. Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa. P. Mitigasi Gas Metan Dari Lahan Sawah. and R. and H.). Banjarbaru. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Inovasi Teknologi Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Lahan Rawa dan Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan. P. Makalah Seminar. growth stage and midsummer drainage: Pot experiment. Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca dari Varietas Padi Pasang Surut. (In Indonesia). Seminar Nasional Pertanian Lahan Rawa. 2005. Methane emission from paddy field (Part 1). 2007. CRC Press. 20 Hal untuk Diketahui Tentang Dampak Air Laut pada Lahan Pertanian di Propinsi NAD. Sistem Pengelolaan Tanaman Padi Rendah Emisi Gas Metan.C. 2008. S. Khalil and M. M. 1993. T. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UN-FAO).Carbon and Methane Emission at Acid Sulphate Soil Kimura. Jakarta. Setyanto. (In Indonesia). Rice agriculture: factors controlling emission. (In Indonesia). A. Neue. 2008a. 4:265-271. Watanabe. Lahan Sawah dan Tekhnologi Pengelolaannya. (In Indonesia). 27 No. and H. 3. Peningkatan P Tersedia Melalui Pemberian Kombinasi Senyawa Humik dan Mikroba Pelarut Fosfat. Sci. Akses tanggal 11Nopember 2011.D. Susilawati.R. and H. terbit tanggal 23-29 April 2008a. New York. 2008b. (In Indonesia). Setyanto. dan T. Susilawati.. Global Atmospheric Methane. Reddy. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan. 2008c. The Biogeochemistry of wetland: Science and Application. Fluks Metana pada Beberapa Komponen Teknologi Sawah Tadah Hujan di Kabupaten Pati. Emisi gas`rumah kaca dari varietas padi pasang surut. P. Katoh. (In Indonesia). 1991. Banjarbaru.A. P. Setyanto. Miura. Effect of fertilization. Haraguchi. and P. Kuala Kapuas. H. Revitalisasi Kawasan PLG dan Lahan Rawa Lainnya untuk Membangun Lumbung Pangan Nasional. P. Vol. Badan Litbang Pertanian.L. Proyek Peningkatan Kualitas Sumberdaya Manusia. Environ. Delaune. Winarso. K. UN-FAO. Setyanto. Setiawati. Roger. 2005.A. and Kartikawati. Sinar Tani. (In Indonesia). Dirjen Dikti. In : M. 2008. Shearer (Eds. 85 . Panduan Lapang FAO. http/Tanah sawah 10. Maret 2005. Badan Litbang Pertanian. (In Indonesia). NATO ASI/ ARW Series.K.

Minami. Vol. Minami. Alihamsyah. 1990. II. Wiskandar. 1998. International Society of Soil Science. Breitenbeck. and G. (In Indonesia). 2002. (In Indonesia). I P. 36:599-610. prospek dan kendala serta teknologi pengelolaannya untuk pertanian. potensi. Koyoto. Pengembangan lahan pasang surut . K. Emission and production of methane from paddy fields. Plant Nutr. 1990. Yagi. 86 . and T. Widjaja-Adhi. K. Transactions of the 14th International Congress of Soil Science. 238-243. Soil Sci. Yagi. K.Nurita et al..R. Kongres HITI Nasional VII.G. Dalam Prosiding Seminar Nasional dan Pertemuan Tahunan HITI. Pemanfaatan Pupuk Kandang untuk Memperbaiki Sifat Fisik Tanah di Lahan Kritis yang Telah Diteras. and K. Effect of organic matter application of methane emission from some Japanese paddy fields.

8 MINERALISATION OF RECLAIMED PEATS FOR AGRICULTURE: EFFECTS OF LIME AND NITROGEN APPLICATIONS Akhmad R. Saidy Faculty of Agriculture. Keywords: Carbon mineralisation. Pengaruh pengapuran dan pemupukan nitrogen terhadap mineralisasi karbon sudah banyak dilakukan. Mineralisasi karbon pada gambut dengan C/N rasio yang tinggi meningkat dengan perlakuan pemupukan nitrogen.id. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa pengapuran dan pemupukan mempengaruhi mineralisasi karbon pada gambut dengan jumlah karbon yang termineralisasi bervariasi berdasarkan kualitas substrat gambut. Kata kunci: Mineralisasi karbon. alkyl C. kualitas substrat. Liming and nitrogen fertilizer application are common management practice used to achieve optimum production in reclaimed peats for agriculture. C/N rasio. but the results are highly varied. Banjarbaru-Indonesia. Untuk menguji apakah pengaruh pengapuran dan pemupukan nitrogen terhadap mineralisasi karbon ditentukan oleh kualitas substrat pada gambut. Email: asaidy@unlam. Results of this study demonstrate that liming and nitrogen fertilizer application influence carbon mineralisation of peats with the degree of carbon mineralisation varied with the substrate quality of peats. C/N ratio. tetapi menurun pada gambut dengan C/N rasio yang rendah. but decreased in peat of low C/N ratio.ac. Ketidak-konsistenan hasil penelitian ini diduga disebabkan perbedaan kualitas substrat pada tanah yang digunakan dalam penelitian. Carbon mineralisation in peat of high C/N ratio increased with nitrogen addition. Abstract. dua gambut dari daerah tropik dengan komposisi kimia yang berbeda yang ditetapkan dengan solidsate 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) diinkubasi selama 35 hari pada suatu percobaan inkubasi di laboratorium. substrate quality. two tropical peats varying in carbon chemical structure as determined by the solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were incubated in the laboratory experiment for 35 days. Pengapuran and aplikasi pupuk nitrogen pada tanah gambut yang telah direklamasi dilakukan untuk mencapai produksi yang optimum. akan tetapi hasil yang diperoleh masih sangat bervariasi. Liming stimulated carbon mineralisation in both peats but the response was greater in peat of high C/N ratio than that of low C/N ratio. Lambung Mangkurat University. These inconsistencies are thought to have been attributed to differences in the quality of substrates in the soils used in those studies. The effects of lime and nitrogen additions on carbon mineralisation have been widely studied. Pengapuran meningkatkan mineralisasi karbon pada ke dua gambut dengan jumlah karbon yang termineralisasi lebih besar pada gambut dengan C/N rasio yang tinggi dibanding dengan gambut dengan C/N rasio yang rendah. C-alkil. To test whether the effect of lime and nitrogen additions on carbon mineralisation of peats depends on peat substrate quality. C-O-alkil 87 . O-alkyl C Abstrak.

To test whether these effects varied with the quality of substrates. Another factor that may contribute to the inconsistency is differences in the quality of substrates in the soils used in those studies (Henriksen and Breland 1999. Corbeels et al. two tropical peats varying in carbon chemical structure as determined by the solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used. Due to pressure for land.Saidy INTRODUCTION Peatlands in Indonesia cover from 16. 2009. These inconsistencies have been attributed to differences in type of nitrogen fertilizer used time scale of the studies. 2006. suppressed microbial activity with nitrogen addition was noted in other experiments (Allison et al. 2005). However. 2000. which may negatively impact on the productivity of peatland ecosystems. Bradley et al. 88 . Motavalli et al.8 to 27. but the results are highly diverse. 2009). The common practices associated with the reclamation of peatlands for agriculture in Indonesia include nitrogen fertilizer and lime applications (Andriesse 1997). nitrogen fertilizer has been applied to peat soils with the primary aim of improving nitrogen status. The objective of this study was to determine changes in C mineralisation of reclaimed peats in response to nitrogen addition when added singly or in combination with lime. The effects of nitrogen fertilizer and lime applications on emission of CO2 from soils have been widely studied. Previous studies have shown that liming acidic soils increased carbon mineralisation (Fuentes et al.0 million ha (Page and Banks 2007). Lime is added to the peatlands to neutralise the acidifying effect of the fertilizer and specifically the natural acidity of peat soils in order to achieve optimum pH for plant growth. However. 1998. Geissen and Brummer 1999) and dissolved organic carbon (Curtin et al. 2008. Moreover. 2010). a large part of natural Indonesian tropical peatlands has been and is presently being reclaimed for agricultural purposes (MacKinnon et al. 1995). the relative contribution of nitrogen fertilizer and lime applications on the carbon mineralisation of peatlands remains uncertain. representing about 5% of global world peatlands and 50% of tropical peatlands in the world (Hooijer et al. Keller et al. Lund et al. Vance and Chapin 2001). several studies have indicated that no differences in dissolved organic carbon and carbon mineralisation between limed and unlimed plots (Borken and Brumme 1997). 1999. Hence. 1996). Results of nitrogen fertilizer experiments in mineral soils and peatlands showed that the addition of supplementary N can enhance microbial activity (Allison et al.

A portion of each sample was ashed to quantify the total ash content.Mineralisation of Reclaimed Peats for Agriculture MATERIALS AND METHODS Peat Sampling and Characteristics The samples used for this study were collected from two sites. G-7 (03o15’ S. The NMR spectra were divided into seven chemical shift regions according to the chemical types of carbon as follows: 0-45 ppm (alkyl C). In limed-treated samples. the von Post scale and phyrophosphate index) were determined by the method of Parent and Caron (1993). and 13-mg KNO3 was applied to the peat in N-treated samples. 114o42’ E). A conventional crosspolarisation pulse sequence (Wilson 1987) was used with a 1000 µs contact time. 60-95 ppm (O-alkyl C).0-cm). 45-60 ppm (N-alkyl/methoxyl C). 116o46’ E) and Gambut. The total signal intensity and the proportion contributed by each type of C were determined by integration of the spectral region and corrected for the presence of first order spinning sidebands. 89 . and 165-215 ppm (amide/carboxyl C). Oven-dried peats were then milled to pass a 2-mm sieve prior to physical and chemical analyses. 110-mg CaO was added homogeneously to the peat. while total carbon and nitrogen were determined by combustion on a Leco CN2000 analyser. on peat soil in the Barito Basin. Incubation Procedure An appropriate mass of each peat was placed into a 130-mL container (diameter 5. 95-110 ppm (di-O-alkyl C). At both sites. Peat samples were collected from the 0-20 cm layer at each site using a cylindrical core (10 cm diameter) at 5 locations and combined to give a single composite sample. and the pH was determined in water (vol Soil:vol Water = 3:50) using a glass electrode (Karam 1993). peats were sampled from the top 20 cm using a cylindrical core (10 cm diameter). The amounts of lime and nitrogen applied to the peats were equivalent to the common liming and N fertilizer practices of 10 Mg CaCO3 and 92 kg N ha-1 year-1 in agricultural peatlands in Indonesia. PD-9 (2o25’ S. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy of Peats The chemical nature of the carbon present in each peat was quantified using solidstate 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 145-165 ppm (phenolic C). Subsamples of each peat were oven-dried at 70oC for dry-soil determination. 110-145 ppm (aromatic C). The particle density of peat was determined by the method of Blake and Hartge (1996). peats in this area have been used for agricultural purposes. Degrees of decomposition of peat (rubbed fibre content. For several decades. Pulau Damar. Indonesia.

and 80% WFPS.24 1.16 1.m-3) pH (H2O) pH (0. The most obvious difference in the physical and chemical properties of the two peats was bulk density.31 3. kg-1 soil) C/N ratio 90 Sample G-7 PD-9 H2 42 25 24 0.5 2.kg-1 soil) Bulk density (Mg.64 3. means were compared by the least significant difference (LSD) multiple comparison procedure at P<0. probably due to difference in the extent of decomposition. Distilled water was added drop-wise using a fine jet pipette to obtain 50.05. Carbon mineralisation of peats was monitored using a Servomex 1450 infrared gas analyser (Servomex UK). Details of selected physical and chemical characteristics of soils are given in Table 1. Physical and chemical characteristics of the peats. Soil characteristics Degree of decomposition Von Post’s index Rubbed fibre content (%) Pyrophospate index Ash content (g ash. Table 1.m-3) Particle density (Mg.6 . carbon contents and C/N ratio. 60.1 H5 22 77 211 0.Saidy respectively. The mass of peat placed into the container was calculated in order to obtain the same bulk density as that measured in the field after compacting the peat in each container to a depth of 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chemical and Physical Properties of Peat The two peats used in this study varied widely in physical and chemical characteristics. kg-1 soil) Nitrogen (g N.4 274 14 19. G-7 was the least decomposed peat (fibric) and PD-9 was moderately decomposed peat (hemic) based on the von Post’s and rubbed fibre content data (McKinzie 1974. 70.0 cm. Parent and Caron 1993).9 3.01 M CaCl2) Carbon (g C. The data were checked for normal distribution with the ShapiroWilk test. Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis of experimental data was accomplished by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using a completely randomised factorial design using the package GenStat 12th Edition (Payne 2008). In the case of significance in ANOVAs.7 729 13 56.

Difference in the substrate quality for both peats is also revealed by higher ratio of alkyl C to O-alkyl C from the 13C CP/MAS NMR data for PD9 than G-7. but the carbon content of G-7 was much higher than that of PD-9. suggesting the presence of a higher proportion of carbohydrate in G-7 than in PD-9. Webster et al. No changes in C mineralisation in PD-9 were observed when nitrogen was applied in conjunction with the lime. Unlike G-7. The chemical shift region between 0 and 45 ppm comprises signal intensity of alkyl carbon. i. The decrease in the proportion of O-alkyl C and increase in the proportion of alkyl C as decomposition proceeded suggests that the ratio of alkyl C to O-alkyl C may provide a sensitive index of the extent of decomposition (Baldock et al. Both G-7 and PD-9 had similar nitrogen contents. These rates were 8-29% higher than the CO2 production of peat in the control treatment. The G-7 peat had higher proportion of O-alkyl C compared to the PD-9 peat (Table 2).4 Carbon Mineralisation Carbon mineralisation of peat G-7 treated with lime. Relative carbon distribution (%) in different regions of chemical shift (ppm) and ratios of alkyl C to O-alkyl C calculated from the 13C NMR spectra Chemical shift region (ppm) 0 – 45 45 – 60 60 – 95 95 – 110 110 – 145 145 – 165 165 – 190 190 – 215 Chemical assignment Alkyl N-Alkyl/Methoxyl O-Alkyl Di-O-Alkyl Aromatic Phenolic Amide/Carboxyl Ketone Alkyl/O-Alkyl Peat Samples G-7 25 7 21 8 22 9 6 2 1. nitrogen fertilizer and combined lime with nitrogen fertilizer varied between 735 to 879 µg CO2-C g-1 peat during 35-day incubation (Figure 1).2 PD-9 39 7 16 5 18 6 7 2 2.Mineralisation of Reclaimed Peats for Agriculture Carbon Chemistry of Peat Chemical shift region 0-45 ppm of PD-9 was higher than that of G-7. Table 2. in fatty acids and paraffinic structures. Consequently. e. 1997. the CO2 production of the control and nitrogen-treated peats in PD-9 decreased from 820 to 804 µg CO2-C g-1 peat over the incubation period (Figure 1). addition of supplementary nitrogen to G-7 enhanced C mineralisation. 2000). suggesting at least a portion of the carbohydrate carbon existed as polysaccharides. The chemical shift for di-O-alkyl C (95-110 ppm) of both peats was dominated by signal at 104 ppm. consistent with the generalised concept of increasing C mineralisation with decreasing 91 .

without nitrogen amendment. data on cumulative C mineralisation suggested that the carbon mineralisation in the PD-9 peat was suppressed by nitrogen addition (Figure 1). decreases in pH result in decreased microbial activity.Saidy C/N ratio. therefore. Bars indicate mean ± standard error (n=3). Therefore. Carbon availability to microbes may be reduced by condensation of humus with added nitrogen (Nohrstedt et al. Results indicated that liming alone only increased C mineralisation to a small extent. Figure 1. L1.05 In contrast to the G-7 peat. As easily decomposable material such as polysaccharides are embedded in the lignin matrix (Fog 1988). N0. The suppressions of soil respiration observed by these authors were attributed to changes in soil pH. these easily utilisable polysaccharides may not become available to the microbial community (Thirukkumaran and Parkinson 2000). 1989). However. N1. ammonium addition to soils results in a reduction of the pH due to nitrification of the supplied ammonium. a different mechanism must account for the suppression of C mineralisation when N was added to PD-9. Carbon mineralisation of peat during the 35-day incubation period as influenced by interaction of lime and nitrogen additions. indicating that G-7 was a nitrogen-limited peat. potassium nitrate was used for nitrogen supply in order to minimise the pH effect. In general. This finding is in agreement with previous studies (Aerts and Toet 1997. with nitrogen amendment. Fungal ligninolytic activity may be suppressed by nitrogen addition (Keyser et al. Amador and Jones 1993). with lime amendment. without lime amendment. when lignin degradation is retarded. when lime was added in combination with nitrogen. L0. 92 . Similar letters above columns indicate no statistical difference between the treatments based on the LSD test at P<0. the CO2 production increased significantly. All of these authors used ammonium salts to supply nitrogen. In this experiment. Generally. 1978). No reduction in pH was observed in nitrogen-treated peat of G-7 or PD-9 (Figure 2).

The increased C mineralisation may have been due to the proliferation of microbial species already present in the peats that were relatively inactive before liming. 1). Wanner et al. This finding is consistent with hypotheses based on the concept of microbial C versus N limitation. Effect of liming and nitrogen addition on pH after 35 days incubation period. Carbon mineralisation generally responded most strongly to nitrogen addition when organic carbon was abundant and in soils characterised by high C/N ratio.2 units and 0. 1996. as organic carbon was limited.9 units higher than unlimed peats (Figure 2). such as found for peat G-1 (Table 1). Liming on G-7 and PD-9 resulted in 15% and 3% higher cumulative C mineralisation. the pH of limed PD-9 and G-7 peats was 1. than peats without liming (Figure 1). 1994). without lime amendment. Lime application enhanced C mineralisation rates in both peats. N1. Webster et al. but the response of carbon mineralisation to liming was greater in G-7 than in PD-9. Bars indicate mean ± standard error (n=3). 2001. respectively. suggesting that the different response of carbon mineralisation to liming of the two peats may be related to the extent of pH alteration.Mineralisation of Reclaimed Peats for Agriculture Figure 2. such as found in peat PD-9 (Table 1) addition of nitrogen did not increase carbon mineralisation. without nitrogen amendment. The greater response of C mineralisation in G-7 to liming than in PD-9 was also probably due to differences in substrate quality and bioavailability that may change 93 . lime application to acidic soils increased soil pH (Nilsson et al. This assumption appears to be reasonable given that the 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra of both peats revealed that the PD-9 had a lower proportion of O-alkyl C compared with the G-7 (Table 2). Previous studies show that carbon mineralisation was related to the proportion of O-alkyl C estimated from 13C NMR (Parfitt and Salt 2001. L0. in soils with relatively low C/N ratio. However.05 It appears that microorganisms in the PD-9 are carbon limited (Fig. The different response of CO2 production to liming in the G-7 and PD-9 peats suggested that the carbon mineralisation in the two peats was controlled by different factors. N0. with lime amendment. Similar letters above columns indicate no statistical difference between the treatments based on the LSD test at P<0. Generally. Vance and Chapin 2001). L1. with nitrogen amendment. In this experiment. The effect of nitrogen addition on carbon mineralisation with the extent of mineralisation dependent on C/N ratio has also been observed in other studies (Mary et al. 1997).

Treseder. Ta.M. and P. M. 1997. Blake. Ofrecio.M. 377-381. This may be expected since PD-9 was a more decomposed peat than G-7 (Table 1).S.K. and S.P. D. Baldock. 1997. Czimczik. J. whereas carbon mineralisation in the peat of low C/N ratio decreased with nitrogen addition. Klute (Ed. 2008. Global Change Biology 14(5).A. C.M. S. and T. 1061-1083.M. The Reclamation of Peatswamps and Peat in Indonesia. Saetre. 1993. Nutrient limitations on microbial respiration in peat soils with different total phosphorus-content. Liming increased carbon mineralisation in both tropical peats with the extent the increase being dependent on the substrate quality of peat. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32.H. In: A. T. J. which is consistent with lower ratio of alkyl C to O-alkyl C in G-7 than that in PD-9 (Table 2). 293-302. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 41(2). J.. 2009. This result is in accordance with that observed by Andersson and Nilsson (2001) who showed that increased soil respiration following lime application was higher in less decomposed compared to that in more decomposed organic matter. Microbial activity and soil respiration under nitrogen addition in Alaskan boreal forest. 1156-1168. 793-801.N. Allison. Clarke. 1997. and K. S. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 25(6). Australian Journal of Soil Research 35(5). American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 29:(11-12). the effect varied with substrate quality of peats. A. and R.D. Methods of Soil Analysis Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods..Saidy after liming.). G. Tran. R. 16831690. S. Allison. Amador. Skene. Andersson.A. 1996.R. Toet. R. S. Particle density. Reyes.. 1-10.D. Nilsson. Centre for Wetland Studies and Bogor Agricultural University. Leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in mor humus as affected by temperature and pH. Low levels of nitrogen addition stimulate decomposition by boreal forest fungi.I. The limed PD-9 probably consisted of less bioavailable carbon compounds and the microorganisms may therefore have been more carbon limited than in the G-7. and K. 2000. Pp. REFERENCES Aerts. Madison. Nutritional controls on carbon dioxide and methane emission from Carex-dominated peat soils. and P. Assessing the extent of decomposition of natural organic materials using solid-state C-13 NMR spectroscopy. 94 . A. Golchin. The presence of nitrogen in peat of high C/N ratio stimulated carbon mineralisation.D. Nelson. Hartge. Andriesse. CONCLUSIONS Nitrogen addition to the peat influences carbon mineralisation.. Bogor. J.I. Le Bauer. Jones. Oades. P.R.

2009. In: R. Halim. Microbial activity affected by lime in a long-term no-till soil. 63(3):433-462. Chapin. Hooijer. 1999. Albrecht. 95 . Kwadijk. and J. Liming practice in temperate forest ecosystems and the effects on CO2. 1996. Silvius. Soil Sampling and Method of Analysis.. 1998. Changes to mineral N cycling and microbial communities in black spruce humus after additions of (NH4)2SO4 and condensed tannins extracted from Kalmia angustifolia and balsam fir.P. D. Hofman. and T. B. The effect of added nitrogen on the rate of decomposition of organic matter. and L. and D. S. 1999. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 31(8):1135-1149. and J. and C. M. Keyser. H.Mineralisation of Reclaimed Peats for Agriculture Borken. Bridgham. Cambridge Philosophic. Soil Use and Management 13(4):251-257.F.R. Biology and Fertility of Soils 28(4). H. Karam. Brumme. Boca Raton.W. D. Bradley. Simulation of net N immobilisation and mineralisation in substrate-amended soils by the NCSOIL computer model. Darwis. 1988. Effects of acidity on mineralization: pHdependence of organic matter mineralization in weakly acidic soils..L.. and G. Current and future CO2 emissions from drained peatlands in Southeast Asia. 1197-1204. Brummer. J.D. 1505-1514. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 37(6). M. R.A. Interactions between decomposition of plant residues and nitrogen cycling in soil. and R. Henriksen. J. Jalil. Van Cleemput. and A. Lindroth. Chemical properties of organic soils. 1996. Campbell. Biogeosciences 7. Biology Review.T. Evaluation of criteria for describing crop residue degradability in a model of carbon and nitrogen turnover in soil. Flury. Mangalik.. Effects of N and P fertilization on the greenhouse gas exchange in two northern peatlands with contrasting N deposition rates. and O. Recous. Lund. C. Corbeels. M. S.. 422-430. A. Bezdicek. Hatta. pp. 1999.M. Decomposition rates and feeding activities of soil fauna in deciduous forest soils in relation to soil chemical parameters following liming and fertilization. G. Robin.L. K.K. N2O and CH4 fluxes. V. Limited effects of six years of fertilization on carbon mineralization dynamics in a Minnesota fen. Strom. 1997.). S. 2000. 2005.K. M. B. Smith.. 2010.. Fuentes.G. 1993. Breland. Titus. Periplus Edition. Zeikus. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 30(1):57-64. Fog. Kirk.P. Canadell. M. G. K. Jauhiainen. Iversen. D. 2006. Lewis Publisher. Preston. Christensen. Biology and Fertility of Soils 29(4):335-342. 459-471. Plant and Soil 181(1):71-82. The Ecology of Kalimantan. Page. Mastepanov. Journal of Bacteriology 135(3):790-797. Biogeosciences 6(10):2135-2144. T. Soil and Tillage Research 88(12):123-131. P. S. W.A. and J.D.M..G. J. Ligninolytic enzyme system of Phanerochaete chrysosporium: synthesised in the absence of lignin in response to nitrogen starvation. C. and C. J. Geissen. Mary. A. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32(8-9).M. Singapore.. Soc. A.. T. T. Keller. 1978. 1227-1240. Carter (Ed. Curtin. Wosten. MacKinnon. and A.

P.J.E. 2001. Biology and Fertility of Soils 25(4):389-395. and J.W. and A. Palm. Aandahl. C. Lewis Publisher. Vance.Saidy McKinzie. extent and carbon storage-uncertainties and knowledge gaps. Pergamon Press. Boul.T.. Boca Raton. 2001. Forest Ecology and Management 146(1-3):55-73. H. Carbon and nitrogen mineralisation in sand. and B.R. Bergholm.A. Nohrstedt. 2000. N. Parkinson. 2007. UK. ATP content and microbial biomass in nitrogen-fertilized pine forest soils in Sweden. Elliott. 1995. Carbon transformations during decomposition of different components of plant leaves in soil.S. Payne. Effect of liming. 1987. and S. S. Classification and Use. Influence of dolomite lime on leaching and storage of C. R. NMR Techniques and Applications in Geochemistry and Soil Chemistry... W.O. VSN International.L.). Wilson. Thirukkumaran. silt. E. Australian Journal of Soil Research 39(2):361-371. biomass.W. 441-458.D.E. 2000. Madison. Fates of C-13 from enriched glucose and glycine in an organic soil determined by solid-state NMR. 1989. Chudek.A.A.M.E. W. E. Banks. M. Soil Science Society of America. S. Substrate limitations to microbial activity in taiga forest floors. J. metabolic quotient and litter decomposition in a lodgepole pine forest floor amended with nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers.M. and G.P. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 27(12):1589-1599. Motavalli. M. Oxford.. and W. 96 . Carter (Ed.). 2008. and S in a Spodosol under Norway spruce (Picea abies (L. S. Baath.A. Funke. Pp. C.H. 2001. D. Tropical peatlands: distribution. Nilsson. and C.A. Biology and Fertility of Soils 17(4):297-300.A. H. Page. Caron. and F.W. and clay fractions of soils under maize and pasture. 1-10.E. Arnebrant. and D.J. Frey. Parent. Soil pH and organic C dynamics in tropical forest soils: Evidence from Laboratory and simulation studies. Webster. respiration rate. Microbial respiration. fertilisation and acidification on pH..). pp. Andersson. 1994. Peatlands International 2007(2):26-27.D. Changes in carbon content. E. L. J. J. A Guide to Anova and Design in Genstat. Physical properties of organic soils. Hopkins. E. soil moisture. and D. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19(3):323-328. Bailey (Eds. R. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32(3):301-314. Chapin. Hempstead. Webster. Histolsols: Their Characteristics. and D.I. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 33(2):173-188. Funke. Parfitt. I.) Karst. Criteria used in soil taxonomy to classify organic soils. In: R. Hopkins. 1974. Soil Sampling and Method of Analysis.. T. and ATP content of soil from a spruce forest in Southern Germany. Wanner. WI.. Parton. Valeur. Persson. I. 1997. E. 1993. Hill.. K. S. Chudek. Soderstrom. Wiren. In A. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32(1):59-66. Salt.

A. and Pseudomonas fluorescens PS-4. which is more space effective. Keywords: Endophyte. In the field. Trichoderma spp. So.8. ampak. Yani Po Box 1028.000 grains-1. solani can be parasitized by mycoparasites such as Gliocladium spp. biguttatum is a mycoparasite with biological activity against the important soil borne pathogen.co.7 to 9. Phone: +6281933753340. On biological control. Combination application of endophytic microbes and transplanting stage on tidal swamps could decrease the disease intensity of sheath blight. Banjarbaru-South Kalimantan.1.id Abstract. and pH.3-1. South Kalimantan.00 cm.9 CONTRIBUTION OF ENDOPHYTIC MICROBES IN INCREASING THE PADDY GROWTH AND CONTROLLING SHEATH BLIGHT DISEASES AT TRANSPLANTING STAGE ON TIDAL SWAMPS *) Ismed Setya Budi.. Mariana. the use of specific biological agents should be done immediately because of consumer demand on synthetic chemicals free products. tidal swamps INTRODUCTION Sheath blight is one of the most important diseases that attacks paddy cultivated in tidal swamps of South Kalimantan. *) This paper is also published in Special Edition of Indonesian Soil and Agroclimate Journal 97 . The fungus V. R. Endophyte could also be able to stimulate the plant growth that was indicated by the addition of plant height around 2. and Verticillium biguttatum Gams (Van den Boogert 1996). Endophytic microbes formulation consisted of Trichoderma viride PS-2. as about 49. Nonpathogenic Fusarium PS-1.3 g 1. The research was conducted on tidal swamps type B in Barito Kuala. Lambung Mangkurat University. Ismed Fachruzi. Jl. and lacak) is soil borne pathogen. the addition of rice grain weight as 0. and the addition of seed weight as about 0. diseases intensity always increases because of the difficulty to control them under flooded condition (Budi and Mariana 2009). The result of soil analysis before and after applications the endophyte showed that there was an increase in soil fertility with the element addition of N.. It was M & M arranged in split plot design with the combination of endophytic microbe and transplanting stage application time as the treatments. K.05 to 24. Faculty of Agriculture.39 to 93. and Fachrur Rozy Lecturer. efficient. Thus.25%. it takes a certain control method. Email: isb_unlam@yahoo. Tidal swamps are mostly cultivated with local paddy varieties and one of the plant diseases that are very crucial in transplanting stage (taradak. P.5.2 kg. rice sheath blight. and safe to the environment.

Isolation of endophyte was done on the stem of plants and the rhizosphere zone. which are isolated from supressif soil. Each isolate of Pseudomonas fluorescens group was then tested according to Dhingra & Sinclair method (1995).Budi et al. Isolation was based on Homby methods (Fokkema et al. Barito Kuala District. mycoides. 1992). the growth of R. solani on In Vitro Condition Tests were carried out on a potato dextrose agar (PDA) in a petri dish by growing isolates that existed in pairs. gladio are also able to control the growth of P. The experiment employed split plot design to determine the effects of treatments and the differences between treatments were tested using DMRT at 5% level. also act as biological control of wilt disease in several plants (Hartman et al. According to Howell and Stipanovic (1995). have a capability to reduce the disruption caused by fusarium wilt in some plants (Nel et al. solanacearum causing wilt on tomato. megaterium. Inhibition Ability and Sinergism Test of Endophytic Fungi and Rhizosphere Bacteria Against R. it is needed to select the best combination of antagonists that can be better protecting plants against various pathogen disorders. and P. fluorescens. 1993). Other bacteria such as Bacillus mesentericus. P. Isolation and Mass Production of Endophytic Agents Plant samples were taken from healthy plants on the infested area of paddy. Antagonists. 2006). and South Kalimantan Province during dry session 2009/2010. then performed measurements to see the growth inhibition by using the formula of Fokhema (Fokhema et al. B. solani on the cotton plant can be controlled by seed treatment using Gliocladium virens. and this can always be isolated more than one kind of antagonist (Budi and Mariana 2009). 1959): 98 . The use of specific biological agents that have had a coevolution will be able to stimulate the development of harmful plant rhizosphere microorganisms (von Alten et al. B. of nonpathogenic fusarium strains. and Erwinia sp. 1959) and continued with dilution plate method (10-4 to 10-6). Therefore. MATERIALS AND METHODS This experiment was carried out on tidal swamplands of B type of Karang Indah Village. While the bacterium Pseudomonas capacia.

fluorescens was not significantly different to the disease intensity. viride + FNP. viride + FNP + P. viride + FNP + P. they had effect differences with T. viride + FNP and T. viride + FNP and T. Endophytic inoculation performed straw at one month before seedling. they were different effects with T. fluorescens had a different effect. The best treatment suppressing the disease intensity was FNP + P. In the ampak stage. i. viride + FNP + P. ampak. but there was a significant difference on plant height. Effect of differences between treatments was determined using DMRT at 5% level. viride + P. treatment effect of T. T. viride + P. At ampak stage. viride + FNP and T. While the T. fluorescens showed a different effect. fluorescens on disease intensity. viride + FNP + P. The treatment giving the best effect on plant height was T. fluorescens and FNP + P. fluorescens. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect on Disease Intensity and Plant Height The results of analysis variance showed that there were significant treatment effects as shown in the Table 1 and Figure 1. While the T. and lacak) by counting the number of plants with wilt or sheath blight symptoms and measuring plant height. fluorescens and FNP + P. FNP + P. there were no different effects to diseases intensity between T. fluorescens. viride + P. fluorescens. In the taradak stage. However. there were no different influences between T. viride + FNP. While the application of antagonists was conducted on soil one week before transplanting stage and also at the time of planting by soaking seeds for 24 hours at 10-4 per ml spore suspension. viride + FNP + P.e. T. fluorescens. seed and grain weights. In-Vivo Test of Endophytic Hitting Ability on Sheath Blight Disease In-vivo test was conducted in field experiment (split plot design).Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth I = (r1 -r2) (r1) -1x100 description: I is the percentage of inhibition r1 is the radius of A colony that grows in the opposite direction to B r2 is the radius of A colony that grows in the direction of B Isolates that have the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogens in pairs test were then performed to determine the best combination of paire disolates. disease intensity and plant height. fluorescens 99 . Observations were carried out three weeks later in transplanting stage (local terms are: taradak. viride + FNP and T. fluorescens. However.

00 a 86.41 24.10 a 65. and also reduced the variability of disease control. viridae + P. (smallest intensity. fluorescens. viride + FNP.42 b 60. T. viride + FNP and T.81 75.05 and 24.01.40 c 6. mycoides and P.40 cm). fluorescens. fluorescens and T. 64.69 50.Reducheight sity tion 29.20 75.18 b 71.00 a 93. viride + FNP 11. Application of more than one biocontrol agents is suggested as a reliable means of reducing the variability and increasing the reliability of biological control. fluorescens and T. fluorescens performed best effect on plant height (75.28 a 84.39 53. This was 100 .39 72. viride + FNP + P. T. viride + P. were tested separately and together for suppression of Botrytis cinerea on strawberry leaves.28 c 49. therefore they produced chemicals that triggered plant defence response.40 a 77.74 c FNP + P. but they had effect difference with T. fluorescens gave higest effect on plant height (53.50 c 0. The mixture of B.29 c + P. and lesion development. viride + P. Table 1. Two biocontrol agents. Treatment of T. but the both had significantly differences with others.72 bc 10. all three phases of the reduction in disease intensity ranged between 49. The microbes had the capability to induce plant resistance to disease.47 a 91. viride + FNP + P.00 37. (1999) reported that Trichoderma penetrates epidermis and outer cortex strengthens it. viride + FNP + P.Reducheight Intensity tion sity tion d a 46. viride + P. 9. 2001). guilermondii suppressed B.40 ab 7. viride + FNP and T. fluorescens ** Within column.00 46.00%). Effect of treatment on the ampak stage to plant height showed differences between T.15 b fluorescens T. At T.00 cm (Guetsky et al.25 a a 8.34%.00 18. Effects of treatment on disease intensity and plant height on three transplanting stages Treatments Taradak Symptom Plant Inten. This treatment had no effect differences with FNP + P.74 and 72. The effects of treatment were to decrease disease intensity and to increase plant height.76 25.28 a 68. viride + FNP 10.39 44. while the addition of plant height ranged between 2.17 b 5.12 b 21.15 b Transplanting stage on tidal swamps Ampak Lacak Symptom Symptom Plant ReducInten.12 c 0. Fluorescens treatments.73 70. cinerea effectively (80 to 99. viride + FNP + P.29 cm). LSD test).32 29. Yedida et al. Pichia guilermondii and Bacillus mycoides.54 21.12 ab fluorescens T. fluorescens treatments performed smallest effect on disease intensity (5.34 Plant height Control 45.17 50. T.00 0.29 b 23.36 a 51. There was no significantly difference between T. viride + FNP + P.28%). cinerea. lesion formation. fluorescens treatment showed the lowest disease intensity.39 and 93. In general. On the lacak stage.00 10. 7. Thus.57 a T. viridae + FNP.8% control).74 c 18. The biocontrol agents significantly inhibited spore germination. application of both biocontrol agents resulted in better suppression of B. means values followed by different letters are significantly different (P<0.Budi et al.

Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth due to deposition of newly formed barriers. (1997). The disease intensity and plant height after application at transplanting stage Other mechanisms in the control of plant pathogens by antagonistic microbes are parasitism. 4-glucosidase activities in plants. fluorescens can promote plant growth. Fuchs et al. Wall apposition contained large amounts of callose and infiltrations of cellulose. b-1. lycopersici and Fo47 were not in direct contact and were developed to evaluate whether Fo47 could induce resistance to Fusarium wilt in tomato plants. oxysporum f. in grain and seed weights. Nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain Fo47 controls the incidence of Fusarium wilt. even when the hyphae had undergone substansial disorganization. antibiosis. It has been known that some microbes such as Trichoderma spp. and competition of site and nutrients. confirming the ability of Fo47 to induce resistance in tomato. Microbe nonpathogenic strain of F. Inoculation with Fo47 increased chitinase. Figure 1. dry weight. fresh weight. the microbes promoted plant height. (2009) reported that Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens were able to promote cotton plant growth such as root length. Biochemical analyses revealed that inoculation with Trichoderma initiated increased peroxidase and chitinase activities within 48 and 72 hours. In this research. oxysporum can induce resistance to Fusarium wilt in tomato plants. Nonpathogenic fusarium can induce systemic resistance in plant when invade host plant species before the pathogen (Kaur et al. Shanmugalah et al. 101 . and b-1. can compete with other microorganism for key exudates from seed that stimulate germination of propagules of plant pathogenic fungi in soil (Harman et al. and P. and vigour index. however. Trichoderma spp. 2010). The wall-bound chitin in Trichoderma hyphae was preserved. These typical host reactions were found beyond the sites of potential fungal penetration. 2004). 3-glucanase. sp. shoot length. respectively. grain and seed weights. Four bioassays in which a strain of the pathogen F. there were just some treatments significantly different to control (Table 2).

0 bc 2.4 ab 10.5 c Grain weight (g) 20.2 g.1 bc 21. fluorescens PS-4.3 and 1.1 c Mean values followed by the different letters are significantly different from each other (P<0.5 bc 21.6 g/1.000 grains-1.4 d 19.3 bc 13. viride PS-2. grain weight.9 ab 22. viride PS-2.2 g 1.7 bc 18.7 b 21.5 bc 23.7 ab 3. and between 0.5 b 12.8 ab 22.8 b 3.8 a 17.2 bc 20. fluorescens PS-4. As shown in Table 2 and Figure 2.1 and FNP PS-1.9 ab 23. Table 2.4 bc 27. Effect of treatment on diseases intensity.8 T2 = Combination T.1 and FNP PS-1.9 a 23.2 b 28.6 bc 159. and seed weight on tidal swamp type B Treatmen K T1 T2 T3 T4 P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3 Diseases intensity (%) 62.8 bc 157.1 ab 27.2 c 2.1 and P.05) according DMRT T1 = Combination T.7 a 160. While the best treatment for the increased weight of grain is T4P4 (the heaviest of 30.4 a 2.8 b 2.3 bc 30.3 g 1.6 d 2.5 c 159.8 ab 22.8 b 2.9 c 169.2 c Seed weight (kg) 2. Effect of treatment on disease intensity.5 c 167. plant height.3 bc 22.0 bc 3.7 and 9.6 ab 19.4 bc 165.2 d 168.7 bc 20.6 b 28. each ranging between 0.2 cm).5 and P. In general.7 ab 3.Budi et al.3 c 172.000 seed). plant height.8 P1 = Application endophytic at straw one month before planting P2 = Application by soaking seeds for 24 hours before planting P3 = Combination P1 + P2 K = Control Figure 2. the best combination treatment to reduce disease intensity and increase plant height is T4P1 (smallest intensity of 10. increased grain and seed weights. grain and seed weights 102 .9 bc 167. viride PS-2.4 a 3.6 ab 2. fluorescens PS-4.6 c 158.8% and plant height of 172.0 bc 162.8 T4 = Combination T.000 grain-1) and to increase the seed weight is T4P1 (the heaviest of 3.5 T3 = Combination FNPPS-1.4 a Plant height (cm) 125.5 and P.

352 3.8 0. The improvement in control efficacy achieved by introducing one or more mechanisms at a time was calculated. (1996) who found increases in soil pH with glucose addition due to the decarboxylation of functional groups and aminization of nitrogen compounds.546 0.410 (T. fluorescens + FNP).352 3. Effect of microbes on soil nutrient and pH Soil nutrient analysis Treatment N Before treatment P K pH N After treatment P K pH Control 0.457 7. fluorescens) and 0. At K.036 0. and K.50 T. viride + FNP + P.60 T. So.546 0.97 0.383 (T. This finding is in agreement with Yan et al.97 1. and folic acid (Guetsky et al. viride + FNP) and 3. The modes of action of the biocontrol agents were elucidated and the relative quantitative contribution of each mechanism to suppression of Botrytis cinerea was estimated using multiple regressions with dummy variables. This contributes to plant growth.383 7. Pichia guilermondii competed with Botrytis cinerea for glucose.984 0.1 + FNPPS-1. While the increase in Pranged was between 0.533 0.Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth Effect of Microbes on Soil Nutrients and Soil pH The microbe enhances nutrient and pH soil as shown in Table 3 dan Figure 3. fluorescens).020 0.021 0. the increase ranged from 0. 2002).352 3. fluorescens). microbe and organic composting material change soil pH becomes more alkaline so the nutrients become available to plants. fluorescens) and 0.1 + P.72 T. fluorescens PS-4.97 0.63 (P. Thus.546 0.5 +P.5 0. The combined activity was due to the summation of biocontrol mechanisms of both agents.5 + P.352 3.485 (T.8 0. the increase ranged from3.023 0. fluorescens PS-4. viride + FNP + P.026 0.fluorescens). P. viride PS-2.456 (T.021 0. Thus. sucrose. fluorescens PS-4. For pH.399 7. 103 .021 0.002 (T.97 0. This occurs because the fungi and bacteria as decomposers of organic material. viride + FNP) and 0. does an increasedue to treatment.366 5. adenine.8 0.956 0.485 7. the organic material decompose into compost so that enrich the soil and available to plants.39 FNPPS-1. The increase in N after treatment ranged from 0.015 (FNP + P. histidine. In addition.546 0.002 0. viride PS-2.1 + FNP PS1. the organic material decompose into compost so that enrich the soil and nutrients are available to plants. viride + P. viride PS-2.97 0.021 0.021 0. Table 3.42 (T.979 0.546 0.42 Table 3 and Figure 3 show that treatments to elevate the content of N.024 0.352 3. but not the best hikes on just one treatment. viride +FNP+ P.

5% (wt/wt) reduced damping-off of eggplant caused by Rhizoctonia solani. 104 . CO2. because in general the acid soils nutrients less available. The inhibition of pathogen spread significantly reduced the post emergence damping-off of cucumber. Figure 3. eggplant. pchA and pchB. Lewis et al. which encode for the biosynthesis of salicylic acid in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results of chemical analysis of soil before and after formulation applications in tidal swamps Contribution of pH available to plants on tidal swamps in South Kalimantan in general is acidic and availability of nutrients can help increase plant resistance to disease and plant growth. Decomposition into mono sacchari decompounds. While the tidal swamps on South Kalimantan in general is acidic. and Gliocladium virens to produce achlamydospores actively growing hyphae of the biocontrol fungi within a 2. availability of nutrients can help increase plant resistance to disease and plant growth. G. So this treatment helps increase the acidity of the soil to be neutral. These constructs were introduced into two root-colonizing strains of P. In general. (1998). at neutral pH of nutrients available to plants. fluorescens and significantly improved its ability to induce systemic resistance in tobacco against tobacco necrosis virus. (1998). Maurhofer et al. Residues contains a high cellulose and decomposition process takes time. hamatum applied to soilless mix at a rate of 1. According to Harman (2006).Budi et al. but with the activity of the microbial decomposition of running fast. Trichoderma spp. Paddy residues can be a source of organic material for the growth of rice plants in the field. virens and T. and other organic acids (Rao 1994) Soil acidity and pH affects the availability of nutrients. and pepper seedlings.to 3-day period under no special aseptic conditions. Trichoderma sp. pasplant symbionts capable of being able to control some of the root and leaf disease resistance mechanisms affected and directly attacking pathogens and changing the composition of microflora roots. of salicylic acid induces systemic acquired resistance in tobacco.

. Bond. pp.. the plant transcript to meandproteome changes. Methods for Studying Soil Microflora Plant Disease Relationships. Moënne-Loccoz. REFERENCES Benhamou. 81:492-496. Elad. D. Y. there is no single best combination for each parameter measured. Combining biocontrol agents to reduce the variability of biological control. Burgess Publ.. 1997. Y. Nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain Fo47 induces resistance to Fusarium wilt in tomato. and G. Basic Plant Pathology Methods. These fungi colonize the root epidermi sand outer cortex and secrete bioactive molecules that cause the formation of cell walls from Trichoderma thalus. Sinclair. N. Shtienberg. stimulated plant height. Défago.D. Fakultas Pertanian Unlam Banjarbaru. 2001.68:4044-4060. CONCLUSION Application of microbes used in this study shows that they have a good effect. Pengendalian penyakit layu padi di lahan pasang surut Kalimantan Selatan dengan memanfaatkan antagonis dan pestisida botanis.B. and the presence of local and systemic resistance affected. Garand. Inc. and A. 2002. Ability of Nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Strain Fo47 to Induce resistence aggainst Pythium ultimum infection in cucumber. increasing plant growth and increase nutrient absorption (Harman 2006). CRC Press. grain weight. Boca Raton. Microbiol. 105 . Guetsky. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors would like to thank the Directorate General of Higher Education. 1959. R. Plant Dis. USA.S. and A.G. 2009. which reduces the intensity of the sheat blight disease. and J. 1995. Fuchs. and seed weight. At the same time. Microbes also have the effect of soil fertility. dan Mariana. N. Ministry of National Education for financial support through the Competitive Grant on 2009-2010. Second edition. Goulet. P.. I. J. which is made of N. Applied Environ. This result combination isolate has important practical implications for biocontrol of paddy on tidal swamps diseases under commercial. so will spur resistance of plants. Co.A. Dinoor. Thus. O. In addition the research also showed that an increase in soil pH. Phytopathology 91:621-627. this treatment can be applied to tidal swamp rice field by considering the best treatments. C.J.. Fokkema. and K increased and available to plants. 247. However. Budi. and H. Dhingra. Fribourg. J.Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth Trichoderma effect on plants.H.

J. Mao. N. Biocontrol of cotton damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani in the field with formulations of Trichoderma spp. Overview of mechanisms and uses of Trichoderma spp. 82:501-506. S.. 1996. 2004. Plant Dis. P. Phytopathology 88:678-684. Heeb. January 2004.S. N. Plant Dis. and K. I.P. Trichoderma species . Kaur. J. and Gliocladium virens.. Steinberg.L. Nonpathogenic Fusarium as a biological control agent. Interactions between bacteria and Trichoderma hamatum in suppression of Rhizoctonia damping-off in bark compost media. Lewis. Environ. Rogers. Plant Pathology Journal 9(3): 79-91. Vilioen. Mengel. Schubert. C. G. Yan. Fischer.J. Reimmann. Hebbar. Yedidia. Microbiology. Journal 1(55):217-223. Soil biology and biochemistry 28:617-623. No. Vol.E. Pp 1061-1070. and R.) by the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum. Chet. P.. D.K.A. and M.D. and R. Singh. Kaur. Microbiol.A. 106 . Lorito. Howel. 81:450-454. R. and D. The potential of nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and other biological control organisms for suppressing fusarium wilt of banana. Induction of defence responses in cucumber plant (Cucumis sativus L. C. 10:396-402. Lindemann. Papavizas. Gahy.C. Hoitink. Défago. 1998. Natural Reviews. J. Kuter. Seed treatment with a fungal ora bacterial antagonist for reducing corn damping-off caused by species of Pythium and Fusarium. and F. Lumsden. Plant Pathol. Viterbo. A. 2006.. G.. Crop Prot. D. Labuschagne. B. 65. Lewis. Guetsky. Dinoor. Vol. Soil pH increased due to biological decarbocylation of organic acid. Harman.A. 2002.A. F. Y. Haas. A. A formulation of Trichoderma and Gliocladium to reduce damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani and saprophytic growth of the pathogen in soilless mix. Appl. Elad. Phytopathology 77:1206-1212. Salicylic acid biosynthetic genes expressed in Pseudomonas fluorescens strain P3 improve the induction of systemic resistance in tobacco against tobacco necrosis virus.. Shtienberg.R. E.. H. O. and A. Benhamou. 3. W. Symposium of The Nature and Application of Biocontrol Microbes II: Trichoderma spp.. Chet. C. F. Nel.E. Schmidli-Sacherer. P. Phytopathology 92:976-985. H. Phytopathology 96(2):190-194. Stimulation of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza by fungicides or rhizosphere bacteria.C. S. and G. and I. Kwok. Schönbeck. 2006. 1987. R.H. and G. Lewis.A. Harman. Pp 43-56.. M..opportunistic. 1999. 2. 1991. 1993. 2010. Maurhofer. and A. 1998.Budi et al. R. and G. avirulent plant symbionts. Larkin. Von Alten. 1997.C. Improving biological control by combining biocontrol agents each with several mechanisms of disease suppression. J..

such as application of organic matter (OM). Jl. A technology such as application of organic matter (OM) has proven to be used by farmers in a sustainable and environmentally friendly. Jl. Bogor Abstract. Organic acids containing in decomposed RS may chelate the iron and lead to increase leaching of iron. Kebun Karet.nbl@gmail. Keywords: Acid sulphate soil. Lok Tabat. Some 107 . About 6. Tentara Pelajar No.com 2IAARD Researcher at Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development (ICALRD). Large concentration of Fe in the soil solution may be toxic to rice growth.1% Phosphorus (P). ASS becomes potential for new agricultural areas to meet the growing food needs.0% nitrogen (N). Based on these facts. Many researchers have stated that OM application in the form of rice straw (RS) may increase soil fertility and rice production. ASS becomes potential for new agricultural areas to meet the growing food needs. rice yield INTRODUCTION About 6.10 1Arifin 1IAARD DOES RICE STRAW APPLICATION REDUCE IRON CONCENTRATION AND INCREASE RICE YIELD IN ACID SULPHATE SOIL Fahmi and 2Muhrizal Sarwani Researcher at Indonesian Wetland Research Institute (IWETRI).7 milion ha of acid sulphate soil (ASS) is found in Indonesia. iron. 0.5-2. Fahmi et al. Large concentration of Fe2+ in the ASS may be depressed with application of OM.4-1. Fresh RS application increased Fe2+ concentration of the soil therefore rice straw applied to ASS must be in decomposed condition. and 0. it is necessary to review the effect of RS application on iron concentration and rice yield at ASS. and the critical concentration of Fe2+ toxicity is > 500 mg kg-1 in the soil (Audebert 2006). rice straw. Many technologies have been developed to improve ASS productivity. ASS has very low pH and contains iron (Fe2+) concentration in toxic levels for plants growth. Based on its extent. organic matter from rice straw (RS) may improve soil fertility and increase rice yield. Based on its extent. In general.7 million ha of acid sulphate soil (ASS) is found in Indonesia. low phosphorus (P) availability. In addition RS application to rice field must be followed with water management and utilization of tollerant rice variety. Many technologies have been developed to improve ASS productivity. 2009). many researchers stated that RS application impacted negatively on soil fertility.7% potassium (K) (Dobermann and Firehurst 2000. and iron (Fe2+) concentration in toxic level for plants. Acid sulphate soil have very low pH. 12 Cimanggu. On the other hand.07-0. because RS contains 0. Banjarbaru-South Kalimantan Email: fahmi.

RS application to the ASS increases Fe2+ concentration in soil solution (Figure 1 and 2). Fahmi et al.5-2. in the soil so their activities may decrease (Tan 2003). 2009). Fe2+ concentration in soil applied with RS and chicken manure (CM) which was observed for 27 weeks after planting (WAP) showed that Fe2+ concentration in soil with RS application was higher than that with CM.Organic matter application may have a negative impact to soil fertility. In addition organic compounds in OM are able to bind toxic elements in the soil (Dobermann and Firehurst 2000.4-1. According to Jumberi et al. and Fe2+ concentration might increase under reduction condition.1% P. This condition occurs due to low quality and excessive application dossage of OM. In other side. Higher C/N content in RS than in CM caused the soil become more reductive. Rice straw could be a source of nutrients for plants and act as a chelating agent for toxic elements. organic matter may contain organic compounds such as humic and fulvic acids that are able to bind toxic elements. Kyuma 2004): FeOOH + 2 H+ + ¼CH2O  Fe2+ + 7/4H2O + ¼CO2 CH3COOH + 8 Fe3+ + 2 H2O  2 CO2 + 8 Fe2+ + 8 H+ 108 . This paper was aimed to discuss the effect of fresh rice straw application on iron concentration in soil solution and rice production on acid sulphate soils.Fahmi and Sarwani references. environmental conditions. such as. it is necessary to review the effect of rice straw application on iron concentration and rice growth in acid sulphate soil. and soil properties. Based on those facts. 2009). decreased soil pH. The RS application may increase soil fertility and rice production due to RS contained 0. Fresh RS application increased Fe2+ concentration. 2004. Iron Concentration in Acid Sulphate Soil To optimize rice plant growth at ASS cultived by farmers commonly applies OM such as RS and weeds straw. etc. Reddy dan DeLaune 2008. iron. On the contrary. Application of fresh RS tends to stimulate reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ as illustrated in reaction below (Breemen dan Buurman. and P availability (Kongchum 2005. but it also lead soil in reducted condition.07-0.0% N. Rice straw is commonly the main source of OM in rice field. This condition was dependent on OM condition. however. Fahmi et al. This meant that OM might retard plant growth indirectly. (2009) reported that negative or positive impact from OM application depended on the type or properties of the OM. stated that organic matter had a great role in increasing Fe concentration in soil (Gao et al. 2009). Tan 2003. Therefore Fe2+ concentration in the soil is dependent on OM decomposition stage. (2007) about 4-5 t ha-1 of RS was harvested in a growing season. Fahmi et al. 2002. and 0. manganese. 0. Flooding could alleviate the constraint acidity but increased Fe2+ concentration in soil solution (Dent 1986). copper.7% K. Duckworth et al.

2011) and chelation (Karlsson and Persson 2010). The higher OM contains in the soil the higher the concentration of Fe2+ resulted from the reduction process.Does Rice Straw Application Reduce Iron Concentration Soil organic matter was an energy source for iron reduction bacteria (Reddy and Delaune 2008).03-0. The quality and quantity of OM in soil also fairly determines the solubility of Fe in soil solution. Figure 1. This condition caused chelatization process of Fe by OM more dominant than reduction process of Fe by OM. 2007) Instead.07-0.42% of Fe2+ in the soil was leached out or equal to 2-5 times higher than without fresh RS application. Early stage of RS decomposition process in flooded soil produces organic compounds which act as electron acceptors in a redox reaction. Increasing concentration of Fe2+ in the leachate with application of fresh RS was considered to be related to increased Fe2+ solubility and mobility. High solubility of elements in soil would cause them to be easily lost through leaching and surface flow (Banach et al. Application of RS increased leaching of Fe where 0. 2012). 2009). Soil organic matter had indirect effect to Fe2+ concentration in soil through a plant. The effect of RS and chicken manure (CM) application on Fe2+ concentration in ASS for 27 WAP (Jumberi et al. which was only 0. acetic acid was dominan organic acid produced in the early stage of decomposition proceses. Fuss et al. thus affecting the ability of these plants to oxidize Fe2+ around the roots (IRRI 2003).14% (Fahmi et al. According to Tadano and Yoshida (1978). Iron Leached from Rice Cultivation after Rice Straw Application at ASS Rice straw application increased leaching of Fe through increasing of Fe solubility and mobility. Figure 3 shows a correlation of Fe2+ concentration in soil solution and in leachate due to RS application. Reducted 109 . and according to Kyuma (2004) oxidation of acetic acid was simultaneously reduction of Fe3+. Presence of raw organic material leaded plant suffered toxicity by organic acid. The presence of OM in the soil increased the mobility and solubility of Fe through reduction reaction (Kongchum 2005. the decomposition of SOM tended to lead decrease of Fe2+ concentration in soil.

Figure 2. Iron Concentration in Rice Plant Tissue after Rice Straw Application at ASS Acid sulphate soil contains Fe2+ in large concentration. 2009) Figure3. 2012). Relationship between Fe2+ concentration in leachate and in the soil affected by RS application (Fahmi et al. The effect of continuous application of RS on Fe2+ concentration in soil during the last five years (Fahmi et al. These facts showed that application of RS had a great role in increasing the leaching of Fe2+ and Fe2+ concentration in soil solution. which facilitates its leaching from the soil (Tan 2008). 2006) such as in oldest leaf for rice plant (Doberman and Firehouse 2000). Adaptive varity of rice grown on the soils has a specific physiological mechanism for well growth. Kongchum (2006) found an increase of Fe concentration in plant tissue along with increasing RS application rate (Figure 4).Fahmi and Sarwani form of Fe (Fe2+) was more mobile than the oxidized form (Fe3+). One of the mechanisms was uptaking Fe2+ in huge concentration and then localizing the Fe2+ in a plant tissue (Jean-Francois et al. This condition related with increased Fe2+ concentration in soil solution due to reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ which was stimulated 110 .

Large concentration of Fe2+ in soil solution may increase Fe2+ uptake by rice eventhough Fe2+ might be toxic to rice plant if its concentration > 500 mg Fe2+ kg-1 in the soil (Audebert 2006). 2009). while water management can improve soil quality through nutrient 111 . 2007) Acid sulphate soil has Fe2+ concentration in toxic levels for plants growth. Low Fe2+ concentration in soil solution due to RS application may improve plant growth and then increase rice yield. Reddy and DeLaune 2008. Application of decomposed RS may decrease Fe2+ solubility through chelatization proceses and decrease acetic acid concentration produced during decomposition proceses of RS. Rice straw should be in more decomposed condition. decrease soil pH and P availability (Kongchum 2005. Its application must be done carefully and followed with proper land management such as land arrangement. but low quality of OM sources might increase Fe2+ concentration. Iron concentration in plant tissue at several dosages of RS application at ASS (Kongchum 2006) Rice Dry Grain Yield Obtained from RS Application at ASS Figure 5. Large concentration of Fe2+ in the ASS might be depressed with application of OM such as RS. Fahmi et al. Land arrangement can increase and make easier plant maintenance. and utilization of adaptive rice variety (Figure 6). water management. Figure 4.Does Rice Straw Application Reduce Iron Concentration by RS application. Average dry grain yield obtained in ASS after RS application in many rates for 3 years observation (Jumberi et al.

Z. In addition. E. Buurman. West Africa Rice Center (WARDA). Breemen. 2nd edition. ILRI.T. J.W. Millar. N. A. Beks. Kluwer Academic Publisher. Dordrecht. Smits. 2007) CONCLUSION Fresh RS application increased iron concentration at ASS so that RS application to ASS must be in decomposed condition.P. Roelofs. Stepniewska. A. 2009.V. D. K. No. Biogeochem 92:247-262. dan P.M.Fahmi and Sarwani enrichment. 1986. REFERENCES Audebert.M. Audebert. D. P. L. and B. and L. Wageningen. 404 p. Cotonou. Narteh. Figure 6. 2002.). A. Kiepe.J. and improvement of crop environmental conditions such as soil pH. Acid Sulphate Soils. application of RS must be followed with proper water management and utilization of tolerant rice variety. Iron Toxicity in Rice-Based Systems in West Africa. (Eds. Banach. Publ.G. Rice yield gap due to iron toxicity in West Africa. Application of decomposed RS improved plant growth and increased rice yield.. Dry grain yield from Margasari and Batanghari rice varities obtained at ASS after RS application (Jumbri et al. Lamers. 18-33. The Netherlands.L. 2006. Dent. Visser. A. Benin. leaching of Fe. USA. Effects of summer flooding on floodplain biogeochemistry in Poland. pp. implications for increased flooding frequency. Soil Formation.M. 112 .J. In. 39. Banach. A baseline for research and development.M. Organic acids contained in decomposed RS may chelate iron and lead to increase iron leaching.

Barton and J. Chemical changes in submerged soils and their effect on rice growth. J.J. 2012. A. In L. Gao. C. 2008. Dirscoll. Comparison of redox indicators in a paddy soil during rice-growing season. P 191. Geymard. Fahmi.Does Rice Straw Application Reduce Iron Concentration Dobermann. 341-357. 2002. and A. K. Fahmi. Biogeochemistry of iron oxidation in circumneutral freshwater habitat. Sposito. Australia. The Philippines. A. and A. Springer. 2003. B. Purwanto. 279 p. Purwanto. 2005. Iron Nutrition In Plants and Rhizospheric Microorganisms. K.J.. Radjagukguk. F. Fairhurst. Delaune. 2011. 2009. Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian. and T.irri. B. Methane Emission.W.E. 1978. Rice. and T. Dynamics of oxidized and reduced iron in a nothern hardwood forest. Dordrecht. and T. Cellier. S. 779 p. Pp. Kelarutan fosfat dan ferro pada tanah sulfat masam yang diberi bahan organik jerami padi. http. Nutrient Disorders and Nutrient Management. dan G. Ferrintis and iron accumulation in plant tissues. 66:805-817. 113 . and R. and B.T. Susilawati. B.//www.. C. Chow. 2004. A. O.. Abadia.H. Jumberi. Fahey. Radjagukguk. Rice Doctor.149158.knowledgebank. Potensi pengelolaan jerami dan penggunaan varietas unggul adaptif sebagai komponen teknologi peningkatan produktivitas tanah sulfat masam.). T. IRRI. J Tanah Trop 14(2):119-125. Biogeochemistry 104:103119. Persson.R. Karlsson. 305-314 (In Indonesia). and Rice Productivity. M. Kyuma.USA. 2006.D.. Chemical Geology. USA.. 2009. Bogor. The Phillippines.. Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University. Jean-Francois. Paddy Soil Science. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 74: 30-40.C. J Tanah Trop 17(1):19-24. 14-15 September 2006. In. Tadano. Johnson. T. Los Banos.H. A. Yoshida. 2010. Soil Science Society of America Journal. The leaching of iron and loss of phosphate in acid sulphate soil due to rice straw and phosphate fertilizer application. Makati City.L.K. The Netherlands. Fahmi. S. Holmstrom. 2000. and P. R. C. 260. Coordination chemistry and hydrolysis of Fe(III) in a peat humic acid studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Badan Litbang Pertanian. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Sumber Daya Lahan Pertanian. (Eds. (In Indonesia). Petras.. A Disertation. Fuss. Kongchum. Pp 399-420. IRRI. and B. Kyoto University Press and Trans Pacific Press. and F.T. Pp. Reddy. Duckworth. Pena. 2007. K.J. A. Effect of Plant Residue and Water Management Practices on Soil Redox Chemistry. Melbourne. IRRI. The Biogeochemistry of Wetlands: Science and Applications. Tanji.M. Scardaci. CRC Press. New York.B. Soils and Rice. S.org/Rice Doctor/Fact_Sheets/ Deficiencies Toxicities.

359 p. CRC Press. 557 p.Fahmi and Sarwani Tan. Soils in the Humid Tropic and Monsoon Region of Indonesia. Principles and Controversies.H. Marcel Dekker. Humic Matter in the Soil and the Environment. Inc. K. 2008. Taylor and Francis Group. K. 2003. 114 . New York.H. USA. Tan.

acid sulphate soil INTRODUCTION Organic matter management in acid sulphate soil was important because it could retain reductive condition in order to limit pyrite oxidation. natural (uncultivated) and cultivated soils. Keywords: Methane emission. *) This paper is also published in Special Edition of Indonesian Soil and Agroclimate Journal 115 . Banjarbaru-South Kalimantan 2 Faculty of Agriculture. carbondioxide emission. 2B.305 to 1. without organic matter (control).e.11 1Wahida 1IAARD EMISSIONS OF METHANE AND CARBON DIOXIDE AT MANAGEMENT OF ORGANIC MATTER ON ACID SULPHATE SOIL UNDER LABORATORY EXPERIMENT *) Annisa. whereas the second factor was the management of organic matter :placing on soil surface (no tillage) and mixing with soil (tillage). Pyrite oxidation affected soil pH to become acid and increased toxic elements. Widada Researcher at Indonesian Wetland Research Institute (IWETRI).003 kg of CH4 kg-1d–1 and 6. Rice straw. Composting is the most common way to decay organic matter and proven to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.216 to 0. One of recommendations to manage acid sulphate soil for sustainable agriculture was flooding. fresh purun. Methane and carbondioxide fluxes level positively correlated with org-C content as shown with R2=0. 2A. respectively. The results showed that application of composted cattle manure with ratio C/N 20. soil Eh. The methane and carbondioxide fluxes ranged from 0. University Gadjah Mada.228 kg of CO2 kg-1 d-1at both soils. Yogyakarta Abstract. There were two types of acid sulphate soil samples used in this experiment. organic matter. purun (Eleocharis dulcis). Jl. i.e. and cattle manure are a local organic matter commonly used by farmers at acid sulphate soil. composted rice straw composted purun and composted cattle manure. This experiment used factorial design with two factors. Lok Tabat. and 2J. Maas. Amount of methane formed due to decomposition showed a negative correlation with soil Eh value. Kebun Karet. fresh rice straw. Banjarese farmers in undertaking land preparation including organic matter management use traditional manner to make a flooding condition known astrowel–turn-behind-the scattering system (tajak-puntal-balik-hambur). i.814.769 and R2=0. particularly Fe3+ (ferri iron). Purwanto. fresh cattle manure. The first factor was kind of organic matter.81 effectively reduced methane and carbondioxide emissions. This laboratory experiment aimed to determine amount of CH4 and CO2 emissions which were released from various managements of local organic matter at acid sulphate soils.

The critical redox potential for CH4 production was estimated about -170 mV (US paddy soil). 2004). (2000). The CO2 flux decreased while CH4 flux increased after flooding rice paddy fields (Miyata et al. Flooding rice fields promote anaerobic fermentation of carbon sources supplied by rice plant and other incorporated organic substrates. According to Hou et al. Methane was produced from rice fields based on interaction processes in the soil involving rice plant and microorganisms (Wihardjaka et al. 2012). Wihardjaka et al. -215 mV (Belgian maize soil). Emission of carbondioxide was influenced by soil temperature. purun (Eleocharis dulcis). Methane emission occurred below a soil specific redox potential point. and result methane emission (Wihardjaka et al. methane was produced by methanogenic bacteria during anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in waterlogged soil. pH and oxygen levels. Redox potential (Eh) was the aeration parameter characterising intensity of soil redox transformations. At the first phase. Composting was the most common way to decay organic matter and proven to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. and -195 mV (Belgian wheat soil) (Yu et al. The Eh of rice field soils rich in active Fe and organic matter might reach lower than -200 mV in less than 2 weeks to produce methane emission (Neueand Roger 1994).Annisa et al. The intensity of reduction processes in submerged soils depended upon content and nature of organic matter (OM). and the emission rates were inversely related to soil redox potentials. Rice straw. Decomposition of organic matter at anaerobic conditions produces methane emissions. and availability and nature of electron acceptors (Pierre Roger. proteins) into monomers (such as amino acids. microorganisms will simplify polymers (polysaccharides. 1993). fatty acids. 2012). moisture content. 2001). Information about methane and carbondioxide emissions from organic matter decomposition in tidal swampland was relatively limited. (2011) studied addition of already composted rice straw to rice fields did not give higher emissions than addition of fresh rice straw. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental Design 116 . C/N ratio. This research aimed to study emissions of methane and carbondioxide from organic matter decomposition in acid sulphate soil. and cattle manure were local organic matter and effectively used as ameliorant in acid sulphate soil (Muhrizal et al. ability of microflora to decompose this OM. 2011). and physical structure of organic material (Philippe et al. 2000). and monosaccharide) and mineralize the monomer to produce CO2 or a combination of CO2 and CH4 (Megonigal et al. 2001). -150 mV (Chinese paddy soil).

e. incorporation of 20 t ha-1 composted cattle manure. incorporation of 20 t ha-1 fresh rice straw. namely place on soil surface (no tillage) and mixed with soil (tillage). The top part was covered to prevent gas exchange during gas sampling periods. incorporation of 20 t ha-1 composted purun. incorporation of 20 t ha-1 fresh purun (Eleocharis dulcis). The experiment was arranged in two factorial randomized block design with three replications. Organic matter was put into the PVC pot and then flooded. i. South Kalimantan (03o 10’S. The bottom part had a hole (diameter of 1 cm) for water drainage during decomposition periods. 9. while gas samples were taken periodically every week using a syringe. The first factor was organic matter application consisting of seven treatments. Leached water was performed every 2 weeks. incorporation of 20 t ha-1 composted rice straw. Experimental Procedure The soil samples were directly taken from field using PVC pot (10 cm in diameter and 35 cm high) in order to be able to measure greenhouse gas emissions (Figure 1). Alalak Sub District.0 where Least Significant Difference (LSD) test was used to observe the differences among treatments. Emissions of methane and carbondioxide were calculated using the equation below : E=Kx. 117 .Emission of Methane and Carbon Dioxide at Management of Organic Matter The experiment was conducted in the Soil and Plant laboratory of Indonesian Wetland Agriculture Research Institute (IWETRI) Banjarbaru. 114o 36’E). There were two types of acid sulphate soil samples used in this experiment.2 + T E = CH4/CO2 flux (kg ha-1) Statistical analyses were performed using SAS software for Windows ver. Vhs Wm 273. Acid sulphate soil samples were taken from Tanjung Harapan Village. Barito Kuala Regency. South Kalimantan from April to June 2012. incorporation of 20 t ha-1 fresh cattle manure.2 _____ _____ ___________ B Vm 273. natural (uncultivated) and cultivated soils. namely: without organic matter (control). Methane and carbondioxide concentrations in the syringe were immediately determined using Varian 4900 Gas Chromatograph (GC) with a flame ionization detector and helium as carrier gas. The second factor was management of organic materials that consisted of two treatments. While Soil redox-potential (Eh) was measured using field electrode.

8 mg kg-1 SO42-. 4. 1005. Exchangeable Al at both soils were very high.e.0 mg kg-1 Fe2+ (site 1) and 1026. 673. i.53% for site 1 and 9.2 mg kg-1 SO42-. 118 .Annisa et al.55 mg kg-1 Fe2+ (site 2). especially at site 1.01 for site 1 (uncultivated) and 5.12 for site 2 (cultivated). pH values of both soils with different cultivation were low. but it was still high compared to normal soils. Amount of organic carbon at both soils was very high with values 8. Schematic diagram of laboratory experiment RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Soil Chemical Properties Relevant soil chemical properties of the soil samples used in this study are presented in Table 1.50% for site 2.and Fe2+ (ferro) in both sites with a value of 2082. This was consistent with the high amounts of SO42. Thermometer Syringe 35 cm 35 cm Soil + OM Fountain Figure 1. the exchangeable Al was lower than those of site 1. At the site 2.

On the other hand. high methane flux occured at application of fresh rice straw.197 1.71 K (%) 0.3 673. fresh rice straw and fresh cattle manure had low C but high C/N ratio.60 0.409 0. Chemical compositionof organic matter used in laboratory experiment Fresh rice straw N (%) 0.13 36. the Fe content in composted straw was high but composted purun had exceptionally high Fe content.2 4.093 Fe(%) 0.385 Fresh cattle manure 0.546 C (%) 50.01 0.26 1.582 41.899 P (%) 0.53 0.78 Site 2 (intensively cultivated) 5. According to Pierre Roger (2001). EC = electrical conductivity Chemical Composition of Organic Matter Table 2 showed chemical composition of the organic materials used in this experiment.5 1005 2082.27 115.8 9. Composted of straw was high in K content but low in P content and moderate Fe content.(mg kg-1) Exch. Table 2.228 Parameter Fresh purun 0.12 9. i.13 66.549 Methane and Carbondioxide Fluxes Methane Flux Figure 2 showed methane flux pattern from decomposition of organic matter at both acid sulphate soils.15 28.81 1. However.62 Ratio of C/N 92.47 0.278 Composted rice straw 1. Al (cmol(+)kg-1) BD (g cm-3) Site 1 (natural/low cultivated) 4.910 33.93 31.590 3.10 0.707 Composted Composted purun cattle manure 1. While composted of cattle manure had low in Fe content but high in P content.432 0.Emission of Methane and Carbon Dioxide at Management of Organic Matter Table 1. Soil chemical properties of both Acid Sulphate Soil (0-20 cm) used in laboratory experiment Parameter pH (H2O) Total C (%) Total N (%) EC (µS cm-1) Fe2+ (mg kg-1) SO42.214 0.5 1026. Low methane flux occurred at application of composted cattle manure because ratio C/N was low and contrary.50 0.390 0.456 41.99 20.714 47. high C but low C/N ratio.67 Criteria Very acid Very high Very high Low Very high Very high Medium Very high BD = bulk density.20 32. Composted cattle manure was similar composition with composted purun and composted rice straw.207 0. fresh purun.e.131 0. methane emission decreased when C content and C/N ratio of the incorporated material decreased.689 0.288 1. A high C/N. as in rice 119 .114 0.28 31.01 8.588 0.

769). usually corresponds to an organic material rich in labile C and thus easily usable by microflora. Figure 2.Annisa et al. CH4 emission was positively correlated with the org-C content as shown at Figure 3 (R2 = 0. Emission of methane related to amount of organic carbon and ratio C/N. straw. Relationship between CH4 emission versus org-C content 120 . Methane flux patterns from organic matter application at both acid sulphate soils Figure 3.

Wihardjaka et al. Under anaerobic conditions decomposition could take place through methanogenic bacteria to produce CO2 and CH4 (Rosa et al. The cumulative methane fluxes of organic matter treatments were in the order of composted cattle manure < without organic matter < fresh cattle manure < composted purun < composted rice straw < fresh purun < fresh rice straw. 2005). 1981.Emission of Methane and Carbon Dioxide at Management of Organic Matter Methane emissions also correlated to C inputs and cycling in cypress swamps (Harriss and Sebacher. oxygen-starved soils. Cumulative methane fluxes from organic matter application with combination of organic material management at both uncultivated and cultivated soils Methane flux increased at four week incubation then decreased gradually at above four week incubation. Composting organic matter was the most common way to decay organic matter and proven to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 1996). The main reason for production of CO2 and CH4 was therefore the decomposition of organic matter by microbial activities (Abril et al. The high cumulative methane fluxes occurred at fresh rice straw treatment combination with organic material management with placing on soil surface (no tillage) at cultivated acid sulphate soil (site 2) (Figure 3). except at treatments of fresh rice straw with mixed at site 1 at six week incubation still increased then decreased at 8 weeks incubation. 2004). Wang et al. (2012) studied application of composted rice straw with low C/N ratio resulting lower methane emission than at high C/N ratio of fresh rice straw incorporation. The order of cumulative methane fluxes from treatments of organic material management was placing on soil surface < mixed with soil. Bacteria that decompose organic material into CH4 thrived in such flooded. according to the reaction of C6H12O6→3CO2 + 3 CH4. 121 . Cultivated soil areas (rice fields) were generally better in terms of type of CH4 source those of uncultivated soil (Pierre Roger 2001). Figure 4.

2000). Any prolonged incubation (above two weeks) would have reduced easily available organic C substrate. After the second weeks of incubation. Carbondioxide flux patterns from organic matter application combination of organic material management at both soils 122 . Figure 5. carbondioxide flux was lower than those of another organic matter treatments. The CO2 fluxes decreased and CH4 increased after flooding rice paddy soil (Miyata et al. At without organic matter treatment. Carbondioxide Flux The peaks carbondioxide flux occurred at 2 weeks incubation.Annisa et al. The high carbondioxide flux occurred at fresh rice straw because of high carbon organic content. The results clearly indicated the influence of org-C content on CO2 emission. The adaptation of the microorganisms over two weeks to more heavily decomposable organic matter resulted in an increase of CO2 emission. where CO2 emission positively correlated with org-C content as shown with R2=0. CO2 production decreased (Figure 5).814 (Figure 6).

the lower CO2 flux under no-tillage than under conventional tillage could be attributed to slower decomposition of crop residues on soil surface of no tillage soil than those of incorporated soil by tillage. According to Curtin et al. The mixing organic matter changed environment for micro-organisms and distributed organic carbon so that affected CO2 flux. (2000).Emission of Methane and Carbon Dioxide at Management of Organic Matter Figure 6. Figure 7. Cumulative carbondioxide fluxes from organic matter application combination with organic material management at both uncultivated and cultivated soils 123 . Relationship between CO2 emission and org-C content Cumulative carbondioxide flux of organic matter treatments were in order of without organic matter < composted cattle manure < fresh cattle manure < composted purun < composted ricestraw < fresh purun < fresh rice straw. The order of cumulative carbondioxide fluxes from management organic material treatments was placing on soil surface < mixing with soil (site 1) (Figure 7).

The amount of methane formed due to decomposition showed a negative correlation with Eh value atmost of studied soils (Figure 9). Methane Versus Soil Redox Potential One of the most important thing to influence rate of methane emission is redox potential (Eh). Complete mineralisation of organic matter at anaerobic environments where sulphate and nitrate concentrations in low content occured through methanogenic fermentation. 124 . Application of composted organic matter could increase redox potential (Figure 8). Figure 8. which produced CH4 and CO2. Methanogenesis process required strict anaerobiosis and low oxydo-reduction potentials (Eh < -150 mV) conditions. The high redox potential occurred from treatment of composted cattle manure because the intensity of reduction processes in submerged soils depended upon the content and nature of organic matter (OM). redox potential systematically dropped during incubation of flooded soils. The low redox potential (<-150 mV) occurred at application of fresh purun and fresh rice straw. Under anaerobic conditions. Redox potential from organic matter application at both uncultivated and cultivated soils The value of redox potential was corresponding to methane emission.Annisa et al.

Emission of Methane and Carbon Dioxide at Management of Organic Matter 125 .

Application of composted cattle manure. French Guiana).305 to 1. R.. S. Delmas. Application of composted cattle manure with low C/N ratio resulted in lower methane and carbondioxide emission than those of fresh rice straw with high C/ N ratio. Tremblay.. 3. Galy-Lacaux. Correlation between cumulative of CH4 emission and redox potential at both uncultivated and cultivated soils CONCLUSIONS 1.216 to 0. F..A. Santos.228 kg of CO2 kg–1 d–1 at both acid sulphate soils. M. Global Biogeochemical Cycles... Gosse. Varfalvy. Richard. G. 19.. REFERENCES Abril. Carbon dioxide and methane emissions and the carbon budget of a 10-year old tropical reservoir (Petit Saut..Annisa et al. Guérin. respectively. C. The amount of methane formed due to decomposition showed a negative correlation with soil Eh value. and B. Matvienko. 2. composted purun and composted rice straw effectively reduced methane and carbondioxide emission. 126 .003 kg of CH4 kg–1 d–1 and 6.. A. L.. Figure 9. 2005. Methane and carbondioxide fluxes ranged from 0. P.

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8) IR 42/IR42. SP-36. 6) Inpara 3/IP3. 21) Sawah Rimbo/SWR. varieties. 2Yakup Parto. 5) Banyuasin/BYN. SLN. and KCl with dosages of 200. This increasing was caused by extensivification rather than intensification. acid sulphate soil INTRODUCTION Food crops sub sector in Indonesia has a big challenge mainly increasing food demand especially in rice along with population increase (about 1. Keywords: Rice. 18) Rutti/RTI. 12) Padang/PDG. 15) Pelita Rampak/PLT. Thirty-five rice varieties were observed using randomized completely block design (RCBD) with two replications. Indonesian Central Bureau Statistic reported that in 2009 rice production was 64. The observed varieties were 1) Batang Hari/BTH. IR 42. 26) Uffa/UFA.7% increasing production from 2009.71 million tons. On the other hand. 31) Cempo Siam/CPS. rice production is limited. Indonesian Central Bureau Statistic 2011). 27) Padi Merah/PDM. 150. 3) Ciliwung/CLG. 29) Serumpun/SRP. It cannot be equal to the population increase. 2) Bone/BNE. PYS. and 2Siti Nurul Aidil Fitri 2Faculty of Agriculture Sriwijaya University 1Researcher at Research Center for Sub-optimal Lands (PUR-PLSO). BNE. 9) Jakaria/JKR. The result showed that most local varieties had a better performance than the introduced ones on sulphate acid soil condition. 32) Cekow/CKW. Cultivation of rice on acid sulphate soils of tidal swamp has lead to severelyreduced rice yields. 17) Putih Olak/PTO. and 35) Pegagan/PGN. respectively. 11) Mendawak/MDK. 16) Petek/PTK. 7) Inpara 4/IP4. 13) Payak Ocan/PYO. PLT. 33) Korea 79/KOR. 14) Payak Selimbuk/PYS.com) 3South Sumatra Assesment Institute for Agricultural Technology Abstract. 100 kg/ha. 10) Kuning/KNG. There is 20 million hectares of tidal swamp area in Indonesia (Bappenas 2007). The possibility of extensive rice field in irrigation areas such as in Java island is very low so extensification of rice field in tidal swamp has a big role for increasing of rice production. 4) Ciherang/CHR. 3Imelda Marpaung. Sriwijaya University. In 2010 the rice production was 64. The aim of this research was to evaluate performance of some rice varieties on soil acid sulphate of tidal swamp. The soil was fertilized with urea. Palembang-South Sumatra.33 million tons unhulled rice and was 4 million tons higher than in 2008.12 PERFORMANCES OF SOME RICE VARIETIES ON ACID SULPHATE SOILS 1. 24) Siputih/SPT. 22) Sei Lalan/SLN. (andiwijayadani@yahoo. SMB varieties had higher yields and better vegetative growths than the others. 129 . 19) Samba Mahsuri-Sub1/SMB. 20) Sawah Beling/SWB.49% per year.2Andi Wijaya. 34) FR 13A/FR13. 25) Siam/SIM. where in 2009 the production was 68.33 million tons so there was only 3. 28) Padi Kuning Pendek/PKP. 23) Senia/SNI. 30) Inpari/IPR. IP4.

For growing rice in acid sulphate soils. Commonly. Besides the depth of the sulfuric horizon or sulfidic materials. and the frequency and duration of flooding (Dent 1986). improvement of rice tolerant to acid sulphate soils has also been obtained (Nguyen et al. By average. the soil is less toxic and food crops production is better than on Sulfaquepts. i. flooding. The local germplasms have high adaptation to marginal environment but they do not produce high yield even they are grown under optimal environment. Sulfaquepts have a sulfuric horizon within 50 cm. an extremely low pH (below 3. The low productivity of acid sulphate soil in tidal swamp is closely correlated to its characteristics. 1966. In Vietnam.e low fertility. the important adverse factors are toxicities of iron and aluminum. Djayusman et al. next. (2001) reported that high pyrite content suppressed the productivity. Wijaya (2004) and Granado et al. The local rice varieties are selected by farmer because of high adaptation capacity and taste preference.Wijaya et al. and high concentrations of Al3+. other factors affecting the productivity of rice are water availability. Earlier studies (Nhung et al. Where the sulfuric horizon occurs deeper than 50 cm. the local varieties lost due to replacement by introduced varieties. the low productivity of the rice lands in the Scheme is mainly due to excessive drainage and oxidation of pyrite-rich subsoil.5 ton of unhulled rice per hectare (Moeljoparwiro 2002). Application of lime after preliminary leaching raises soil pH and leads to decrease the concentrations of iron and aluminum in the soil solution. Fe2+. Rice breeding program for tidal swamp areas is addressed to develop rice varieties which can adapt with the problems which limiting factor for rice growth in this ecosystem 130 . and the low infrastructures condition. by liming and fertilization. which are making the rice gene pool much narrower. and SO2-. The local varieties are usually used as important breeding materials. When pyrite is oxidized. and nutrient deficiencies. Pham and Do 2000). soil pH decreases. the wider spread of the tidal swamp areas is not followed by optimum productivity so that the role of the tidal swamp is still low. the occurrence of salinity. In other way to minimize the negative effect of acid sulphate soil of tidals wamp on rice cultivation is cultivation of tolerant verities. 2001. Unfortunately. (2001) argued that the local varieties in breeding program for many crops are optimal step for overcoming the marginal environment. which lead to low yields and often crop failure to be harvested.5). The ensuring strong acidity of the soil directly affects the rice plant as a result of aluminum and iron toxicities and indirectly decreases the availability of P and other nutrients. This method is more practical and cheaper than modification of water and soil conditions. productivity of tidal swamp is only 3. However. Dent 1986) stated that the soil must be improved first by leaching of water-soluble acid and. and it is still below than one of irrigated areas in Java (8-9 t ha-1 season-1) with 2-3 times croping seasons per year.

Rujito Agus Suwignyo Dr. Table 1. Rujito Agus Suwignyo Dr. Rujito Agus Suwignyo South Sumatra Tidal Swamp BBP Padi Dr. Rujito Agus Suwignyo Dr. 2008). Rujito Agus Suwignyo Dr. Rujito Agus Suwignyo South Sumatra Tidal Swamp South Sumatra Tidal Swamp Dr. Rujito Agus Suwignyo BBP Padi Dr. Rujito Agus Suwignyo BBP Padi Dr. have strong culms and medium growth duration. which is different with irrigated lowland rice. Rujito Agus Suwignyo Sang Hyang Seri BBP Padi BBP Padi BBP Padi BBP Padi Sang Hyang Seri Dr. No. Rujito Agus Suwignyo Dr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Varieties Banyuasin Batang Hari Bone Cekow Cempo Siam Ciherang Ciliwung FR A13 Inpara 3 Inpara 4 IR 42 Jakaria Koneng Korea Mendak Padang Padi Kuning Pendek Padi Merah Payak Ocan Payak Selimbuk Pegagan Pelita Rampak Petek Putih Olak Ruti Samba Masuri-Subi Sawah Beling Sawo Rimbo Sei Lelan Senia Serumpun Si Putih Siam Uffa Code BYN BTH BNE CKW CPS CHR CLG FR13 IP3 IP4 IR42 JKR KNG KOR MDK PDG PKP PDM PYO PYS PGN PLT PTK PTO RTI SMB SWB SWR SLN SNI SRP SPT SIM UFA Source BBP Padi BBP Padi Dr. and tolerant to abiotic stresses such as soil acidity and salinity (Harahap and Silitonga. Some important treats are required for rice to adapt with tidal land condition. Rujito Agus Suwignyo Dr. Rujito Agus Suwignyo South Sumatra Lowland Swamp Dr. Rujito Agus Suwignyo Dr. The objective of this study was to evaluate performance of some rice varieties especially local varieties on acid sulphate tidal swamp soil. Rice varieties for tidal land are generally tall and grow rapidly. The selected varieties which were evaluated at the experiment site. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rice varieties collected from some locations are presented in Table 1.Performance of Some Rice Varieties on Acid Sulphate Soils (Hairmansis et al. Rujito Agus Suwignyo Dr. 1998). Rujito Agus Suwignyo South Sumatra Tidal Swamp South Sumatra Lowland Swamp South Sumatra Lowland Swamp Dr. Rujito Agus Suwignyo 131 .

According to Djayusman et al.Wijaya et al. The experiment used Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two replications and each variety was sampled for 5 plants. which have flowering day in 56 to 65 days.65 0. Those soil characters are matched to the criteria of acid sulphate soil of tidal swamp.24 1. The rice seeds were broadcasted on the seedbed for 20 days. and organic manure. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Soil chemical analysis in Table 2 show that the soil was characterized by very low pH (3.40 6. The observed parameters were plant height. high organic content and very low P content.38 days (Figure 1). part of the soil has dark brown spots like iron corrosion.44 0.5) and high concentrations of Al3+.36 Criteria (LPT Bogor. 132 . The harvest times of 34 varieties are shown in Figure 2. Table 2.13 17.31 0. The later flowering time also causes later harvest time.40 0. tiller number.86 3. If the sulfuric horizon deeper than 50 cm.12). sand. It was because the observed varieties were mostly of local varieties. Fe2+. the soil is less toxic and crop production is better than on Sulfaquepts. Soil chemical properties of the site experiment Kind of analysis pH H20 (1:1) pH KCl C-organic N-Total P-Bray K-dd Na Ca Mg CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity) Al-dd H-dd Unit % % mg g-1 cmol kg-1 cmol kg-1 cmol kg-1 cmol kg-1 cmol kg-1 cmol kg-1 cmol kg-1 Result 3.12 2. flowering and harvest times. and yield per plant. 1983) Highly acidic Highly acidic High Medium Very low High Medium High Low Medium Low Evaluation on flowering time showed that the mean value is 81.64 0. IRRI (1996) reported that the disadvantage of local varieties is longer in flowering and harvesting times compared to introduce varieties. This flowering time is later than introduced varieties. This problem causes difficulty to arrange rice intensification. The 20 days rice seedling was replanted in 5 kg plastic pot containing acid sulphate soil of tidal swamp.27 2. and SO2-. percentage of empty seed. the handicaps of sulphate tidal swamp soil are extremely low pH (below 3. The soil has been classified as sulphate soil with low pH and at the dry season. Seedbed consisted of top soil. The soil was collected from tidal swamp areas in Telang Banyuasin Regency. (2001).

90 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 UFA SWR SRP SWB SNI SPT SLN SMB SIM RTI PYS PTO PYO PTK PLT PKP PGN PDG PDM KOR MDK JKR KNG IR42 IP4 IP3 FR13 CLG CPS CHR CKW BYN BTH 0 BNE Plant High (cm) 80 Varieties Figure 3. It is expected that the observed varieties had been grown in non-optimal condition. . The highest plant height is 76. and it is below standard compared to the Indonesian Varieties Description. Plant height of 34 observed rice varieties 133 . (2009). Harvesting time of 34 rice varieties The averaged value of plant height was showed that the plant high is 59. According to Suprihatno et al.66 cm.70 cm (Figure 3).Performance of Some Rice Varieties on Acid Sulphate Soils Flowering Time (day) 120 100 80 60 40 20 UFA SWR SRP SWB SNI SPT SNI SLN SMB SMB RTI SIM PYS PTO PYO PLT PTK PKP PGN PDG PDM KOR MDK JKR KNG IP4 IR42 IP3 FR13 CLG CPS CHR CKW BTH BYN BNE 0 Varieties Figure 1. Flowering time of 34 rice varieties 180 Harvest Time (day) 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 UFA SWR SRP SWB SPT SLN SIM RTI PYS PTO PYO PTK PLT PKP PGN PDG PDM KOR MDK JKR KNG IR42 IP4 IP3 FR13 CLG CPS CHR CKW BYN BTH BNE 0 Varieties Figure 2. The same phenomenon has been shown in tiller number characteristics (Figure 4). the plant height of Indonesian introduced varieties is about 90 to 120 cm.

45 40 Tiller Number 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 UFA SWR SRP SWB SNI SPT SLN SMB RTI SIM PYS PTO PYO PLT PTK PKP PGN PDG PDM KOR MDK JKR KNG IP4 IR42 IP3 FR13 CLG CPS CHR CKW BTH BYN BNE 0 Varieties Figure 4. According to Djayusman et al. Result of plant height and tiller number strongly suggested that the observed rice was grown in non-optimal condition. It is significantly lower than the tiller number of Indonesian rice varieties. Suprihatno (2009) reported that the tiller number of Indonesia varieties is 20-35 tillers. (2001) the handicaps of tidal swamp sulphate soil are extremely low pH (below 3. Fe2+. The visual performance of some observed rice plants showed toxicity symptom. Tiller number per plant derived from 34 varieties The result of tiller number showed the average value of 10. The high concentration of those elements is toxic to plants growth.5) and high concentrations of Al3+. Figure 5. such as yellowing leaf and undeveloped tillers (Figure 5). Some rice varieties grown on acid sulphate tidal swamp soil shows yellowing leaf and undeveloped tiller 134 .Wijaya et al. and SO2-.75 tillers per plant.

It is contrast to PLT with 15 tillers and only 18% empty grain. IR 42 has 43 tillers with 50% empty grain. This information proves that local varieties are more tolerant to acid sulphate soil than the introduced varieties. such as acid sulphate soil. The rice varieties. SLN. Percentage of empty grain from the 34 varities 135 . BNE. IR 42. Yield per plant of 34 rice varieties UFA SWR SRP SWB SNI SPT SLN SMB SIM RTI PYS PYO PTO PTK PLT PKP PGN PDM PDG MDK KNG KOR JKR IR42 IP4 IP3 FR13 CPS CLG CHR CKW BYN BTH 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BNE Percentage of empty grain (%) Even though the introduced varieties produced higher tiller number but lower yield than local varieties.Performance of Some Rice Varieties on Acid Sulphate Soils This study proved that the local varieties showed better performances than the introduced varieties when grown in sub optimal condition. SMB varieties have a higher yield and better vegetative growth than the others. IP4. For example. were local varieties (Figure 6). and produced higher yield than IR 42. The result indicated that most local varieties had better performances than the introduced varieties on sulphate acid tidal swamp condition. which produced more than 15 grams grain per plant. Yield per plant (g) 25 20 15 10 5 UFA SWR SRP SWB SNI SPT SLN SMB RTI SIM PYS PTO PYO PLT PTK PKP PGN PDG PDM KOR MDK JKR KNG IP4 IR42 IP3 FR13 CLG CPS CHR CKW BTH BYN BNE 0 Varieties Figure 6. PLT. because of higher percentage of empty grain (Figure 7). The highest yield was produced by PLT varieties. Varieties Figure 7. PYS.

2000. 2006.). Hermanto. 10. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanah dan Agroklimat.). Zaini. Lesmana. The Second meeting on “Reviewing Results and Planning of regional rice mutant multilocation trials. Harahap. Makarim. Effect of calcium carbonate. Daradjat. Wijaya. Spillane C. Ponnamperuma. Pham Van Ro and Do Huu At. Pemuliaan padi rawa pasang surut dan lebak. In: Cooper H. Bogor.. 319-328. Juni 2001. 2000. CONCLUSION The result indicated that mostlocal varieties had a better performance than elite varieties on sulphate acid tidal swamp condition. IP4. IPG/FAO. p. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian.. Bogor. Syam. hlm. Baehaki. Inovasi Teknologi Tanaman Pangan. PLT. Indonesia.90-94. 2001.A. In: Seminar on Methodology for plant mutation breeding for quality effective use of physical/chemical mutagens.82-83. 2001. Buku 2. M. Bogor. IR 42. Sept 3-7th. Padi. 2004.S. M. 1966. Widiarta. Satoto. Wageningen Djayusman. Genetic diversity of barley: Use of locally adapted germplasm to enhance yield and yield stability of barley in dry areas. IRRI. ferric hydroxide. A. 136 . Indrasari. Improvement of traditional local rice varieties through induced mutation using Nuclear techniques. Ceccarelli. IRRI. Penelitian dan Pengembangan Padi. Ismunadji. Standard Evaluation System for Rice (SES). Bogor. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. 2001. Indonesia. I. hlm. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan.S. Seminar Hasil Penelitian Pengembangan Sistem Usaha Pertanian Lahan Pasang Surut Sumatera Selatan. Los Banos. Soelaeman. Buku 2. Malaysia. Kustianto. Departemen Pertanian. and Hodgkin T. O.K.. the Philippines Nhung. Hairmansis. A. dan H. D. PYS. 351-371.). Soil Sci. Widiarta. 1986.N. S.N. Setyono. Widjono. 1996. Dalam M. Silitonga. International Mini Workshop on Developing Applicable Strategies for Improving the Sustainability of Dry Land Agriculture System. Suprihatno. Perbaikan varietas padi. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement Publication No. SMB varieties had a higher yield and better vegetative growth than the others. May 24-26th.D. Pulau Rimau. dan T. dan Suwarno. manganese dioxide. Deskripsi Varietas Padi. Results of the regional rice mutant multilocation trials in Mekong Delta of Viet Nam. Dalam A.. Supartopo. 2001. Rice breeding program for dry land. SLN. Kasim (Eds. 335-361. Purwokerto. Refleksi pengalaman dalam pengembangan sistem usaha pertanian di lahan pasang surut. dan H. I.W.Wijaya et al. Acid sulphate soils-a baseline for research and development. B. and F. I. A. BNE. Suastika. A. B. von Bothmer. Z. and S. 29-41 Nguyen Trong Luong. A. Mai Thi My. Suprihatno B. Oct 9-13th. and Pham Van Ro. Granado S.N.E. R.D. Vuong Dinh Tuan. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan. dan Y. 2004. 1998. Z. and prolonged flooding on chemical and electrochemical changes and growth of rice in a flooded acid sulphate soil. Broadening the genetics base of crop production. 39. dan Yuswadi (Eds. REFERENCES Dent. Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi. S. (eds. Indonesia. Sembiring. 2008.

Suboptimal lands such as fresh swamp and tidal lowland are currently becoming focus for increasing rice production in Indonesia (Ritung and Hidayat 2007). brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens). College of Agriculture. fresh swamp.go. rice green leafhopper (Nephotettix sp. and Tirta Kencana) areas of South Sumatra. whitebacked planthopper (Sogatella furcifera). Srikaton Damai. Keywords: Pest. This research aimed to take stocktaking pest species attacking paddy in fresh swamp and tidal lowland of South Sumatra.ac. In this rice season. +62711580276. Tirta Mulya. rice gundhi bug (Leptocoriza acuta). 2Yulia Pujiastuti. and Rambutan) and tidal lowland (Mulya Sari. Fax. sitiherlinda@unsri.). Palembang-South Sumatra 2Department of Plant Pests and Diseases. Palembang-South Sumatra 4Assessment Intistute for Agricultural Technology.id 3Researcher at Research Center for Sub-optimal Lands (PUR-PLSO).3Siti and 4Tumarlan Herlinda. 2Chandra Irsan. College of Agriculture.id.3Rosdah Thalib. South Sumatra INTRODUCTION Efforts had been conducted in order to increase rice production such as through crop area expantion and optimization of suboptimal land. and black bug (Scotinophara sp. Telang Karya. The golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) attacked the paddy only in fresh swamp.450 and 129. The golden apple snail was found only during vegetative stage when paddy field was flooded and it disappeared when the field was drained t. Palembang-South Sumatra Abstract. Potential fresh swamp and tidal lowland areas in South Sumatra are about 379. oriental mole cricket (Gryllotalpa sp. leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis). Telang Rejo. grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis).). Makarti Jaya. Pemulutan. tidal lowland.). +62711580663.PESTS AT FRESH SWAMP AND TIDAL LOWLAND OF SOUTH SUMATRA 13 1Khodijah. sitiherlinda@drn. Fresh swamp and tidal lowland areas at South Sumatra 137 . The results of the survey showed that there were found 13 paddy pest species: yellow rice borer (Scirpophaga incertulas). Thamrin 1Postgraduate Student of Agricultural Science. the rice field rat population outbreaks occured in May 2012. paddy. Saleh Mulya.062 ha. Sriwijaya University. The rice field rat (Rattus argentiventer) was found only in paddy on tidal lowland. Sriwijaya University. 2. sourthern green stink bug (Nezara viridula). zig-zag winged leafhopper (Recilia dorsalis). 2. where the outbreaks usually occured in July. Corresponding author: Telp. Mariyana. and generally used to cultivate paddy with low productivity level due to pests attack. The survey was carried out in January up to July 2012 in paddy production centers of fresh swamp (Gandus. Sriwijaya University Palembang-South Sumatra.

Srikaton Damai. Mulya Sari. Pests other than insects such as rice field rats were caught by using wire trap. Wilyus et al. pests and diseases attack (Djoko et al. Pitfall traps were installed on soil surface for 48 hours period. Telang Rejo. Maryana. 2012). other pests attacking rice crop.Khodijah et al. whereas those from pitfall were sorted. (2004) and Khodijah et al. They were Rambutan. Makarti Jaya. Gandus. respectively (Dinas PU Sumsel 2010). which contained 4% formaline. The basic information related to pests species which attack rice crop is needed in order to conduct proper control over the rice crop pests in South Sumatra. which had been reported for other swamp areas such as in Jambi (Prayudi and Handoko 2001. MATERIALS AND METHODS Inventory of Rice Pests The survey had been done at rice production centers in fresh swamp and tidal lowland areas of South Sumatra. Telang Sari.062 ha. (2008). Canopy-dwelling insects were collected by using insect dragnet. whereas apple golden snail was directly collected and documented with camera. whereas actively flying insects were collected by using insect dragnet based on the method of Herlinda et al. Telang Karya. rinsed with sterile water. Current utilization of tidal lowland was twice planting per year for rice and once planting per year for rice in case of fresh swamp. Constraints for increasing the production in fresh swamp and tidal lowland are low fertility and high acidity of the soils. (2012). Pemulutan. Kalimantan are rice stem weevil and planthopper (Thamrin and Asikin 2004). 2000). In addition. Tirta Mulya. 2007).450 and 129. potential for rice and other food crops productions were 379. Syam et al. and put into vial bottles containing of 70% alcohol solution. and Tirta Kencana villages. Saleh Mulya. based on the method of Herlinda et al. Pitfall traps installation was conducted for soilinhabiting pest insects. The trapped pest insects trapped by dragnet were preserved within vial bottles containing 70% alcohol solution. 138 . The common main pest for rice on swamp area is rice field rat (Thamrin and Asikin 2004. sieved with 1 mm screen. They subsequently were identified in laboratory under the microscope to determine their individual numbers. The objective of this survey was to inventory pest species that attacked rice crop. This research aimed to take stocktaking pest species attacking paddy in fresh swamp and tidal lowland of South Sumatra. This survey was done using visual method or direct observation on the attacked crops by low mobility insects and document by using camera.

whitebacked planthopper. grasshopper. Table 1.Pests at Fresh Swamp and Tidal Lowland of South Sumatra Data Analysis Data of pest insects species and other pests were decriptively analyzed and presented in forms of tables and figures. which was consumed by larvae of rice borer within inner part of rice stem.not found The yellow rice borer attacked rice crop during vegetative phase (stem borer) and generative phase (stalk borer). rice green leafhopper. . 139 . leaffolder. Leptocoriza acuta Nezara viridula Valanga nigricornis Gryllotalpa sp. brown planthopper. rice field rat was found abundantly only in tidal lowland area and none in fresh swamp area. whereas stalk borer symptoms were indicated by empty rice grain and upright tiller. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Pest insects attacking rice crop on fresh swamp and tidal lowland areas of South Sumatra were yellow rice borer. Stem borer symptoms were characterized by the death of rice crop tillering. zig-zag winged leafhopper. In addition. which was empty and had white color. case worm. On the other hand. rice gundhi bug. Insects species attacking rice crop on fresh swamp and tidal lowland areas of South Sumatra Class Common name Species Insecta Yellow rice borer Leaffolder Brown planthopper Whitebacked planthopper Zig-zag winged leafhopper Rice green leafhopper Rice gundhi bug Sourthern green stink bug Scirpophaga incertulas Nymphula depunctalis Nilaparvata lugens Mammalia Gastropoda Grasshopper Oriental mole cricket Black bug Rice field rat Golden apple snail Sogatella furcifera Recilia dorsalis Nephotettix sp. Scotinophara sp. sourthern green stink bug. and black bug (Table 1 and Figure 1). oriental mole cricket. Rattus argentiventer Pomacea canaliculata Fresh swamp + + + + + Tidal lowland + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + found. golden apple snail was found on fresh swamp area but not on tidal lowland area. This empty tiller was due to nutrient deficiency.

Brown hopper and whitebacked hopper were found on rice crop. Tirta Mulya. and Tirta Kencana Villages. the rice gundhi. followed by brown color. Grasshopper could be found all long season. Golden apple snail 140 . Brown planthopper. Rice crop attacked by oriental mole cricket would result in broken stem. West Java. Rice field rat attacked the rice plants during filling out phase (60 days after planting). whereas oriental mole cricket had high population on tidal lowland area but low population on fresh swamp area. In addition. however. Attacking symptoms produced by oriental mole cricket were similar to those of rice borer. black and sourthern green stink bugs resulted in spotted color change of hulled rice. Peak population of golden apple snail occurred within 20 to 30 days after planting and disappeared 40 days after planting. Golden apple snails at fresh swamp started attacking rice crop within 10 to 40 days after planting. Case worm pests were mostly found at tidal lowland area of Makarti Jaya. whereas rice green hopper was found at rice crop. it only attacked the leave parts with insignificant economic losses. Leaffolder insect was attacking rice crop through leaf folding. Symptom of golden apple snail attack was the collapse of rice stem because golden apple snail ate the base of rice stem. This phenomenon was significantly different than population of brown planthopper. (2004). Grasshopper was insect pest with low population and found either on fresh swamp or tidal lowland areas. consuming the leaf tissue and left over parts of thin and white leaf epidermis only. The attacked rice crop would be collapsed due to stems that were scattered above the rice field. and rice green leafhopper were found on rice crop at fresh swamp and tidal lowland areas with very low population level. Rice field rat attacked in the last May 2012 had left about 200 ha of parched rice crop at Telang area. The black bug and sourthern green stinkbug also absorbed the rice grain content resulting in empty rice grain. This pest attacked rice grain by absorbing the rice grain content. This pest was abundantly found on tidal lowland area but was rarely found on fresh swamp area. Population of this leaffolder pest occurred during vegetative phase of rice crop. whitebacked planthopper. The left over of rice stem as well as leaves were floating on water surface. and rice green leafhopper found in Cianjur. the population of these three insects species was high for rice crop in Cianjur. According to Herlinda et al. Rice gundhi bug was mostly found at milking phase. Rice field rats attacked rice crop during night time and were capable to cause more than one hectare of parched rice crop in a night. and plant death. whitebacked planthopper. Population of rice field rats on tidal lowland started increasing from April 2012 and attained its peak in the middle and end of May 2012.Khodijah et al. Rice field rat attacked the crop by cutting the base of rice stem and eating the rice grain. especially at Telang Sari and Mulya Sari Villages.

b a c d e 141 .Pests at Fresh Swamp and Tidal Lowland of South Sumatra prefered young rice crop during vegetative phase and its population was higher if rice field was flooded with water.

f g h i j 142 k .Khodijah et al.

Pests at Fresh Swamp and Tidal Lowland of South Sumatra l m Figure 1. The paddy in fresh swamp suffered from attacking of the golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) but this pest didn’t attack paddy in tidal lowland. (c) brown planthopper. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Financial support of this research was provided by research incentif for national innovation system. sourthern green stink bug (Nezara viridula). rice gundhi bug (Leptocoriza acuta). (h) sourthern green stink bug.). The rice field rat population in this rice season increased and occured outbreaks in May 2012. oriental mole cricket (Gryllotalpa sp. (d) whitebacked planthopper.).). The golden apple snail was only found on vegetative stage during flooding period and disappeared when the paddy field was drained. and black bug (Scotinophara sp. (k) black bug. 16th January 2012. (i) grasshopper. leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis). (b) leaffolder. (f) rice green leafhopper. (e) zig-zag winged leafhopper. but it was not found in paddy of fresh swamp. rice green leafhopper (Nephotettix sp.55/SEK/IRS/PPK/I/2012. the outbreaks usually occured in July but now occured early in May. Ministry for Research and Technology (Ristek). (l) field rat. grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis). Republic of Indonesia. (m) and field rat CONCLUSION There were 13 paddy pest species found in tidal lowland and fresh swamp areas of South Sumatra. The paddy pest species at fresh swamp and tidal lowland of South Sumatra: (a) yellow rice borer. brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens). zigzag winged leafhopper (Recilia dorsalis). (j) oriental mole cricket. Fiscal Year 2012 with Contract Number: 1. whitebacked planthopper (Sogatella furcifera). The rice field rat (Rattus argentiventer) was found in paddy of tidal lowland. 143 . (g) rice gundhi bug. They were yellow rice borer (Scirpophaga incertulas).

Wuryandari. 2004. Perbandingan keanekaragaman spesies dan kelimpahan arthropoda predator penghuni tanah di sawah lebak yang diaplikasi dan tanpa aplikasi insektisida. Handoko. Kartosuwondo. dan Y. 2008. 2001. S. Suparyono. 2012. J. (In Indonesian). Damarjati. Pengendalian OPT utama padi berdasarkan strategi PHT di lahan rawa pasang surut Provinsi Jambi. Entomol. Ismail. Herlinda. Thamrin. dan T. Asikin. www. Khodijah.pu.S. M. Rauf. U. Ritung. C. I B. 144 . Pujiastuti. S. Estuningsih. Entomol. (In Indonesian). dan S. (In Indonesian). B. 2007. Herlinda. Prospek Perluasan Lahan untuk Padi Sawah dan Padi Gogo di Indonesia.. Siswadi. C. S.20bukusda/sumsel. Irsan.id/ satminkal/ditsda/data %. Pujiastuti. Hermanto. S. Potensi parasitoid telur penggerek batang padi kuning Scirpophaga incertulas Walker pada berbagai tipologi lahan di Provinsi Jambi. (In Indonesian). REFERENCES Dinas PU Sumsel. Bogor. Badan Litbang Pertanian. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Entomologi dalam Perubahan Lingkungan Sosial. Artropoda predator penghuni ekosistem persawahan lebak dan pasang surut Sumatera Selatan. S. 2007. Sosromarsono. (In Indonesian).go. M. Djoko S. 413-418. Pengembangan pertanian berkelanjutan di lahan rawa untuk mendukung ketahanan pangan dan pengembangan agribisnis: Konsepsi dan strategi pengembangannya. Pengembangan daerah rawa Sumatera Selatan. 2012. Prosiding Seminar Nasional PLTT dan Hasil-hasil Penelitian/Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Spesifik Lokasi. Bogor. A. 2004. J. Dalam Prosiding Seminar Nasional Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian di Lahan Rawa. Irsan.. Puslitbangtan. 1(1):9-15.pdf. Y. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal 1(1):57-63. Prayudi. J. Jambi 2001.Khodijah et al. (In Indonesian). Jakarta. Masalah Lapang Hama Penyakit Hara pada Padi.. Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan (4):25-38. Indon. Hidayat. Pusat Litbang Tanaman Pangan. 2010. Irsan. Thalib. 78 hal. dan S. 5(2):96-107. Herlinda. Hidayat. HPT Tropika 12(1):56-63. dan P. S. 3. Populasi serangga musuh alami pada lingkungan iklim mikro di lahan pasang surut. 2000. Indon. Alihamsyah. Artropoda musuh alami penghuni ekosistem persawahan di daerah Cianjur. 5 Oktober 2004. Wilyus. dan D. S. (In Indonesian). Syam. Waluyo.P. dan A. Jawa Barat. Herlinda. (In Indonesian). Ed. (In Indonesian). dan R. dan C..

Sriwijaya University. Keywords: Fresh water. This research was done to obtain phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) indigenous from fresh-water Inceptisols that were highly capable of dissolving soil P. P concentration in the soil as an indication of phosphate solubilization capacity. soluble P INTRODUCTION Phosphorus (P) element is a major growth-limiting nutrient and referred as master key element in crop production (Saxena and Sharma 2003). Inceptisols.2Nuni POTENTIAL OF INDIGENOUS PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA FROM FRESH-WATER INCEPTISOLS TO INCREASE SOLUBLE P *) Gofar. 10. However. Padang Selasa. 6. and 20 g of AlPO4. 1. the best isolate increasing the P availability was I1. Sub-experiment II was to study the ability of isolated PSB to dissolving soil saturated with AlPO4 with a dossages of 0. when applied to soil as phosphate fertilizers. Palembang-South Sumatra. Palembang-South Sumatra 3Department 4South of Biology. In the acid soils. The soluble forms of phosphorus. more than 80% of the added P becomes immobile in acid soils and unavailable for plant uptake because of the strong fixation into unavailable complexes (Hilda and Fraga 2000).27x106 cfu g-1 soil and 5 isolates able to form clear zones on the Pikovskaya’s medium. *) This paper is also published in Special Edition of Indonesian Soil and Agroclimate Journal 145 . In soil saturated with 10 and 20 g AlPO4 kg-1. Email: pur-plso@unsri. Unlike the case for nitrogen. Barlian No.deptan. 83 Km. The research consisted of two sub-experiments. Sriwijaya University. 2002). Sriwijaya University.id) 2Department of Soil Science.id Abstract. PSB. PSB blocked P sorption by binding elements and reducing the toxicity of Al3+ and Fe3+ on plants. Email: [email protected] Luh Putu Sri Ratmini 1Researcher at Research Center for Sub-optimal Lands. and beans that were grown on fresh-water Inceptisols.ac. Palembang-South Sumatra Sumatera Assesment Institute for Agricultural Technology. Jl. The increases of soil pH value were significantly correlated with the increases of soluble P. Jl.go. Palembang-South Sumatra. corn. Sub-experiment I was to isolate the indigenous PSB from rhizosphere of rice.14 1. Kol H.id (Corresponding author email: nigofar@yahoo. and 1. Faculty of MIPA. are rendered insoluble by undergoing chemical fixation. The total P increases were significantly correlated with the increases of available P. Isolation and count of the bacterial population obtained were PSB population of 3.3Hary Widjayanti. Faculty of Agriculture.co. there is no large atmospheric source that can be made biologically available (Ezawa et al. Phone/fax: 0711352879.

Therefore. Root development. Inorganic forms of P are solubilized by a group of heterotrophic microorganisms excreting organic acids that dissolve phosphate minerals and/or chelate cationic partners of the P ions (He et al. The availability of phosphate element to plant depends mainly on the concentration of the inorganic forms (orthophosphates. and soybean plants from different location of lowland soils in South Sumatra. The research was conducted from February to August 2012. current experiment used Al-P as a source of P in the growth medium to get 146 . sampling tools were sterilized using alcohol (70% v/v) prior to sampling. 2002). Although PSB indigenous occur in soil.ions) in the soil and it is about 0. stalk and stem strength. Exploitation of indigenous PSB through biofertilization has enormous potential for making use of ever increasing fixed P in acid soil. Zea mays. Microorganisms enhance the P availability to plants by mineralizing organic P in soil and by solubilizing precipitated phosphate (Chen et al. and Fertility of Soil Science Department. Current experiment consisted of two sub-experiments. Sub-experiment II was to investigate the ability of PSB isolated in the sub-experiment I in correcting P availability of soil. Release of P by Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) from insoluble and fixed adsorbed forms is an import aspect regarding P availability in soils. crop quality. Biology. at the Laboratory of Soil Chemistry. Instead of using Ca3(PO4)2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of rice.2% of the plant dry weight (Schachtman et al.Gofar et al. A composit soil sample was also prepared from the collected soils. usually their numbers are not high enough to compete with other bacteria commonly established in the rhizosphere. The poor availability of the nutrient may influence plant quality and yield. PSB were isolated using modified Pikovskaya’s agar medium. and resistance to plant diseases are the attributes associated with phosphorus nutrition. Sub-experiment I was meant to obtain indigenous PSB isolated from each soil sample. soil P precipitated and adsorbed by Fe and Al oxides is likely to become bio-available by PSB through their organic acid production and acid phosphatase secretion. This research was done to obtain phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) indigenous from inland swamp soils that highly capable of dissolving soil P. the maintenance of a suitable P concentration in the soil solution is very essential for increasing the production of agricultural crops. 2006.and H2PO42. Kang et al. South Sumatra. Faculty of Agriculture. 2002). N-fixation in legumes. In acid soil such as lowland soils. H2PO4. crop maturity and production. Indralaya. To avoid contamination. flower and seed formation. The soil samples were kept in a cooler box and transferred into a refrigerator unless directly characterized. 1998). Sriwijaya University.

Soil sample 147 . Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed by analysis of variance for significant difference (P<0. 2. These steps were repeated up to 10-6 dillution level. N-total. and 8 weeks. soil samples were taken from 9 different sites of inland swamps in South Sumatra. 10. and incubated in an incubator for 4 days at 30oC. 2.5 g NaCl L-1 H2O) to obtain 10-1 soil suspension. The ages of IR64 rice variety of locations 1. The petridish was then swirled to homogenize the soil suspension and the growth medium. and 1 mL of the suspension was pipetted into test tubes containing 9 mL of sterilized physiological solution to obtain 10-2 soil suspension. Sub-experiment II consisted of 2 stages. C-organic.Potential of Indigenous Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria PSB isolat. which were well adapted to high solubility of Al in the tested soils. 10. respectively. The P-saturated soils (1 kg) were transferred into plastic container. The soils were then inoculated with 4 isolates of PSB from sub-experiment I. PSB were isolated by transferring 1 mL of soil suspension into sterilized petri dishes containing sterilized Pikovskaya’s medium (10 mL per petridish). The suspension was shaken reciprocally for 20 minutes.05 was used to separate treatment means for all properties. The soils (10 g) were transferred into a 250-mL Erlenmeyer containing 90 mL of sterilized physiological solution (8. Relationships among variables (available P with P-total and pH) were analyzed using regression and correlation analysis. Prior to isolation. 3 and 4 weeks after incubation from sub-experiment II. Measurement Measurements were made on population density of PSB. The first stages were to propagate 4 isolate of PSB from sub-experiment I. and 20 g AlPO4 kg-1. Soil samples 1 to 4 were taken from rice rhizosphere locations different in ages and varieties. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the present study. Ten milliliter of PSB isolate (109cfu kg-1) was pipetted into the soils. The soils were incubated at 30oC for four weeks. Propagation was carried out in liquid Pikovskaya’s medium (109 cells of PSB isolate mL-1). and availability of P from sub-experiment I and available-P and P-total at 1. The tested soils were saturated with 0. pH. and the age of local varieties of location 4 was 8 weeks. and 3 were 4. Only petridishes resulting 30-300 colonies were included in the colony counting. soils were sieved (1.00 mm aperture) to separate debris. PSB colony was characterized by clear zones on the medium.05) and least significant differences (LSD) test at P < 0.

25 35.98 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 N-total (g kg-1) AvailableP (mg kg-1) 0. and their live weight may exceed 2. 1998).000 kg ha-1 (Baudoin et al.17 1.10 3. In general. PSB population in the soil surrounding crop rhizosfer of rice. Kab.05 43.91 0.Gofar et al.05 3.12 0. N-total. one gram of fertile soil contains 101 to 1010 bacteria. Ogan Ilir Desa Lubuk Dalam Kab OKI Desa Lubuk Dalam. C-organic.55 PSB population (cfu g-1) 22.20 1.17) and medium to very low contents of C-organic.87 x 106 2. Even though the soil samples in this study were very acid and low to medium fertility.06 to 50. and CEC. but they contained enough PSB population as a source of isolates. and 7 were taken from rhizosphere locations of hybridcorn of 8 weeks old and sweet corn of 4 and 6 weeks old. Kab. Kab OKI Desa Indralaya. The analysis results of soil pH.65 45.59 to 5.90 1. total-N. Phosphate solubilizing efficiency study was carried out by performing an experiment of halozone formation around the bacterial colony when incubated for 7 and 14 days at 30oC on Pikovskaya’s agar media.27 x 106 4. the soils used in this experiment can be categorized as low to medium fertility soils. Some soil chemical properties and PSB population of each site 8 Site location pH 1 Desa Pemulutan. OKI Kelurahan Timbangan. Usually.10 50.73 0. OKI Desa Pulau Gemantung 1.34 85. 6.50 45. Kab.96 21. organic matter. Population of PSB depends on different soil properties (physical and chemical properties.34 x 106 Acid soils of South Sumatra has been reported to have indigenous PSB population from 1 to 2 x 106cfu g-1 in Ultisols (Sabaruddin 2004) and 108cfu g-1 in Inceptisols (Gofar et al. and PSB population are presented in Table 1. available P.06 x 106 4. and soybean ranged from 3.Ogan Ilir 3. Soil sample 9 was taken from rhizosphere location of soybean with 6 of weeks of age.27 cfu g-1. Table 1. Kab.50 84.32 70. The halozone formation test 148 .Ogan Ilir Desa Indralaya. Kab. 5. The bacterium that possessing the ability to solubilize phosphate formed a clear zone around them.28 43. OKI Desa Pulau Gemantung 1.05 50.00 x 106 3.38 0.99 Corganic (g kg-1) 1. Kab.92 0.59 0.51 0.16 16.39 x 106 4. and P contents) and cultivation activities (Kim et al. Ogan Ilir Desa Pulau Gemantung 1. 2002).47 1.30 x 106 5.00 3. maize. These properties were show by high soil acidity (soil pH from 3.02 x 106 4.24 20.59 1.57 0.67 0.17 13. Kab. 2007).25 1.15 37.07 x 106 4.

and I5) had the ability to solubilize phosphate or as PSB. Psaturated soil significantly affected available P every week. I3. but PSB-isolate affected available P at 2 and 3 weeks incubation periods. application of 5 PSB isolates enhanced P availability along with increasing incubation period. Figure 2 (10 g AlPO4 kg-1). Changes in available P in the soil saturated with P (10 g AlPO4 kg-1) 149 . Amounts of available P in the three saturated P soils are presented in Figure 1 (0 g AlPO4 kg-1). Figure 1. I2. respectively. In the soil unsaturated with P (0 g AlPO4 kg-1). If the soil saturated with P. available P decreased in the incubation period of four weeks. I4. Changes in available P in the soil unsaturated with P (0 g AlPO4 kg-1) Incubation periods (weeks) Figure 2. and Figure 3 (20 g AlPO4 kg-1).Potential of Indigenous Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria revealed that five bacteria (I1.

Carboxylic anions replace phosphate from sorption complexes by ligand exchange and chelate both Fe and Al ions associated with phosphate. the best isolate that increased the availability of P was I1. Total-P is the sum of all P elements in the soil. Fe. Ca) and decrease the pH in basic soils (Stevenson 2005). available or unavailable. however.having higher affinity to reactive soil surfaces (Whitelaw 2000). both organic and inorganic. Figure 4 shows relationship between the total-P and available P in the tested soils. Incubation periods (weeks) Figure 3. releasing phosphate available for plant uptake after transformation (Khan et al. mainly by chelation-mediated mechanisms (Whitelaw 2000). Solubilization of Fe and Al occurs via proton released a long with PSB by decreasing the negative charge of adsorbing surfaces to facilitate the sorption of negatively charged P ions.Gofar et al. Changes in available P in the soil saturated with P (20 g AlPO4 kg-1) At P saturated soils. 2009). Carboxylic acids mainly solubilize Al-P and Fe-P through direct dissolution of mineral phosphate as a result of anion exchange of PO43. Although high buffering capacity of soil reduces the effectiveness of PSB in releasing P from bound phosphates. In soils saturated with 10 and 20 g AlPO4 kg-1. equilibrium between available P and 150 . In acidic soils. It clearly shows that the increases of total P were significantly correlated with the increases of available P. Inorganic P is solubilized by the action of organic and inorganic acids secreted by PSB in which hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of acids chelate cations (Al.by acid anion or by chelation of both Fe and Al ions associated with phosphate. Released proton can also decrease P sorption upon acidification. enhancing microbial activity through PSB inoculants may contribute considerably in plant uptake. P availability was highest in each incubation period due to isolate I1 and I4. Phosphorus solubilizing is carried out by a large number of saprophytic bacteria on sparingly soluble soil phosphates. which increases H2PO4.in relation to HPO42.

The increases of soil pH were significantly correlated with the increases of soluble P. according to kinetics and rate of P accumulation. the P concentration in the culture both as indication of phosphate solubilization capacity should be viewed with caution and a kinetic study of this parameter would offer a more reliable picture of cellular behavior toward P (Hilda and Fraga 2000). Cerezine et al. When the rate of uptake is higher than that of solubilization. In the acid soils. this event being repeated several times in the culture. which are subsequently used as an energy or nutrient source. More probably. Inorganic forms of P are solubilized by a group of heterotrophic bacteria excreting organic acids that dissolve chelate cationic partners of the P ions directly and release P into solution.4 increased the activity of PSB so that the availability of P also increased. it was not related to titratable acidity. a decrease of P concentration in the medium could be observed. Thus. An alternative explanation could be the difference in the rate of P release and uptake. These changes in P concentration could be a consequence of P precipitation of organic metabolites and/or the formation of organic-P compounds with secreted organic acids. which confirms that the solubilizing ability is not related to organic production but to the nature of the organic products. This last type of kinetic behavior has also been observed. When the uptake rate decreases (for instance as a consequence of decreasing growth or entry into stationary phase). the P level in the medium increases again. PSB blocked P sorption by binding elements and reducing the toxicity of Al3+ and Fe3+on plants.9 to 4. Figure 5 shows the relationship between soil pH and available P. (2001) considered that even though the concentration of soluble phosphates related to pH. available P will decline due to Al-P formation (Havlin et al. These groups range from a linear increase of P concentration along with the growth of the culture. 151 . a combination of two or more phenomena could be involved in this behavior. 1999). Babenko et al.Potential of Indigenous Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria occluded P to be disrupted so that the time. to oscillating behavior with variations in the soluble P levels giving rise to several peaks and troughs of P concentration. This suggests that the increase in pH from 3. (1984) have isolated and grouped phosphate-solubilizing bacteria into four different types.

1x + 49.3 0.Gofar et al.21 R² = 0.4 0. PSB blocked P sorption by binding elements and reducing the toxicity of Al3+ and Fe3+ on plants. P concentration in the soil was as an indication of phosphate solubilization capacity.6 Total P (%) Figure 4. 152 .5 0. the best isolate increasing the availability of P was I1. Relationship between available P and total-P in fresh water Inceptisols Figure 5. Relationship between pH and available P in soil inoculated with PSB CONCLUSIONS In soil saturated with 10 and 20 g AlPO4 kg-1.292 400 300 200 100 0 0 0. In the acid soils. Avaiable P (mg kg-1) 500 y = 380.2 0.1 0. The increases of soil pH were significantly correlated with the increases of soluble P. The increases of total P were significantly correlated with the increases of available P.

L. Smith. Phoshorus solubilizing bacteria: Occurrence. J. Changes in microbial biomass and P fractions in biogenic household waste compost amended with inorganic P fertilizers.. Akhtar. Zhu. 1984. Young. 33: 647-663. Smith. M. Biotech. Joergensen. with contract number of 1. and A. and R. 2007. Rekha. Biol.G. Plant Anal. J.L. Prentice Hall. S.C.L.E. 6th Ed. Adv.B. 2006. 2009. M.S. and W. 17: 319-339. and their role in crop production. P metabolism and transport in AM fungi. Fraga. and C. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion.A. He. Bioresour.S. Beaton.. Bian.S. and F. T. Gofar. Sppl. Arunshen.D. Impact of growth stages on the bacterial community structure along maize roots as determined by metabolic and genetic fingerprinting. S. Technol. 2002. Baudoin. W. Napoleon.. Khan. mechanisms. Dolgikh. Guckert. M. E. G. 2002. Soil Ecol. 2002. Akta Agrosia Edisi Khusus no 1: 5-10. Plant Soil 244: 221-230.Potential of Indigenous Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Research and Technology. Tisdale. and T. Z. Naqvi. Screening and identification of microorganisms capable of utilizing phosphate absorbed by goethite.D. Republic of Indonesia that provided funding for the implementation of this research. Comm.. R.F. Biological activity and physiology biochemical properties of bacteria dissolving phosphates. Havlin.A. Agric. Nelson. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria from subtropical soil and their tricalcium phosphate solubilizing abilities.55/SEK/IRS/PPK/I/2011. E. Lai.A. J. Khan. Soil Ecol. New Jersey. Y... Hilda. Keragaman mikroba tanah pada lahan budidaya daerah lebak.100: 303-309.. Chen. L. Grigoryev. 34(1): 33-41. and J. Y. Jilani. Ezawa. Microbiology. REFERENCES Babenko. Benizri. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers: An introduction to nutrient management. N. K. J.M.P. and R. and M.S. Soil Sci. 153 .I. and A.. Sci. 1(1): 48-58. 2000. 19(2): 135-145. A.L. 2009. Diha. Borisova. 53:533–539. A. E. P. 1999. Appl. Tyrygina. G.

Agron.A. Hat. Stevenson. Indigenous P-solubilizing response on liming following fire on Acacia mangium plantation. K. S. Jodhpur. and A. Scientific Publ. 5973.C. Advances in Microbiology. J. Jordan. and S. Reid. Schachtman. Soils 26: 79-87. Kim. C.. and D. J. 10 (1): 55-62.. 154 .P. and V. Sulfur. Sabaruddin. Saxena. Fert. 2004. Soils.J. 1998. Solubilization of insoluble inorganic phosphates by a soil-inhabiting fungus Fomitopsis sp. Growth promotion of plants inoculated with phosphate solubilizing fungi. 116: 447-453. Whitelaw.M. 2005. PS 102. McDonald. India. p. M. Curr. Bio. Kang. 82: 439-442.G. Phosphorus uptake by plants: From soil to cell. Sharma. Micronutrients. Effect of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae on tomato growth and soil microbial activity. D.G. Lee.Gofar et al. Cycles of soil: Carbon. PI Phy. 69: 99-151. Nitrogen. F.Y. Ayling.R. Phosphorus. Maheshwari. J. 1998. T. John Wiley and Sons.. Trop. Adv. 2003.K. 2000. New York. Sci. D. 2002. Phosphate solubilizing activity of microbes and their role as biofertilizer.

Fax. Kerapatan populasi serangga hama yang ditemukan pada tanaman padi yang diaplikasikan dengan mikoinsektisida lebih rendah dari pada lahan yang diaplikasikan insektisida sintetik. dan Oxyopidae. College of Agriculture. The objective of this research was to compare the abundance and species number of the predatory-arthropods inhabiting paddy fields applied with mycoinsecticide and synthetic insecticide. This research was carried out on paddy field of fresh swamp in Musi Banyuasin from July up to Desember 2011. Thalib 1Rosdah 1Department of Plant Pests and Diseases. Fresh Swamp. The canopy-inhabiting and soildwelling predatory arthropods were sampled using net and pitfall traps. Artropoda predator yang ditemukan didominasi oleh serangga dan laba-laba.2*)Siti and PREDATORY ARTHROPODS ON FRESH SWAMP PADDY FIELD APPLIED WITH MYCOINSECTICIDE AND SYNTHETIC INSECTICIDE Herlinda. Labiidae. Mycoinsecticide Abstrak. 1Yulia Pujiastuti. +62711580663. The population of pest insects found on the paddy field applied with mycoinsecticide was lower than that applied with the synthetic insecticide. Tetragnatidae. The most important pest insect found on paddy field of fresh swamp in Musi Banyuasin was the rice gundhi bug (Leptocoriza acuta) and the most dominant predatory-arthropods found were Pardosa pseudoannulata and Pheropsophus occipitalis. Penelitian ini dilakukan di pertanaman padi lebak di Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin dari bulan Juli hingga Desember 2011. Formicidae. Palembang-South Sumatra.id Abstract. Keywords: Predatory Arthropods. Labiidae. Formicidae. Tetragnatidae. Serangga hama yang 155 . Paddy. and Oxyopidae. 1David Afriansyah Putra. respectively. Contoh artropoda predator penghuni tajuk dan permukaan tanah masing-masing diambil menggunakan jaring serangga dan lubang jebakan. Sriwijaya University. The canopy-inhabiting arthropods found were Coccinelidae.go. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan kelimpahan dan jumlah spesies artropoda predator yang menghuni pertanaman padi yang diaplikasikan mikoinsektisida dan insektisida sintetik. The predatory arthropods found were predatory insect and spiders. 2Researcher at Research Center for Sub-optimal Lands (PUR-PLSO). 1Chandra Irsan.ac. and the soil-dwelling arthropods found were Carabidae. sitiherlinda@drn. Email: sitiherlinda@unsri. Palembang-South Sumatra *)Corresponding author: Telp. Artropoda penghuni tajuk yang ditemukan adalah Coccinelidae. Sriwijaya University. Results indicated that the arthropods inhabiting paddy field applied with mycoinsecticide had the higher abundance and species number compared to the field applied with synthetic insecticide.id. dan Lycosidae. +62711580276. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa artropoda penghuni pertanaman padi yang diaplikasikan mikoinsektisida memiliki kelimpahan dan jumlah spesies lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan lahan yang diaplikasikan insektisida sintetik.15 1. sedangkan artropoda predator penghuni tanah yang ditemukan adalah Carabidae. and Lycosidae.

Kata Kunci: Artropoda predator. Predatory arthropod in rice field is generally in abundant quantity and has high species diversity. brown planthopper. 2001. rice gundhi bug (Herlinda et al. padi. The abundance of these predatory arthropods is high if synthetic insecticide is not applied on rice crop. Predatory arthropods which living in fresh swamp and tidal lowland of South Sumatra were also dominated by Staphylinidae. 2004). b). and Lycosidae (Khodijah et al. mikoinsektisida INTRODUCTION There is a constraint from attack of interferer organisms such as pests in rice crop cultivation. 2005a. especially of Staphylinidae and Carabidae families. 2010). Artropoda predator yang paling dominan ditemukan adalah Pardosa pseudoannulata dan Pheropsophus occipitalis. was available in abundant quantity either from insects group or spider group.Herlinda et al. 2004). Predatory arthropod in optimal soil of rice field land such as in Cianjur. 2006). Entomopathogen fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metharizium anisopliae had proven to be capable of controlling planthopper (Herlinda et al. Carabidae. The dominant predatory insect was from Coleoptera. and cabbage caterpillar of Plutella xylostella (Herlinda et al. especially arthropod predator. paling dominan menyerang serangga hama padi lebak di Kabupaten Musi banyuasin adalah walang sangit (Leptocoriza acuta). 2008). rice green leafhopper. lebak. 156 . Population of these pests is controlled by their natural predator. 2008a). IRRI 2003). The dominant pests found in rice crop consisted of rice stem borer (Wilyus et al. West Java. and rice gundhi bug (Tandiabang et al. 2012). Application of entomopathogen fungus to control rice pests should be studied in relation to its impact on predatory arthropod community. The objective of this research was to compare the abundance and species number of the predatory-arthropods inhabiting paddy fields by application of mycoinsecticide and synthetic insecticide. 2012). It had been reported that these predatory arthropods are capable of controlling important insect pest population that attack rice crop (Herlinda et al. leaf worm (Herlinda 2010. cabbage bug (Herlinda et al. Herlinda et al. whereas dominant predatory spider was from Lycosidae (Herlinda et al. Application of entomopathogen fungus is currently used as substitute for synthetic insecticide (Herlinda et al. 2008b).

Identification of insects and spiders was based on their morphological characteristics. The trapped arthropods were sorted and put into plastic bags (1 kg size) that had already been filled with 70% alcohol solution. The traps were installed for 48 hours and started from 18. The vials were equipped with date and sampling location labels and were subsequently carried into laboratory. College of Agriculture. This glass was filled with 70 mL of 4% formaline solution and was placed on soil surface at rice field ridge. 10. Trap installation was started when rice crops were at period of 4.00 West Indonesian Time (WIB).00-07. Sampling of canopy-inhabiting arthropod was done by using insects dragnet. arthropods were identified under the microscope and their individual numbers were calculated at laboratory. Subsequently. Observation was done by counting insects population directly on sample crops (50 rice 157 . Sriwijaya University. 6. Observation of Important Pest Insects on Rice Fields Observation of important pest insects (all species of planthoppers and bugs as well as stem borers) was started when rice crop was at periods of 4. 10. Twelve pitfall traps located at rice field ridge were installed at each location. and 12 WAP. 8. 12. The glass was then uplifted and the trapped insects were put into vial bottle containing 70% alcohol solution. (2004).Predatory Arthropods on Paddy Field of Fresh Swamp MATERIALS AND METHODS Observation of Predatory Insects Dwelling Soil This research was carried out on paddy or rice field of fresh swamp in Musi Banyuasin from July up to December 2011. was done by using pitfall traps based on the method of Herlinda et al. Pitfall trap was made from plastic glass having volume of 250 mL. Observation of Predatory Arthropod Inhabiting Canopy Arthropods inhabiting at canopy were observed by using the method of Herlinda et al. 8. Anthropod samplings were done when rice crop was at periods of 4. Insects identification was done by using reference book written by Barrion and Litsinger (1994). (2004). The collected arthropods were identified under microscope and the individual numbers of arthropods were calculated at Entomology Laboratory. Data were recorded and descriptively analyzed as well as presented in form of tables. Indralaya. 6. 8. and 14 weeks after planting (WAP). Plant Pest and Disease Department.00 West Indonesian Time (WIB). which inhabited soil surface. 10. Anthropod sampling was done with 20 swings per location at 06. Spiders identification was done by using reference book written by Barrion and Litsinger (1995). Sampling of predatory arthropod. and 12 WAP. Data were recorded and descriptively analyzed as well as presented in form of tables. 6.

but the species numbers and abundance of predatory arthropod when rice crop was at period of 10 WAP were relatively similar between rice fields received application of mycoinsecticide and synthetic insecticide. which dwelled the soil surface. species numbers of predatory arthropod. was back into initial trend. Abundance of predatory arthropod was also higher with application of mycoinsecticide than that of synthetic insecticide (Table 1).Herlinda et al. According to Herlinda et al. Species numbers and abundance of soil-dwelling predatory arthropods on rice crop at vegetative phase applied with mycoinsecticide and synthetic insecticide Class. which inhabited the soil surface of rice field. higher with application of mycoinsecticide than that of synthetic insecticide (Table 3). Order. i. the predators prefered plots having mycoinsecticide application than that of synthetic insecticide. This trend still occurred when rice crop was at period of 8 WAP (Table 2). Data were recorded and descriptively analyzed as well as presented in form of tables the trapped insects were identified in laboratory. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION During vegetative phase (4 and 6 WAP) of rice. species numbers and abundance of predatory arthropod. This trend indicated that mycoinsecticide application had no deterioration impact on species numbers and abundance of predatory arthropod that dwelled the soil surface. These insects were grouped according to their types and calculation was done to determine their numbers. JI = Individual Numbers For rice crop heading and immediately before harvest phases (12 and 14 WAP). clumps) per plot. Table 1. On the contrary. but also the neutral insects (organic matter decomposer or consumer) 158 . Family Insecta Coleoptera Carabidae Hymenoptera Formicidae Demaptera Labiidae Arachinida Lycosidae Total Rice at 4 WAP Synthetic Mycoinsecticide insecticide JS JI JS JI Rice at 6 WAP Synthetic Mycoinsecticide insecticide JS JI JS JI 3 11 1 6 3 19 2 10 2 8 2 6 2 20 2 11 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 6 26 1 4 8 20 1 6 10 49 1 5 6 27 JS = Species Numbers. Similarity of this predatory arthropod was due to its abundance peak occurring when rice crop was at period of 10 WAP that might result in species flow amongst plots. (2008c) synthetic insecticide application on rice field killed not only the pest and the predatory arthropod.e. tended to be higher with application of mycoinsecticide than that of synthetic insecticide.

JI = Individual Numbers Table 3. The unavailablity of pest insects as prey after harvest could be substituted by alternative preys such as the above mentioned neutral insects Table 2. Order. when the rice was at 8 WAP. Predatory arthropod could survive for all season if their preys were available. However.Predatory Arthropods on Paddy Field of Fresh Swamp at soil surface as alternative prey for predatory arthropods. Family Insecta Coleoptera Carabidae Hymenoptera Formicidae Demaptera Labiidae Arachinida Lycosidae Total Rice at 8 WAP Synthetic Mycoinsecticide insecticide JI JS JI JS Rice at 10 WAP Mycoinsecticid Synthetic e insecticide JI JS JI JI 6 45 5 27 6 57 6 51 4 22 2 26 3 26 4 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 22 89 1 8 6 59 1 9 17 100 1 11 7 99 JS = Species Numbers. Species numbers and abundance of soil-dwelling predatory arthropods on rice crop at harvesting phase applied with mycoinsecticide and synthetic insecticide Rice at 12 WAP Synthetic Class. Species numbers and abundance of soil-dwelling predatory arthropods on rice crop at early generative phase applied with mycoinsecticide and synthetic insecticide Class. JI = Individual Numbers Species numbers of predatory arthropod which inhabited rice canopy (at vegetative phase within period of 4 and 6 WAP) were similar between plots having mycoinsecticide and synthetic insecticide applications (Table 4). species numbers of predatory arthropod tended to be higher at plot having mycoinsecticide application than that of synthetic insecticide application. There was again equal 159 . Order. Family Mycoinsecticide insecticide JS JI JS JI Insecta Coleoptera Carabidae 3 25 2 16 Hymenoptera Formicidae 2 24 3 13 Demaptera Labiidae 0 0 0 0 Arachinida Lycosidae 1 10 1 6 Total 6 59 6 35 Rice at 14 WAP Synthetic Mycoinsecticide insecticide JS JI JS JI 2 15 2 8 2 13 1 6 0 0 0 0 1 5 6 34 1 4 5 19 JS = Species Numbers.

during the filling and tillering phases. Order. Compared to soil dwelling. arthropod inhabiting canopy had not shown higher trend at mycoinsecticide plot. Table 4. This was due to the fact that mobility of predatory arthropod inhabiting canopy was higher than soil dwelling one so that the application of mycoinsecticide and synthetic insecticide was not as effective as for soil dwelling predatory arthropod. rice gundhi bug. The last observation (rice age at 12 WAP) showed that predatory arthropod abundance was higher at plot having mycoinsecticide application than that of synthetic insecticide application (Table 6). arthropod abundance at plots having mycoinsecticide and synthetic insecticide applications (Table 5) when rice was at 10 WAP. other planthoppers. 160 .Herlinda et al. Pest insects population at plot with mycoinsecticide application was lower than that with synthetic insecticide application (Table 7). and sourthern green stink bug. rice stem borer. Immediately before harvesting (14 WAP). Family Insecta Coleoptera Coccinelidae Arachnida Tetragnatidae Oxyopidae Total Rice at 4 WAP Synthetic Mycoinsecticide insecticide JS JI JS JI Rice at 6 WAP Synthetic Mycoinsecticide insecticide JS JI JS JI 1 1 1 4 2 20 2 21 1 1 3 9 1 11 1 0 2 10 0 14 1 0 3 18 0 38 1 0 3 13 0 34 JS = Species Numbers. JI = Individual Numbers Important pest species attacking rice crop at fresh swamp area having application of mycoinsecticide and synthetic insecticide consisted of rice green leafhopper. Species numbers and abundance of canopy-inhabiting predatory arthropods on rice crop at vegetative phase applied with mycoinsecticide and synthetic insecticide Class. it showed similarity in species numbers and predatory abundance with plot having synthetic insecticide application. pest insects population was drastically dropped. however. Population of these important pest insects was tend to increase according to increase of rice crop ages and the peak population occurred at 10 WAP.

Species numbers and abundance of canopy-inhabiting predatory arthropods on rice crop at 12 WAP applied with mycoinsecticide and synthetic insecticide Class. JI = Individual Numbers 161 . JI = Individual Numbers Table 6. Order. Family Insecta Coleoptera Coccinelidae Arachnida Tetragnatidae Oxyopidae Total Mycoinsecticide JS JI Synthetic insecticide JS JI 1 12 1 5 3 0 4 18 0 30 3 0 4 12 0 17 JS = Species Numbers. Order.Predatory Arthropods on Paddy Field of Fresh Swamp Table 5. Family Insecta Coleoptera Coccinelidae Arachnida Tetragnatidae Oxyopidae Total Rice at 8 WAP Synthetic Mycoinsecticide insecticide JS JI JS JI Rice at 10 WAP Synthetic Mycoinsecticide insecticide JS JI JS JI 1 15 1 6 1 22 1 30 2 0 3 25 0 40 2 0 3 15 0 21 3 0 4 38 0 60 3 0 4 35 0 65 JS = Species Numbers. Species numbers and abundance of canopy-inhabiting predatory arthropods on rice crop at early generative phase applied with mycoinsecticide and synthetic insecticide Class.

8 1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was funded by community extension service through science and technology program for community (IbM). The results indicated that the arthropods inhabiting paddy field applied with mycoinsecticide had higher abundance and species number compared to the field applied with synthetic insecticide. Immediately before rice harvesting. Rice crop at the filling and tillering phases generally contained nutrients or primary subtances that were mostly prefered by pest insects and in addition. The most important pest insect found on paddy field of fresh swamp in Musi Banyuasin was the rice gundhi bug (Leptocoriza acuta) and the most dominant predatoryarthropods found were Pardosa pseudoannulata and Pheropsophus occipitalis. Pb = rice stem borer. Table 7. Formicidae. Labiidae.2 12 11. and the soil-dwelling arthropods found were Carabidae.6 Wh = rice green leafhopper. 28th March 2011.4 2.2/PM/2011.Herlinda et al. rice crop tissues became hard and difficult to be cut or absorbed by pest insects. and Oxyopidae. CONCLUSION The canopy-inhabiting arthropods found were Coccinelidae. Kh = sourthern green stink bug The highest pest insects population was during the paddy filling and tillering phases because these phases were prefered by pest insects. plant tissues were softer due to high water content within them.8 7 6.3.4 5. Ministry of National Education with contract number of 057/UN9. The population of pest insects found on the paddy field applied with mycoinsecticide was lower than that on the field applied with synthetic insecticide. and Lycosidae.4 2. Rice grains immediately before harvesting were hard and difficult to be pierced by rice gundhi bug. Insect pest species found on rice with application of mycoinsecticide and synthetic insecticide (numbers/50 plants) Rice-age (weeks) Wh Wl Ws Pb Kh Total Wh Wl Ws Pb Kh Total 4 8 10 0 10 9 14 12 9 0 0 12 0 0 9 0 0 0 14 22 39 0 17 9 20 25 15 0 0 31 0 0 8 0 0 0 20 42 63 12 14 0 0 0 0 13 9 8 0 12 0 33 9 0 0 0 0 19 7 6 0 8 0 33 7 Total 19 35 34 17 12 117 26 60 57 14 8 165 Rata-rata 3. 162 .8 3. Directorate General of Higher Education. Tetragnatidae. Ws= rice gundhi bug. Wl = other planthoppers.

Pujiastuti Y. Herlinda S. terhadap larva Plutella xylostella (L. 71 hal. Herlinda S. Agria 2(2):34-37. Jamur entomopatogen untuk mengendalikan wereng coklat pada tanaman padi. IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). Herlinda S. Selection of isolates of entomopathogenic fungi. Indon. 2004. Mulyati SI. Microbiology Indonesia 4(3):137-142. 2003. terhadap nimfa Eurydema pulchrum (Westw. Spore density and viability of entomopathogenic fungal isolates from Indonesia. Herlinda S. 2006. Kartosuwondo U. Mayasari R. 2005a. Tropical Life Sciences Research. Identification and Selection of Entomopathogenic Fungi as Biocontrol Agents for Aphis gossypii from South Sumatra. Artropoda musuh alami penghuni ekosistem persawahan di daerah Cianjur. Hara pada Padi. Waluyo. Thalib R. Mulyati SI.) Vuill.) Vuill. Sosromarsono S. Sari EM. J. Suwandi. Agritrop 24(2)52-57. Siswadi. Suwandi. Masalah Lapang Hama. Adam T. 1(1):9-15. terhadap larva Plutella xylostella (L. penerjemah. Nurnawati E. 2005b. The Pests of Crops in Indonesia. Suwandi.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Indon.Predatory Arthropods on Paddy Field of Fresh Swamp REFERENCES Herlinda S. and the bioefficacy of their liquid production against Leptocorisa oratorius Fabricius nymphs.) Vuill. Jakarta: Ichtiar Baru-Van Hoeve. Penyakit. Agritrop 27(3):119-126. Perbandingan keanekaragaman spesies dan kelimpahan arthropoda predator penghuni tanah di sawah lebak yang diaplikasi dan tanpa aplikasi insektisida. Suwandi.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) di rumah kaca. Kalshoven LGE. Rauf A. 5(2):96-107. Herlinda S. Variasi virulensi strain-strain Beauveria bassiana (Bals. Toksisitas isolat-isolat Beauveria bassiana (Bals. Laan PA van der. Riyanta A. Microbiology Indonesia 2(3):141-145. 2008a. Pelawi J. Jawa Barat. Inovasi 2(2):85-92. Herlinda S. 2008c. Patogenisitas isolat-isolat Beauveria bassiana (Bals. 21(1):13-21. Entomol. Hidayat P. 2008b. Entomol. 1981. Nurnawati E. Herlinda S. Hamadiyah. and its virulence against Aphis gossypii Glover Homoptera: Aphididae). Pujiastuti Y. Riyanta A. Irsan C.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). 2010. Herlinda S. Terjemahan dari: De Plagen van de Culuurgewassen in Indonesie. 163 . 2010. Estuningsih SP. Septariani S. Irsan C. J. IRRI.

Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal 1(1):57-63. J. Thalib R. Herlinda S. HPT Tropika 12(1):56-63. 2012. Fluktuasi populasi wereng hijau (Nephotettix virescens) dan intensitas penyakit tungro di Lanrang. Pujiastuti Y. Potensi parasitoid telur penggerek batang padi kuning Scirpophaga incertulas Walker pada berbagai tipologi lahan di Provinsi Jambi. 2012. 2001. Wilyus. Pujiastuti Y. Khodijah. Fitopat. Irsan C. Irsan C.Herlinda et al. Artropoda predator penghuni ekosistem persawahan lebak dan pasang surut Sumatera Selatan. Sidrap. Herlinda S. 164 . Tandiabang J. Koesnang. 5:24-29. Ind. J. Muis A. Sulawesi Selatan.

2) Analysis sampling test. increased frequency of extreme events such as El-nino and La nina. 524 Palembang-South Sumatra. Climate change as impact of global warming could exacerbate the decline in environmental quality as a result of drought risk. lowland INTRODUCTION South Sumatra Province is an area particularly vulnerable to climate change to sea-level rise. extreme waves. Sriwijaya University and Advisor Commission Abstract. and Canal Sebalik. climate change. erosion and deposition. Karang Anyar village. and impact on water resources. Jln. and calculations of water volume and water needs concluded that the site Canal Sebalik could meet water needs for the population and industry in the region. sea level rise. The locations are port of Tanjung Api-Api. and extreme waves cause flood.Email: yunanhamdani@ymail. Padang Selasa no. 2Dwi Setyawan. sampling laboratory test performed to determine levels of salinity electrical conductivity and turbidity. sampling time at the lowest tide. To determine the raw water quality conditions that can be used for clean water on site research conducted sampling at five locations in the region Banyuasin Valley. Sritiga village of Muara Telang District Sritiga Telang. vulnerability. higher levels of sea flooding. 2Budhi Setiawan. advance of saltwater into estuaries and coastal river systems. These consequences are expected to be overwhelmingly negative and particularly serious in deltas and small 165 . Sea level rise is likely to cause salt water intrusion into surface waters and coastal aquifers. GIZ 2012). and infrastructure (KRAPI South Sumatra. Affandi 1Doctoral Candidate of Environmental Program.com 2Doctor of Environmental Doctoral Program. The test results in laboratory. more extensive coastal inundation.16 1Yunan PRELIMINARY STUDY OF WATER AVAILABILITY RELATED TO IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE (CASE STUDY: TANJUNG API-API PORT AREA. water reduced availability and flooding. 3) Results and discussion. K. Bappenas. Banyuasin Valley is a supporting region of Port Tanjung Api-api. Methods in this study consisted of three stages namely: 1) Inventory data. It is one of the most vulnerable areas in Southeast Asia. field measurements. Sriwijaya University. Sungsang Village Banyuasin District II. Precipitation. agriculture and forestry. increases in the landward reach of sea waves and storm surges and new or accelerated coastal erosion. changes in rainfall. ocean currents. inundation. BANYUASIN VALLEY) Hamdani. and salt water intrusion. Keyword: Water availability. rising temperature. average tide and the highest tide. health. and 2Azhar. develop meso level (regional level) of vulnerability assessment to micro level (local/cities level) and provide information about vulnerability level of community at Banyuasin Valley.

Identifying the impact of climate change on infrastructure as distinct from other influences on our need to maintain. and replace infrastructure. and Muara Telang Districts. As awareness to climate change. benefits from explicit attention to a conceptual model for impact assessment. Telang River to the east. the program has been planned for development of deep sea port in the TanjungApi-api. Bappenas (Republic of Indonesia) with GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaftfuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit) have been doing vulnerability assessment in macro level (national). Tanjung Api-api District covers most of the areas in Banyuasin II. islands. Climate change and climate variability are also expected to impact agriculture. especially due to strong wind.Hamdani et al. flood associated with more intense tropical cyclone and storms. Climate change is defined as long process and contains high complexity that very unpredictable. Overall the area is about 12. Vulnerability Assessment in Indonesia In the district of Banyuasin. repair.282 hectares. largely through a decline in soil and water quality. (2012) in South Sumatra Province (see Figure 1). The IPCC has outlined representative examples of projected infrastructure impacts of extreme climate phenomena (IPCC 2001a). climate change is forecasted to bring gradual changes in weather patterns and changes in the variability of extreme events to broad geographic regions. 166 . and Canal Sebalik (PU) in the south. although using strictly mitigation. Climate change may increase the risk of structural damage to buildings. Tanjung Lago. Macro Level Source: Abdurahman and Setiawan (2010) Meso Level Source: Suroso et al (2012) Figure 1. The area is bordered by the supporters of protected forest and river water Telang Banyuasin to the north and west. This assessment is developed to meso level (regional) by Suroso et al. (2001). As supporting region. From Freeman et al.

Vulnerability indicators used in the assessment were the condition of the home. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Determination of Quality Water Laboratory test results showed that water conductivity in a village was in the range of 65. and Banyuasin II. Samples of raw water were taken at five locations and laboratory test was done to know turbidity. The region was overlayed to land use at the sites. As many as 253 respondents were randomly selected from comunity of 3 villages: Tanjung Lago. the vulnerability is determined by the vulnerability index resulting from the parameters/indicators owned by the elements that have the potential risk to the impacts of climate change. 2) Telang river estuary District near the Sungsang village. 167 . Direct observation was done to find out data for hazard measurement by sea level rise. and high vulnerability. and conductivity the waters.Preliminary Study of Water Availability Related to Impact The aim of this study was to determine raw water quality conditions that can be used for clean water and developing meso level (regional level) of vulnerability assessment to micro level (local/cities level) and provide information about vulnerability level of community at Banyuasin Valley. 5) Canal Sebalik District (see fig 2). No. to make a vulnerability map. The five locations of raw water sampling were: 1) River Estuary District Banyuasin Pier Tanjung Api-api. Permenkes. and monthly income of existing residents. Questionairs were distributed in order to find out data on people condition at Banyusin Valley. Muara Telang. 907/2002 sets maximum conductivity of 300 μS cm-1 so it can be concluded that the water conductivity in Canal Sebalik village meets quality requirements. 4) Karang Anyar District.31 mg l-1 (the smallest value) and 191. The vulnerability indices were classified into three classes. the type of vulnerability focused on the conditions and circumstances that existed throughout the Tanjung Lago to Sungsang villages. namely low vulnerability. which were below the threshold value of 500 mg l-1. salinity. In this study.9 μS cm-1. MATERIALS AND METHOD The research was conducted from April 2011 to June 2012. The assessment at Banyuasin Valley. number of occupants.8 to 108. moderate vulnerability. 3) Sritiga village area. The measurement results on salinity or the amount of dissolved salt content of six samples from Canal Sebalik were 6. water consumption.7 mg l-1 (the largest value).

average (MHWL) is 140 cm (Figure 3 and 4) 168 . The storm surge of the South China Sea with a height of about 20 cm can occur 3 times a year. 2012). (The Risk Assessment on Climate Change Adaptation in South Sumatra. From the analysis description of some parameters in the test. Map of research location Hazard Assessment of Climate Change The components of coastal flooding hazards caused by the combination of sea level rise. La-Nina phenomenon is predicted to often occur for long period that can result in increasingly high waves. it can be concluded that the water from canal sebalik distrct was used as a source of raw water to be processed into clean water. The study concluded that the oceanographic scientific basis of sea level rised to around 13. 1 2 3 4 1 5 1 4 1 1 Figure 2. Sea level rise is complete sea level variability.Hamdani et al. and La-Nina phenomenon at maximum tide were divided into six scenarios (see Table 2). In the future.15 cm in 2030 relative to current conditions (greenhouse gas emission scenarios are moderate-SRESa1b). storm surges. From the calculation of measurement results obtained. which occurs both periodically (once tide a day with riding around 3.3 m) and incidentally (result of the increase in La-Nina phenomenon) which can lead to an increase of 15 cm to sea level occurring once in 1-3 years. high tide water level maximum (HHWL) is 190 cm and the mean high water tide .5 ± 6.

Result of Tide calculation Basis results of scientific studies and oceanographic measurements on the tides hazard scenarios were formulated by the hazard elements presented in Table 1. Measurement at research study Figure 4.Preliminary Study of Water Availability Related to Impact Figure 3. 169 .

9 Calculation of hazard assessment was done by following a script as compiled in Table 2 for baseline conditions (in 2010) and projection condition (year 2030).1 cm for 2010 and scenario inundation at an elevation of 0 m above sea level with altitude 356.9 263. Table 1. this is due to changes in sea level (sea level rise) that occurred 0.5+6.1 184. the danger in assuming projected rainfall remains.8 cm year-1.4 276. The elevation of sea level was the 0 m mean sea level so in this study the map of inundation scenarios was simulated using DEM with inundation at an elevation of 0 m above sea level at the height of immersion scenarios 1a 171.Hamdani et al.9 cm for projection condition at 2030. In this study. Visually can not see a significant difference between the scenario projection hazard of climate change.6 228.6 . Projection hazard (hazard) is more focused on the rise of sea level (sea level rise).4 261.4 13. which has been projected in accordance with the Global Circulation Model (IPCC AR-4).0.4 356.4 241. 170 .9 243.1 15 20 100 1a 1b 2a 2b 3 4 5 6 Table 2. Element of hazard at research location Element of Hazard Tide (MHWL) Tide (HHWL) Maximum Wave Significant Wave Sea Level Rise La Nina Surges Flooding Hazard code SRES A1B Projection 2010 (cm) 2030 (cm) 140 190 31.1 38.4 0 15 20 100 140 190 31.1 38.9 343.4 256. Scenario of Hazard Scenario Scenario 1a (Existing) Scenario 1b (Extreme) Scenario 2a (Extreme + La-Nina) Scenario 2b (Extreme + Surge) Scenario 3 (Extreme + La-Nina + Surge) Scenario 4 (Ekxtreme + La-Nina + Flood) Cummulative 1a + 2a + 3 1b + 2b +3 1b + 2b + 4 + 3 1b + 2b + 5 + 3 1b + 2b + 4 + 5 + 3 1b + 2b + 4 +6 + 3 Sres A1b Projection 2010 (cm) 2030 (cm) 171.9 248. The projection used to use IPCC SRES (Special Report on Emission Scenarios) A1B.

Hazard Map for scenario 4 at 2030 (Projection condition) Based on calculations it was known that in scenario 1a hazard of sea level rise in 2010 at the height of tide (baseline condition) the flooded area is 1.06% or 130.94% or 12.19 ha area and the area that is not inundated (no hazard) of 98. In scenario 171 . Hazard Map for scenario 1a at 2010 (Baseline condition) Figure 6.Preliminary Study of Water Availability Related to Impact Figure 5.151.81 hectares.

Hamdani et al.18 and the moderate vulnerability is 0.98 ha (15. the area of the danger posed by rising sea level is 566. hazard and vulnerability at baseline condition is still in safe condition and the need to restructure the space for future development to keep from impact of climate change. 172 . Based on the results of the calculations using ILWIS GIS applications that generate vulnerability maps in total with the level of vulnerability information.80 ha (95. From preliminary study at Banyuasin Valley.52.20 ha (4.97%) of the total area Banyuasin Valley region.03%) and the area that is not flooded 10436. Total vulnerability map at Banyuasin Valley CONCLUSION AND REMARK From the test result of water quality at research study the location is still possible to take raw water for clean water at canal Sebalik and must be kept from impact of climate change. Vulnerability Assessment The total vulnerability results from parameter of vulnerability at the Map Calculation and Slicing using ILWIS GIS applications. On the vulnerability map (Fig 7) it is known that the Banyuasin Valley district at the sites did not reach a high level of vulnerability.39%).61%) and the area that is not inundated (no hazard) is 11715.02 ha (84. 1b to scenario 3 using tidal height in 2010 and 2030. The low vulnerability index is 0. while in scenario 4 using tidal height in 2030 (projection condition) the area of danger from sea level rise is equal to 1845. Figure 7.

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17 PUGAM: A SPECIFIC FERTILIZER FOR PEAT LAND TO REDUCE CARBON EMISSION AND IMPROVE SOIL PRODUCTIVITY I G.97 M ha area. However. Pugam worked trough three processes namely: providing nutrients to improve plant growth. Laboratory test showed that Pugam application on hemic peat decreased P leaching from the pot very significantly. The same trend also showed by field-testing where Pugam significantly increased growth and yield of corn and decreased CO2 emission by 20–30%. Testing results revealed that Pugam very significantly increased plant growth of both corn and rice. Peat land in Indonesia covers about 14 M ha and about 6 M ha was considered suitable for agriculture. 175 . The prospectus of Pugam will be able to cope the problem of peatland utilization for agriculture.000 years old based on carbon dating. organic matter will be decomposed to emit CO2 gas. Effectiveness of Pugam had been tested both in green house and peat land in the field. (2002) reported that carbon age in 8–10 m peat depth in Central Kalimantan is about 13. low productivity. If peat forest converted to agricultural purposes. Bogor Abstract. Keyword: Pugam. Peat land has huge terestrial carbon stock. (2004) reported that carbon stock on Indonesian Peat land was about 37 Gt within 20. and establishing free positive charges from polyvalent cations. In the same time Pugam decreased CO2 emission by 47–58%. peat land. peat land has become global issues because it has been considered as source of green house gas (GHG) emission.M. Jl. agricultural practices on peat land need have external nutrients input. which contributes to global warming. phosphate. Tentara Pelajar No. Peat forest conversion and peat fire have shared the most national GHG emission in Indonesia. fertilizing peat land to provide nutrient needed by plant generally increases microbial activity and at the end increases CO2 emission. Pugam is phosphate base fertilizer enriched with polyvalent cations and micronutrients needed by plant. micronutrient INTRODUCTION In the last decade.095 t ha-1. Due to low fertility status. carbon accumulated in thousand years will be emit CO2 and increase air CO2 concentration. which has contributed to global warming. Subiksa IAARD Researcher at Indonesian Soil Research Institute. stabilizing organic substance and neutralizing toxic phenolic acids. The average of carbon stock per ha varied in range beetwen 454–3. Paradox situation faced by farmer should be coped trough technology application by using low carbon emission fertilizer called Pugam. When peat land was drained for agriculture purposes. Wahyunto et al. Page et al. 12 Cimanggu. CO2 emission. efforts to reduce CO2 emission from peat land will be able reduce national GHG emission significantly. which has been sunk in thousand years.000–26. Therefore.

623 37. and then peat thickness will be decreased. Hooijer et al. (2006) showed that oil palm plantation with 60 cm drainage depth would be emitting as high as 55 t CO2 ha-1 annulally. Figure 1. Lignin degradation under anaerobic condition will produce humic substances and phenolic acids. organic matter will be decomposed and emit CO2 substantially which contributes to global warming.275 3. Phenolic acids in excessive concentration will 176 . Island Sumatera Kalimantan Papua Total Area (M ha) 7.00 20.283 11.20 5.954 454 Under natural condition. Carbon emission from peatland was in line with ground water depth or drainage depth. However. The average of annual CO2 emissions estimated from peat forest conversion to various agricultural land uses (time average was based on 25 years crop cycle) Peat land belongs not only to marginal land but also fragile ecosystem due to lack of nutrient and susceptive to land degradation. Area and below ground carbon stock of peat land in the main islands of Indonesia (Wahyunto et al. CO2 emission rate was about 18–19 t ha-1 annually. if peat forest is converted to agricultural land. peat land productivity is very low due to physical and chemical constraints.081 C stock (t ha-1) 3. peat land was a carbon sink. therefore. From annual crops.095 1. since peat thickness increased about 2–3 mm annually (Rieley et al.Subiksa Table 1. Tropical peat in general is composed of woody peat rich in lignin. 2008). Generally.97 C stock (M ton) 22. which are toxic to plant (Kononova 1968). 2004). environmental and economic aspects before the development of peat forest into agriculture. when peat land converted to utilization by developing drainage canal. An appropriate planning should be done that consists of land suitability.77 8.

The positive charges of polyvalent cation that are not occupied by organic ligands. Polyvalent cations serve as center of coordination bonding and develop new positive charge that can improve P sorption capacity. clorotic. and high carbon emissions. Zn. Pugam is phosphate-base fertilizer that is enriched with micro nutrient. However. a Phosphate Base Fertilizer Pugam is specially formulated for peat lands that have problems with low productivity and P sorption. 1997. Phosphate is one of important inputs that should be provided. Pugam can also reduce soil acidity because of containing basic materials. so it has multiple complementary functions. P sorption of peat is very low due to lack of positive chargehence P fertilization efficiency is very low. Improvement of P fertilization efficiency could be done by applying ameliorant rich in polyvalent cations. Pugam contains slow released phosphate and basic cations needed by plants. will serve as new site sorption that can adsorb phosphate anions. which serve as the central coordination complex compounds. Every cation of Fe or Al at most can bind 6 organic ligands. Mg. Sabiham et al. and Si. The function of polyvalent cations in the process of complex substance formation is to bind several organic substances becoming more stable compounds and less toxic to plants. P sorption by peat is usually very low due to low positive charge. Polyvalent cations tend to form bonds polidentat. Calcium 26-29% CaO and Magnesium and about 8% MgO.PUGAM: A Specific Fertilizer for Peat Land inhibite root development and nutrient uptake. so that plant is stunted. Meanwhile. which have a triple positive charge. Rachim 1995). This is the cause of very low efficiency in P fertilization on peat land. P sorption on that new site sorption will prevent P anion from easily 177 . very acidic reaction. and micro elements such as Cu. the high carbon emissions caused by peat under aerobic conditions undergo decomposition by microbial activity. and finally dead (Stevenson 1994. Salampak 1999). Low productivity of the peat land is due to inherently low nutrient status. so that the plant roots can grow better. and content of organic acids toxic to plants. so that P is easily leached out. PUGAM. and B. As a source of nutrients. 1979). which occupies 2 or more organic ligands (Bohn et al. Pugam enriched with materials rich in polyvalent cations. Ca. Pugam could provide macro nutrients such as P. materials rich in polyvalent cations can potentially be used for peat amelioration and fertilization with low carbon emissions. Polyvalent cations are metal cations. Therefore. Several research results also showed that ameliorant rich in polyvalent cations can reduce concentration of toxic phenolic acids (Rachim 1995. Therefore it needs external input to improve plant growth. Phosphate ranged between 13-15% P2O5. such as Fe and Al. Peat inherently contains low both macro and micronutrients.

and magnesium oxides. Therefore Pugam can also be produced with low cost and environmentally friendly. contains iron. Meanwhile direct application of Pugam in the field at South Kalimantan reduced CO2 emission as much as 29. would prevent further decomposing process by microbial activities. Effect of Pugam treatment on flux of CO2 on hemic peat soil in green house As mentioned above. In peat land of Jambi. Slag. 3) Improve efficiency of P fertilizer trough developing new positive charges that can adsorb P from fertilization.3%.6%. Polyvalent cations in Pugam have several functions such as: 1) Neutralize phenolic organic acids that are toxic to plants. THE ROLE OF PUGAM IN SUSTAINABLE PEATLAND MANAGEMENT Pugam Effect on Carbon Emissions Efficacy test of Pugam in suppressing carbon emission had been carried out in green house and in the field.Subiksa leach out.2-22. The result showed that the application of Pugam on hemic peat decreased CO2 emission by 47-58% in green house. Figure 2. Prospect of Pugam used as nutrients source and ameliorant in farming peat land is very possible because Pugam is made of waste or by product of steel industry and low cost grade C of phosphate rock.7% and CH4 emission by 51. 2) Reduce carbon emissions due to peat becomes more stable and less prone to decomposition. Demplot activity of Pugam in Central Kalimantan showed that Pugam decreased CO2 emission by 20. Pugam application decreased CO2 emission by 41. Complex substance formation would 178 .6%. calcium. a waste of steel industry. and silicate and this material is available abundantly in Indonesia. Meanwhile grade C phosphate rock is also rich in sesquioxide and can be obtained by low cost. the roles of Pugam in reducing carbon emissions was by provision of polyvalent cations functioning as core of complex substance. Formation of complex substance from organic ligans. both of alifatic and aromatic.

meanwhile phosphate 179 .4 272. Concentration of several nutrients of water taken from pot base after 21 days Pugam and other treatment application. Most of these anions will remain in soil solution and prone to leach out from the root zone.PUGAM: A Specific Fertilizer for Peat Land reduce CO2 emissions compared to untreated peat. Phosphate anions (PO43-. Decomposition process was one of the ways to cause peat losses and subsidences that threaten sustainability of agriculture on peatland. Figure 3.9 289.6 56.4 19. HPO42-. sorption capacity of negatively charged nutrients such as phosphate. 3).3 14.8 9.8 294. Tabel 2. (2011) reported that Pugam could reduce phosphate leaching significantly compared to using conventional NPK fertilizer (Fig.4 30.1 39. Comparison of several ameliorant treatment effects on CO2 and CH4 emissions on peatland in South Kalimantan Treatment Control Husk ash Manure Pugam A Pugam T Mineral soil CO2 Emissions (t ha-1 Reduced (%) season-1) 20.9 Pugam Effect on Nutrient Leaching Peat is considered to have very low positive charge.7 373.4 29.6 300. therefore.2 CH4 Emissions (kg Reduced (%) ha-1 season-1) 620. sulphate.6 14.2 15.5 51.7 6. H2PO4-) concentration in water taken from pot base was very high in the conventional NPK treatment.5 23.6 18. Phosphate fertilization on peat land should be done more frequently with lower rate to avoid nutrient leaching. and nitrate is also very low.1 53.3 52. Subiksa et al.

Crop performance with Pugam A showed no deficiency symptom. Pugam A showed the best growth performance among 5 Pugam formula. As ameliorant. Pugam is able to neutralize or at least reduce phenolic acid concentration and improve soil acidity Subiksa et al. Pugam provides macronutrient such as P. Zn. meanwhile the others 180 .Subiksa concentration in Pugam treatment (with same P rate) was much lower. (2010) reported that Pugam treatment on peat soil increased corn growth very significantly. There were several possible reasons for this phenomenon namely: 1) Pugam was slow released P source and 2) Pugam developed new positively charge site on polyvalent cation so that phosphate anion sorption capacity increased. and Mn for optimum plant growth. and Si. Pugam Effect on Plant Growth Pugam serves not only as fertilizer but also as ameliorant for soil condition and plant growth improvement. B. Meanwhile corn with conventional NPK (with same rate of P) fertilizer showed stunted growth and severely nutrient deficiency symptom. thus corn root can grow better. As fertilizer. Fe. Thus. and micro nutrient such as Cu. Ca. Crops response of Pugam treatment on peat soil expressed by biomass dry matter. Figure 4. Pugam application on peat would improve the efficiency of P fertilizer use and reduce P loss trough leaching process and in the same time increase P uptake by plant. The similar trend was also observed 7 for other anion such as sulphate and nitrate. It presumed that concentration of toxic organic compound has declined. It was likely due to better root development because of improvement of soil condition. These entire nutrients are absolutely lack on peat soil. thus it should be added as fertilizer. Mg.

The results revealed that Pugam effectively increased corn. 170. and 177% and biomass dry matter weight increased 17.50 19. 640.4 77. These results suggested that ameliorant had very important role in improving soil condition so that plant roots could grow better.54 8.34 5. and 29 folds compared to conventional fertilizers treatment.75 11.31 23. Pugam A with doses of 320. and 960 kg ha-1 increased plant height by 126.41 7. Figure 4. number of fruits bunch and harvested fruits bunch (Table 3). Trial in South Kalimantan showed that Pugam increased rice yield by about 38-50% compared to control.00 16. leaf canopy.60 23.5 Number of fruits bunch 5. Trial in Central Kalimantan showed that Pugam treatment 2 kg tree-1 on rubber tree crop increased stem diameter and width of leaf canopy significantly compared to control treatment.00 Addition of leaf canopy (cm) 62. There was no fruit bunch harvested in control treatment due to failure of pollination. Tabel 3.15 181 . rubber.4 61. paddy.8 84. Field verification test of Pugam effectiveness on peat land had been carried out in 4 provinces in Sumatera and Kalimantan.15 Harvested fruit bunch (kg) 0 25.5 89.73 22.82 7.PUGAM: A Specific Fertilizer for Peat Land showed slight Mg deficiency.63 22. Trial in Jambi showed that Pugam increased yield of dry shelled corn by 281% compared to control treatment. Effect of Pugam and other ameliorants on several parameters of oil palm on Riau peat land in 7 consecutive months Treatment Control Pugam-A Pugam-T Chickens Manure EmptyFB Compost Cumulative addition of leaf frond 15. Effect of Pugam on yield of corn shelled grain on Jambi peat land Trial effect of Pugam on estate crop in Riau peat lands showed that Pugam increased growth of leaf frond. and palm oil growth. 35.

. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Peningkatan produktivitas tanah gambut yang disawahkan dengan pemberian bahan amelioran tanah mineral berkadar besi tinggi. Biodiversity and sustainability of tropical peat and peatland. and S. S.J. Wosten. Ritung. A. 182 .O. S. Map of peat land distribution area and carbon content in Papua. 2008. 2004.A. pp. Subagjo. Kononova.A. 2002. Sabiham. A. J. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Rieley. Disertasi. S.. Humus Chemistry. H. Peningkatan produktivitas dan stabilitas tanah gambut dengan pemberian tanah mineral yang diperkaya oleh bahan berkadar besi tinggi. F. Ritung. and S. Inc. and Subagjo. Penggunaan kation-kation polivalen dalam kaitannya dengan ketersediaan fosfat untuk meningkatkan produksi jagung pada tanah gambut. Bogor. Disertasi Program Pascasarjana. 1997. H.L. Stevenson. Page. Siegert. H. Mario. Soil. A Wiley Interscience Publication. . 2008. B. Finland. 2002.E. F. Siegert. S. F. Hooijer. and H. Jaya. F. 40100 Jyvaskyla. Samara Publishing Ltd. and S. Map of peat land distribution area and carbon content in Sumatera. S. Phenolic acid in Indonesian peat.Subiksa REFERENCES Agus. Transformation of organic matter and their relation to soil fertility. Wösten. Composition. Jauhiainen. Pp 148182 in M. R. 443 p. J. Lahan Gambut: Potensi untuk Pertanian dan Aspek Lingkungan. and Reactions. Cardigan. Subiksa. Disertasi Program Pascasarjana. Bohn. 2003. Genesis. H. Soil Chemistry. Rieley Boehm. Delft Hydraulics report Q3943 (2006). 8:1047-1056. S. Balai Penelitian Tanah dan Word Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). Map of peat land distribution area and carbon content in Kalimantan.. Tropical Peat Lands: Carbon stores. Wahyunto. Stahlhut. Wahyunto and H.E. Subagjo. A. The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fire in Indonesia during 1997. MacNeal. Prasetyo. and contribution to climate change processes. Wetland International Indonesia Program and Wildlife Habitat Canada (WHC). 1979. Vapandenkatu 12.B. Page. Wetland International Indonesia Program and Wildlife Habitat Canada (WHC). Suparto.D. 289-292. H.J.L. 1999. Limin. Sov. carbon gas emissions. Program Pascasarjana. 420: 61-65. Wust. Wahyunto. International Peat Society.. 2006. dan I G. Silvius. John Wiley and Son. 1968. T. Page. M. Wetland International Indonesia Program and Wildlife Habitat Canada (WHC). Institut Pertanian Bogor. Vasander. Limin. M. Assessment of CO2 emissions from drained peatlands in SE Asia. Hooijer.O.M. M. Strack (Ed) Peat Lands and Climate Change. Nature. New York. Salampak.).M.H. O'Connor. UK. Dohong. and G. In: Rieley and Page (Eds. PEAT-CO2. John Wiley and Sons. and M.H. A. J. Sci. Rachim. 1995.. 1994. 2007.

96 t ha-1 and farmer’s profits by 55.18 *)Yoyo RICE FARMING SYSTEMS IN SOUTH SUMATRA TIDAL SWAMP AREAS: PROBLEMS AND FEED BACKS BASED ON FARMER’S POINT OF VIEWS Soelaeman. assistance from extension workers. Therefore. The results showed that improvement of land. CimangguBogor. Tidal swamp area in the Southern of Sumatra is a source of rice production to support the national rice self-sufficiency. the government has placed a major effort on agricultural development.4%. farmers’ interviews and workshop have been conducted at the study sites located in Delta Telang.2-29. 12.1992). About 20. During the last two decades. especially in increasing rice production. and about five million ha of is considered potential for agricultural production (Widjaja-Adhi et al. Eventhough the improvement of rice farming management in tidal swamp areas has shown a significant increase in yields and farmer’s incomes. Sugihan Kanan.6%.3% (329. tidal swamp management. Maswar. Diffusion process of technologies also increased the profits of noncooperator farmers between 12. *)Author contact: yoyo_soelaeman@yahoo. and the availability of equipment and agricultural machinery. however.com Abstract. and Irian Jaya islands (Noorsyamsi and Sarwani 1989). Experiences showed that the instability of rice supply affected not only the economic but also the political aspects of the country. The land reclaimed for agricultural food crops was 34. and Pulau Rimau in April 1999.43-3.000 ha (Ananto et al. Tentara Pelajar No. 2000). Jl. the rice yields achieved by farmers are relatively lower compared to the potential yield gained in research. water. Karang Agung Ilir.987 ha) and has 183 . Kalimantan. farm management.5%. to develop the recommended technology to the wider areas still faces some problems on the aspects of land and water management. the production and supply of rice play a central role in food policy. However. The profits of cooperator farmers increased in following year to 69. To identify the problems faced by the farmers. farmers’ feed back INTRODUCTION The agricultural sector plays a significant role in Indonesian economic development. Keywords: Rice. and Umi Haryati IAARD Researchers at Indonesian Soil Research Institute. farmer’s institution. The tidal swamp areas in the South Sumatra covered about 961. problems. There is about 39 million ha of swampland in Indonesia located mainly in Sumatra. and farm managements in cooperator farmers’ areas increased rice yield from 2 to 3.1 million ha the area is affected by tides. One of potential areas for agricultural expansion is tidal swamp area outside Java. marketing.

in the sense that all the technical problems can be solved by the right science and technology (Ananto et al. (1990) suggested that the tidal swamplands are marginal and fragile lands. Widjaja-Adhi et al. the groundwater table is shallower than 50 cm from the land surface.500 households of transmigrants. the yield of food crops did not significantly improve farmers’ welfare. even in some locations it reached 4-6 t ha-1. Agricultural research in tidal swamp areas has been conducted by the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) through various programs with satisfactory results. tidal swamp lands in South Sumatra can be classified into four types i. Furthermore. water levels are affected more strongly by rainfall than by the tides. Type C swamplands are never flooded because they are influenced indirectly by the sea tide. the tidal swamp areas in South Sumatra can contribute to regional and national food security. C.Yoyo Soelaeman et al. Widjaja-Adhi et al. and iron which therefore may pose acidity problems. types A. If the land was properly managed. Widjaya-Adhi and Karama. Tidal swamplands are characterized by high soil acidity (low soil pH).5 meters within 24 hours during the spring tide. the tidal swamp areas in South Sumatra were increasingly strategic (Budianto 2000) eventhough the rice productivity was relatively low. 1992. Type D swamplands are not affected by sea tides at all. water depth fluctuates by as much as 2. as well as by rainfall. Type B swamplands are directly influenced by the sea tide and they are flooded only during the spring tide. A major environmental issue with tidal swamplands is the highly complex nature of soil characteristics and the uncontrolled hydrology regime. however. Although it has been cultivated by transmigrants for 17-20 years.43-3. Tidal swamplands have unique characteristics in which they are influenced by water movement because of the sea tides. and D (Noorsyamsi et al.e. In the development of Indonesian agriculture especially rice. the lands can be developed for productive agricultural lands. Through some research conducted under the South Sumatra Tidal Swamp Agricultural Farming Systems and Development Project (Proyek Pengembangan Sistem Usaha Pertanian Lahan Pasang Surut Sumatera Selatan-P2SLPS2). 1984. 1994). the rice yield in the rainy season increased to 3. 184 . 1999). However. aluminum. B. Tides indirectly affect these lands with water infiltration through the soil. Type A swamplands are directly affected by sea tides and the lands are always flooded during spring and neap tides. been inhabited by 73. Based on the prevailing water levels in the fields. Near the rivers. No water infiltration occurs through the soil. The water depths in the tidal swamplands are controlled by the tides.96 t ha-1. average yield between 1-2 t ha-1 achieved by farmers. and the availability of pyrite. The ground-water table is deeper than 50 cm from the land surface.

The type A lands were always flooded by high and neap spring tides and were managed as wetland rice areas. Farmers’ workshop was attended by village officials. P2SLPS2 carried out some improvements of land and water management in the South Sumatra tidal swamp areas using 32-64 ha for rice cultivation. and peat/peaty soil. and feedbacks through interviews and workshops/discussion with farmers. farming technolgy. despite many problems and challenges. secondary. and Karang Agung Ilir. Improvements were initiated from water management in macro water canals (primary. marketing and institutional aspects. Karang Agung Tengah. Sugihan Kiri. and empowerment of institutional support. problems. The areas have land tipology of potential soil.Rice Farming Systems in South Sumatra Tidal Swamp Areas Budianto (2000) suggested that to develope technology package. this research only focussed on types A and B. the owners of production facilities (hand tractor and rice milling units/RMU). To find out the farmers’ opinions on the rice farming systems introduced by P2SLPS2 in the tidal swamp areas in South Sumatra. marketing. Farmers’ workshop was focussed on three important aspects of rice farming in tidal swamp areas. non-formal interviews and farmers’ workshop were conducted in the areas of Delta Telang. namely: a) Land and water management. potential acid sulphate soil. Pulau Rimau. The feedback to all parties involved in the development of agricultural productivity in the tidal swamp areas that was mentioned by farmers should be taken into consideration to improve farmers’ welfares. Field activities in the rainy season of 1998/1999 and 1999/2000 were focused on improvement of agricultural technology and empowerment of farmers or farmers’ groups. b) Farm management. and followed by application of farming technologies including micro level canals. and quarter canals). that the rice yield in tidal swamp areas is strongly influenced by land and water managements. and c) Marketing and rural/farmer institution. both technical and social-economic aspects. KUD administrators. and the Institute 185 . it was required a careful understanding on rice farming systems. The selection of topics was based on the research results and direct observation to the field. and institutional support. Although there were four different types of swamplands. crop improvement. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY In the rainy season of 1997/98. Farmers’ response and problems on implementation of improve rice farming systems introduced by IAARD can be used as a base for improvement on rice farming systems in the future. while the lands with type B were flooded by spring tide and were managed as wetland rice areas under surjan systems. To find out the farmers’ opinion on the rice farming appearances and issues in South Sumatra tidal swamp areas. actual acid sulphate soil.

2-29. (1999) suggested that there are two factors determined the rice yield in tidal swamplands: the natural and technical factors. Ananto et al.Yoyo Soelaeman et al. Improvement of rice farming system in cooperator farmers gave higher yield and benefits compared to non-cooperator farmers. Table 1 indicated that the increase of rice yield in each year was due to the technical barrier factors such as water management (both at macro and micro levels) while cultural practices were solved. of Agricultural Extension. and 1999/2000 (Table 1). Some issues raised in this workshop were confirmed to the relevant officers to obtaine ternative solutions and alternative plans needed to be followed up in the next season. which accommodate the specific environmental conditions of these areas. Herdt and Capule (1983) suggested that the increase in yield and profit of non-cooperator farmers was due to neighbourhood effects. The rice yield potential in tidal swamp areas in South Sumatra is determined by the success of land and water managements. If the technical factor is limited or less.4% from the profits obtained by non-cooperator farmers. This also follows the selection of suitable crops varieties and species. 186 . Most of the adopted crops here were based on rice monocropping with only one harvest per year. the average rice yield of cooperator farmers was higher than the yield obtained by non-cooperator farmers. the farming systems should follow appropriate management practices. and farming management which were gradually followed by the farmers in the sourounding areas.2% higher than that of non-cooperator farmers. crop cultivation.5% because of diffusion process of technology by cooperator farmers through the exchange of information and non-formal field trip among farmers. The profit of cooperator farmers in the rainy season of 1998/1999 and 1999/2000 was 69. where the cooperator farmers in-directly demonstrated the recommended technologies of land and water management. Based on the evaluation of rice farming in the rainy season of 1997/1998. The research results showed that improvement of rice farming systems in tidal swamp areas in the rainy season of 1997/1998 led to increase the profits of cooperator farmers by 55. so the natural factors are more dominant to determine the rice yield. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The Performance of Rice Farming Systems in Cooperator and Non-cooperator Farmers To achieve ecologically sustainable agriculture in tidal swamplands. 1998/1999. Profitability of non-cooperator farmers in the wet season of 1999/2000 also increased between 12. and institutional support. marketing.6 and 52.

447 953.Rice Farming Systems in South Sumatra Tidal Swamp Areas Table 1.89 1. Therefore. in which the problems occurred should be consulted to researchers and extension workers to improve and develope rice farming systems in tidal swamp areas.200 1. When the project ended.81 1.224 482.96 Cooperator Farmers Noncooperator Farmers Production Inputs Yield (t/ha) Yield Value (IDR) Profit (IDR) Gross B/C 457.660 3.000 2.571 754.960 2.877 893.290. farmers are partners of researchers and extension workers who they can evaluate directly the variability of technical and socio-economic technology that has been introduced.000 3. The problems that were collected from farmer’s workshop are inputs for all relevant agencies responsible in the development of tidal swamp areas.349 395.277 1. it can be concluded that improvement of rice farming management in tidal swamp areas showed a significant increase in yield and farmer’s income.362.225 598.66 2. Farmers' issues raised in the workshop were as follows: 187 . and Feedbacks Based on the farmer’s workshop.12 1. Farmers Problems.123 -Labor (IDR) 434.965.822 2.000 1. Analysis of rice farming systems in South Sumatra tidal swamp areas Rainy Season of 1997/1998 Parameters Rainy Season of 1998/1999 Rainy Season of 1999/2000 Cooperator Farmers Noncooperator Farmers Cooperator Farmers Noncooperator Farmers -Production Material (IDR) 383. production inputs as well as climatic conditions.976 452.035.723.351.758.822 945.764.049 1.875 562.000 1.449 1. the sustainability application of recommendation technologies by farmers should be anticipated.43 2. Technical problems which limiting rice yields in tidal swamplands can be eliminated because of more intensive guidance of the project.895 2. Farmer’s decision-making was determined by their orientation in farming and their courage to bear the risk.380 1.143 953. Alternative Solution.325 847.800 3.573 The technology introduced to cooperator farmers/farmer groups to be implemented or not implemented by them in the next season were determined by internal and external factors.837 271.881.16 1.427 Total Input (IDR) 818.810 1.65 3.409.641.478 608.840 2. such as the availability of capitals.004.734 483.420 1.

Partohardjono 1993). it declines in March or April and remains stagnant until June. The lower land is a gathering place of water that contains toxic elements/compounds to plants such as ferrous iron (Fe2+). Land and Water Management In tidal swampl and ecosystems. As a result. Based on the experience of some farmers through trial and error. Geographically. swampland is located close to the sea or a large river and poorly drained. which therefore may pose acidity problems. A major environmental issue with tidal swamplands is the highly complex nature of soil characteristics and the uncontrolled hydrology regime. aluminium. they have learned that long stagnant water in their farm land must be removed because the water contains toxic element for plants to cause a decrease in rice yield of. It caused excessive dry conditions of soil. All of the problems due to the macro level canals (secondary. Anwarhan (1981) suggests that the construction of canal systems for drainage is the first part of reclaiming tidal swampland. but the water entrance and exit were affected by macro canals condition under maintenance to the Regional Irrigation Office. oxidation of pyrite. The water level in the tidal swampland rises as the rainy season starts usually in October and reaches its maximum in January or February. water management is considered as one of the key aspects of a stable and sustainable production (Noorsyamsi and Sarwani 1989. and the availability of pyrite. In Karang Agung Tengah and Ilir. The water table drops when the dry season arrives (Noorsyamsi and Hidayat 1974.Yoyo Soelaeman et al. and increased soil acidity so that the plants were poisoned and pest of orong-orong increased. Although the micro level canals (on-farm/micro water management) were better laid out. Improvements and routine maintainance of macro canals will encourage farmers to maintain the micro-canals so that the flooding and plant poisoning can be eliminated. the water and soil pHs become very acidic to disturb the rice growth and become stunted and even death as a results of water which can not be moved out from the farming areas. Tidal swamplands are characterized by high soil acidity (low soil pH). and iron. tertiary or water supply canals/village canal and the controlled drainage canals) were shallowed by soil siltation and lack of maintenance. Both cases occurred in the absence of good planning of crops cultivation in accordance to the needs 188 . Subsequently. Frequent flooding often occurs through out the year in the lower land especially at the time of spring tide (highest level of tides) accompanied with high rainfall. Some specific cases were found in Pulau Rimau that was dredging soil sediments on tertiary canals. there was found out a conflict of interest on water among farmers. Van Wijk 1951). due to differences of cultivated crops (corn and wetland rice).

Land preparation as part of land management should be conducted very carefully.Rice Farming Systems in South Sumatra Tidal Swamp Areas of plant. The extension workers must do more intensive coaching and counseling to farmers. All parties involved in tidal swamp development should find ways to improve the involvement of extension workers and local government in the development. Lack of understanding of farmers to the importance of proper land and water management. In case of water management in tidal swamp areas. which were guided and assisted by extension worker. assistance. It is hoped that strengthening the P3A and involving the farmers in operation and maintenance (OM) could be made more sustainable for the future. and counseling by the extension workers is very less frequent. operation. Farm Managements Farmers cultivate their land in each season and it was determined by the decisions of each individual farmer. resource. In addition. farmers prepared the land during the rainy season from November/ December until February the following year using rental hand tractor. economic. Assistance. Farmer group is also as an organization that can be used as a medium of learning by doing in cooperation among farmers. and marketing. so that the pyritic layer is not exposed to cause oxidation of the soil. Generally. such as to fulfil the needs of agricultural inputs. so that the rice yield was low. the kind of commodity to be cultivated in each planting season can be planned in group meetings guidanced by extension worker. The farmer group can solve some together problems. and Counseling by Extension Workers A farmer group is the group of farmers formed on the basis of mutual interest and solidarity to face environmental conditions (social. technical production. Many farmers have difficulty to find extension worker to conduct counseling in tidal swamplands. and harmony) and led by a chairman/leader. Guidance. many farmers/farmer groups felt that the intensity of guidance. or they are completing other activities in other locations. The extension workers are generally preoccupied with their routine tasks. the extension worker should work closser to the farmers/farmer groups through demonstrating water flape gates maintenance and operation using locally available materials. Water Users Associations (Perkumpulan Petani Pemakai Air/P3A) and farmer group are weakly organized. They complain to too broad territory with limited transportation support. and maintenance of water management to get higher rice productivity in the tidal swamps areas. However. All farmers stated 189 .

It is a generally known fact that planting rice over a large area in a short time strongly reduces the hazards of pest attacks. The land is generally fallow in the dry season. and results in more attacks of rats and other pests. it also addresses to the planning of commodities to be planted. The difference is that the farmers in type A need to plant the rice earlier than those in type B. while in type B harvesting begins in mid July and continues until the end of August or early September. Without tractor use. Seedlings planting will be done by making a hole with a stick and planting the seedling in the hole. Farmers in type A area usually harvest their rice in early July to mid August. fogging. When there is no possibility for mechanized land preparation by hand-tractor. so that the soil tillage should be done in rotation and then planting time is not simultaneous. takes a long time.Yoyo Soelaeman et al. they only produce their crops at a subsistence level. that the amount of tractor was limited. high rat pests. To avoid these problems required meeting of farmer groupson a regular basis to discuss the technologies of farming. Farmers suggested that to cultivate the land in the dry season. and farmers worry of crop failure. There are various crops (upland crops and wetland rice) cultivated by farmers in Karang Agung Tengah and Karang Agung Ilir. Like most farmers in less developed countries. This is quite understandable since they are risk a verse and mostly constrained by limited available funds for their farming. The main 190 . and environmental sanitation. Most farmers usually cultivate their land as much as once a year in the rainy season for wetland rice. Mostly transmigrant farmers use a grass-knife (arit) to harvest their crops. so there is a conflict of interest of water use for their plants. Harvest processing can be done by using the existing processing equipment at each location (pedal and power threshers) although their number is still limited. due to labor shortages. it needs togetherness and cohesiveness among farmers. The lands with A and B flood tide types can be used for rice-rice cropping patterns and minimum or zerro tillage can be conducted in the second season. Cultivating land in tidal swamp areas much needed togetherness and cohesiveness among farmers so that threat can be controlled and eradicate jointly (gropyokan) supported by toxic feeding. the farmers will do the land preparation manually. the planting periode is quite extended. The land with C flood tide type can be used for rice-crops/palawija cropping patterns and in D type for crops-crops cropping pattern. to avoid the salt intrusion during the generative period of the plant. This land preparation way will be carried out with no or only little soil tillage. That means land preparation will mainly concentrate on burning and/or slashing the weeds or using herbicides.

The use of Banyuasin and Sei Lalan rice varieties (high yielding varieties) increased rice yields. Banyuasin and Sei Lalan varieties are very easy to grow in the field. it can be threshed with a threshing machine. KUT program is an effort to empower small farmers. however. Selection of rice seeds before harvest as a source of seeds for the next season. e. d. Late disbursement of fertilzers and other production inputs in farming credit (Kredit usahatani/KUT) and the types and amounts of farm credit received by farmers did not comply with the proposal on Definitive Planning of Farmers Activity/RDKK. Alternatively. It is a very important feed back for the rice breeders in the Rice Research Institute to investigate it more deeply. Banyuasin and Sei Lalan varieties were very easy to grow in the field. Farmers did not know the benefits of KCl fertilization e. the farmers still faced some following problems: a.Rice Farming Systems in South Sumatra Tidal Swamp Areas benefit of using the arit is that farmer and his wife can harvest one ha rice in 10 days. Some farmers did not get input production from KUT because they were not members of Village Cooperative Unit (KUD) or the farmers who still have arrears of KUT of previous year. Farmers should be as members of Village Cooperative Unit/KUD because they get benefits from cooperatives. c. In addition. Fertilizers that were used to the plants have different functions. b. However. Based on the problems coming up in farmer’s workshop. High fertilizer prices those were unsuitable with the rice prices at harvest time. local varieties do not have a potential yield higher than 2 t ha-1 of dry husked rice. c. This is a feedback for KUD and Provincial and District of Agriculture Offices. so that delays in the disbursement and different type and amount production inputs proposed in RDKK affect the success of rice farming in tidal swamplands. It must be used according to the needs of the plant. b. The good quality rice seed was unavailable because the crop cannot be processed directly due to lack of labor. borrowing money from the RMU owner with payments back after the rice harvest was very detrimental to farmers. there were some alternatives to solve and get some feed backs for the relevant agencies. They make the local or traditional rice varieties are most suitable for planting. the percentage of crops loss is bigger than with the traditional practices. d. as follows: a. Although this method resolves the labour shortage but the number was still limited. The response of plant to fertilizers should be 191 .

The use of fertilizers is relatively low due to late of disbursement of KUT. Formal service agencies such as extension workers have not been much helping farmers to overcome the problems of marketing and farmer institution. the activities could be organized by the village leader or community leader. Farmer groups meeting were only conducted if there were programs/projects to be implemented in farmer’s location.Yoyo Soelaeman et al. The use of herbicides should be adjusted according to the type of weeds. so the time of planting can be more uniformly. This problem is as a feed back for the local government at pronvicial and district levels. Marketing and Institutional Marketing and institutional play important role to improve rice production in tidal swamp areas. The rice prices fall drastically in harvest time that was inconsistent with the price of production inputs. Planting time is not simultaneously because soil tillage was done in rotation so that the rice varieties vary. Cultivation technical issues and solutions related to rice cultivation found out in the workshop were: a. Farmers need counseling. explained to farmers by extension workers. High fluctuations of rice/husked rice prices. but the payment system is detrimental to farmers. b. such as pesticides and fertilizers. d. To realize these. Formal economic institutions such as Village Cooperatives Unit have not been able to act as stabilizers of rice price. especially in harvest time. c. The rice damage by rodents was relatively high. Weeds growth was relatively rapid whereas the labor availability was limited. The problems rised in farmer’s workshop were: a. d. time and method of fertilization. e. Soil tillage should be done in rotation based on water management boundary. Rat pest control planning should be done regularly and simultaneously on each farmer groups. b. f. and guidance from extension workers related to the dosage. The use of alternative fertilizers that are widely offered tofarmers in tidal swamplands needs to be investigated. 192 . so that the farmers understand and appreciate of the function and farmers can make decisions in doing fertilization. c. kind. There are necessary needs of guidances from extension workers (PPL and PHP). assistance. The owner of Rice Milling Unit/RMU can help farmers to overcome the shortage of capital for rice farming.

etc. Equipmentand Agricultural Machinery Use of hand tracktor is one way to solve the problem of limited manpower in the tidal swamp areas. which are available in some areas. the planting period is quite extended. b. which was characterized by non-uniformity in color (called batik rice) and high percentage of broken rice. The ripening process of soil requires flushing and leaching at the beginning of the rainy season. The harvested plants were stacked at the field for relatively long time because of unavailable labors for processing. This condition will encourage farmers to grow a second crop at the end of the rainy season. It means planting by farmers as a group in tertiary unit is distributed over quite a long time. The problems faced by farmers from the workshop were: a. c. To anticipate the decrease of rice prices. When there is no soil tillage it will increase the hazard for toxic componen in the rice plant. because the manual preparation takes long time. 193 . harvesting. but farmers must pay back the loan to KUT or RMU owners immediately. sun drying of the clods. It can be operated to help farmers in rice prossesing especially during the rainy season. resulting in more attacks of rats and other pests. Drying machines (box dryers). IAARD recommends the use of a manually operated row seeder to be more effective for weeding. Marketing and rice prices problems cannot be solved at the farm level. it can teoritically be solved by delaying the time of sale until the prices increase. A plow layer will extent the period a water layer that can be maintained on the field. The best method for leaching is deep mechanical plowing (20-30 cm depth) at the beginning of the wet season. (2000) suggested that the quality of rice from tidal swamp areas typically entering the traditional market was low and only bought by low-income consumers. The number of tractors and power threshers were still lacking. When the soil becomes ripe and the shallow pyrite layers have been oxidized and leached out. the mechanical land preparation (tillage) will promote the formation of plow layer. but most farmers still use the broad-cast system. Without tractor use. Ananto et al.. pest control. have not been assembled and operated. followed by leaching/flushing using rainwater and/or tidal irrigation water. There needs awareness of policy makers and other relevant agencies relating to the welfare improvement of farmers in tidal swamp areas.Rice Farming Systems in South Sumatra Tidal Swamp Areas Some experiences in agricultural research and development in South Sumatra tidal swamp areas showed that fluctuation of rice prices due to relatively low quality of rice.

extension workers. U. Thahir. Subagyo. Drying of the husked rice using a flatbed drier with a blower and burner (box-drier) will greatly improve the quality of the dried rice and will increase rice price and the farmer's will receive a good price of rice.G. It should be settings based on tertiary water management unit to make the time of planting more uniform.5% due to diffusion process of technologies. CONCLUSION Improvement of rice farming systems in tidal swamp areas in South Sumatra using high yielding varieties of Banyuasin and Sei Lalan. the number of tractors was rared so that it was necessary to add by credit scheme or rental services from specific companies or other regions. dan D.. Even though the improvement of rice farming management in tidal swamp areas has shown a significant increase in yield and farmer’s incomes. and related agencies involved in tidal swamps area development.Yoyo Soelaeman et al. Alihamsyah. The problems were in land and water management. Jakarta 194 . the farmer’s profit increased to 69.96 t ha-1 and also increased farmers’ profits by 55. guidance. REFERENCES Ananto. Swastika.2-29. marketing. 1998. I.S. Prospek Pengembangan Sistem Usaha Pertanian Modern di Lahan Pasang Surut Sumatera Selatan. Hand tractors are very helpful in solving manpower limitations. respectively. Further the low rice price for their poorly managed post-harvest crop does not encourage the farmers to grow the second crops. there were still some problems that need to solve. E. In the second and third years. T. Proyek Pengembangan Sistem Usaha Pertanian Lahan Pasang Surut Sumatera Selatan. Ismail.6 and 52. In other areas. farmer institutional and agricultural machinery and equipments. farm management. The bad management during the post-harvest period in the wet season will cause the farmers receive a low price for their crop. and Sugihan Kanan.2%. assistance and counseling of extension warkers. Hermanto.43-3. The number of tractors in the Delta Telang and Delta Upang was sufficient. R. Karang Agung Tengah and Ilir. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian.K. proper management of macro and micro level canals increased rice yield of cooperator farmers from 2 to 3. H. Kusnadi. The problems arised from farmer interviews and farmer workshop should take into consideration by researchers.E.4%. such as Pulau Rimau. The profit of non-cooperator farmers also increased between 12.

Ananto et al (eds). O. Indonesian Agricultural Research Development Journal No. and M. J. Anwarhan. 1984. The tidal swamp rice in South Kalimantan. and Karama. dan pemanfaatan. Argosino. Suastika. S.M..).G. Supriyo. I. H. International Rice Research Institute. and Hidayat. eds. pp. 19-37.P. H. Management of tidal swampland for food crops: Southern Kalimantan experience. 25-27 Juli 2000. Rice cultivation in the tidal swamps of Kalimantan. H. Ministry of Public Works. dan B. p: 18-24. p: 37-47 195 . Integrated Farming Systems Research and Development on Reclaimed Swampland in Indonesia. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan. Partohardjono. O. 1974. Budianto. Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development 16. Soelaeman. Jakarta. Noorsyamsi. In “Technical Pre-Seminar on Lowlands Development and Management”. Noorsyamsi. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan. Widjaya-Adhi. Buku I in E.G. Y. Beachell. the Philippines. Widjaja-Adhi. keterbatasan. Proyek Pengembangan Sistem Usaha Pertanian Lahan Pasang Surut Sumatera Selatan. Kebijakan Operasional Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian Lahan Rawa Mendukung Peningkatan Ketahanan Pangan dan Pengembangan Agribisnis. Hermanto. 1994. Cipayung.H. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Partohardjono and M..E. 2000.S.P. Development of coastal plains in Indonesia: Research needs and related priorites. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Pengembangan Usaha Pertanian Lahan Pasang Surut Sumatera Selatan Mendukung Keamanan Pangan dan Pengembangan Agribisnis. and S. Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development 11. eds. I. E. 1992. H. Noorsyamsi. Smith and G. Directorate General of Water Resources Development and JICA. K. Karama. 17-28.. Syam.W. S. Nugroho. Soentoro. Ardi. S. Bogor. Departemen Pertanian. S. 1981.D. Jakarta Anwarhan. p: 1-21.. 1-18. pp. In “Pengembangan Terpadu Pertanian Lahan Rawa Pasang Surut dan Lebak” S. 2000. Contributions Central Research Institute Agricultural Bogor No. Indonesia. In “Workshop in Research Priorities in Tidal Swamp Rice” (W. pp. Sumberdaya lahan rawa: Potensi. Sarwani. 1993. and H.Rice Farming Systems in South Sumatra Tidal Swamp Areas Ananto. I. Indonesia. H. Los Banos. Soelaiman. Food crops research in tidal swamp areas. A.E. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian di Lahan Rawa. 1989. 10. 3. p: 18. Cisarua. Nuryanto.

1951. General Agricultural Research Station Bogor.L. 196 . 123. Van Wijk.Yoyo Soelaeman et al. 49 p. C. Indonesia No. Soil survey of the tidal swamps of South Borneo in connection with the agricultural possibilities.

INTRODUCTION Soil analysis is important step in determining strategy of land development. Sample preparation is an important step in analysis of chemical properties of peat material. This situation leads to low efficiency and effectiveness of fertilization (Masganti 2003). In the hydrophilic condition. causes deviation in the analysis values of soil chemical properties. In laboratorium. Duration of peat material preparation by drying at room temperature was suggested less than 36 hours long. therefore reactivity to water or extractant solution become low.19 SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR PEAT MATERIAL ANALYSIS Masganti Riau Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology Abstract. Method of soil sample preparation. 1998). Long time drying or heating peat material during preparation can cause the peat material to be hydrophobic. because less or no reaction between extractant solution and solid peat material produces inaccurate or less accurate analysis results. The purpose of this paper was to talk about duration of drying peat material become hydrophobic at: (a) drying under room temperature and (b) heating in the oven at 50oC. 2006) reported that peat material analyzed under hydrophilic condition has chemical properties in contrast with peat material analyzed under hydrophobic condition. Masganti et al. Hydrophobicity is one important properties. the peat soil had a high capability to absorb water so that when analyzed led to contact with the extracting solution could take place intensively (Masganti 2005. Hydrophobic is one of the peat soil properties closely related to moisture content. Hydrophobic was a condition in which soil surface presents a weak binding energy with water or a condition of the soil surface on which a water drop did not spread (Valat et al. Water in peat material is easy to loss by heating. while drying it using oven at 50oC should not longer than 5 hours. That condition makes seriously problem in analyzing soil chemical properties. Louis et al. Presence of aromatic hydrocarbon covering peat colloid is believed to result in low water holding capacity of the peat material. so the maximum level of crop productivity was not achieved. particularly with regard to determination of type and amount of fertilizer needed. soil analysis starts from preparation of soil samples. which is inaccurate. because this trait can lead to reduce accuracy of the analysis. Proper preparation of soil samples for chemical analysis was one important step to obtain actual quality of the soil (Tan 1996). 197 . (2001) and Masganti (2005. 2006). 1991. thus causing error in determining strategies of land management.

Masganti 2005. 1986.Masganti Water in peat material was easy to lose through heating (Kwak et al. 1991. That condition makes serious problem in analysizing soil chemical properties. Less or no reaction between extractant solution and solid peat material produced not accurate or inaccurate analysis results of soil chemical properties (Masganti et al. drying or heating for a long time can cause the peat material to be hydrophobic. This was understandable because the water bound by peat material was easily lost due to heating (Von Wandruszka 1998). The purpose of this paper was to provide information about the condition of peat material becomes hydrophobic in sample preparation process if (a) dried at room temperature and (b) heated in an oven at 50oC. Drying in soil preparation causes peat material to become hydrophobic (Masganti et al. Valat et al. Masganti 2005. drying also leads to differences in the decrease rate in water content of peat material. 2006). Effect of drying duration at room temperature on water content of peat material Soil Laboratory. In this study the drying of peat material was performed at room temperature of 25-27oC with 75-80% relative humidity (Table 1). 2001. 2001.. Faculty of Agriculture. 2006). Von Wadruszka 1998). Gadjah Mada University. Under hydrophobic condition. % …………… 262 210 168 134 103 76 53# 50 46 44 Note : # = water content of peat material to become hydrophobic 198 487 367 272 193 128 71# 65 60 54 46 . In the preparation of peat material. 2001) Duration of drying time hours 6 12 18 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 Water Content Sapric Peat Fibric Peat ………………. Department of Soil Science. In addition. reactivity of the peat material to water or extractant solution was low. METHOD OF PEAT SAMPLE PREPARATION Drying at Room Temperature Drying of peat material in room temperature reduces its water content. Table 1.

These numbers showed that if peat material was heated. about 40-70% water in peat material was bound by van der Waals attraction. hydrophobicity of fibric peat material appeared earlier than that of sapric one. Sabiham 2000). After the peat material becoming hydrophobic. this study suggested that drying peat material at room temperature for 48 hours (fibric peat) or for 60 hours (sapric peat). According to Kwak et al. while fibric peat material became hydrophobic after 48 hours drying with a water content of 71%. so the water was bound more strongly. the reduction rate in holding water decreased and relatively constant (Notohadiprawiro 2000). drying could be performed at room temperature for 36 hours. Before reaching the hydrophobic condition. Peat material heating in oven at 50oC Table 2 showes that water contents of peat material heated in oven at 50oC to become hydrophobic were 42% for sapric after d 480 minutes and 61% for fibric after 360 minutes. heating causes decline rate of peat material to hold water increases until it reaches its peak during hydrophobic. 1991). More decomposed peat material contained more colloids (Stevenson 1994. Thus for the same drying duration. The structural changes were not reversible and had a low affinity to moisture. This condition was caused only by longer heating which could cause damage to structure of the bond between water and solid peat material. The water bound by the van der Waals attraction was easy to lose by heating. while the water bound by chemical binding needed more energy to lose (Von Wandruszka 1998). Tan 1994). through preparation of peat material. Peat material with a high ash content had more minerals content. 1991. The appearance of hydrophobicity of more decomposed peat material at lower water levels also related to higher levels of ash content (Valat et al. water loss at fibric peat material was higher than that at sapric peat material. while the damage of water bound by chemicals had not occurred at a new beginning (Valat et al. and 10-15% bound by chemical binding. although water holding capacity of 199 . 1991. More water losses led to changes in the molecular colloid structure of peat material. Based on these results. This condition caused the colloids to interact to form a new more stable structure (Valat et al. so that more water was bound by chemical binding. the peat material becomes hydrophobic when wetted with water does not absorb water or appears to be wet. Stevenson 1994). and the peat material will float when put in water. Thus. Sapric peat material became hydrophobic after 60 hours drying with a water content of 53%. Physically. (1986).Sample Preparation for Peat Material Analysis Drying of the peat material at room temperature led to appear hydrophobicity.

1991. Cellulose and hemicellulose are hydrophilic and identified as organic components. Vermer (1996). According to Valat et al. 2002) Stage of peat decompostion Drying duration (minutes) Symbol Water content (%) Sapric 270 360 480 540 SL1 SL2 SL3 SL4 155 79 42# 34 Fibric 90 210 360 420 FL1 FL2 FL3 FL4 320 153 61# 46 Note : # = water content of peat material to become hydrophobic Differences in rate of peat water loss also related to content of humic and fulvic acids in peat material. Thus the appearance of hydrophobicity closely related to velocity of reducing these chemical properties of the peat material. sapric peat material contained higher humic acid than fibric peat material did. Sabiham 2001). Spark et al. The decrease rate in water content of fibric peat material was faster than that of sapric peat material by heating and also related to the contents of total acidity. 1997. Table 2. Nugroho and Widodo 2001). (1991). so reduces water holding capacity of the peat material. Changes in those chemical properties of peat material caused by heating were higher in fibric peat material than those in sapric peat material. In order to keep peat material remains in the hydrophilic condition. This was due to fibric peat material contained higher cellulose and hemicellulose than sapric peat material did (Valat et al. 200 . Pohan et al. Stevenson 1994. but lower in fulvic acid. Faculty of Agriculture. carboxylic. Tan 1997). 1991. Heating caused the fulvic acid changes faster or easier because of a lower molecular weight (Stevenson 1994. Department of Soil Science. Higher changes in chemical properties henced faster decreases in water content. and OH-phenolic in peat material (Harris et al. Drying of peat material for a long time destroys structure of both components. and Masganti (2003). Gadjah Mada University. Water content of peat material after heating in oven temperature of 50oC (Soil Laboratory.Masganti fibric peat material was higher than sapric peat material (Andriesse 1988. 1998. Water reduction velocity of fibric peat material was higher than that of sapric peat material (Table 2). it is suggested that preparation of peat material by heating in oven at 50oC should not longer than 300 minutes or 5 hours. Sabiham 2000). which were easier to change by heating (Tan 1997).

K. pp: 109-113. Yogyakarta. A. Oostindie. In Rieley. Gadjah Mada University. Haris. REFERENCES Andriesse. T. The effect of dry-wet condition to peat soil physical characteristic of different degree of decomposition.H.). K. 95-118.).. Management & Conservation Cervice. 1988.P. and S. 165 p. Thesis. the duration should not longer than 5 hours. 201 . When the preparation through heating in oven at 50oC. 187 p. Ritsema.L. Physico-chemical properties of peat material in relation to irreversible drying process (in Indonesia) Kalimantan Agrikultura 5(2) : 91-99.D. 2000. The role of colloid science in peat dewatering : principle and dewatering studies. Duration preparation of peat samples by drying at room temperature was suggested at a maximum of 36 hours. Center for Land Resources Studies. Ayub. T. Herudjito. Masganti. Jurnal Tanah dan Air 6(2): 69-74. Nature and Management of Tropical Peat Soils. and B. Sheppard. Page (Eds. 2005. Notohadiprawiro. Adimidjaja. Soil Science 163(10) : 780796. PhD. A. Rome. Gadjah Mada University. 1998. Jakarta Symposium Proceeding on Peatlands for People: Natural Resources Functions and Sustainable Management. W. S.D. Notohadikusumo. Yogyakarta.H. Peat and Water. Sabiham. 2001. FAO. J. Jakarta Symposium Proceeding on Peatlands for People: Natural Resources Functions and Sustainable Management. and B. and S. Boersma.O.J.E.O. A. Masganti. and J.. Hydrophobicity and result of chemical analysis of peat material (in Indonesia). Tropical Peatlands 6(6):10-14. 2001. In Rieley. Effects of drying temperature on the severity of soil water repellency. Widodo. and S. 355 p. FAO Land and Water Development Division. J. Page (Eds. Radjagukguk. J.T. 1998.Sample Preparation for Peat Material Analysis CONCLUSION Preparation of peat material both at room temperature and in oven at 50oC caused the peat material became hydrophobic. Pp: 94-102. 2003. Masganti. Sample preparation and hydrophobicity of peat material.C. Maas. Soil and Environment (in Indonesia). Soil Resources. Louis. D. pp. Nugroho. The Study on Increasing Effort of Phosphate Supplying Capacity in Oligotrophic Peat (in Indonesia). Masganti. Kwak. Hydrophobicity and its impact on chemical properties of peat. C. 2006.. and O. J. 1986.E.

A.B. Soil Sci. Marcel Dekker Inc. Tan. New York. Critical moisture content of Central Kalimantan peat in relation to irreversible process (in Indonesia). R. New York. 1991.. Vermer. Tan. composition and reaction. Preparation.M. Goenadi.: 1-31.. F.H. K. Interaction Between Soil Mineral and Organic and Mycroba (in Indonesia)..). Humus Chemistry : genesis. J. Yogyakarta.. Soil Sampling.. Environmental Soil Science. 1996. B. K. Wells. R. D. Soekodarmodjo.Masganti Pohan. Soil Science 152 (2) : 100-107. Soil mineral degradation by organic matter (in Indonesia). Pascasarjana Programe. Sabiham. Characterization of the wetting properties of air-dried peats and composts. Research on Physical Aspect of Peat Material Relation to Irreversible Process (in Indonesia). Gadjah Mada University Press. S. Directorate Generale of Higher Education. 202 . S. Stevenson. 28 p. and B. 2001. P. 1996.D. Second Edition. Aus.. 1994. Phd. Sabiham.J. Von Wandruszka. Research Report. Schnitzer (Eds.H. Gadjah Mada University. J.M. and L. 2000. Landbouw Universiteit. J. Riviere. The micellar model humic acid: evidence from pyrene flouresence measurement. 6(11):21-30. S. 1991. Marcel Dekker Inc. Spark. 1994. Jouany. 1997. 408 p. Johnson. 163(12): 921-930. 304 p. 35(1) : 89-101. Wageningen. Transleted by. Tanah Trop. C. The interaction of humic acid with heavy metals. New York. Valat. Tan.H. In Huang.H. Ministry of National Education. 199 p.M. John Willey & Sons Inc. Soil Res. Thesis. First Edition. Stability Condition and Processes of Destabilization of the Indonesian Tropical Peats. 1998. Kertonegoro. 1997. and Analysis. pp. Interaction Between Humic Acid and Hematite and their Effects on Metal Ion Speciation. and B. K.D. 63 p. 496 p. K. Yogyakarta. and M.

Therefore the use of computer models to predict and evaluate the performance of the network is an appropriate solution. 3Muhammad Yazid. Untuk itu seluruh komponen tersebut harus dievaluasi dan di analisis untuk mendukung upaya pemenuhan kebutuhan air tanaman. cross-sectional survey. land hydrotopography.184. Jl. Dynamics of the water level in the swamp area in both tertiary and in the channels is strongly influenced by several conditions.20 TECHNICAL APPROACH OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION ON CANAL (CASE STUDY IN DELTA TELANG I. the potential for drainage. and operation of the waterworks building. Those components must be evaluated and analyzed to support the plant water needs. hidrotopografi lahan.co.001. In the channel itself it is needed direct observations in the field in order to get accurate observational data. the erosion on the channel SPD amounted to 126. Cumulatively.5 m3. Oleh karena itu penggunaan model komputer untuk menduga dan mengevaluasi kinerja jaringan merupakan suatu solusi yang tepat. water management network conditions. potensi drainase. effort. BANYUASIN. Palembang-South Sumatra Syarifachmad6080@yahoo. potential flood tide. kondisi jaringan tata air.088. among others: the amount of rainfall. dan operasi bangunan tata air.5 m3. dynamics of water level.713. On P36 segment (middle line) scale sedimentation was 915. the amount of sediment in the channel SDU P8-13S was 34. antara lain: jumlah curah hujan. On the P38 segment (middle line) and P76 segment (end line). and considerable expense. The results showed that the erosion occurring on cross section roads of SPD P0 (at the beginning line) was 5. erosion.5 m3 and on the segment P74 (end line). SDU channel sedimentation occurring at P0 segment (initial line) was 582. and 3FX Suryadi 1 Doctoral Student of Environmetal Science.5 m3. This study examined the existing condition and SDU SPD channels on the secondary block of P8-13S Telang I swamps by analyzing sediment cohesiveness in the channel.id 2 Promoters 3 Co-Promoter Abstract. But this way takes time. Sriwijaya University. 3Arie S Moerwanto.7 m3. SOUTH SUMATRA PROVINCE) 1 Achmad Syarifudin. Di salurannya sendiri diperlukan data pengamatan secara langsung di lapangan agar di dapat data pengamatan yang akurat. and sedimentation Abstrak. and profile measurements of longitudinal channels as well as observations of water level in the channel for 2 times in 24 hours. 203 . the erosions were 3. potensi luapan air pasang. Namun cara seperti ini memerlukan waktu. Keywords: Canal in wetlands. 2Momon Sodik Imanudin.2 m3. the sedimentation value was 1.444) and 3228 m3. Cumulatively. Dinamika muka air di daerah rawa baik di petak tersier maupun di saluran sangat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa kondisi. tenaga dan biaya yang cukup besar. Padang Selasa No 524.

the network infrastructure is still weak institutions manage the field level. This problem concerns related to issues other than technical.088. Pada ruas P38 (tengah saluran). which was at the completion of construction of the network only. Kata kunci: Saluran di daerah rawa. In terms of maintenance of the canal. because the flow system are not appropriate.5 m3. Penelitian ini mengkaji kondisi eksisting saluran SPD dan SDU pada blok sekunder P813S daerah rawa Telang I dengan melakukan analisis kohesivitas sedimen di saluran.001. erosi yang terjadi sebesar 3. In this connection. situated at the river mouth near the beach. we need a way out so that all problems can be solved in a comprehensive manner. one of which is necessary to increase the water system through a network of channels associated with the maintenance of stability of the channel itself. and so are not optimal in terms of canal maintenance. besarnya sedimentasi pada saluran SDU P8-13S adalah sebesar 34.713. dinamika muka air. For that. field conditions. nilai sedimentasinya adalah 1. Abandoned land is caused by many things including water system existing network of sub-optimal in providing its function in water management. the conclusion that the total area of wetlands that have been reclaimed 1.2 m3.8 million ha of wetlands are abandoned or unused land. terjadi erosi sebesar 3. and naturally formed and also influenced by tides on a periodic basis.5 m3.5 m3. Control of water levels in wetlands reclamation process is a key process that must be done properly and correctly.5 m3 dan pada ruas P74 (ujung saluran). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa erosi yang terjadi potongan melintang SPD pada ruas P0 (di awal saluran) sebesar 5. Secara kumulatif. Based on the data collected by the Directorate General of Coastal Wetlands and Water Resources in 2006. Sedimentasi saluran SDU yang terjadi pada ruas P0 (awal saluran) sebesar 582.7 m3.8 million ha are included 0.444 m3 dan pada ruas P76 (ujung saluran). Besides. The land has unique properties that are acidic. survei pengukuran profil potongan melintang dan memanjang saluran serta pengamatan tinggi muka air di saluran selama 2 kali 24 jam. and salt-water intrusion during dry season.Achmad Syarifudin et al. it should be understood also that the construction of a system of water / water in the tidal marshes today are mostly located on the first stage. erosi yang terjadi pada saluran SPD adalah sebesar 126. through studies of inventory data swampland west and the east. pyrite and peat contents.184.228 m3. swamp reclamation should use the concept of "shallow-intensive drainage" 204 . While the construction of support facilities (waterworks) is still not widely applied. Secara kumulatif. Characteristic of the tidal marsh area is very unique when compared to the technical irrigation area because water supply availability of tidal marshes is always of high and low tides of the seawater. Pada ruas P36 (tengah saluran) besaran sedimentasinya adalah 915. Canal conditions and the water was too old buildings are not rehabilitated. erosi dan sedimentasi INTRODUCTION Tidal marsh areas are generally areas that have relatively flat topography.

However. Required data in its own channel of direct observations in the field to the observational data can be accurate. Susanto 1996) and not "intensive-deep drainage". the potential flood tide. 2). But this way takes time. effort and considerable expense. Therefore all components must be evaluated and analyzed to support the water needs of plants. the calibration process needs to be done to get good results with other words that the results of the modeling is almost equal to the results of field measurements (Suryadi 2010). it needs to be a study in addition to evaluating the performance of the existing drainage system in the control of water levels. These two concepts should be combined with control of the disposal and containment of water (Susanto 2002. according to Suryadi (1998). to evaluate the condition of the water system network in the capacity of the supply and disposal has developed a computer model of DUFLOW (Suryadi 1996). 4). and operation of water system construction. However. reclamation of tidal marsh when associated with water management and design criteria can be done with two approaches. DUFLOW the model simulation results can provide practical recommendations in terms of improving the network and operating system of water management (Suryadi and Schultz 2001. Calculation of saltwater intrusion in the dry season period. 3). water system network conditions. and total reclamation (maximum disturbance). Imanudin and Susanto 2003. Skaggs 1991. In tidal marsh areas also need to canal stability analysis in an effort to support the operation and maintenance of the canal. the potential for drainage. Support program decision-making on a wide river. Imanudin 2010). minimum disturbance approach is still the best (Imanudin and Susanto 2004). Therefore the use of computer models to predict and evaluate the performance of the network is an appropriate solution. such as the Watershed or controlling the flow of the water gate. SOBEK simulation program can also be used to: 1). The use of computer models have been tested and developed as it can save time. 2010). namely the minimum reclamation (minimum disturbance). Predicted daily water levels along the river. In connection with the above problems. Meanwhile. This study will use one-dimensional SOBEK software. 205 . Suryadi et al. Calculation of water level rise to levee safety check. effort and money.Technical Approach of Erosion and Sedimentation on Canal (Skaggs 1982. For the conditions in Indonesia. hydro-topography land. among others: the amount of rainfall. The dynamics of water in a swamp area in both tertiary and in the canal influenced by several conditions.

The next design for the open channel system is prepared by the Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB). Map of Research Sites (BPSDA. 2010) By Geographic Region Telang I located at 020 29' to 020 48' S and 1040 30' to 1040 52' longitude. Map of study site). (Bogor Agriculture Institute (IPB 1976). South of the river adjacent to the contrary. The system consists of the main canal (also used for navigation).Achmad Syarifudin et al. Delta Saleh and Sugihan. (Figure 1. Telang I located in the north bordering the Strait of Bangka. which also reclaimed following the generation of second-generation design of double-grid layout (Rib System) along with Telang II. 206 . In general. Research Location Figure 1. MATERIALS AND METHODS Description of Research Areas Delta Telang I was in the swamps of South Sumatra. to the east and west of the Musi river bordered by Telang I (Figure 2). secondary canals and tertiary canals.

Technical Approach of Erosion and Sedimentation on Canal Figure 2. Hydrology of the block is determined by the condition of the adjacent canal. the water status in each canal. Figure 3 shows the layout of the block in the secondary and tertiary Telang I. The eastern region bordering the Musi river. west of the river adjacent to Telang. Network map tidal marsh reclamation Delta Telang I (Mega Citra Consultants. the influence of tidal and climatic conditions such as rainfall and evapo-transpiration (Susanto 1998) 207 . 1994) In hydrological. the operation of the door. Telang I region is an area which is surrounded by tidal rivers. South of the Bangka Strait and north of the river adjacent to the contrary.

hot and humid throughout the year with maximum temperatures between 29-32° C. minimum temperature of 21-22° C and humidity between 84-89%. (Sartika 2009) Climate Climate in Telang I was the tropical rain. Figure 4 shows the annual rainfall Telang I and Figure 5. agro-climate is the C-1. with 5 to 6 months of consecutive wet (rainfall over 200 mm) and 0-1 dry months (rainfall less than 100 mm) (Sartika 2009). According to the classification Oldeman. 115 4410 m 434 m m LU 2 homeyardan LU 1 S D U S P D S D U Economi c Zone 75 75 m m 115 4340 m 441 m LUm 1 LU 2 S P Tertiary Dcanals 12 5 m Green belt S D U 1 5 0 m 16 x 231. The annual rainfall averages about 2. Climate and rainfall supports a variety of plants (Euroconsult 1996).400 mm. INDONESIA-BELANDA S P D 2 Secondary blocks 434 Lm U 1 Tertiary canal 441 LU m 2 Tertiary block P6 Telang I Secondary and Tertiary Block S P the blocks in the secondary and tertiary D blocks of Telang I (Land and Water Management Research Centre 2004). Rainfall This area is free of tropical storms although local storms can cause damage.Achmad Syarifudin et al.25 m= 3700 m 1 5 0 m 125 m Figure 3. shows the monthly rainfall and ET of Telang I. 208 . respectively. Wet months (rainfall over 200 mm per month) occurred during the period November-April and dry month on average in August (rainfall less than 100 mm per month). S P Layout D PILOT MONITORING SCHEME.

00 Rainfall (mm) 3.00 3. (Sartika 2009) Existing Canal Condition Visually. 209 . but cliff erosion and the grass so it is possible to keep the canal erosion and sedimentation and soil erosion at the base of the cliff/erosion on the side of the canal.Technical Approach of Erosion and Sedimentation on Canal Annual Rainfall 1985-2005 4.500. It can be seen that although the canal has been done "dredging" or digging.2007 400 350 REP (mm) 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Evapotranspiration Rainfall Figure 5.00 500.00 1. Monthly rainfall and ET Potential Telang I 1996-2005 (Rainfall Station Kenten 2008).000.000. (Sartika 2009) Rainfall Evapotranspiration Potential (REP) 1996 .500.00 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 - Year Figure 4. Annual rainfall of 1985-2005 Telang I (Rainfall Stations of Kenten 2008). the current canal is still not doing maintenance on a regular basis.500.000.00 2.000.00 1.00 2.

farmers. floodgates building. On P. human resources. Secondary canal and flap gate in P8-13S Telang I. water system (network). Sources of data obtained from the main physical data. although it is still available but it is simple and technically there is need for improvement.38 segment (middle). Monitoring will provide information needed to control and if necessary change the rules and Operations and Maintenance. Therefore. This is due to the gate structure tertiary blocks is built upon public participation and without the construction of adequate technical guidance from the local government. Operation and Maintenance activities are divided into two. Similarly. and in particular to the implementation of the rules of operation of activities whose purpose to appropriate water management for crop needs. Erosion on cross section SPD P. and the means of production. In the implementation. institutions. the erosion was 3. 2012 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Operation and Maintenance Problems of irrigation networks in tidal marshes is a function of soil. namely the Operation and Maintenance activities.0 (at the beginning) was about 5.5 m3. monitoring can provide information for planning long-term development in the regions concerned. the initial step in this research is to identify existing conditions and all relevant variables of each component that will be analyzed and studied in relation to one another in order to obtain a stable canal forms to support Operations and Maintenance activities in certain areas.001. and land environment by conducting field surveys and secondary data by the method of desk study.228 m3. climate. Implementation of Operation and Maintenance must be performed simultaneously with monitoring. Figure 6. 210 .76 (end) erosion was 3. in the study sites in P8-13s is not enough water available gate structure (flap-gate). In addition.Achmad Syarifudin et al. water.444 m3 and P.

Polity Press.5 m3. PU Foundation Publisher. Bosworth. S. the erosion on the channel SPD amounted to 126.. B. C. 1993. 40 (6). Jakarta. Italy. SDU channel sedimentation occurring at P. Rome Italy. and Ceelen.5 m3 and the segment P. B.713.E.74 (end line). Journal of the American Water Resources Association.. Canals Water Resources. B. Cumulatively. Boissevain. and C. In Proceedings of the 15th Congress of ICID. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The research was supported by the government of South Sumatra province and especially I thank to my promoter and co-promoters that helped and permitted me profusely. Indonesia. the erosion on the channel SPD amounted to 126..2 m3.. Water Charging in Irrigated Agriculture.713.Technical Approach of Erosion and Sedimentation on Canal Cumulatively. Environmental Ethics.0 segment (initial line) was about 582. G. 2004:1603-1615. FAO 2004.7 m3. Brower.184. and Schultz.36 (middle line) sedimentation was 915.. the sedimentation value was 1.7 m3. UK. Rome. van den Bosch.S. Ali. Proceedings of the 18th Congress and 53rd IEC Meeting of ICID. J. Attfield..184. PT. J.. Perry. which must be done to each other in an integrated manner. Cambridge. it is necessary to step-by-step activities. and Burke. Cornish. Hoeveenars J. 211 . Suryadi. Water Resources Management. Modeling Metals Transport and sediment / Water Interactions in a Mining impacted Mountain Stream. 2002. 2003. 2009. the amount of sediment in the channel SDU P8-13S is 34.5 m3 and the amount of sediment in the channel SDU P8-13S is 34.088. REFERENCES Anwar. R.5 m3. Cumulatively. Development and Management Service Land and Water Development Devision FAO. On P. FX. Water Management Objectives and Their Realization in Tidal Lowland Areas in Bangladesh and Indonesia. Results of investigations in the field of erosion and sedimentation are cumulative values of each channel. B. 1993. Mediatama Sapta Karya. ML. Caruso. W. so this paper can be presented in these seminar. CONCLUSION This study shows that to achieve the desired objectives in the development of Operation and Maintenance in the reclamation of tidal marsh. Expansion of Irrigation Service Fee in Indonesia. The Hague. Montreal Canada.

GP Van De Ven. Utrecht. 2004. Harsono. and Vermillon. Robiyanto. Huppert. Proceedings of the 3rd Netherlands National ICID Day: Financial Aspects of Water Management An Overview.. 212 . 1997. Stichting Matrijs. 60 Years of the Department of public works. 1996. Biec International. 2006. Trans Intra Asia. Susanto . Proceedings of the 9th InterRegional conference on water environmental. Indonesia. Indonesia. Land units and water management zones in tidal lowlands of Indonesia. The Republic of Indonesia. FX BartSchult. DL. Man-Made History of Water Management and Land Reclamation in the Netherlands Low Lands.. Robiyanto H. van den. van den. Susanto. M. PT. Case study in a pilot Telang I area. Ministry of public works. Sumarjo Gatot Irianto. Delft. Telang and Saleh Agricultural Development Project. The Netherlands. Delft Netherlands.. Governing Maintenance Provision in Irrigation. 2006. Concept for Water Management and multifunctional land uses in lowlands. Drainage Development Component. phased Develoment And Water Management In Tidal Lands. Eelaart ALJ. Netherlands. 2007. Euroconsult.Achmad Syarifudin et al. Jakarta. PT. SWAMPS II (IBRD) Report. Netherlands. Jakarta. Prospect of the development of swamp areas in Indonesia. W. Enviro water. Hartoyo Suprianto. 1991. Hofwegen.J. ALJ. Water management technologies on tidal wetlands in Indonesia in a multidimensional perspective. Sevendsen. O & M Manual.M. 2001. Indonesia. Eddy. and Suryadi. Eelaart. Potential. Potential and constrains of water management measures for tidal lowlands in South Sumatra. 2005. Gesellschaft fur Technische Detsche Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH. Directorate General of Water Resources Development. Papers in the National seminar "The role and prospects of development of wetlands in national development". H. P.

and Potassium (K). 4. *) This paper is also published in Special Edition of Indonesian Soil and Agroclimate Journal 213 .com Abstract. Kebun Karet. Email: [email protected]% chicken manure+90. The increase occurred at 4th and 8th weeks. Peatland is important land resource for livelihood. but in dosages of ameliorant. and 8 weeks). with 3 replications. 6. Loktabat. EC values showed fluctuations at each observation period. The treatment consisted of two factors: 1) types of ameliorant formulas (formula 1.09% chicken manure+90. Observations on soil parameters included pH and EC values periodically (at 1. paddy INTRODUCTION Peatland has an important role in Indonesia’s agricultural development. There was interaction between the type of ameliorant and dosage of application to crop production. and 2 four levels of ameliorant dosages (5. 15. Jl. 2.21 THE IMPROVEMENT OF IDLE PEATLAND PRODUCTIVITY FOR PADDY THROUGH ORGANIC AMELIORATION *) Eni Maftu’ah.91% purun tikus grass (Eleochoris dulcis). because it know as a fragile land. Banjarbaru – South Kalimantan. The highest rice production was performed by the ameliorant formula of 9. There was an increase in soil pH from week’s 2nd to 6th. (2) 33. organic ameliorant formula. 10.58% agricultural weeds + 76. the main constraint of idle peatland was very acid soil reaction or pH value. Central Kalimantan. and terrestrial carbon (Wahyunto et al 2010). and then it decreased from -8th week until harvest. 3). 2.33% chicken manure+66. economic development. Research was conducted in the greenhouse of IWETRI in May to September 2011.91% purun tikus at 20 t ha-1dosage. The dosages of ameliorant application showed no significant effects on soil pH. Objective of this study was to determine the effect of several ameliorant formulas to increase plant growth and productivitity of idle peat land to paddy. Phosphate (P). Palangkaraya.69% chicken manure+15. Ameliorant application of 20 t ha-1 gave higher plant heigh than those of 15 and 10 t ha-1. (3) 9. The soils for this pots experiment were taken from ex-peat fire at the Kalampangan village. Keywords: Idle peat land. and very low availability of Nitrogen (N). However. Ameliorant composition consisted of (1) 7. and crop production. and 6 weeks). The experiment was arranged in a factorially complete randomized block design. 4. In this case study. Linda Indrayati. The utilization ameliorant is absolutely necessary in the management of idle peatlands.67% agricultural weeds.73% purun tikus grass (Eleochoris dulcis). 20 t ha-1). and Mukhlis Researchers of IAARD at Indonesian Wetland Research Institute. plant height (at 2. The height of paddy showed no significant differences in type of ameliorant treatment. agricultural development in peatland must be done carefully by applying proper management techniques.

Maftu’ ah et al. Besides the improper land management. Idle peat land rehabilitation can be approached with water management and ameliorant utilization such as organic fertilizer and agricultural lime (Supriyo and Maftu'ah 2009). The idle peat land management needs serious attention in order to prevent further land degradation. Idle peat land has decreased quality such as. Miss management of peat land often causes idle lands. Improving the productivity of idle peat land is necessary to adopt the farmer local wisdom who succes in managing ameliorant. Characterization of idle peat land is necessary to know the constraints faced in its management. Ameliorant substances can act as a supplier of nutrients. and hydrophobic layer that caused by excessive drainage and fires. increasing of soil acidity. 214 . Idle peat lands are vulnerable to fire because in top layer general is hydrophobic. Ameliorant material can be derived from organic materials that are readily available in the environment around us. One or combinations of the following properties are indicators of land degradation are: decreased ability to hold water. and improve plant growth environment to increase. Socioeconomic factors. It is because on the peat that opened the longer will decrease the quality of the land. acidity. so abandoned by farmers (bongkor). Ameliorant formula is still needed to increase the efficiency and effectively of ameliorant for functioning it as ameliorantive and nutrients supplies. that has a several biophysical problems as well as socio-economic constraints for its development. the idle peat land also due to the occurrence of fires that alter the natural condition of the peat is hydrophilic to hydrophobic. nutrient availability. and the decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) and total N (Anshari 2010). The utilization of idle peat by concerning is needed to study its characteristics and resources potency. especially the availability of capital and labor also contributed to the occurrence of idle peat lands. But still needed ameliorant material formulation to improve the efficiency and affectivity of ameliorant is that in addition to functioning as ameliorant improve the environment as well as a provider of nutrients. low nutrient content. In addition it is also due to the characteristics of the natural peat lands that have low fertility rates and the number of inhibiting factors for conduct as productive agricultural land from being used by farmers. The objective of this research was to study the effect of utilization of several ameliorant formulas to increase growth and production of rice on idle peat land. preventing the loss of nutrient elements through leaching. The selection of ameliorant considered local resourses potency such as availability and the effectiveness of substances.

.......08 0....02 47.. available P (6..62 cmol(+) kg-1).. and 20 t ha-1).... 31...26 19..18 0.49 5...... Table 1..... and 1..... 52...99 0. A2.25 mg kg-1). Purun tikus (Eleocharis dulcis) is a specific grass in tidal swamplands.26 1.. 0.........80 10... 215 . Some properties of the soil were very low soil reaction (pH value approximately 3..... and 2) four ameliorant dosages (5.. and 240 g KCl per plot) and dolomite of 1 t ha-1.10 mS cm-1 EC... A3 (Table 2)..02 0......25 1....48 1..02 4. chicken manure. .......86 0.. Selected peat land was degraded due to peat fires in 2007.........99 37. Ca. A2...16 16..45 44..11 4.22.. Central Kalimantan.. 10..12 The research was arranged in a factorially randomized complete block design with 2 factors: 1) three ameliorant formulas (A1..... The soil was taken from degraded peat lands at Kalampangan village..67 mg kg-1)..91 0. and purun tikus (Eleocharis dulcis) with nutrient composition as presented in Table 1.. 278 g SP36. Chemical substances of the ameliorants Ameliorant Chicken manure Agricultural weeds Purun tikus grass C N P K C/N Ca Mg Na Fe KA pH .....15 1..85 0. little wedusan grass (Agerathum conyzoides).19 0.. and 50 kg K2O per hectare (equivalent to 200 g urea.....The Improvement of Idle Peatland Productivity for Paddy MATERIAL AND METHODS The experiment was conducted in greenhouse of IWETRI (Indonesian Wetland Agriculture Research Institute) Banjarbaru.. The compositions of some ameliorant materials were formulated in accordance with the treatment for A1.. low available K..93 1.64 1.. Agricultural weed was a mixture of weeds of the site dominated by grinting grass (Cynodon dactylon). 3.. The study was conducted from May to September 2011......66 0.56 7.. All treatments were applied with NPK fertilizer: 45 kg N.....64 0.. and kentangan (Borreria latifolia).82 0...02% organic C....17 44.30 2.. and A3).32 1........ % .......72. Ameliorant consisted of: agricultural weeds.94 0. very low available N (11. and hydrophobic peat at the upper layer of 0-5 cm. 60 kg P2O5.04 20. and Mg (0... 15.53).........

Maftu’ ah et al. Regression equation was used to determine the contribution influences between dependent and independent variables (Gomez and Gomez 1995).67 - Purun tikus grass 76. 2.73 90. and then decreased at week -8 to harvest.: plant height. The data were analyzed using Minitab software for windows.33 9.09 Compositions (%) Agricultural weed 15. yield components. Initially. Data analysis was performed to determine the effect of independent variables on dependent variables by using the analysis of variance at 5 and 1% confidence levels. 4. Dosage ameliorant showed no significant effect on soil pH.58 66. and paddy yield. 8 weeks after planting (WAP). Periodic soil pH values at the beginning of observation showed no differences in either the type or dosage of ameliorant. 216 . the seeds were germinated for 21 days and then planted in pot experiment.91 Rice variety used was Margasari. Observations were made on paddy growth at 1. The difference was visible only at the age of 6 weeks after planting (Figure 1). but the types of ameliorant showed the difference. Relationship between the variables was tested with correlation. 6. Differences between treatments for each parameter were analyzed using DMRT test (Duncan's Multiple Range Test) with a confidence level of 5%. Periodic observations were conducted on soil pH and EC. Table 2. number of tiller. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Soil pH and EC Type and dosage of ameliorant showed no interaction to the soil pH at each observation period. Soil pH increased at 2-6 WAP. Ameliorant formula Ameliorant A1 A2 A3 Chicken manure 7. The parameter observed were.69 33.

Fluctuations of EC in each period of observation explained at Figure 2. The changing of soil pH on treatment of ameliorant type (a) and dosage (b) This condition explained that until sixth week there was no balance insoil solution. there was no interaction between type and ameliorant dosage on EC. 217 . and decreased at the end of the observation. As well as the soil pH. According Suryanto (1994). The decline was thought to be related to the binding reaction some nutrients by organic acids as well as by other ions and nutrients immobilization by microorganisms. EC reached peak at 8 WAP. peat released H+ into the soil solution due to the high buffer soil acidity that derived from organic acids. Increased EC occurred at 4 and 8 WAP. exchange reaction between Ca2+ and phenolic groups released H+ so that soil acidity.The Improvement of Idle Peatland Productivity for Paddy Figure 1.

Maftu’ ah et al. but significantly different at ameliorant dosage. This was due to slow decomposition process consequently resulting no different amount between acid anions and base cations (Supriyo 2006). Paddy Growth Plant height at formula ameliorant had no significantly different. Increased dosage of ameliorant gave significant plant height at each observation period. In the waterlogged conditions. Increased pH would increase the activity of soil organisms that produce organic acids in peat. Dosage of 20 t ha-1 gave the highest effect on plant height. finally releasing the dissolved simple elements. In dry conditions. The changing of soil EC might be related the reduction and oxidation of soil conditions. Increased organic acids would increase the negative charge that could adsorb several cations that present in the soil solution. Figure 2. Masganti (2003) reported that the longer of drying condition would increase the EC value in linear. oxidation process accelerated faster decomposition of organic matter. followed by a dosage of 15 t ha-1 and 10 t ha-1 (Figure 3). As reported by Proctor (2003) that the changingof cations consentration in the soil solution was influenced by the interaction of ions with the peat functional groups active. and therefore contributed to EC. the solubility of the salts was relatively stable so that EC value was relatively stable too. The changing of soil EC on treatment ameliorant type (a) and dosage (b) The changing of soil EC might be related with changes in pH. 218 .

The combination of chicken manure with purun tikus. On peat soils in Jambi and Central Kalimantan. by fixation of ion Fe that a lot donated by purun tikus. Mario and Sabiham (2002). siringat and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (Sabiham 1997. Figure 4. pkumarat. and the availability of nutrients in the soil. A3 formula gave the highest number of tillers compared with A1 and A2. increased nutrient availability and reduced the presence of organic acids. Effect of type (a) and dosage ameliorant (b) on the paddy growth 219 . sinapat. there were five i derivated phenolic acids namely ferulic acid. The phenolic acids have a direct influence on the biochemistry and physiology of plants.The Improvement of Idle Peatland Productivity for Paddy Figure 3. vanilat. Effect of ameliorant type (a) and doses (b) on height plant Type of ameliorant affected the number of tillers (Figure 4).

0 cd 51. but increasing the dose from 10 to 15 t ha-1 was not significantly different. On A1 treatment (7.09% chicken manure + 91.Maftu’ ah et al.0 a 6. D2 = 10 t / ha.3 a 6. Table 3.0 c Number of filled grain 26.2 bc 9. Increased dosage of organic ameliorant would increase the number of hydrophilic functional groups as well as NPK nutrients. 220 .58% agricultural weed+76.2 b 6. A3 = 9.48 b 69.3 c 9. 67% of agricultural weeds) increase ameliorant dosage of 5 t ha-1 to 10 t ha-1 and 15 t ha-1 significantly increased the number of panicles.7 d 62.69% chicken manure+15. Numbers followed by the same letter in the same column indicates no significant difference based DMRT α = 5%.7 ab 11. contrary at doses of 15-20 t ha-1. In A2 treatment (33.9b 4.7 b 10.0 c 6.06 a 62.54 d 71. 67% of agricultural weeds.9 t ha-1 combined with agricultural lime at 5.28c 62.3 a 38.3 b 10.33% chicken manure + 66.49 d 76.0 b 4.86 e Grain weight (g) 4.3 b 6.73% of purun tikus). Interaction between type of ameliorant with dosage to all components of yield and yield is on Table 3. D3 = 15 t / ha.4 b 3.4 b 16.6 a 7. Effect of treatment interaction on paddy production per hill Treatments A1D1 A1D2 A1D3 A1D4 A2D1 A2D2 A2D3 A2D4 A3D1 A3D2 A3D3 A3D4 Number of panicle 4. A1 = 7. Amelioration on idle peat land could be approximated by applying ameliorant substances such as organic fertilizer (manure) with a dosage of 4.9 a 7.3 a 5.9 t ha-1 (Supriyo and Maftu'ah 2009).3 b 51.0 cd 33. but the increase in the dosage of 10 to 20 t ha-1 was not significantly different.59 e 21.7 b 67.46 de 83. In A3 treatment (9.33% chicken manure + 66.67 d 61. Plant growth at ameliorant doses between of 5 to 15 t ha-1 was significant.3 ab 10.73% purun tikus.0 b 7.98 d 47. So that it improvedthe properties of idle peatland (Maftu'ah 2012).6 a 10. A2 = 33. but an increase of 15 t ha-1 to 20 t ha-1 actually reduce the number of panicles.91% purun tikus.7 d Presentation grain content (%) 32.3 b 34.8 b 10. D4 = 20 t ha-1.7 d 70.2 b 7.76 e 70.0 cd 50.91% purun tikus) increased dose ameliorant of 5 t ha-1 to 10 t ha-1 significantly increased the number of panicles. D1 = 5 t /ha. Increased dosage ameliorant of 5 t ha-1 to 20 t ha-1 showed a positive effect on the growth of rice.69% chicken manure + 15.3 b 44. and an increase in the dose of 15 t ha-1 to 20 t ha-1 significantly increased the number of panicles.2 c Description of. increased ameliorant dose of 5 t ha-1 to 10 t ha-1 significantly increased the number of panicles per hill.58% agricultural weeds + 76.21 de 63.7 a 6.09% chicken manure + 91.

dan Widodo. The highest rice production was obtained on the ameliorant formula of 9. As reported by Suastika et al. followed by dosages of 15 and 10 t ha-1. It followed by the A2 (33. and A. 12.78 g pot-1 (control) to 13.91% purun tikus) with dosege 20 t ha-1. Vol. G. A preliminary assessment of peat degradation in West Kalimantan. 1. Ameliorant application of 20 t ha-1 gave the highest plant height.69% chicken manure + 15. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. then it decreased at eigth week until harvest. REFERENCES Anshari. 1995.91% purun tikus) at doses of 15 t ha-1 (D3).09% chicken manure + 91. A3 formula could donate Fe ions that derived from purun tikus. The peak value was reached at weeks 4 and 8. EC values showed fluctuations at each observation period. ameliorant application iron-contained minerals able to increase the paddy yield in peatlands from 0. 2009.09% chicken manure + 90. root length and weight of grain and reduced the percentage of empty grain (Kurniawan and Widodo 2009). University of Indonesia.The Improvement of Idle Peatland Productivity for Paddy The highest grain yield was obtained on A3 formula (9. Jurnal Akta.33% chicken manure + 66. No. Performance of four local varieties of rice through giving ameliorant Ultisol. root weight. 221 . Biogeosciences Discuss. K. Gomez. The height of paddy showed no significant differences on treatment of ameliorant type.A. number of tillers. Kurniawan.67% of agricultural weeds) at a dose of 15 t ha-1 (D3) that was not significantly different from A3 (9.2 g pot-1. Gomez. Second Edition. Ameliorant containing polyvalent cations real able to increase plant height. 45-50. so that reduced the negative influence of organic acids.73% of purun tikus) at doses of 15 t ha-1 and A1 at a dose of 20 t ha-1. mass weight. Baharsjah (translator). 2010.A. and dolomite in peatlands. Soil pH increased at second untill sixth weeks. but on dosages of amelioration. Application A3 formula (9.S.85 g pot-1.09% chicken manure + 91.91% purun tikus at 20 t ha-1 dosage. (2006). rice husk ash. Y. CONCLUSIONS The dosage of ameliorant showed no significant effect on soil pH. A1 (7.91% purun tikus) at dosege 20 t ha-1 gave higher in grain yield as 16.Z.58% agricultural weed + 76.3503-3520. which has role in the formation of complexes with organic acids. There was interaction between the type of ameliorant and dosage to crop production.09% chicken manure+91. 7. Sjamsuddin dan J.

8. 10:553-578. Sabiham. Effect of mixing mineral soil containing pyrite in the peat soil on the growth and yield of rice. 2003. Dissertation. A. 2012. M. Vol. Improvement of the P nutrient status of tropical ombrogenous peat soils from Pontianak. Suastika. Masganti. and F. Supriyo. Land use change and recommendation for sustainable development of peatland for agriculture. Suryanto. No. Dissertation.Il. I. University of Gadjah Mada. Field Studies. Impacts of Flooding. J. Central Kalimantan). Yogyakarta. A.. Pert. 216 halaman. Use of Selected Cations for Controlling Toxic phenolic acids in peat. Postgraduated Program. Rehabilitation Technology of Idle Peatland for Rice Cultivation.C. Case study at Kubu Raya and Pontianak Districts.Maftu’ ah et al. 2006. Agus. 32-40. Hal. M. E. Sabiham. Yogyakarta. 1994.W. Amelioration of Degraded Peatlands and The Effect on Production of Sweet Corn. Mario. Leaching. 99-109. 7(1):1-7. and D. S. dan S. 350pp. 2. Wahyunto. Malham tam moss: The surface water chemistry of an ombrotrophic bog. 2010. dan E. West Kalimantan. The use of mineral soils enriched by material that high Fe as ameliorant in increasing the production and stability of the peat. 1997. Dissertation. Supriatna. 1 (1). Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science I. Maftu’ah. IX(1). Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Pertanian Indonesia. West Kalimantan.F. Universiteit Gent. Indonesia. Phd Thesis.D. Study of effort to improve the supply of phosphate in peat oligotrofik. Postgraduate Program. and Ameliorant to Chemical Properties and Yield of Rice (Pangkoh Case Study. UGM. Proctor. S. Yogyakarta. 2003. Jurnal Agroteksos 2(1): 35-45. Ardi. Sabiham. UGM. W. 222 . Jurnal Tanah dan Lingkungan. 2002. Maftu'ah 2009. 2006. Post Graduated Program. Supriyo.

Earthquake and tsunami on December 24. Sementara di hilir air irigasi berkurang akibat rusaknya 223 . among others: 1) the accumulation of garbage. 657 ha (10%) kondisi sedang. Hasil observasi. moderate (315 ha or 10%). Observation was also made on soil properties from multiple locations. This is caused by human and natural influences such as house hold garbage. Krueng Jreu. In additon. somewhat poor (about 945 ha or 30%). Infrastructures observed were irrigation and drainage systems. dan 945 ha (30%) dalam kondisi kurang baik. especially rice fields. Tentara Pelajar 12. and 4) the growth of weed sand algae in water bodies. Kerusakan infrastruktur pertanian berdampak pada produktivitas tanaman. Sedangkan DI Krueng Jreu memiliki sekitar 1. 2) flood.id Abstract. changes in vegetation density in the hills/mountains up stream.22 IDENTIFICATION OF LOWLAND IRRIGATION CONDITION ON IRRIGATION NETWORK KRUENG ACEH AND KRUENG JREU IN ACEH BESAR Deddy Erfandi IAARD Researcher at Indonesian Soil Research Institute. and the channels direct to paddy fields. infrastructure. termasuk infrastruktur pertanian. Krueng Aceh. 3) sedimentation. Untuk mengidentifikasi kondisi bidang infrastruktur irigasi sawah telah dilakukan observasi lapangan. khususnya padi sawah. moderate (about 657 ha or10%). Cimanggu. and somewhat poor (about 2. daerah irigasi (DI) Krueng Aceh memiliki sekitar 3. Aceh Besar Abstrak. irrigation conditions in the Krueng Jreu IN were: still in good condition (about 1. Direct human influence resulted inseveral things. Lokasi Survei Infrastruktur berada di jaringan irigasi (DI) Krueng Aceh dan Krueng Jreu di Aceh Besar. 315 ha (10%) dalam kondisi sedang. While in the down stream irrigation is reduced due to damage to irrigation infrastructure. Email: [email protected] ha (60%) dari daerah irigasi masih dalam kondisi baik. dan saluran yang langsung ke sawah dan juga sifat-sifat tanah dari beberapa lokasi. Effect of human nature directly and indirectly include: 1) the building is old. Kondisi saluran dan air irigasi yang jelek dapat disebabkan kerusakan ke daerah hulu. especially drainage and water gates. Observation results informed that there were three conditions of Krueng Aceh IN areas: good (about 3.co. field observations had been carried out.890 ha or 60%). To identify the condition of the paddy field irrigation infrastructure. drainase. 2004 had caused many damages to infrastructure. Gempa dan tsunami 24 Desember 2004 telah menyebabkan banyak kerusakan infrastruktur.JL. Infrastruktur yang diamati adalah sistem irigasi.283 ha (50%) saluran irigasi dalam kondisi baik.626 ha or 40%). and 2) loss/destruction of the water gate. Reduced irrigation condition can cause by damaging to upstream area. Keywords: Lowland. including agricultural facilities. Bogor.283 ha or 50%). Damages on the agricultural infrastructures have an impact on crops productivity. and earthquakes. dan 2. Survey locations are on irrigation network (IN) of Krueng Aceh and Krueng Jreu in Aceh Besar.626 ha (40%) dengan kondisi kurang baik. akibat berkurangnya kerapatan vegetasi di perbukitan/pegunungan hulu.

190 ha of which are on the east coast. Krueng Jreu. increased salinity (salinity) of land and destruction of irrigation and drainage systems.139 ha.017 has pread across the length and north west coast area of 156. dan 2) kerugian/kerusakan pintu air. dan 4) pertumbuhan gulma dan alga dalam badan air.5 million ha has irrigated fields (technical. Of infrastructure damaged by the earth quake and tsunami cause drice and soybean productivity decline. damage to farm land by erosion. Krueng Aceh. rain. North Aceh. Besides. infrastruktur. Pengaruh sifat manusia secara tidak langsung meliputi: 1) bangunan tua. semi-technical. NAD Province. Pengaruh manusia secara langsung menghasilkan beberapa hal. it is expected to be a guideline for increasing productivity of rice plants for planner sand policy makers Aceh Besar district. 224 . It aims to identify the barrier sand irrigation infrastructure area barrier to increasing the productivity of rice and soybeans. is generally found successively in Pidie. There rain fed area of 127.090 ha.Erfandi infrastruktur irigasi. Kata kunci: Padi sawah. heavy rainfall event. 70. there will be droughts. Aceh Besar INTRODUCTION Tsunami occurrence in December 2004. the remaining area of 56. terutama drainase dan pintu air. West Aceh and East Aceh.458 ha and in the east coast area of 179. N agan Raya. Oldeman 1975) This paper discusses the condition of irrigating rice fields after the tsunamiaffected.559 ha. Aceh Province has a lot of infrastructure damage non-agricultural and agricultural fields. Agriculture include loss off farm land due to sea water permanently sub merged. Poor drainage on rice cultivation can cause flooding. dan gempa bumi. Hal ini disebabkan oleh pengaruh manusia dan alam seperti sampah rumah tangga. andvalley) area of 336. Conversely. 3) sedimentasi. water shortages as a result field (Schmidt and Fergusson 1951. if rainfall decreases. Irrigation and drainage infrastructure is essential in supporting the farming system of paddy rice and soybeans in particular in Aceh Besar district. 2) banjir. With the destruction of irrigation systems lead to disruption of the system of production and marketing of agricultural products. with a total area of 5. Flooding and excess water causes the plant is damaged and lost crops. and Aceh Besar. tides. Thornthwaite and Mather 1957.900 ha located on the west coast and north (Central Bureau of Statistics 2003). villages. antara lain: 1) akumulasi sampah. Rice fields with technical and semi-technical irrigation has a 139. Bireun.

and Krueng Jreuin Aceh Besar district. Limit observation coordinates are 95o. E 95o 20’ 46. Site names and coordinates are listed in Table 1. Irrigation area of observation areas in Aceh Besar district No Irrigation Network Functional area (ha) 1 Krueng Jreu 3.Identification of Lowland Irrigation Condition METHODOLOGY Location Observation Observations identification irrigation network (IN) conducted in Aceh Besar district.15'.150 2 Krueng Aceh 6. E 95o 15’ 41. 2006 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Infrastructure Irrigation 225 . PU Pengairan. splitter/tap channel and channels to rice field.3” Research Method In observing infrastructure irrigation network (IN) based on the area IN managed by the Central Government (Balai Wilayah sungai Sumatera I 2007). 0”-96o46 '10" East Longitude and 5o40'03"-5o10 '30" South Latitude (Bakosurtanal 1978). Table 2. Site location Empetring Naga Umbang Object Trial dan Demo Demo Coordinate N 5o 28’ 40. Irrigated area observed is Krueng Aceh. The area includes the location of observation and trial demonstration plots that have been determined by the survey team BPTP NAD. This observation is based on the damage assessment procedures issued by the Department of Public Works (Balai Wilayah Sungai Sumatera I 2007).566 Sumber: Peta Ihktisar DI. Site and coordinate observations in Aceh Besar District No. Observations IN carried from upstream/dam to secondary. Table 1.1” . IN observation area and functional area are presented in Table 2.5” N 5o 28’ 8. 1. 2.9” . To determine the constraints faced by paddy fields is away of seeing and judging from the condition of the infrastructure IN such as channels of sluices and water supply.

While the damaged infrastructure found in Baitussalam.566 ha. and Montasik of north. Syiahkuala. this is because the water flow is obstructed.150 ha functional. The area with the condition of the infrastructure being located next to the central southern irrigation areas precisely in Indrapuri and Kota Cot Glue Sub District. Banda Aceh. Darussalam. While the 657 ha (10%) of paddy fields with irrigation conditions were and 2.Erfandi Irrigating rice fields in Aceh Besar Districtis generally influenced by large irrigation areas are IN KruengAceh and IN Krueng Jreu (Figure 1). Kuta Baro. Montasik. the region is densely populated. Map of rice field irrigated conditions IN Krueng Jreu located in the west of Aceh Besar District and has an area of 3. Kuta Alam.283 ha (50%) of the irrigation area in good condition. Besides. Krueng Aceh irrigation area is located in the eastern capital of Aceh. But not all can be irrigated paddy field well. and Kutabaro Sub District. so the building closed channels in the region such as IN Krueng Jeu and Krueng Aceh down stream. While the 315 ha (10%) of paddy fields with moderat irrigation conditions and 945 ha 226 . Approximately 1.626 ha (40%) of paddy fields with less irrigation conditions. Areas with good infrastructure condition located in the upstream area and irrigated areas north are included in Kota Cot Glue. and Ulee Kareng Sub District. Krueng Baronajaya. Indrapuri. Figure 1. so many household rubbish seen on channel primary/secondary. Broad functional owned IN Krueng Aceh is 6.890 ha (60%) of the irrigation is still in good condition. These barriers mainly because many paddy fields converted into the building. Seulimum. Approximately 3.

Banda Raya. The area with the condition of moderat infrastructure in Darul Kamal. Many irrigation channels damaged causing less effective in its use (Figure 2). Kuta Malaka. resulting in flooding may occur if the current planting season arrives. Lueng Bata. Simpang Tiga. Montasik. trash and sediment conditions in the channels and sluice gates will be repaired for mutual cooperation during the growing season arrives and the water all otments coming a head. and Suka Makmur Sub District. and Suka Makmur Sub District. Ingin Jaya. because it coincides with the rainy season. Besides paddy irrigation channels leading to stunted due divider doors that fail due to soil deposition on the door. Potential for planting rice three times the area is very high. Darul Imarah. 227 . This has led to inefficiencies caused by the inability of farmers to control trash and sedimentation outside watering schedule. Darul Kamal. Areas with good infrastructure condition located in the upper and northern irrigation areas are included in Indrapuri. Trash potentially because material damage boost that cantie up the flood gates and building permanent damage lines. Darul Imarah. The water will be reduced through leaks found on a wall or baseline. Meuraxa. and Suka Makmur Sub District. Jaya Baru. Simpang Tiga.Identification of Lowland Irrigation Condition (30%) in less irrigation conditions. Based on information from residents. Kuta Raja. now cropping paddy farmers generally twice. While the damaged infrastructure found in Baiturrahman. especially if it rains.

because organic matter was not put to good use. high CEC and basesaturation (BS) as very high. There are sources of water that can be obtained from the dam. the water quality is bad. Unlike Empetring. Watering the land is assisted by rainfall. but because it is the tip of the channel. this location is the path of Krueng Jreu irrigation. The condition has the texture of clay soil with organic C and N low to moderate. so the water needs of plants obtained from rainfall. Farmers find it difficult to manage the land. 228 . and a neutral pH H2O. this location is a rain-fed areas. It is important to address with organic matter management. Land is nutrient-poor. Constraints faced by this area are water that only depends on rainfall. so the existing cropping pattern is rice-soy. This land is very intensivein its management. But the land is still relatively poor nutrient. Dragon Umbang has a sandy texture with as lightly acidic pH H2O until neutral. organic C and N are very low. The water has been contaminated with seawater and have EC > 5 dS m-1. the water coming into the field very little. because less intensive management. However. Rice plants grown in the rainy season and early dry season soybean. While the river water has been contaminated with seawater. While classified as very high P2O5 and K2O are moderate. Naga Umbang.Erfandi Figures 2. Infrastructure conditions Soil Constraints Empetring. evenmore than 9 dS m-1 when the current drought.

Centr.46 0. Rainfall types based on wet and dry period ratios for Indonesia with Western New Guinea. 1975. Bakosurtanal. Schmidt FH.bps. No. of Agric. Peta ikhtisar daerah irigasi. and the growth of weeds and algae in water bodies. Chemical analysis of soil data in site location Site Location Empetring Naga Umbang pH C N % 6. Bogor. needs to be switched back one very village.22 0. 229 . Jakarta. especially in channel sand sluices.go.6 0. 4. and Fergusson JGA. C. data collection and discussion.36-1. irrigation infrastructure began much damage.id. Some farmerson several irrigation networks complained. Peta RBI hardcopy dan softcopy.03-0. accumulation of garbage. due to the decrease of discharge. Bogor.16/1975. REFERENCES Badan Pusat Statistik. flooding.11 0. 1978. Bogor.10 P2O5 Mg/100g 91-126 7-28 K2O CEC cmol(+)/kg 23-40 2-6 23-38 5-11 BS % 65-98 >100 CONCLUSIONS 1. R. Balai Wilayah Sungai Sumatera I. 2007. and loss/destructions luice. Res. Thank you also to Setiari Marwanto and Irhas who helped field observation. Water user organizations (P3A). 1951. among others: the building is worn. The condition of irrigation infrastructure in most irrigation network in Aceh Besar district has relatively good conditionon the upstream. In the down stream. This is caused by the influence of humans and nature.Identification of Lowland Irrigation Condition Table 3. Contr. 3. Oldeman JR. Statistik Indonesia. J. Djawatan Meteorologi & Geofisika. This is expected due to changes in the density of vegetation in the hills/mountains upstream. Effect of human indirectly and nature directly. Such as.41-1. An agro-climatic map of Java.03-0. sedimentation.8 6. Agr. 2. Inst. 2003. http://www. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Our thanks go to ACIAR are funding this research.

X No. 230 . 1957. Instructions and Tables for Computing Potential Evapotranspiration and The Water Balanced. and Mather JR. Vol. New Jersey. in Climatol. Centerton.Erfandi Thornthwaite CW.3.185-311. pp. Publ.

id. water availability has been fluctuating in a manner that is more difficult to handle since it is also linking to climate change phenomenon. ketersediaan air berfluktuasi dan sulit dikendalikan karena juga berhubungan dengan fenomena perubahan iklim. Cimanggu-Bogor. and proposes a throughout optimum solutions based on a concept of optimum water sharing to find a robust agricultural water management for sustainable development of rice production.staff. Keywords: Agriculture. and in the other side. effective water management in agriculture is even more crucial not only for supplying in a right volume and time but also making sure that water is readily available for other daily necessities. Abstract. Setiawan 1Reasearcher of IAARD at Indonesian Agroclimate and Hydrology Research Institute. Namun hal tersebut kemudian memunculkan kondisi yang kompleks dengan meningkatnya permintaan beras sementara tren konversi lahan pertanian tanpa bisa dihindari menjadi lebih cepat.Makalah ini memberikan gambaran tentang pengelolaan air di bidang pertanian saat ini yang dilaksanakan di Indonesia.ac.id. pengelolaan air yang efektif di bidang pertanian menjadi lebih penting tidak hanya untuk mensuplai air dalam volume dan waktu yang tepat tetapi untuk memastikan bahwa air tersedia untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari lainnya. Bogor Agricultural University.com 2Department of Agricultural Engineering. dan di sisi lain.23 1Popi OPTIMAL WATER SHARING FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCE UTILIZATION BY APPLYING INTERMITTENT IRRIGATION AND SRI IN PADDY FIELD: CASE STUDY OF CICATIH-CIMANDIRI WATERSHED.Saat ini. intermittent irrigation. The objective of irrigation development was to increase rice production by intensifying cropping season from one to two or even three times a year. optimal water sharing Abstrak.Pembagian air dapat memberikan kepastian untuk semua pengguna air dalam jangka waktu yang panjang bahwa air akan tersedia meskipun padi 231 . rice. later on complexity has arisen as rice demand increases while trend of agricultural land conversion is unavoidably faster. Email: popirejeki@yahoo. However. The water sharing could give certainty to all water users that for a long period of time water would be available even though rice cultivated in two seasons by gradually applying SRI paddy fields in combination with intermittent irrigation.ac. climate change. http://budindra. Email: budindra@ipb. 1A. dan menawarkan seluruh solusi optimum berdasarkan konsep pembagian air yang optimal untuk mendapatkan pengelolaan air pertanian yang kuat dalam mendukung pembangunan berkelanjutan.ipb. WEST JAVA Rejekiningrum and 2Budi I. Tujuan dari pengembangan irigasi adalah untuk meningkatkan produksi padi dengan mengintensifkan musim tanam dari satu sampai dua atau bahkan tiga kali setahun. Nowadays. Jl Tentara Pelajar No. This paper gives a highlight of water management in agricultures currently conducted in Indonesia.

numerous constructions of dams and diverted weirs were the main civil works in developing modern irrigation mostly with financial supports from international donors. Recently. or it ought to increase the so-called water productivity. 2010). Accordingly. To note. In the early years of national development (1960s-1990s). As reported by Hasan et al. At present time. the East Indian Company VOC in the early 1700s initiated the irrigation scheme with canalization projects mainly to expand rice paddy fields in the country. which among other effort is to expand irrigated paddy fields outside Java Island. which use the water as the raw material. water availability has become uncertain that might link to climate change phenomenon. The Dutch Colonial Government then established a Public Works Department in 1854. such as 1) the environments. (2010). then agriculture has to minimize its use of water but at the same time has to increase its yield. intermittent irrigation is a promising option to reduce the water use that has wide attention 232 . The present government anticipates the situation. Nowadays. which was then becoming the sole authority to develop irrigation in the country. planted areas of paddy fields doubled and reached 3. the irrigated paddy fields amounts to 7. With the expansion of population and economic development and with realizing the limitation of water resource.5 million hectares but only 11% of it receives fresh water for reservoirs whilst the rest gets diverted water from river weirs (Hasan et al. for example. Kata kunci: Pertanian. 2) domestics. irigasi berselang. Later on complexity has arisen as a demand for rice increases with population while trend of agricultural land conversion is unavoidably faster. which is still functioning until these days. agricultural water management in Indonesia has been developed since the ancient times merely for rice cultivation. the Brantas River Dam was the first modern water reservoir completed in 1920.Rejekiningrum and Setiawan dibudidayakan di dua musim secara bertahap dengan menerapkan SRI di lahan sawah dikombinasikan dengan irigasi berselang. padi. and in the other side. effective water management in agriculture is even more crucial not only for supplying water in a right volume and time but also make sure that water resource is readily available for other daily necessities of the stake holders. the available water resource is mainly shared by four categories. When the Japanese authorized the country. In the studied location. 3) agricultures. agriculture has to find an effective way to reduce water use in order not to jeopardize yield. 4) industries including drinking water industries. pembagian air yang optimal INTRODUCTION To date. perubahan iklim.3 million hectares resulting in rice surplus. These times the irrigation development aimed to increase rice production by intensifying cropping season from one to two times or even more in a year.

so the equation becomes: Eq. α is correction factor.Optimal Water Sharing for Sustainable Water Resource Utilization worldwide (Dong 1999. Available Water Resources Based on the water balance equation in the watershed. In consequence. which a main focus was to find a reasonable proportion of water use for a long period. Setiawan et al. Setiawan et al. we define water sharing as a utilization scheme of water resource by water users in a watershed. ETa is the actual evapotranspiration. Q is surface runoff or river discharge. 2011). 233 . A watershed is a water catchment area that collects rainwater. We conducted a case study in Cicatih-Cimandiri watershed in Sukabumi. 2011). West-Java. a reasonable quantity of the water resource should be conserved in the watershed. When it is applied to SRI Paddy Fields water productivity increased significantly (Uphoff and Kassam 2011. CONCEPTUAL APPROACH In this study. As for maintaining healthy environment. Hasan and Sato 2007. QAW is the available water resource and Qmn is a recorded minimum river discharge in a period under consideration. 2: The following equation expresses the apparently available water: Eq. which then it concentrates into a river and/or reservoirs and the part of the water may enter into the deeper layers of the soil and occupy aquifers. Massey 2009. R is rainfall. and part of the water flow on the soil surface. This paper describes a concept to optimize the use of water resource to be shared by stakeholders for multipurpose activities. and t is time. the apparently available water resource is as follows: Eq. Lin et al. in this study it was taken into account in trying to minimize water use in the rice production. 3: Where. 1: Where S is water storage in the soil profile. 2011. In order to conserve the water in the soil surface then the gradient of water storage is to minimize in such a way.

P is population. and t is time. 4: Where. 5: Where. Redjekiningrum (2011) used its averaged value 144 liter/capita to calculate daily water demand of the population in the studied location. The following equation calculates the domestic water demand: Eq. 7: 234 . subscripts AG. GI and WI indicate Agriculture. respectively. γ is a fitted parameter. based on the priority water users comprise four categories. respectively. which are: 1) Domestics. respectively. subscripts ∞ and o indicate infinity and initial. 2) Agricultures. Available Water Supply Since water for domestics is prerequisite then the available water supply distributed to the other water users becomes: Eq. human age and activity in the range of 80-185 liter/capita (BAPPENAS 2006). and subscripts T and P indicate Total and Population. The total available water supply delivered to the three activities should meet the following equation: Eq. Furthermore. 6: Where. respectively. and 4) Water Industries. General Industry and Water Industry. The general industry uses the water as supporting material whilst the water industry uses the water as raw material. 3) General Industries.Rejekiningrum and Setiawan In this study. Redjekiningrum (2011) estimated population using the following Verhults model: Eq. Water Demand for Domestics Daily water need for domestics varies with place. superscripts S and D indicate supply and demand.

medium and big industries each of which has different water demand. Water demand for each industry could be obtained from secondary data and its trends in the future can be estimated in example using an extrapolation model. 235 .. i and ni are index and number of planting seasons in a year. canal.Optimal Water Sharing for Sustainable Water Resource Utilization Water Demand for Agricultures Water demand for agriculture or in this case is paddy field represented by the following yield function (Allen. water management. etc. Water Demand for General Industries General industry consists of small. et. respectively. Water Demand for Water Industries Water industries that use the water as raw material mainly tap clean water springs. In the studied area. 10: Where. water loss is intermediate about 35% mainly due to evaporation. 8: Where. Setiawan et al. 9: Where. The water-yield sensitivity coefficient shows different values for different water management. The following equation calculates water demand for general industry in the studied location: Eq. The following equation can represent water demand of agriculture: Eq. (2011) reports the real value varied with water management but in a small range with its averaged value is about 1. 1990): Eq. j and nj are index and number of industry (nj=3).285. Irrigation water losses from tertiary canal to the paddy field varied in a wide range depending on types of climates. and subscripts a and m indicate actual and maximum values. β is water-yield sensitivity coefficient. Y and ET are Yield and evapotranspiration. seepage and deep percolation. Water demand for each water industry could be obtained from secondary data and its trends in the future can be estimated in example using an extrapolation model. respectively. δ is water losses in percentage. These will reduce river discharge since naturally the spring water flow into the river in the downstream.al.

k and nk are index and number of water industry. 12: Where. Subscripts CF is for a conventional paddy field with Continuous Flooding. 236 . or changing parameters that need to determine through an optimization process. The second priority is to allocate supporting for the general industries. A is the area of paddy fields. 11: Where. and the third priority is to allocate water as raw material to water industries. Constraint Functions: Eq. IT is for a conventional paddy field with Intermittent Irrigation. 18: Eq. ε is absolute error and TOL is error tolerance.Rejekiningrum and Setiawan The following equation calculates water demand for general industry in the studied location: Eq. and α is proportional coefficients. This means to apply more efficient water management. 17: Eq. Optimal Water Sharing The first priority of the optimal water sharing is to allocate a reasonable quantity of water to produce sufficient food or rice for the population with less water. 15: Eq. 19: Where. Subscript mn indicates the minimum water demand. The following equation expresses a system of linear equations that used to find the optimal allocation of the water: Objective Function: Eq. and SF is for SRI paddy field with Shallow Flooding. 14: Eq. 16: Eq. 13: Eq.

The elevation varies from 200 to 3000 m from the sea level. Figure 1. Figure 2 shows 6 subwatersheds along with the river networks in the watershed. the total area of the watershed is about 53 thousand hectares. The land slope varies and about 68% of the land is mostly flat (0-20%). The watershed has five sub-watersheds with the total area is 52.979 ha. Districts (15) in Cicatih-Cimandiri Watershed of Sukabumi Regency Table 1 Sub-watersheds and their areas Figure 2 Sub-watersheds (5) and river networks 237 . As presented in Table 1. There are 15 administrative districts within the watershed.Optimal Water Sharing for Sustainable Water Resource Utilization A Brief of Description of The Watershed Geographics The geographic location of Cicatih-Cimandiri Watershed is E: 106o39’8’’106o57’30’’ and S:6o42’54’’-7o00’43’’.

which means having abundant water resources. 238 . water balance have shown negative gradient of water storage. In the average. rainfall and Evapotranspiration have shown significant decrease during the period of 1990-2008 (Redjekiningrum 2011). 8) Climates and Hydrology Based on Mann-Kendal method. Parameters of the Yield Function (Eq. Rainfall season may begin in the middle of August and last until March of the next year. Land uses and their changes with time Table 3. the watershed has an annual excess of water amounted to 1500 mm. which effected to the decrease of water discharge and water storage in the soil layers. Figure 3 shows daily accumulation of rainfall and potential evapotranspiration that is averaged in the period 2000-2008.Rejekiningrum and Setiawan Table 2. It also means that drier season begin from March up to the middle of August. The both accumulative values show the fifth degree of polynomial curves. During this period.

6. river discharge has shown a sharp decrease. In the consequences. evapotranspiration and river discharge Figure 4 shows rainfall. Figure 5 Population and its rate Figure 6. Rainfall. After leveling off in the future. and their trends such as estimated by Eq. Rainfall has has been decreasing whilst evapotranspiration is on the contrary. Population is still increasing but its rate is decreasing with time. population would reach 1 million. 6. evapotranspiration and river discharge. 239 . Population Figure 5 shows population and its increasing rate and their projection estimated by Eq. The area of paddy fields and its rate. Accumulative rainfall and evapotranspiration Figure 4.Optimal Water Sharing for Sustainable Water Resource Utilization Figure 3.

Initially. It is clear that SRI-SF gives the higher results in term of water productivity followed successively IT and CF.87 t ha-1 and then it reaches 7. Thus. 8as summarized in Table 3.2 thousand hectares. and agricultural water demand (right). 240 . Divided by the area of paddy such such as described in Figure 6.47 t ha-1. the expected productivity is 5. it would reach 14. The first one is a conventional paddy field applying Continuous Flooding (CF). Figure 7 (right) shows water demand (calculated with Eq. the second one is a conventional paddy field with Intermittent Irrigation (IT) and the third one is the System of Rice Intensification with Shallow Flooding (SRI-SF). (2011) and Gardjito (2011) reported data and parameters of the Eq. These values are higher than commonly attained in the range of 5. Figure 7 also shows the expected productivity or yield with increase with time due to the increase of population and the decrease of the area of paddy fields. Water Demands and Availability Water Demands Figure 7 (left) shows the minimum rice demand by the population in order to attain self-sufficient based on the annual consumption of 132 kg/capita. Figure 7.98 ton/ha to 6. Setiawan et al.Rejekiningrum and Setiawan Paddy Fields Figure 6 shows the area of paddy fields and its rate and their projection estimated by Verhults’ model.16 t ha-1 in 2020. The area of paddy field is decreasing and after leveling off in the future. Rice demand and expected land productivity (left). 8) for paddy fields with different available techniques. it is clear that to attain self-sufficient a second cultivation is necessary or applying proper techniques to improve land and water productivities.

In this regards. applying a proper water management in the agricultural side is becoming very important. ground water and minimum river discharge. excessive uses of water for agricultures may threaten the others.Optimal Water Sharing for Sustainable Water Resource Utilization Figure 8 shows water demands for paddy fields. water spring. It seems that future water demands of those three items cannot hamper agricultural water demands. spring water and ground water by means of data inventory and simulated using Tank Model (Setiawan et al. On the contrary. 2007). Redjekiningrum (2011) has reported the availability of surface water. Figure 8. general industries and water industries. 241 . 2003. Overall Water Demands Water Availability Figure 9 shows available water resources from rainwater minus evapotranspiration. ground water and surface water. the environments. Water allocated for the environments are to maintain spring water. R-ETP decreases gradually because of the fact that the rainfall has depleted whilst potential evaporation has become higher during 2000-2008 (see Figure 2). domestics. Setiawan et al. general industries and water industries. The water demands for paddy field and the environments are extremely higher than those for the domestics.

Massey. The system of rice intensification with shallow flooding is also advisable to apply sinceit gives multiple advantages not only enabling to produce more rice with less water but also among others contributing on carbon emission reduction (Hadi et al. the conventional paddy field with intermittent irrigation and the System of Rice Intensification with applying shallow flooding. The intermittent irrigation is the simpler ones since it only gives water within a certain time interval then stops for another time interval. Available Water Resources Figure 10 shows the available water resource and water demands for three different water managements. 2010).Rejekiningrum and Setiawan Figure 9. such as the conventional paddy field with continuous flooding. it is common to give a standing water on the soil surface over 5-10 cm then leaves it to decrease for 7-10 days (Dong. Since the paddy field with continuous flooding consumes the largest water then its gap with the available water declines sharply and both lines would have met around and beyond 2009. In the intermittent irrigation. 1999. 242 . It is then advisable started from 2009 to apply other methods of irrigation. which are more water efficient. Lin et al. 2011. 2009).

243 . Available Water Resources and Water Demands Optimal Water Sharing As described previously. In this report. under the present cultivation of paddy fields with continuous flooding the availability of water is at stake for other water users in the watershed. such as intermittent irrigation. It is then necessary to carry out preemptive measures to apply more water efficient practices of paddy field cultivation. One possible measure is to apply optimal water sharing as previously suggested by Redjekiningrum (2011).Optimal Water Sharing for Sustainable Water Resource Utilization Figure 10. the water sharing could give certainty to all water users that for a long period of time water would be available even though rice cultivated in two seasons by gradually applying SRI paddy fields in combination with the other ones.

the water supply can meet the demand side until 2020 in which. One alternative solution for an optimal water sharing Figure 12. Under this scenario. such as shown in Figure 12.3%. Areas of paddy fields under one alternative solution Figure 11 shows one possible solution to secure the water supply for a longer period until 2020 in which three different irrigation methods combine in an optimal proportion.7% and SRI paddy field with shallow flooding occupies 9. to get a longer term sustainable water supply than 244 . Thus.Rejekiningrum and Setiawan Figure 11. the paddy field with intermittent irrigation occupies 34. the area of paddy fields with continuous occupies 44%.

Study on Environmental Implication of Water Saving Irrigation in Zhanghe Irrigation System. CONCLUDING REMARKS This paper has described an approach to attain optimal water sharing based on a priority to obtain self-sufficiency of rice in a watershed. ASCE Manual and Report on Engineering Practice. 2006.E. FAO. 245 . R. van Diest (2010).. K. Jensen. it needs preemptive measure to be taken in a right time. The water was still available for water users but after 2009. 2011. B. Hadi. The Graduate School of Bogor Agricultural University. by gradually introducing intermittent irrigation and SRI with shallow flooding. Dong. B. Indonesia Country Paper.J. 3. One important measure is applying a more water efficient paddy fields that can produce more yields with less water. Gardjito. USA. Analysis on Sustainability of Organic Farming in Rice Intensification. Existing status of participative irrigation management in Indonesia. Evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirement. Burman. and K. a tougher competition of water use among water users has begun and thus. 2. BAPPENAS. Indonesia. and W. The project report submitted to Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Yagi. New York. 4..D. no 70. 1999. the watershed has a problem with water scarcity since it has experienced a tremendous change of land uses and water availability tends to decrease due to less annual rainfall from time to time. The optimization method enables to determine a suit combination of irrigation methods to meet the objective on achieving self-sufficiency of rice production. Hadimuljono. 2010.e.. REFERENCES Allen. M. A. Hasan. American Society of Civil Engineers. Up to this time. and R.. M. i. which leads to the conclusion as follows: 1.G. 1990.Optimal Water Sharing for Sustainable Water Resource Utilization the increase of areas that apply intermittent irrigation and/or SRI with shallow flooding is very important. ICID Yogyakarta. Effect of Water Management on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Microbial Properties of Paddy Soils in Japan and Indonesia. Inubushi. Paddy Water Environ J. Dissertation. Prakarsa Strategis Pengelolaan Sumber DayaAir untuk Mengatasi Banjir dan Kekeringan di Pulau Jawa: Strategi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air di Pulau Jawa.

and R.. 2007. Water Quality-Quantity Issues in Mid-South Rice Production. B. J. Setiawan.Rejekiningrum and Setiawan Hasan. West Java. Rudiyanto. Massey. P. Agricultural Issues Seminar Series. Wireless Automatic Irrigation to Enhance Water Management in Sri Paddy Field. Malmer. Development of Water Allocation Model for Supporting Optimal Water Sharing: A Case of Cicatih-Cimandiri Watershed. 246 . 2009. Swedish University of Agricultural. H. 2011. Sofiyuddin. and S. District of Sukabumi. Kassam. Lin. 26 May 2009. B. Effects of water management and organic fertilization with SRI crop practices on hybrid rice performance and rhizospheredynamics. Jurnal Tanah dan Lingkungan. Indonesia. USEPA Region 6. M. 2007. 9 No. Redjekiningrum. 2011. Oktober 2007:57-62. Dissertation. D.H. Paddy Water Environ (2011) 9:33–39. The Graduate School of Bogor Agricultural University. Water Saving for Paddy Cultivation under the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in Eastern Indonesia. A.I. SRI as a methodology for raising crop and water productivity: productive adaptations in rice agronomy and irrigation water management. Manuscript of the Erasmus Mundus. N. Kuching. and Gardjito. Zhu.A. and X. Saptomo. the Faculty of Forest Sciences.K. Paddy Water Environ (2011) 9:3–11. Lin. Optimization of Hydrologic Tank Model’s Parameters. S. 21-23 November 2011. Malaysia. Serawak. Setiawan.. and Ilstedt. Vol. Harwood..I. 2011. Uphoff. Department of Forest Ecology.. 2011. Sato.2. X. Proceeding of Regional Symposium on Engineering & Technology: “Opportunities and Challenges for Regional Cooperations in Green Engineering and Technology”.

Email: shepti. Keywords: Vulnerability.org 3) Civil Engineering Department.Email: budhi@wgtt. such as rainfall changing and sea level rise. disaster. Sub River Watershed Borang.anggrayeni@yahoo. Natural disasters caused by climate change are largely hydro-meteorological disasters such as floods. Flood vulnerability analysis using ILWIS Program. for example Sangkuriang Indah Residential. 3Setiawan.suryadi@unesco-ihe. Analyze the vulnerability of flooding in residential areas. flooding. which is located in District Sako. Delft.923.S. Sriwijaya University. Palembang-South Sumatra. Bencana alam yang disebabkan oleh perubahan iklim sebagian besar merupakan bencana hidrometeorologi seperti banjir.id 2) Environmental Science Doctoral Program.H. Research objectives were: 1).4 m2 or 77. This study obtained that IVI maximum and minimum values for residential building were 0. land use. 2Susanto R.org 4) IHE Delft.co. and adapted capacity. Faculty of Engineering. PALEMBANG CITY (CASE STUDY: SANGKURIANG INDAH RESIDENTIAL) R.244. Sriwijaya University. climate change Abstrak. respectively where the number of houses to have flood vulnerability level was 153 houses (moderate) and about 199 houses (low). Vulnerability inventory data consisting of sensitivity factors. Environmental Science Doctoral Program. exposure.24 1Ilmiaty 1) VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS OF FLOODING IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS AT SUB RIVER WATERSHED BORANG. and 3). and landslides. Palembang-South Sumatra.1 m2). The modeling results were scenario inundation areas to have potential hazards about 72. Macro-scale hazard assessment needs to be studied further in the micro-scale to provide more detailed information about the flood vulnerability. Civil Engineering Department. Palembang-South Sumatra. Bencana banjir yang 247 .Email: reini_mahyuddin @yahoo. Faculty of Engineering Sriwijaya University.135. Faculty of Engineering . Sriwijaya University.X.org 5) Civil Engineering Department. droughts.com Abstract. Identify residential area.434 and 0. Email: robiyanto@lowlands_info. Assessment methods in this study included three stages as follows: 1). Demand for residential continues to increase thereby affecting the availability of land and catchment areas. Netherlands. Floods that occurred in Palembang are indicated as one of the impacts of land use for residential needs. The Infrastructure Vulnerability Index on any type of infrastructure will be different depending on indicators that exist on the type of infrastructure: the IVI is also affected by the location of infrastructure. residential. Email: f. Design a model of vulnerability related with adaptation to climate change impacts. 4Suryadi F. B. 2). and 5Anggrayeni S.47% of Sangkuriang Indah Residential total area (94. Penilaian bahaya skala makro perlu dikaji lebih lanjut dalam skala mikro untuk memberikan informasi lebih detail mengenai kerentanan banjir. Palembang-South Sumatra. and 3). genangan dan tanah longsor. Results and discussion. 2). kekeringan.

4 m2 atau 77. this 248 .Ilmiaty et al. 2009). 2). dan kapasitas adaptasi. bencana. Menganalisis kerentanan banjir di daerah pemukiman. the rapid changes in the land and the environment around the site happened. The effect of land use on flood discharge is wetland and settlement then moor (Suroso and Hery 2006). In South Sumatra. IVI akan berbeda pada setiap jenis infrastruktur tergantung pada indikator yang ada pada jenis infrastruktur tersebut. Tujuan penelitian adalah: 1). Dalam penelitian ini diperoleh IVI maksimum bangunan perumahan yakni sebesar 0. Tiga tahapan itu adalah: 1). terjadi di wilayah Kota Palembang diindikasikan sebagai salah satu dampak alihguna lahan untuk kebutuhan perumahan. 3). Metode penilaian dalam penelitian ini meliputi tiga tahap.434 dan 0.1 m2). Land use is a significant change fields and settlements. Bandung. dimana jumlah rumah yang memiliki tingkat kerentanan banjir dari kerentanan tingkat sedang adalah 153 rumah dan kerentanan tingkat rendah sekitar 199 rumah. seperti perubahan curah hujan dan kenaikan permukaan air laut. Hasil pemodelan adalah daerah skenario genangan yang memiliki potensi bahaya sebesar 72. Permintaan perumahan terus meningkat sehingga mempengaruhi ketersediaan lahan dan daerah resapan. that it becomes vulnerable areas (Suroso et al. Palembang’s population is increasing each year affecting housing growth and thus requirement for housing continues to increase. According to the IPCC (Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change 2010) Indonesia. Bogor. Merancang model kerentanan terkait dengan adaptasi dampak perubahan iklim. droughts. 2010). the environment. Bekasi. keterpaparan. Mengidentifikasi daerah pemukiman 2). 3). perubahan iklim INTRODUCTION Palembang is the most 20 vulnerable to climate change in Southeast Asia such as Jakarta. Lampung. Kerentanan infrastruktur sangat dipengaruhi oleh Indeks Kerentanan Infrastruktur (IVI). perumahan. the utilization of natural resources and land use change are not well managed will result in the destruction of natural resources. The condition causes vulnerable wetlands converted its function. especially in Sumatra region experiencing significant climate change.135. alihguna lahan. Surabaya.244 minimum. Some cases indicate if land use change occurred in a site. and Jayawijaya (Yusuf et al. Analisis kerentanan banjir menggunakan program ILWIS.923. Hasil dan diskusi. Kata kunci: Kerentanan. yang terletak di Kecamatan Sako.47% dari luas Perumahan Sangkuriang Indah (94. Tangerang. IVI juga dipengaruhi oleh lokasi infrastruktur. Penyediaan data mengenai kerentanan yang terdiri dari faktor sensitivitas. sebagai contoh Perumahan Sangkuriang Indah. Depok. The potential occurrence of floods. Palembang. landslides and so have a risk to humans and other living creatures as a result of damage to natural resources and environmental phenomena such as global warming and climate change.

The results of previous studies. 2006 249 . Uncontrolled development resulted in procurement of housing.9 100 % Source: BPS Indonesia in Wijanarko et al. In Indonesia.3 39. land conversion to residential was the highest proportion in Java (Table 1). economic. Uncontrolled development of the city has very serious implications for environment and urban economy. sea levels rise and rainfall intensity increases. cloth and house. 2010). the needs of a growing population numbers and the second relates to the increasing demand for a better quality of life (Harsono in Lisdiyono 2004). Housing development in was the highest factor as threat to land conversion. Cities are built on most productive agricultural land and undirected growth can lead to exhaustion of land (Samadikun 2007). Outside Java 21. The primary needs for the life of human being are food. which accelerates the process of change (Waters 2007). but the utilization of the existing land is maneuver determined a maneuver taken by various interests in development. LITERATURE REVIEW Land Use Change Land is a factor of production that is not physically mobile. Java 32. The need of land conversion has two reasons: first.4 % Total 53. Table 1. social.7 60. This condition triggers the potential for flooding in the Palembang City because most physical condition is a relatively flat and low and hydrological conditions surrounded by the river. From the explanation above. Sangkuriang Indah Residential areas often experience flooding due to inadequate drainage and lack of water catchment areas due to land conversion bog stockpiled and low topography (Bonar et al. roads. and community service to be expensive. Land conversion to housing in 2000-2003 No Island area Area (1000 ha/th) Percentage 1. water supply.6 % 2. an analysis of vulnerability due to flooding in a residential area expect the results of this analysis to give an idea of how big the vulnerability of flooding at Sangkuriang Indah Residential land its impact to the surrounding areas. Swamp area that serves as a water catchment converted to enable the development by landfill.Vulnerability Analysis of Flooding in Residential Areas affects the temperature rising.

• Supporting the development in the economic. and thus flow of river water will pass through riverbanks and inundate surrounding area (Asdak 2004). saturated water. Administration of housing and settlement aims at: • Needs of the home as one of basic human needs. be it urban or rural areas that serve as living quarters or residential environment and the activities that support life and livelihood. harmonious and orderly. cultural. d. This disaster affected a concave to flat. dry land areas (uplands) and river/lake. Housing is a group of home that serves residential neighborhood equipped with infrastructure and environment. The settlement is part of environment outside protected areas. Flood is a natural disaster (natural hazard) the most destructive. safe.Ilmiaty et al. 250 . it can be read as follows: a. such as between mainland and sea. land throughout year or for a long period of a few months is always shallow stagnant. social. b. Housing Under the Law No. House is a building that serves as a residence or dwelling and means of fostering family. in order to improve people's welfare and equity. or in land itself. 4 of 1992 on Housing and Settlements. • Provide direction on regional growth and population distribution rasional. or shallow groundwater. Flooding Flooding is the flow of river water flowing beyond capacities of river. c. • Achieve adequate housing and settlement in a healthy. Position of transition land between aquatic and terrestrial systems. and other fields. lake or sea). Swamp Land Swamp land is transitional land between land and water systems (river. located in lowlands.

impact of floods would occur in some aspects (mainly in western part of Indonesia) with heavy damage on following aspects: 1. According to Bakornas PB (2007). bridges. Referring to Government Regulation Number 26 Year 2008 on National Spatial Plan. environment. Deciding factor is the level of flood risk. installation of electricity. which include damage to ecosystems. attractions. Impact of flooding on the community is not only a loss of property and buildings. Population aspects. For example. equipment and office supplies and disruption of running of the government. social facilities and public facilities. Governance aspects. traditional market malfunction. among others: rainfall. if an area with a high population density and high productivity were exposed to floods with a high degree of danger possibility of losses is high. rice / agricultural land. which include loss of life/death. Facilities and infrastructural aspects.Vulnerability Analysis of Flooding in Residential Areas According to Kodoatie and Sugiyanto (2002) floods in one location caused by two things. Flood Risk Flood risk is defined as the combination of the probability of flooding possibilities and potential consequences thereof for human health. and influence of tide. roads. flooding is also affecting the economy of community and development of community as a whole. especially in health and education. capacity of river. isolated outbreaks of eidemic and population. missing. which include damage to or loss of documents. effect of physiographic. In addition. hazard and vulnerability. In determining the level of flood risk following variables can be used: 1. water and communications networks. it was determined that flood-prone areas are identified and / or potentially high-risk flood disasters. Environmental aspects. flood hazard. which include damage to people's houses. 251 . erosion and sedimentation. Area of disaster risk assessment variables. water resources and damage to the dike/irrigation. speed of water level rise and so on. cultural heritage and economic activity associated with a flood event (Flood Risk Directive 2007 in De Bruijn 2009). 4. displaced. flow velocity. office buildings. Economi aspects. injuries. livestock and disruption of economic activities. inadequate drainage capacity. records. 2. the natural factors and human factors. which include loss of livelihood. 5. Flooding is characterized by flood probability. Definition of natural factors. drowning. flood depth. (De Bruijn 2009). damage and loss of property. class density and productivity value for each land use. 3.

Vulnerability is a function of the character.... Determination of hazard zone to use some of factors relatted with natural events.. (1) Vulnerability (V) is a function of exposure. 2.... according to Smith et al... AC) ........ including climate variables and extreme events are easy to change.. adverse effects of climate change........ 252 . V = f (E.. (1999).. namely basic hydrological variables wide puddle... Flooded areas are usually located in a flat area....... and building density and population characteristics.. watershed conditions. social and economic to use variable rainfall.. where (location)...... Exposure (E) by IPCC TAR is the nature and size of the system that are not protected against danger... vulnerability is defined as a measure to which a system is susceptible. The threat level is determined by the probability of the duration of the event (period of time).. intensity... drainage. physical... depth and duration of flooding 3.. Determination of susceptibility zones can be seen from the aspect of environmental. vulnerability is described as a measure to which a system is susceptible to loss........... damage or harm. S........ Meanwhile. land use. and its nature when it happened.... Exposure refers to the acceptance of human and infrastructure to a hazard by location as well as its physical defense.. Flood Hazard Hazards is a serious disruption of functioning of a society.... both direct research efforts in the field and with tools like Remote Sensing. Hazard is a threat that comes from natural events that are extreme can be bad or unpleasant circumstances... or inability to cope with.. magnitude....Ilmiaty et al... sensitivity and adaptive capacity... topography.. as well as poor drainage due to factors other than slopeandexisting soil properties.. Flood vulnerability of an area is an easy state whether or not the area is ravaged and flooded. rate variations in climate on a system without the protection of the sensitivity and adaptive capacity.. adjacent to large rivers.... One attempt to do to cope with the flood hazard is by doing research about the dangers of flooding........ (ISDR 2004). Vulnerability According to the IPCC TAR (2001) in Puspita (2010)..... causing widespread loss of human life in terms of material.... economic or environmental and are beyond the capabilities of the concerned communities to cope using their own resources........

as well as contradictory or mutually beneficial.Vulnerability Analysis of Flooding in Residential Areas Sensitivity (S) (IPCC TAR 2001) is a measure to which a system is affected. to take advantage of opportunities. Adaptive capacity (AC) by IPCC TAR is the ability of a system to adjust to the danger of flooding to minimize the potential damage. Map of Palembang City 253 . Adaptive capacity is a component that refers to the ability of a person or group to actand adapt in the face of a danger so there is no great loss. the effects associated with flooding. METHODOLOGY Research Sites Source: Agency for regional development planning Palembang City. or to cope with consequences that will happen. 2010 Figure 1.

Contour map of the watershed Borang Methodologies were used: 1) getting primary and secondary data. 2010 Figure 2. Flowchart of the study 254 . Sangkuriang Residential Source: Agency for regional development planning Palembang City. 4) preparation of reports. Figure 3. 3) analyzing. 2) data processing.Ilmiaty et al.

Analyzing the flood hazard b. Stage of doing modeling was as follows: a. To obtain the value of d = 0. (d-DEM) Scenario at elevation 0 m is above sea level and inundation height is 10 cm (SWMM5 modeling results). using the formula: Map floodwaters = if (DEM> = d. Housing Layout of Sangkuriang Indah with building blocks To determine the inundated area. namely Sangkuriang Indah Residential is situated in the district of Sako. Analyzing vulnerability due to flood Flood Hazard Analysis Figure 4.Vulnerability Analysis of Flooding in Residential Areas RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The level of vulnerability due to flooding in the site. 0.10. 255 .

Scenario results inundation hazard area has been known to have potential 256 . Hazard analysis produce flood hazard map. Hazards inundation In Figure 6.Ilmiaty et al. the elevation 0 is the area to be exposed tothe most extreme hazard of inundation. Figure 6. Figure 5. and high hazard. value 1 for flooded areas and 0 for areas that are not flooded. Level of hazardswas classified into two classes that determined based on stagnant or not or. no hazard. Input data flood hazard Inundation maps previously generated weighted.

05 and a house with a user ≥ 7 people have proxie 0. infrastructure vulnerability is determined by the index of infrastructural vulnerabilities.Vulnerability Analysis of Flooding in Residential Areas hazard of the puddle is 72.1 m2 Housing of Sangkuriang Indah.4 m2 or 77. The house has a user 1 person has proxie 0. 257 . The index is a combination of proxie indicators of vulnerability. Infrastructural Vulnerability Index Infrastructural Vulnerability Index value is 0-1 (Rygel. and high vulnerability.47% of the total area of 94. drainage and road conditions. 2006). Indicator 1: Number of Occupants On the indicator number of occupants. The greater influence of these parameters on flood then it's also a great value. et al. type of people work who live in the Sangkuriang Indah Residential. namely low vulnerability. Vulnerability Analysis by Flood In the analysis of the vulnerability of the city's infrastructure. moderate vulnerability. determining proxie using class intervals. The vulnerability is classified into three classes. the opposite applies. Vulnerability indicators used in this analysis were the number of occupants. L. The highest index value indicates as the highest vulnerability. spacious building.22. resulting from the indicators that owned by the materials that have the potential risk of flooding. Proxie scoring in each of the different indicators is taking into account how much influence these ondicators to flooding.135.923.

Map Output Indicator Susceptibility Number of Occupants Indicator 2: Type of Work Determination proxie on indicators of the type of work uses a class interval. Figure 7. 258 .65. Public Serviceused value of proxie 0. State Owned Enterprises: 0.Ilmiaty et al. Map of housing Indicator number of occupants Figure 8.2 and entrepreneur: 0.15.

3. Vulnerability Maps of Sangkuriang Indah Residential of type work Indicator 3: Building Houses In broad indicator of house building proxie weighting is based on the determination of the class interval house building area.60 m2 has a proxie 0.Vulnerability Analysis of Flooding in Residential Areas Figure 9.15 and ≥ 200 m2 has a proxie 0. Figure 10.200 m2 has a proxie 0.25. 61 m2 . Vulnerability Maps Sangkuriang Indah Residential of Building 259 .1. 81 m2 . For a building between 30 m2 . 101 m2 .100 m2 have proxie 0.80 m2 has a proxie 0.2.

6 for poor drainage conditions.6 and minimum value of proxie 0. Vulnerability Map of Sangkuriang Indah Residential Indicator drainage Conditions Indicator 5: State Street Indicator based on interview and field observation at the survey site.Ilmiaty et al.1 drainage conditions for good drainage. 0.4 unpaved road condition. Figure 11. which road condition paved has a maximum value of proxie 0. 260 . The condition drainage of houses has proxie 0.4 for medium and 0. Indicator 4: Drainage Conditions On parameter weighting drainage conditions based on interviews and field observations at the survey location.

Vulnerability Map of output overlay (IVI) Based on the output of vulnerability map is divided into 3 classes based on vulnerability index: 0. On the map the vulnerability is known that the building housing Sangkuriang Indah does not reach the high level of vulnerability due to flooding. each indicator has a value of proxie 0.3 for low vulnerability. Figure 13. 1 for the high vulnerability. Vulnerability Map Sangkuriang Indah Residential Indicator State Street In this case study used 5 indicators.2 proxie for getting a model of vulnerability with vulnerability level information. 261 . 0.5 for moderate vulnerability.Vulnerability Analysis of Flooding in Residential Areas Figure 12.

4 m2 or 77. 262 . 4.434 and minimum 0.135. IVI maximum value for residential buildings was 0. 2. the area to have potential inundation hazard was 72. Figure 14.244. it can be concluded as follows: 1.Ilmiaty et al. Number of houses to have level of flood vulnerability was 153 houses at level moderate vulnerability and 199 houses at low level of flood vulnerability. Flooding/inundation at Sangkuriang Indah housing was due to poor condition of existing residential and poor drainage in water flow. 3. It is influenced by the Infrastructure Vulnerability Index (IVI). IVI on any kind of infrastructure will be different than depending on the indicators existing on the type of infrastructure. Flood Vulnerability Map Sangkuriang Indah Residential Results of the vulnerability caused by flooding can be seen in number of houses that have a moderate vulnerability levels as much as 153 houses and a low level of vulnerability as much as 199 houses and residential buildings IVI maximum 0. The level of housing infrastructure vulnerabilities due to flood. the IVI is also affected by the location of residential.434 and minimum value was 0. CONCLUSION Based on results of research and analysis. Based on the hazard scenario.47% of the Sangkuriang Indah residential area (94.923.1 m2 ).244.

2007. 2009.. Palembang. and Sofian. R..Y. vulnerability and risk perceptionchallenges for flood damage research.S. Editors: Djoko Suroso. RPJMD Palembang 2008-2013. RTRW Palembang 1999-2009. South Sumatra Property Directory. Ilmiaty. Improving the Effectiveness of Land Conversion Policy. BPS Palembang. Department of Agriculture. 2010. R.Vulnerability Analysis of Flooding in Residential Areas REFERENCES Bambang Irawan. Pp 34-38. Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap: Water Resources Sector.X. Ilmiaty. Lestari. Setiawan. G. Philippe Guizol. Bapeda Palembang. Agro Economic Research Forum. risk and adaptation: A conceptual framework. Bapeda Palembang. B. N. Brooks. Proceeding of National Seminar on Disaster Management Stream Sediment. Analysis of Drainage System In Residential Areas In Sub Das Sangkuriang Indah Borang Palembang. Syamsidar Thamrin. Hadi. ISBN 978-602-98759-1-1. Irving Mintzer. National Development Planning Agency. 2011. Syamsidar Thamrin. IPCC.H. Dieter Brulez. December: 116-131. Climate Change 2007: The Science Project Basis. ISSN 1907 . UGM.. Conceptual Approach to Disaster Risk Reduction A Result of Climate Change (Case Study Palembang City). Suryadi. and A. 2006.S. 2003. Dieter Brulez. Tyndall Center. ISBN: 978-979-3764-498. 2011. Palembang in number. 38. National Development Planning Agency. Irving Mintzer. 2011. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Budi Prasetyo Samadikun. 2 No. 2009. ISBN: 978-979-3764-49. Characteristics and Management of Swamp land. 2008. Bonar. Impact of Economic Considerations Against Jakarta City Spatial planning and Bopunjur. 2009. 2007. Heiner von Luepke. BPS Palembang. R. Messner and Meyer V. 2008.187X. Vulnerability. Flood damage.H. Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap: Scientific Basis. Susanto R. UFZ Discussion Paper 13/2005. 4 of 1992 on Housing and Settlements. Tri Revelation. Editors: Djoko Suroso. Law No. Working Paper No. 263 . and F. F. Heiner von Luepke.1 March 2007. Precipitation Journal Vol. 2005. Philippe Guizol. Vol 26 No 2. DPD Sumsel REI. Anonymous. Unsri.

2010. Hamzah Latif. A Method for Constructing a Social Vulnerability Index: An Application to Hurricane Storm Surges in a Developed Country. 2009. Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia. Unsri. AUS AID. Ministry of Environment. OECD. 2007. Hadi. 2009. Saratri Wilinuyudho. B. Climate Change Vulnerability Mapping for Southeast Asia. Chapter 10: Introduction to Local Level. 2006. Yarnal. Ibnu Sofian. No. Yusuf. Tri Rev. July 2006. and Sarino. Novi Nuryani. 2009. Palembang. Norma Puspita.Ilmiaty et al. Asep Sofyan. A. City Infrastructure Vulnerability Assessment of the Impacts of Climate change (case study buildings SMPN / SMAN / vocational Palembang). Anggara Love. Springer Ltd. and B. O' Sullivan D. Final Draft. Suroso. Effect of land use change on flood discharge watershed Banjaran. 2. 264 . Vulnerability Assessment Handbook Impacts of Climate Change: For Local Government. Arief. Pp 163-17. Vol. Risk Assessment and Adaptation to Climate Change in South Sumatra. L. Pp 7580. Ministry of Environment. South Sumatra province. Based Urban Planning Disasters. vol 9 no 2-July.3. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation Into Development Co-operation: Policy Guidance. 2006. And Hery Susanto. Setiawan. Francisco. Rygel.. A. and H. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change (2006) 11 : 741764. Journal of Civil Engineering and planning. 2012. ISBN-978-92-6405476-9. Ministry of Environment. GIZ. Journal of Civil Engineering. Budi Setiawan.. Author: Djoko Suroso.

purun tikus is also used by beneficial insects in order to survive. Hama ini menyerang tanaman padi dari persemaian hingga fase generatif. penggerek batang padi putih lebih memilih purun tikus untuk meletakkan telur mereka. Even the pest is capable of completing their life cycle in the specific weeds of swamplands. Jl. The results of this study prove that purun tikus had the ability to attract the adults of white rice stem borer to lay their eggs. Ekstrak yang berasal dari purun tikus segar lebih disukai dari pada ekstrak dari putun tikus yang telah dikeringkan. White rice stem borer was recorded as a major pest of rice in tidal swampland. Ekstrak purun tikus yang disemprotkan pada tanaman padi juga lebih dipilih oleh hama ini untuk meletakkan telur. The results showed that of the five weeds growing in tidal swamplands. and 2M. Email: thamrin_balittra@yahoo. But in the rice field grown by purun tikus (Eleocharis dulcis). Tentara Pelajar No. Selain itu. Namun pada pertanaman padi yang disekitarnya tumbuh gulma purun tikus (Eleocharis dulcis).25 1M. 1S. gulma purun tikus juga digunakan oleh serangga menguntungkan untuk bertahan hidup.A. Bogor Abstract.com 2IAARD Researcher at Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research Institute. Banjarbaru–South Kalimantan. Bahkan hama ini mampu menyelesaikan daur hidupnya pada gulma spesifik lahan rawa ini. the damage due to white rice stem borer is very low. Penggerek batang padi putih tercatat sebagai hama utama tanaman padi di lahan rawa pasang surut. the existence of purun tikus around rice field is very significant in reducing the damaging rate of white rice stem borer in tidal swampland. 1M. These insects are natural enemies of white rice stem borer. Lok Tabat. With these capabilities. Abstrak. Hasilhasil penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa purun tikus memiliki kemampuan untuk menarik imago penggerek batang padi putih untuk meletakkan telurnya. Asikin. ditemukan bahwa tingkat serangan hama penggerek batang padi putih sangat rendah. white rice stem borer prefers to lay their eggs on purun tikus. Dengan kemampuan-kemampuan ini maka keberadaan purun tikus di sekitar pertanaman padi memberikan dampak yang sangat signifikan dalam menekan tingkat serangan hama penggerek batang padi putih di lahan rawa. Extract derived from fresh material of purun tikus was preferred by the pest than that derived from drained material. 265 . Extract of purun tikus sprayed on rice plants was also selected by these pests to lay their eggs. Seranggaserangga ini merupakan musuh alami dari penggerek batang padi putih. In addition. Kebun Karet. Susanti. Jl. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa dari lima gulma yang tumbuh di lahan rawa pasang surut.3 Cimanggu. UTILIZATION OF “PURUN TIKUS” (ELEOCHARIS DULCIS) TO CONTROL THE WHITE STEM BORER IN TIDAL SWAMPLAND Thamrin. Willis 1IAARD Researchers at Indonesian Wetland Research Institute (IWETRI). This pest attacks the rice plant from the seedling to the generative stages.

This paper presented as a review to give information about E. It is crucial to find another method to control WRSB. White rice stem borer (WRSB) is a potential insect pest. as many as 110 species belong to broadleaf.0% (varied in seasons). There are over 800 insect species damaging rice in one way or another. 1988). and 31 species belong to sedges (Budiman et al. dulcis as trap crops. it is occur and infest plants from seedling stage to maturity. although the majority of them do very little damage. Investigation found that WRSB like to lay their egg masses in this plant (Asikin and Thamrin 1994. consist of 181 genera from 51 families. Until recently synthetic pesticide is the famous method to manage WRSB. the damage caused by it pest relatively low at around 0. this method kills not only the pest but also natural enemies. Even in some locations the damage reached 75% (Prayudi 1998). and water body polluted by this substance. generally considered the most serious pests of rice worldwide. in tidal swamp area which grow Eleocharis dulcis (also called “purun tikus” in local language). Furthermore it will also affect the human health. some weeds function as alternative host. Some of them have been identified. In tropical Asia only about 20 species are major importance and occurrence regularly. air. even the larvae of this pest was able to complete it life cycle in this weed (Thamrin et al. E. land. TRAP CROP FOR WRSB In tidal swamp area and monotonous swampland in South and Central Kalimantan. whereas the incidence of a few others has considerably declined (Dale 1994). On the contrary. Another negative effect of this method is environment pollution. The damage due to it pest was around 33-41% (white head) and 25-45% (dead head). and Diopsidae) are known to attack the rice crop (Pathak and Khan 1994). INTRODUCTION Rice is an ideal host plant for many insect species. The stem borers. From those. which is widely distributed in tidal swamp area of South and Central Kalimantan provinces. attractant and bio insecticides. 2001). Dulcis as attractant is one of methods that can be used to reduce synthetic pesticide for controlling WRSB. Asikin et al. It attacks rice of showing till harvest. 266 . refugee for natural enemies. Noctuidae. All parts of the plant are vulnerable to insect feeding from the time since in seedling to the harvest. there are found more than 1000 kinds of weeds. 1999). Fifty species in three families (Pyralidae. and as refugee for natural enemies that influence to the low number of WRSB damage in tidal swamp area.Thamrin et al.1-1. Several species that were earlier considered as minor pests have recently become major pests. Meanwhile. 40 species belong to grasses.

Meanwhile.560 Stenochlaena palustirs 33-147 87-167 25-280 90-310 25 – 280 Scirpus grosus 47-100 73-127 30-112 45-132 30 – 112 Lepironea articulata 33-80 40-120 40-100 48-148 40 – 100 13-67 37-70 46-156 50-170 46 – 156 93-237 100-296 65-123 110-186 65 – 123 Eleocharis dulcis Oryza sativa Source: Thamrin and Asikin 2002. dulcis had low damage intensity of WRSB (1.450 5. purun tikus was highly favored by WRSB to lay their eggs. whitehead at around 33-41% and deadheart 25-45% in free area of E. especially morphology of host. which is planting rice once. rice damage caused by WRSB reach 25%. 1998). WS = Wet season Asikin et al.ha-1 (Table 1) (Thamrin and Asikin 2002). kelakai (Stenochlaena palutris). its perhaps due to the absent of E. the damage by WRSB was relatively low (whitehead 1. bundung (Scirpus grotus). Secondary chemical substance in E. dulcis suspected as the main reason of WRSB to come and lay their eggs in this weed (Asikin and Thamrin 2002). 1999. The number of egg mass found in E.5%).5 to 2. and purun kudung (Lepironea articulata). dulcis. South Kalimantan Province Number of egg masses/ha Host DS 1995 WS 95/96 DS 1996 WS 96/97 DS 1998 Phragmites karka 3. It noted by the high number of egg mass of WRSB found in E.200 3. dulcis is around 3. (1999) reported that rice plant which is grows around E. on the other hand the egg mass found in rice plant at around 65–296 egg mass. dulcis. Barito Kuala Regency. Among them. dulcis 267 . Table 1. a year (local rice variety) population of WRSB was high. dulcis (Asikin et al. it’s perhaps another reason for preference of WRSB to E.560 3.4005. In the area.646 3.7806.Utilization of “Purun Tikus” (Eleocharis dulcis) to Control the White Stem Borer There are five weeds that initiate in tidal swamp area of South Kalimantan which preferred by white rice stem borer in laying their eggs. In the case of Anjir Muara District in 1997. Morphology of E. Prayudi.6606. in the area that grows E. Meanwhile the area that has no E.5%).5705.4006. dulcis during dry season. Note: DS = Dry season. They are Purun tikus (E. dulcis is similar to the rice plant.200 egg mass.55% and deadheart 1. In other regions the damaged caused by WRSB varied in number.ha-1. Lestari (1983) mentioned that host specification influenced by adaptability of insect to the host. dulcis). perupuk (Phragmites karka).179 3. Number of white rice stem borer egg masses per hectare in tidal swamp areas.7-2. dulcis. Insect response to attractant or repellent of secondary chemical that is contained in the plant is preference mechanism to built resistance (Painter 1951).

South Kalimantan Province 268 .9-2.al (1999) Note:DS = Dry season. While rice field area without E.8 25-55 Source: Asikin et. WS = Wet season Figure 1. The result of research showed that E.5 25-35 1. which planted in the side area of rice field. dulcis had high damage (Figure 2) Table 2.dulcis surrounding Without E. Rice damage intensities caused by white rice stem borer in tidal swamp areas.5 33-41 1. trapped more WRSB to lay their eggs and has low damages (Figure 1).0 25-50 1. had high damage intensity at around 25 to 55% (Table 2).5-2. dulcis.dulcis Deadheart whitehead DS 1998 WS 98/99 DS 1998 WS 98/99 1. Influence of trap crop lay out (E. Barito Kuala Regency. Banjar Regency. dulcis) to the preference of white rice stem borer in laying their eggs. South Kalimantan Province Rice Damage Intensities (%) Rice plants areas E.Thamrin et al.5-2.5-1.

Furthermore also reported that the solvent from fresh material of E. most favored byi mago of WRSB in laying their eggs than the solvent that obtained from material that has been dried.Utilization of “Purun Tikus” (Eleocharis dulcis) to Control the White Stem Borer Figure 2. dulcis) to the damage intensities caused by white rice stem borer. Thamrin et al. This aromatics matter is easy to vaporize and it attracts insects. Asikin and Thamrin (2002) conducted a study on the attractiveness of WRSB to extract purun tikus and other weeds that were sprayed on rice plants. Banjar Regency. Attractant from lipid group conceivably become the reason of preference of WRSB to lay their eggs in E. South Kalimantan Province In order to provide evidence that purun tikus actually favored by WRSB. (2004) explains purun tikus contained 4 fractions and two of them areactive fractions (fractions 2 and 3) with the preferences of each 45 and 25% for solid concentration (without water/without dilution). Influence of trap crop lay out (E. whereas concentration of 1 mg/100 ml water only fraction 2 that have a high level of preference (65%). which is produced by plant is substance that attract insects to come and lay their eggs. dulcis. Solvent storage up to one day at room temperature decreases the abilityof solvent in attracting WRSB to lay eggs on treated plants (Table 4). dulcis that attract adult of WRSB to lay their eggs. In order to find out material in E. dulcis. The results showed WRSB more interested in laying their eggs on the treatment that sprayed by extracts purun tikus (Table 3). 269 . Norlund (1987) mentioned that biochemical volatile called allelochemical.

Thamrin et al.

Table 3. Effect of E. dulcis extract treatments on preference of white rice stem borer lay
their eggs, Banjarbaru, Dry season 2001.
Extract
Eleocharis dulcis
Scirpus grosus
Lepironea articulata
Stenochlaena palutris
Phragmites karka
Rice plant (no treatment/ Control)

Number of egg mass/plant
12.75a
3.00c
3.50c
4.50c
8.00b
4.75c

Source: Asikin dan Thamrin (2002)

Table 4. Effect of E. dulcis solvent on preference of white rice stem borer to laying
eggs, Banjarbaru, Dry season, 2002.
Treatments

Number of egg mass trapped

Solvent (Fresh material)
Direct aplication
Storage for 1 day

32
13

Solvent (Dry material)
Direct aplication
Storage for 1 day

12
6

Rice plant (no treatment/ Control)

0-1

Source: Asikin dan Thamrin (2002)

Refugee for natural enemies
Although species diversity and total number of predators and parasitoids in tropical
rice are impressive, generalizations about the precise role and relative importance of
individual species are difficult. Clearly, abundance shifts seasonally and geographically,
but in general relatively few species has been shown to impact heavily on target insect
pests. This is primarily due to the fact that little definitive work has been done and
techniques that allow researchers to dissect these communities of parasitoids and
predators and determine their individual role are not available. Their collective role can be
clearly demonstrated by observing outbreak of insect pests after a broad-spectrum
insecticide has eliminated the natural enemy community (Ooi and Shepard 1994).
Using insecticides in swampy areas of South and Central Kalimantan is low,
therefore the population of natural enemies are high, especially predators and parasitoids.

270

Utilization of “Purun Tikus” (Eleocharis dulcis) to Control the White Stem Borer

Predator
Predators often are the most important group of biological control organism in rice.
Each predator will consume many prays during lifetime. They are certainly the most
conspicuous forms, and are sometime confusing with pests. Predators occur in almost
every part of the rice environment. Some, such as certain spiders, lady beetles, and carabid
beetle, search the plants for pray such as leafhopper, plant hoppers, moth, and larvae of
stem borer (Shepard et al. 1987).
In tidal swamp area was found many kind predators (Table 5). Ordo Arachnida
(spider) was found in high number. The present of spider in rice field was able to reduce
insect pests population because they can consume 5-15prey a day. This predator also
produce a lot offspring, hence it can compete the population of insect pest. Shepard et al.
(1987) mentioned that Lycosa pseudoanulata lays 200-400 eggs in lifetime of 3-5 months.
Eventually 60-80 spider lings hatch and ride on the back of the female. Meanwhile
Oxyopes javanus and O. Lineatipes (Lynx spider) produce 200-350 young and live 3-5
months. Lynx spiders live within the rice canopy, prefer drier habits, and colonize rice
fields after canopy development. Unlike wolf spiders, they hide from their prey, mostly
moths, until within striking distance. They fill an important role, killing 2-3 moths daily
and thus preventing a new generation of the pests from building up. Another family of
spider that has high population is Tetragnathidae. The spiders mostly live 1-3 months and
lay 100-200 eggs. The eggs are laid in a mass covered in cottony silk in the upper half of
rice plants.
Dragonfly (Odonata) is also found in tidal swamp areas in high population such as
Agrionemis femina femina, Ischnura segegalensis and Orthetrum sabina sabina (Table 5).
The highest population among them is Agriocnemis femina femina. Adults normally fly
below the rice canopy searching for flying insects as well as hopper on plants. Population
of O. ishii ishii, P. fuscipes and Hapalochros rufofasciatus found in high number but it
appear occasionally, these predators feed 3 to 5 larvae of leaf roller per day (Thamrin et
al. 1999).

271

Thamrin et al.

Table 5. Predators of rice stem borer in tidal swamp area of South Kalimantan Province
Ordo/Species
Family
Diptera
Anatrichus pygmaeus
Chloroipidae
Poecilotraphera taeniata
Platysomatidae
Coleoptera
Ophionea indica
Carabidae
Ophionea ishii ishii
Carabidae
Paederus fuscipes
Staphylinidae
Hapalochrus rufofasciatus
Malachiidae
Orthoptera
Conosephalus longipennis
Tettigoniidae
Metioche vittaticollis
Gryllidae
Anaxipha longipennis
Gryllidae
Odonata
Agriocnemis femina femina
Agrionidae
Ischnura senegalensis
Agrionidae
Orthetrum sabina sabina
Libellulidae
Tholymis tillarga
Libellulidae
Neorothemis fluctuans
Libellulidae
Rhodothemis rufa
Libellulidae
Rhyothemis phyllis phyllis
Libellulidae
Hemiptera
Mesovelia sp
Mesovelidae
Hydrometra sp
Hydrometridae
Microvelia sp
Veliidae
Paraplea sp
Pleidae
Micronecta sp
Corixidae
Limnogonus fossarum
Gerridae
Limnogonus nitidus
Gerridae
Arachnida
Araneus inustrus
Araneidae
Argiope catenulate
Araneidae
Neoscona mukerjei
Araneidae
Neoscona theisi
Araneidae
Oxyopes javanus
Oxyopidae
Oxyopes lineatipes
Oxyopidae
Leucage decorata
Tetragnathidae
Tetragnatha mandibulata
Tetragnathidae
Tetragnatha javana
Tetragnathidae
Tetragnatha maxillosa
Tetragnathidae
Tetragnatha nitens
Tetragnathidae
Tetragnatha virecens
Tetragnathidae
Tetragnatha japonica
Tetragnathidae
Lycosa pseudoannulata
Lycosidae
Pardosa sumatrana
Lycosidae
Pardosa sp
Lycosidae
Oxyopes javanus
Oxyopidae
Oxyopes lineatipes
Oxyopidae
Clubiona sp
Clubiodae
Bianor sp
Salticidae
Auophyrs sp
Salticidae
Phidipus sp
Salticidae
Phlegra sp
Salticidae
Plexippus sp
Salticidae
Zygoballus sp
Salticidae
Callitrichia sp
Linyphiidae
+++ = high, ++ = moderate, + = low. Source: Thamrin et al. (1999)

272

Population
+++
++
++
+++
+++
++
+++
+++
++
+++
++
++
+
+
+
+
++
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+++
+
+
+++
++
++
+
+
++
+++
+
+
++
++
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
++

Utilization of “Purun Tikus” (Eleocharis dulcis) to Control the White Stem Borer

Parasitoid
Parasitoids are generally more host specific than predator. Whereas predators
require several preys to complete their development, parasitoids normally require only
one. Parasitoids may attack the eggs, larvae, and nymphs, pupae, or adults of the host and
most cases; they become more effective as host abundance increases. Unlike predators,
parasitoids can find their host even when host densities are low (Shepard et al. 1987).
Explosion of rice stem borers in some areas in Indonesia mostly caused by
disturbance of ecosystem. One factor that responsible for this condition is the unwise use
of insecticides, which also killed some beneficial insect among others parasitoids.
Therefore using insecticides should be judiciously. In the case of tidal swamp area, where
the use of insecticide is relatively low, parasitoids found in high number (Table 6). The
result of research also found that in single egg mass of WRSB found 8 to 29 individuals of
Telenomus rowani and Tetrastichus schoenobii with level of parasitism around 10 to 36%.
Parasitoids lay their eggs either in groups or singly on, in, or near a host. When a
parasitoid egg hatches and the immature parasitoid develops, the host usually stops
feeding and soon dies
Table 6. Parasitoids of WRSB in tidal swamp area of South Kalimantan Province
Species
Ischnojoppa luteator
Xanthopimpla punctata
Goryphus sp
Trathala sp
Cremnops sp
Telenomus rowani
Tetrastichus schoenobii
Trichogramma sp

Family
Ichneumonidae
Ichneumonidae
Ichneumonidae
Ichneumonidae
Ichneumonidae
Scelionidae
Scelionidae
Trichogrammatidae

Population
++
++
+
+
+
+++
++
++

+++ = high, ++ = moderate, + = low
Source: Thamrin et al. (1999)

CONCLUSION
1.

Eleocharis dulcis (purun tikus) naturally play as trap plant for white rice stem borer.It
also becomes reservoir (conservation) for natural enemies.

Extract of purun tikus has effectiveness as attractant for WRSB.

REFERENCES
Asikin, S. and M. Thamrin. 1994. Preferensi peletakan telur penggerek batang padi di
lahan pasang surut. Posiding Budidaya Padi Pasang Surut dan
Lebak.Balittra.Banjarbaru.

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Asikin, S., M. Thamrin, and N. Djahab.1999. Pemanfaatan purun tikus (E. dulcis) dalam
mengendalikan penggerek batang padi putih di lahan pasang surut sulfat masam.
Seminar Simposium Penelitian Tanaman Pangan IV, Bogor, 22-24 Nop 1999.
Asikin, S. and M. Thamrin. 2002. Identifikasi dan karakterisasi bahan attraktan terhadap
penggerek batang padi putih. Laporan Hasil Penelitian Balittra. Banjarbaru.
Budiman, A., M. Thamrin, and S. Asikin. 1988. Beberapa Jenis Gulma di Lahan Pasang
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Berbeda. Prosiding Konperensi Ke IX HIGI. Bogor 22-24 Maret 1988.
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Lestari, M. 1983. Kekhususan Inang Dan Potensi Bactra sp (Lepidoptera : Tortridae) pada
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Norlund, D.A. 1987. Plant Produced Allelochemics and Their Involvement in the Host
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Ooi, P.A.C. and B.M. Shepard. 1994. Predators and parasitoids of rice insect pests. In
Heinrichs, E.A. (Ed.). Biology and Management of Rice Insects. 585-612.
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Pathak, M.D. and Z.R. Khan. 1994. Insect pests of rice. International Rice Research
Institute. 89p.
Prayudi, B. 1998. Kinerja Kelompok Peneliti Hama Penyakit Balittra. Lokakarya Program
dan Hasil Penelitian Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pangan Lahan Rawa. 8p.
Shepard, B.M., A.T. Barrion, and J.A. Litsinger. 1987. Friends of the rice farmer : Helpful
Insects, Spiders, and Pathogens. IRRI. 127p.
Thamrin, M., N. Djahab, and S. Asikin. 2001. Fluktuasi populasi penggerek batang padi
putih di lahan rawa pasang surut. Dalam Prayudi, B., M. Sabran., I. Noor., I. ArRiza., S. Partohardjono, dan Hermanto (Eds). 205-213. Pengelolaan Tanaman
Pangan Lahan rawa. Puslitbang Tanaman Pangan.
Thamrin, M., M. Willis, dan S. Asikin. 1999. Parasitoid dan Predator Penggerek Batang
Padi di Lahan Rawa Pasang Surut Kalimantan Selatan. p. 175-181. Dalam
Prasadja, I., M. Arifin, I.W. Trisawa, I.W. Laba, E.A. Wikardi, D. Soetopo, dan E.
Karmawati (Eds) Peranan Entomologi dalam Pengendalian Hama yang Ramah
Lingkungan dan Ekonomis. Perhimpunan Entomologi Indonesia. Bogor.
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Thamrin, M. S. Asikin, dan M. Willis. 2004. Optimalisasi Pemanfaatan Sumberdaya
Hayati Lahan Rawa Untuk Budidaya Pertanian. Laporan Proyek Penelitian
Pertanian Lahan Rawa Tahun Anggaran 2003. Diseminarkan pada Balai Penelitian
Pertanian Lahan Rawa, Mei 2004. 15 hal.

274

THE EFFECT OF HERMETIC STORAGE TO PRESERVE
GRAIN QUALITY IN TIDAL LOWLAND, SOUTH
SUMATERA

Rudy Soehendi, 2Martin Gummert, 1Syahri, 1Renny Utami Somantri, 1Budi Raharjo, and
Sri Harnanik

1IAARD

Researchers at Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (BPTP)-South Sumatra. Jl.
Kolonel H. Barlian Km. 6. Palembang-South Sumatra. Email: [email protected]

International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) Postharvest Development Program Leader, Program 4: Value
Chains and Products from Rice. Email: [email protected]

Abstract. The research was aimed to find out the effects of hermetic storage in order to
preserve grain quality in tidal lowland, South Sumatera. In tidal lowland, grain losses
during storage may reach 2.24%. An easy storage method to be applied and identified to
be able to preserve grain quality is hermetic storage. The research was carried out in two
villages; Banyuurip and Telang Sari, Tanjung Lago Sub-district, Banyuasin District, for 6
months, from April to October 2011. The research was arranged in randomized complete
block design by 6 treatments and 5 replications. Treatments consisted of IRRI superbag
and plastic bag, with storage period of 0, 3, and 6 months. Parameters observed were
moisture content, O2 and CO2 levels, germination, and insects infestation (type and
number). The result showed that the use of hermetic storage system was better in
preserving grain quality than farmer’s common practice. This was defined by higher
percentage of germinated grains and lesser population of both rice insects types: weevil
(Sitophilus oryzae) and grain borrer (Rhizopertha dominica). This was because hermetic
storage system decreased O2 and increased CO2 levels during storage period.
Keywords: Hermetic storage, grain quality, paddy, germination, insects infestation

INTRODUCTION
Main staple food like rice is one of human basic needs, so do clothe and shelter. Thus, the
demand for food in both number and quality constantly increases. Loss in majority food
products, such as grains is caused by excessive moisture content and oxygen supply as
well as pests. In tropical region, products stored for 6 months had lost about 30% because
of pests (Berginson 2002). Imdad and Nawangsih (1999) said that in developing countries
including Indonesia, total agricultural product loss is estimated to reach 25-50% of total
production. FAO reported the loss of crop yields in developing countries ranges from 1013%, which about 5% is caused by various types of storage pests.
Nugraha et al. (2005) suggested that grain loss during storage period on irrigated
agro-ecosystem was 1.37%, meanwhile on rainfed land and tidal lowland were 1.28% and
2.24%, respectively. The high loss relates to the Indonesian wet climate that causes high

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humidity and temperature. These conditions lead to difficulties in maintaining grain
moisture content below 14%. Seed tissue metabolism is strongly influenced by moisture
content, which could spontaneously generate heat and cause loss of products.
Lack of knowledge on food storage technology has caused an increasing risk of
loss during storage period. One of storage system easy to be applied is airtight storage
(hermetic storage). The inquirements of good packaging should be able to maintain the
grain quality in order to provide protection against physical, chemical, and microbial
losses and also losses caused by moisture content and oxygen. Hermetic storage involves
placing the material into container that stop the movement of air and water between the
outside atmosphere and the grain/seed stored. This technology has been implemented in
several countries in Southeast Asia. A custom made container is made of plastic or steel
or even a pot of soil can be used in this system. The storage size ranges from 25 liters to
300 tons. This system can be used for grain, rice, and other cereals such as maize (Sham
2006).
Hermetic systems could improve the quality of grain and seed viability, as it is to
maintain stability of moisture content and reduce the pest loss without using any
pesticides. In addition, hermetic storage also prevents rodent’s infestation during storage
period and also prevents the growth of fungi in the stored product (De Bruin, 2005).
Viability or survival of seed in tropical areas can also be increased from 6 to 12 months.
Hermetic storage is able to reduce insects population as insects use oxygen for respiration
and release carbon dioxide (for example, oxygen levels can be reduced from 21% to less
than 5% within 10-21 days). Essein et al. (2010) stated that the storage of cocoa beans
with a hermetic system was able to reduce the oxygen level to 0.3% at 5.5 days stored and
in these conditions no insect existed. At low oxygen level, insect activity is decreased and
reproduction stalled so that rodents and birds are not attracted to the stored grain seed. In
addition, the difference in moisture content, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations
would affect seed germination (Sutopo 2004).
IRRI has developed Super Plastic Bags-IRRI that meets hermetic system
inquirement. Super bag could prevent the entry of oxygen and moisture flow of outside
into the grain. When completely closed, the respiration of grain and insects inside the bag
may reduce oxygen levels from 21% to 5% that killed most of the insects. Super bag also
known to increase the germination of seeds, control insects without using chemicals, and
increase the percentage (about 10%) of head rice grain that is stored (IRRI 2005). High
level of carbon dioxide in the storage is believed to inhibit the growth and development of
insect pests. That is why the research was conducted in order to determine the influence of
hermetic storage systems in reducing damage to grain in the tidal lowland area of South
Sumatera.

276

The Effect of Hermetic Storage to Preserve Grain Quality

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Location and Time
This study was conducted during April-October 2011, at two locations Banyuurip
and Telang Sari villages, sub-District of Tanjung Lago, Banyuasin District. Both
agroecosystems were tidal swamp. Those selected locations were one of Banyuasin’s rice
production centers.
Materials
The materials used in this study were freshly harvested rice grain, IRRI’s
superbags, 50-kg-plastic-bags, PP-plastic-bags, selotipe, and plastic containers of 15x20
cm. The tools used were Anages CD 98 Plus to measure O2/CO2, IRRI’s grain moisture
tester, and bags sewing machines.
Methods
Research employed randomized block design with 6 treatments and 5 replications.
Treatments were combination of storage system and period. The storage systems applied
were hermetic plastics (IRRI’s superbags) and farmers’ storage system (plastic bags and
storage periods were 0, 3, and 6 months. The treatment combinations were each replicated
on cooperator farmers.
Details of the treatments were: (1) Hermetic system for 0, 3, and 6 months of
storage periods was prepared by bagging a-50-kg of grain into 9 IRRI’s superbags and
plastic bags. As much as 500 g of grain from each bag was taken as sample. Parameters
such as moisture content, insect type and population were observed on the samples. The
IRRI’s superbags were sealed by tying. Concentration of O2/CO2 was measured before the
outer plastic layer was stitched. (2) Non-hermetic system for 0, 3, and 6 months of storage
periods was prepared by bagging a-50-kg of grain into 3 plastic bags. As much as 500 g of
grain was taken as sample to be observed its moisture content, insect type and population.
Plastic bags were sealed by stitching followed by measuring O2/CO2 levels.

277

0 c 13. Insects were observed by screening grains to separate the grains and insects. grain moisture content created equilibrium state with the environment moisture content. Table 1. 11. the number of germinated grains was percentaged. Insects population was calculated from the number of insects that attacked in a 500 g of grains. 4 a 13. The moisture used for insects and microorganisms activities. Living insects were separated and calculated from the dead ones. 2 a 13. 1 a 11. 1 c 13. Samples taken from each bag using sampling aid were measured 3 times. The result of grain moisture content measurement appeared on the tester’s screen. The surface bag was punctured with a needle and the number appearing on the device’s screen indicated oxygen and carbondioxide levels (%). The effects of hermetic storage on grain moisture content Treatment Hermetic Non-Hermetic Note: 278 Storage period (Months) 0 3 6 0 3 6 Grain moisture content (%) Banyuurip Telang Sari 12.Soehandi et al. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and further tested using Duncan test with SPSS ver. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Grain Moisture Content (%) Hermetic condition provided constant moisture content during storage period. The puncture hole was sealed using duct tape to prevent air transportation inside and outside the bag. 2 a Numbers followed by the same letter in the same column are not different according to DMRT0. The effects of hermetic storage on grain moisture content are presented in Table 1. Insects were identified using a key determinant of insects based on their characteristics. 5 a 12.05 .0. 6 c 13. 6 a 11. 9 a 14. Parameters and Data Analysis Grain Moisture Content (%) was measured using a water-IRRI Grain Moisture Tester. While in a non-hermetic condition. 3 a 14. Some100 grains from each treatment were germinated on media. 7 b 13. Oxygen and carbondioxide levels (%) were measured using a CD Anagas 98 Plus. After a week. Seed Germination (%) calculation was referred to IRRI’s procedure.

2005). In hermetic storage. 9 b 4.6%) and the highest one was obtained from storage period of 6 months (12. 5 a 14. The respiration process caused the decrease of oxygen level.6%) were not significantly influenced by storage systems. Airtight container provided the least oxygen availability for grains and microorganisms respiration during storage period.5–4. Grain moisture content in hermetic storage decreased as prolonged storage period. 5 a 2. Table 2. In Banyuurip.2%) and 3 months (2. 2 b 8.7%).5–4. 6 a 20. because of the air movement throughout the containers. The effects of hermetic storage to oxygen level during storage period in Banyuurip and Telang Sari are presented in Table 2. Grain moisture content of 12-16% could inhibit the insect attack (Sudaryono and Sutoyo 1980 in Nugroho et al. whilst in hermetic storage it was significantly different. While grain moisture contents for 3 and 6 months storage periods were not significantly different. The effects of storage period to oxygen level Treatment Hermetic Non-Hermetic Note: Storage period (Months) 0 3 6 0 3 6 Level of O2 (%) Banyuurip Telang Sari 10. the oxygen level was relatively stable. whereas both storage treatments in Banyuurip were significantly different.The Effect of Hermetic Storage to Preserve Grain Quality Table 1 showed that grain moisture content in the Telang Sari village was no significant differences both hermetic and non-hermetic storages.0–20.6%.1%. 8 c 12. whilst carbondioxide (CO2) as respiration residue increased simultanously.2 to 14. thus affected oxygen absorption rate both for grains and microorganisms respiration. Grain moisture content would affect the grain quality. 0 c 9.05 The lowest oxygen level on both storage systems occurred on storage period of 3 months (2.6–10.3%). 3 b 4. Grain moisture content during storage periods in Telang Sari ranged from 12. grain moisture content in non-hermetic storage was not significantly different. whereas in Banyuurip varied from11. Table 2 shows that oxygen levels on both locations (Banyuurip and Telang Sari) on storage period of 0 month (8. Whilst oxygen levels obtained from storage period of 6 months were significantly influenced by the storage system. 0 d Numbers followed by the same letter in the same coloumn are not different according to DMRT0. Whereas inside storage containers that were not airtight. The high grain moisture content caused the increase of insect attack intensity andit related with the increase of RH. hermetic and non- 279 . 3 d 9. grain moisture content for 0 month was the highest (12. 6 b 3. Oxygen (O2) Level The level of oxygen during storage period was unstable. 5 a 20.9 to 13.

4–6. 4 b 6.6%) were higher than CO2 levels in the grains stored using farmers’ practice (0. a-3-month-storage period showed higher CO2 levels than a-6-month-storage period.06%).6-5. this corresponds to pests and microorganisms respiration process.014. Carbondioxide (CO2) Level During storage period CO2 level is related to O2 level. 06 a Numbers followed by the same letter in the same coloumn are not different according to DMRT0. The oxygen levels at the grain stored for 6 months in hermetic system (12. as the highest CO2 levels for both treatments were measured on a-3-month-storage period.7%. 7 c 15. 5 b 5.3%).2 to 22. For both storage systems.8%) were significantly lower than that in a non-hermetic system (20. The effects of hermetic storage on CO2 level Treatment Hermetic Non-Hermetic Note: Storage period (Months) 0 3 6 0 3 6 Level of CO 2 (%) Banyuurip Telang Sari 8. hermetic. 6 a 0. 280 .01–0. higher than CO2 levels in grains stored using farmers’ practice (1. levels of CO2 (5. 8 b 1. 0 b 7.05 Table 3 showed that storage systems influenced CO2 level. The lowest CO2 levels were shown by 0 month storage period. level of CO2 ranged from 15.Soehandi et al. 2 c 5. 01 a 0. Observation results on the effects of hermetic storage on CO2 levelare presented in Table 3.0-20. which would decrease O2 level and increase CO2 level. During storage period for 3 months on hermetic system. especially during storage period for 3 and 6 months.8%). 3 b 7. 6 b 8. It also occurred on 6 months storage period. 4 b 22. Table 3.

Moisture content and storage temperature are important factors that affect the seed resistance and vigor during storage (Zheang et al. 6 ab 69. but the level CO2 will be different on different types of insects (Navarro & Donahaye 2005) . According to Calderon and Navarro (1980). on non-hermetic treatment. temperature. According Mollashahi and Hosseini (2007). and it could be synergistic effect on suppressing pests. while in Telang Sari was only 71. 9 b 93. 2 a Numbers followed by the same letter in the same coloumn are not different according to DMRT0. 1998 in Mollashahi and Hosseini 2007). However. 2 b 85. 4 b 74. 7 b 88. 1994). 2 a Germination (%) Telang Sari 89.05 The accumulation of CO2 and decrease of O2 levels during storage period caused by respiration of pests and microorganisms can minimize damages to the stored commodities (Navarro et al. increasing CO2 level usually is followed by decreasing O2 level.2% and in Telang Sari was 69.2 %.9%. 1 ab 71. so the hermetic system is expected to be able to reduce farmer’s cost for buying seed. 0 b 88. 9 ab 90. 281 . The results showed that decrease in grain germination was greater with longer time periode treatment. 5 b 88.5%. genotype. According to Bennett. Table 3 shows hermetic storage for 6 months significant effect on grain germination compared to non-hermetic storage. The average grain germination on hermetic in Banyuurip village was 88. there are two factors that affect the germination of seeds are internal factors (seed vitality. the germination of grain in Banyuurip was only 74. Decreasing seed germination can be increasing need of seed. and smoke). 7 b 86.The Effect of Hermetic Storage to Preserve Grain Quality Germination Effects of hermetic storage period on germination of grain are shown in Table 4. light. Martincic and Guberac stated that decreasing germination seed (cereals) occured after a few years storage peroid. The viability of seeds stored will be also maintained for 6-12 months (Rickmann 2004). moisture content of seed influences significantly on germination. and seed dormancy) and environmental factors (water. seed maturity. Effects of storage period on germination of grain Treament Hermetic Non-Hermetic Note: Storage period (Months) 0 3 6 0 3 6 Banyuurip 93. oxygen. Table 4.

there are 4 somewhat reddish yellow spots. Table 5. It becomes black as long as increase of live cycle. The insect life cycle ranges from 3-5 months and produces 300-400 eggs per grains. “copra” (Kartasapoetra 1991. These pests are polifag and also damage deposits such as corn. oryzae R. Larvae: Whitish and scarabaei form with well-developed prolegs. The eggs of the lesser grain borer are laid loosely among the grains and the first instar larvae penetrate the rice grains. Body length ranges from 3. oryzae) and lesser grain borrer (R. Some factors influenced by insect infestation were the type and material damages. Pracaya 1997). Insects Attack The insects attack during the storage period is shown in Table 5.Soehandi et al. depending on place of larvae. Insects infestation during storage period Treatment Hermetic Non-Hermetic Storage period (Months) 0 3 6 0 3 6 Types of insects Banyuurip S. This is because low amylose creates hard texture of grain. Insect characteristics found during storage period are as followed: 1. Rice varieties containing low amylose are generally less desirable by insects. The pupae develop inside the rice grain. which serves as the food supply of the 282 . oryzae R. dominica + + + + + + + + + + + Telang Sari S. cassava. peanuts. nutritional value. oryzae) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Adult beetle that newly emerged has slightly reddish brown color. and an antennae with distinctly separated 3-segmented clubs. skin color. 2. In both wings. No-legged larvae colors clear white. dominica). dominica) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) Adult: dark brown and cylindrical with rows of punctures on the elytra. moisture content. The lesser grain borer Rhizophertha dominica is a brown beetle only about 3 mm long. two spots on the left wing and 2 spots on the right wing. Rice weevils (S. head is deplexed and more or less concealed from above by a prothorax which has a coarsely tuberculate anterior margin.5 to 5 mm. Lesser grain borrer (R. The eggs are usually laid on each grain of rice hole and each hole is then covered with the remaining hoist. especially in the front. dominica + + + + + + + + + + ++ ++ + = low population (<50 insects/500 g grains) ++ = high population (> 50 insects/500 g grains) Table 4 shows that there were two species of insect attacking on different varieties of rice such as rice weevil (S. and level of damages.

8 a 0. Table 6. The insect population during storage period is presented in Table 6 and Table 7. dominica. Effects of the hermetic storage on S.05 283 .0 b 2. Live insects S.0 and 44. while in open storage insect level increased to an average of 27.2 insects/kg of grains.8 31.4 1.0 1. On the other hand. hermetic storage also effectively reduced population of R. oryzae per 500 g of grains in Telang Sari and Banyuurip for 3 months storage period were the highest.0 a 2. Both adults and larvae are voracious feeders and. Insect Populations Several factors that caused damage during storage period are insect populations..4 insects.0 a a a a a b Numbers followed by the same letter in the same coloumn are not different according to DMRT0. Rickmann and Gummert stated that the use of IRRI’s super bags effectively reduced insect development.The Effect of Hermetic Storage to Preserve Grain Quality developing larva.4 b 4.0 34.3 ab Telang Sari Live Dead 1.1 3. rice varieties.4 1.2 a 0.6 44. and the insect mortality during 3 months storage period was significantly different.0 b 21.3 a a a a a a Dead 0. the larvae legs are able to feed in grain dust and to attack grains externally (IRRI 2009). and storage period.4 a 0 a 5. oryzae population (insects/500 g of grains) Treatment Hermetic Non-Hermetic Note: Storage period (months) 0 3 6 0 3 6 Insect population Banyuurip Live 0. oryzae in 500 g of grains in Banyuurip was not significantly different among all treatments. 31.1 a 0 a 0. respectively.2 insects/kg of grains. which is presented in Table 7.3 4. They said that the number of live insects after 12 months were 1. in Telang Sari hermetic storage significantly influenced to live insect during storage period for 3 and 6 months. Table 6 shows that the population of live insect of S.4 0 0. unlike the Sitophilus spp. Meanwhile.0 a 2.

284 . for both types: rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and lesser grain borrer (Rhizopertha dominica). dominica population (insects/500 g of grains) Treatment Hermetic Non-Hermetic Note: Storage period (months) 0 3 6 0 3 6 Insect population Banyuurip Live Dead 1. dominica live insects on hermetic system stored for 6 months were lesser than non-hermetic system.7 a 5.2 a 3.3 insects.0 a 3.4 a 0 a 33.7 bc Numbers followed by the same letter in the same coloumn are not different according to DMRT0.7 ab Telang Sari Live Dead 0. Effects of the hermetic storage on R.4 c 2. Table 7.9 insects. 2008).9 ab 39. hermetic storage for 6 months significantly decreased live insects up to 8.0 b 31. (Villers et al. Several studies suggested that the hermetic storage also is used to other grains such as corn.5 b 0. R dominica live insects per 500 g of grains stored for 3 months on non-hermetic system was 33.3 a 3. coffee beans. etc. These results provide an opportunity for farmers to be able to apply the hermetic storage systems so that they can still keep their grain. However. in Telang Sari. Meanwhile.0 b 1. dominica compared to non-hermetic system.0 a 6.6 a 0.2 a 13. CONCLUSION The use of hermetic storage system was better in preserving grain quality and varies on storage periods tested than common practice. either for seeds in the next planting season or food stock.0 ab 21. the insect mortality was relatively higher than non-hermetic. cocoa.8 a 0.0 ab 2.6 a 0 a 2. R.7 a 1.0 insects per 500 g of grains. In Banyuurip.05 According to Table 7. It was becaused the hermetic storage system decreased O2 levels and increased CO2 levels during storage period.Soehandi et al. lesser than non-hermetic with average live insects of 21.7 a 8. whilst in hermetic storage insect levels decreased to an average of 2.5 a 3. the hermetic storage significantly influenced live insect of R. This was defined by higher percentage of germinated grains and lesser insects population.0 insects.

E. Working Conf. 93-122.P. Shejbal (Ed. BR). Annis. Imdad. Kieu. Nawangsih. T. in M. 2002. 1991. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.. Major insect pest storage.T. S. H. Post harvest training manual.. 3:21-29. A. Penebar Swadaya. D. 2005. Comparative advantages of high CO2 and low O2 types of controlled atmospheres for grain storage. Wallingford. O. and P. 1999. 2007. 2009.J. Kartasapoetra. 285 .C. Philippines: IRRI. Fact sheets of rice-How to use Super bag (sack-super) IRRI. The future of hermetic storage of dry grains in tropical and subtropical climates. Menyimpan Bahan Pangan.G. Agriculture The Handbook of Science and Education Administrations. and A. D. International Rice Research Institute. Wright. Guberac.). EJ. Boca Raton.J. Synergistic effect of CO2 and O2 mixture on stored grain insects. Banks. Essien. 2005.L. M. Results Plant Pests in the Warehouse. De Bruin. Amsterdam. and L. Bass. Calderon. W. Navarro.M. 17-23 April 1994. M. Food Preservation by Modified Atmospheres. S. pp.. Fishman. Juctice. Hermetic Storage: A Novel Approach to the Protection of Cocoa Beans. Borkai-Golan (Eds. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Stored Wm'king-product Protection .N.. E.J. Chin. Effects of cereal seed storage interval on germinability. 1980. Oxon. UK 1.The Effect of Hermetic Storage to Preserve Grain Quality REFERENCES Banks. Villers. Donahaye. February. Martincic.6th Int. Mexico. Omonrice 14:64-70. 1978. No. Federal Recearch Washington DC. Hermetically sealed Study on storage system for rice seeds.). and S. Forest Science. J. HJ and Champ. and V. Florida. CRC Press. International Rice Research Institute. Philippines. Fact Sheet-Storage Pest: Insects. Elsevier. CAB International. Navarro. 2010. 130-138. in J. 15th Mollasashi. Canberra. snd S. The Effects of Storage During 17 Years on Germination of Three Different from Pinus radiata SITES. Seeds in Store: Asian Seed and Planting Material. Calderon and R.V. pp. 2005. Jakarta.Volume 2: 1642-1646. H. and T. African Crop Science Journal 18 (2): 59-68. Bergvinson. Navarro. 1990.A. Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Grains. Hosseini. on stored product protection (Edited by Highley. 2006. In: Pro. 1994. USA. Principles and practices of seed storage. 79-84. Australia. CIMMVT. and P. and S.

Bogor. Nugraha. 2005.Soehandi et al. S.). Jakarta: Governmental spreader. USA. Sham. Pracaya. BB Post-Harvest. accessed June 1.com . Environmentally Friendly Technologies for Agricultural Product Quality. et al. and J. Rickman.F. S. 2004. 2008. Villers.. Florida. 2008. Donahaye. P. Pests and Plant Diseases. 2006. S. 1997. Sutopo. J. S. CAF 2008 Conference Paper. S. Navarro. Storage Seed/Grain Proofing System Close Air (hermetic). Reports Litbang Postharvest Center for Agriculture in 2005. 2005. Seed Technology. A handy tool for measuring the moisture content of grain and rice. 2012). Innovative environmentally friendly technologies to maintain quality of durable agricultural produce. pp. (www. Brief Information Rice Knowledge Bank Indonesia. in Shimshon Ben Yeoshua (Ed. Navarro. De Bruin. Boca Raton. Development of Hermetic Storage Technology in Sealed Flexible Storage Structures. IRRI Report. Jakarta: Eagles Press.grainpro. 203-260. Hermetically sealed grain storage systems. Brief Information Technology Rice. M. 2004. Nugraha. CRC Press. and T. 286 .

Keyword: Conservation soil tillage. to give a field and opportunity of work for publics and to realize a national foods sufficiency because of Indonesia as agrarian country (Suryana et al. tidal swampland is very wide that may reach about 20. 287 . The limiting factors on rice production in this land werevery high soil acidity (soil pH less than 4. Lok Tabat. Kalimantan. This sectors is very important to supportgrowth of economic region. particularly to oxidation of pyritesin soils so that can control an iron toxicity on rice. A few efforts have been conducted to achieved a sustainable foods sufficiency.27 CONSERVATION SOIL TILLAGE AT RICE CULTURE IN ACID SULPHATE SOIL R.54 millions hectare of tidal swamp land is very potentially to be developed for agriculture to promotean increaseof national food production efforts. Smith Simatupang and Nurita IAARD Researchers at Indonesian Wetland Research Institute.The conservation soil tillage aimed to conserv land. as people income resource. Sulawesi and Papua.54 millions hectare was very potential to be extended for agricultural development.1 millions hectare founded in four island. low soils fertility. 1992. In Indonesia. i.id Abstract. Acid sulphate soil INTRODUCTION An agriculture sector until now is still holding an important role on national economic development. iron toxicity and socio-economic aspects. (IWETRI)). Around 9.18 millions hectare by goverments throughout a transmigration placement programme (Widjaya-Adhi et al. Rice production. i. Zero tillage by herbicide application and (2) full soil tillage with regulations.e Sumatera. Both technologiesof conservation soil tillage could be developed to supportincreaseof rice production efforts in the acid sulphate soils.co. particularly the effort of increasing rice production about 5%/year that have been conducted throughout increasing national rice production program (P2BN) that have been implemented since 2007 (Badan Litbang Pertanian 2007). Land management through good and suitable land preparation application prepare a good soil condition for rice plant so that can give good plant growth and increaseplant production.: (1). nutrients deficiency. Kebun Karet. Banjarbaru-South Kalimantan. 2008).The conservation soil tillage wasone inovation of land preparation which could be applied atrice culture in acid sulphate tidal swampland. Badan Litbang Pertanian 2007).e.0 millions hectare had been reclamaized by local farmers and about 1.0). Jl. Email: rsmith_simatupang@yahoo. about 3.No tillages by herbicides (paraquat or isopropil amina glyphosate) and full soil tillage with the regulationscould be controlled pyrite oxidation and iron toxicity on rice and also increasedrice yields. Around 9. There are two conservation soil tillage on rice culture.

adopted and applied by stake holder or farmers in rice farming system at tidal swampland asefforts to increaserice yields and supportsustainabilily of national foods sufficiency. the new rice variety was difficult to extend because it was not preference for local people. 288 . 1997). so that the local rice variety was more extending than new rice variety at tidal swampland (Watson and Willis. Soil chemical characteristicsof acid sulphate soilusually have a very highsoil acidity is. biology problems and also socio-economic aspects.R. and socio-economic problems. while in actual acid suphate soil. high toxic materials.e. Therefore.prosess of soil acidity did not yet appears so that the problems was not complecated. managements and optimalization using tidal swamplands for agriculture development particularly to supportprogramme of increasing national rice productionin the future. Throughout this paper the information of the technology could be disseminated.: physico-chemist.: soil physico-chemits. such as: lands arrangement. Nevertheless. The developmentof tidal swampland for food crops wouldface a few problems.5 (Dent 1986). particularly if farmers used a new variety. with application of suitable technology and true managements system. It should beconducted with good planning and holistic ways. 1994. weed. This articles as areview of research results aimed to bring out information of innovation technology throughout lands preparation by conservation soils tillage on rice culture atthe tidal swamplands. 1984). Adimihardja et al. i. The physico-chemist soils problemswasone of limiting factors for rice production so that the tidal swampland has not yet givenoptimal yields (Ismail et al. Smith Simatupang and Nurita The tidal swampland is included as submarginal land because it has a low potency to grow an agriculture plants. i. LIMITING FACTORS OF RICE PRODUCTION The acid sulphate soils could be differented on two soils typhology. have to be executed. One problem of rice culture attidal swamplandwasan iron toxicity on rice plant. very low nature soil fertilityand low soil productivity (Sarwani et al. Usually. land and water managements. tolerant rice variety applicationand farmer’s experience consideration to managing tidal swampland for rice (Alihamsyah et al.e. it was potencial acid sulphatesoil (PAS) and actual acid sulphatesoil (AAS). The problems will be explaned in the next paragraps. There are several problems in optimalizing and developing tidal swamplands for rice cultivation. In potencial acid sulphate soil. 2003). the prosess have been gonewhereaeration have reached until pyrites layers so that it was oxidated and exposed to produce soil acidity and bring out the soil pH to be decreased below 3. the potency of tidal swampland canbe increased to become more productive land to support sustainability of human live. 1998).

K. so that presence of the weeds in planting area will be one of biologist contraints or limiting factors in process production to get high yields according topotency of the plants. it is commonly founded a pyritic layers (FeS2) at different depth and contained pyrite more than 2%. 1992). as well as applications of lands preparation by soils conservation tillage (Jumberi et al. 1994. The problems will be caused soils nature fertility of tidal swamplands is very low. nevertheless the presence of weeds will be main competations for plants to get nutrients and space.Weed is one a parts of an ecosystems so that it is needed to be maintananced.Conservation Soil Tillage at Rice Culture 1. The problems of weeds is very closed relations with lands preparation system on rice culture in tidal swamplands because it could increase production cost and decrease 289 . Nevertheless. the pyrites will be oxidized when the soils dry and the prosess will result a H+. The technology includes: application of ameliorant matters like a compost of rice straws. Simatupang 2007). Sarwani et al.local peoplesdo not preferance the new rice variety. Unproper land managements may inpact on rice yield.The growth of weeds is very fast and grow wellin tidal swamplands. cow and chicken manures and weeds biomass. 1998. The pyrites contents in acid sulphated soils become limiting factors for plantrice growths. Ca and Mg and also low micro nutrients mainly in peat/peaty soil. 2.and Fe2+ so that the soils become acid and iron toxicity on rice crops rises. 1998). so that rice growth will not fully good. P. In the acid sulphate soils. therefore the precense of weeds in plantingarea must be in tolerants limit level for plants in order to give advantage in agriculture system. The simple methods to exceed the iron toxicity is by planting of tolerants rice variety. very low macro nutrient contents particularly N. growing in unplace and causing damage on the main crops. Soils Physico-chemist Problems Soil characteristics of tidal swampland is very high acidity (soil pH below 4. but in other side. SO42.0). The pyrites are stable in the soils and not dangerous if the soils on reductive/submergence conditions (Widjaya-Adhi et al. Usually the iron toxicity increased when rice crops at 6-8 weeks ages after planting. Weeds Problems Definition of weeds are as unlike plants. thus soil productivity become low (Dent 1986. The innovation of technology which can overcomethe iron toxicity problem on rice cultivation should be implemented. Iron toxicity on rice crops is because of increasingferro contents in soils solution. number of tillers decrease and that the rice crops productivity become low. Adimihardja et al.

Limiting number of labors family and less of young labors who interest to agriculture sectors was one of contraints on socio-enonomic aspect in farming systems intidal swamplands area (Ismail et al. recommended that useof tidal swamplands area particularly acid sulphate lands for rice should be conducted by application of integrated soils tillage-nutrients system. 1992: Simatupang 2007). Socio Economic Problems Swamplands agriculture management. easy to apply and efficients.R. 290 . The weeds management attidal swamps rice area. particularly that pyrites have not disturbed in the soils and also use of weeds biomass that plenty grows in the swamp areas as organics matter that source of nutrients for plants. and to improve soil physics. so it is more efficients and be able to increase farmer’s income (Solahuddin. One of them is innovation of soils tillage conservation lands preparation. Simatupang 2007). In addition.2% (Ramli et al. The problems increasing to use this lands for agricuture were labors and capitals. cheaps. Bali and Lombok islands. by traditional ways had been already conducted by local farmer “Banjarise and Bugirise“ along hundreds years with local knowledge. 1997). This technology aimes to prepare land as the areas of growing plants. Smith Simatupang and Nurita rice yields until 74. so that the use of this lands has still not optimalized that caused the land would be become neglected (Ramli et al. 1992). usually is implemented together with land preparation systems while weeds biomass is used as the organic matters as a source of nutrients for rice plants. goverments also have developed this area with programs of transmigrant replecement since 1960 from Jawa. But it makes soils loose so that the soils would be formed as good puddling which can controll a weeds growth. 3. at the first planting on wet seasons. weeds grows very fast and fertiles after sowing. This technology should be conducted by using herbicides to reduce the labors needed for land preparation. to optimalize tidal swamplands area need innovation of technology that can decrease labors needed. CONSERVATION SOIL TILLAGE The lands preparation is one of technology that must be conducted at the first time on rice culture at tidal swamplands area.This systems wasone of lands preparation that was in line with soils conservation principle. The wrong way asusing land preparation equipments that not fixed or unsuitable will give consequence ofdisadvantages and increase of negative impact for rice plants (for example: increase of iron toxicity). Thus. 1998. to clean area from weeds. Usually. So the transmigrant people had still not yet known how to managed this land for agriculture. Widjaya-Adhi (1997).

The technology of soils conservation tillage related with the weeds managements. the pyrites did not expose to soils surface so that iron toxicity could be controlled. (2) zero tillage. The second and third methods are the innovation technology that can be developed in tidal swamplands.Conservation Soil Tillage at Rice Culture The soil tillage aimed to escape a soil fertility degradation inmarginal soils so that land productivitycould be maintenanced. to wrap round. (b). the technology of land preparations must consider the soils conservation principle of land resources so the land productivity could be inreasing and the farming system could be increasing the farmer’s income. flexible. to increase and maintenance land productivity troughout use and management of weeds biomass. Traditional Methods The traditional methods of land preparation using “tajak“ has been already developed by the Banjarise and Bugerise along hundred years.The three methods of land preparation should be explain in the next paragrafs. and (c) soil tillage by mulching. so in applications of this technology should be related with the use of herbicides whic was the main components to control weeds. The technology is very simple. The soils conservation devided into: (a) zero tillage. where thetechnology showed a good perform of result to prepare land for rice and couldincrease rice yields (Simatupang 2007). Minimum tillage. as well as be friendly to environment. to spread which is called as Tapulikampar (Nazemi et al. the soils conservation tillage that be conducted in upland and lowlandresult yield more better than intensive soils tillage system (Utomo 2000). This technology is the local wisdom or indigenous knowledge. (b) to maintenance pyritesin the soils layer should be stable as fixed condition. there are (1) land preparation using “tajak“ (traditional methods). 1997a). and (3) full tilagge with regulations (FTR). Therefore. so that methods or land preparation ways should give optimal advantages and did not increase negative impacts to rice plants. conservative and sustainable to be applied intidal swamplands. In tidal swamplands the conservation soil tillage system can be applied by three ways. The traditional methods consist of 4 (four) steps. The soil conservation tillage systems in tidal swamplands aimed: (a) to controllsoils degradation. Generally. The systems of land preparation intidal swamplands (acid sulphated soil) mustconsidersoil conditions. and (c) to prepare land in order to be ready and easy to riceplantingand to controlweeds growth in paddy area (Simatupang et al. 2007). A. including that must be attention about soil phyisical and chemical characteristics particularly soil pyrites. there are to slash/slice. to turn up. The 291 .

Time of application.Rolling could be conducted by using drum. Step I: Application of herbicide. In application of land preperation by tajak. their oxidation were not realize and the plants could be escape from iron toxicity (Simatupang 2007). as a nutrient recylce process. The application of zero tillage in tidal swamplands rice area would be conducted by 2 (two) steps.: 1. Herbicide is used to kill weeds before rice plantingand controlweeds grow in the planting areas. 1992). it was needed respraying herbicide for correction.then rice should be planted. and other that should be pulled with people or animals powers (Figure 1). Herbicide is an important components on this technology. i. this aimed to lay weeds and levelland surface in order to be easy for rice planting. the labor fee was very expensive so that lands preparation cost became very expensive while farmer’s capitalwas very weak and limited (Ramli et al. kind and dosage of herbicides depend on lands condition. the herbicides should be sprayed using knapsack sprayer to weeds target in the area. the technology is not efficient because to prepare land for rice that startedform the beginning activity untill land ready to plantingneeded about 45-50 man/day/ha. In addition.The weeds biomass should be replaced to the soils as the source of nutrients for plants. if the weeds are still grows in the area. farmer sliced weeds until 3-5 cm soildepth only so that the pyrites were not exposed to soils surface and iron toxicity was not raised on rice plant.One week after application. and also it could be conducted by run over of hand tractor tools (gelebek). kind of weeds target and herbicide used. The traditional methods also hold a principle of lands conservation particularly to pyrites layers in the soils and maintained pyrites on stable conditions.3 weeks after application the rolling would be conducted. 2. Nevertheless. coconut stems. Zero Tillage Zero tillage is one of soils conservation tillage technology that could be developed at rice culture in tidal swamplands. Step II: Rolling. to operate the methods of slicing weeds by tajak would be conducted at submerged soil about 5-10 cm depth. 292 .e. B. 2 . Smith Simatupang and Nurita land preparation should be related with weeds management as a source of organic matters and nutrients throughout using weeds biomass that was so much available in the area. plant season.After levellingland surface.R. Usually.

It showed to be good effects to land preparation.It is paraquat and isopropil amina glyphosate. Zero Tillage with Paraquat Paraquat is a contacts herbicide that couldkill all kind of weeds that grows and rises in tidal swamplands.85 t ha-1) compared to traditional methods (Figure 2a). 1997). It showed at goods efficaciousand effective to kill weeds on land preparation and also could controlweeds growth until 30 days afterplanting rice. increase farmer’s income and economically give a R/C value ratio = 1. Rolling process after application of herbicide for land preparation in acid sulphate lands Use of herbicide both herbicide systemic or contactsat zero tillage should be implemented in acid sulphate soils. 293 . 1.44 so that it could be recieved anddeveloped as one of land preparation technology in tidal swamplands (Lamid et al.Conservation Soil Tillage at Rice Culture Figure 1.0 l ha-1 dosage on zero tillage in tidal swamplands could preparea good area for rice and control weeds until 30 days after planting rice (weeds covered less than 25%). increaserice yields about 25 – 30% (0. Simatupang et al. There are two kind of hebicides that could be used as main components on applying of zero tillage technology in tidal swamplands.This herbicide was effective to kill weeds so that this herbicide is prospective to use on zero tillage technology to prepare paddy area in acid sulphate lands (Simatupang. increase rice yields and farmer’s income so that it could be developed as one of land preparation technology in the tidal swamplands (Simatupang 2007). 2007). effective and be able to controlweeds in paddy area. 1996.0–4. Resarch results showed that using paraquat by 3. decrease a labor need atland preparation about 85%.60–0.

it could decrease total labor needed about 27. b a Figure 2. Performance of rice yields at zero tillage compared to traditional methodsin acid sulphate solis. Smith Simatupang and Nurita To support twice of cropping patterns per year in acid sulphate lands. This herbicide is to kill weeds troughout destroyof plants tissue systemically so that the weeds should be dead and this herbicide is more effective than another herbicide. 14.455/man/days (Simatupang 2007).1%) compared to traditional methods by tajak. decreased total labor for land preparation abaut 25% and increase farmer’s income from Rp.0 l ha-1 of isopropyl amina glyphosate herbicide at zero tillage could prepare land until ready to be plantedwell.23 t ha-1 dry yields (increased about 9.9% so that it was more efficiently (Simatupang et al. Economically. increase rice yields from 2. 3.50 t ha-1 (54. zero tillage with using paraquat active ingredients of herbicide gave a good rice yields (Figure 2b) and rice yields increased from 7.92 t ha-1 to become 4. 294 . effectively and control weeds grows until 30 days after planting with weeds covered less than 25%.800-Rp. The result research showed that using about 6. 2003). Zero Tillage with Glyphosate Isopropil amina glyphosate is an active ingredients of a post emergence herbicide.0–7. Next. 2.29%) during two plant seasons compared to traditional (with tajak). Use of isopropyl amina glyphosate herbicide at zero tillage did not caused iron toxicity on rice plants. the performance of rice yields as research results during four seasons by using isopropyl amina glyphosate herbicide compared to traditional methods by tajak is showed at Figure 3. use of herbicide on twice planting on cropping patterns gave biggest net return.53 t ha-1 to become 8.R.

The deep of soil tillage not more than 20 cm depth or conducting abaut 12–15 cm depth.Conservation Soil Tillage at Rice Culture Figure 3. Full soil tillage with the regulations aimed to prepare a lands with good puddling. The innovation of soil tillage in tidal swamplands.Nevertheless. This prevented the soil not to be oxidazed so the iron toxicity on rice growth could be prevent. Performance of rice yields during four seasons at zero tillage in acid sulphate soils of Central Kalimantan 3. the full tillage not only give a good effects but also give a negative impact in the acid sulphate soils. and (3). to controll a pyrites in soil layers. better rice growth performance. (2). Water management is one clause and as key success at managements of tidal swamplands for agriculture. When land preparation. Full tillage with the regulation is land preparation methods with a few regultions. anythings is full tillage with regulations (FTR). not disturbed or not exposed to soil surface and to depend it in stable condition. there are (1). iron toxicity on rice not founded and gave more rice yields (4. disk plow or rotary completelly. therefore submerged condition needed micro arrangement systems. Full Tillages with Regulations (FTR) Full tillage is land preparation methods whic isconducted by hoe. To keep the land in flooding or submergedcondition. so that soil puddling can be realized and give a good effects to rice plants growth. the lands must be in submergedconditions (reduction condittions). Ar-Riza and Sardjijo (1994) reported that full soil tillage in lowlands insubmerged condition regulations gave a good result which described with good puddling.52 t/hadry grains) compared to the soil tillage when the land in the dry conditions (yields: 295 .

. The performance of rice yield at full tillage in acid sulphate soils CONCLUSION 1.. Puslitbangtan. 2. dan I. Sarwani. Lahan pasang surut sebagai sumber pertumbuhan produksi padi masa depan. Cara pengolahan tanah dan pemupukan N terhadap keragaan dan hasil padi pasang surut sulfat masam. Both technologies of conservation soil tillage could be developed to support increase of rice production efforts in the acid sulphate soils. Buku I. dan D. Dalam Budidaya Padi Lahan Pasang Surut dan Lebak.Badan Litbang Pertanian. Alihamsyah. To prepare soilswhen the soil in dry condition caused the pyrite oxidation reaction and an iron toxicity onrice plants would be rised. 2003. Hlm. Puslitbangtan. Smith Simatupang and Nurita 4. Balittra. 1998. T.03 t ha-1 dry grains) (Figure 4). REFERENCE Ar-Riza..K. Ar-Riza.. Adimihardja.A. Suriadikarta. Balittan Banjarbaru. dan Sardjijo. Dalam Pros. Figure 4..R. 1-10. I. Pengembangan lahan pasang surut: keberhasilan dan kegagalan ditinjau dari fisiko kimi alahan pasang surut. The conservation soil tillage was one inovation of land preparation which could be applied atrice culture in acid sulphate tidal swampland. Sem. 9-13. Dalam Kebijakan perberasan dan inovasi 296 . Sudarman. Hlm. 3. Nasional Hasil Penelitian Menunjang Akselerasi Pengembangan Lahan Pasang Surut. A. 1994. M. No tillages by herbicides (paraquat or isopropil amina glyphosate) and full soil tillage with the regulations could be controlled pyrite oxidation and iron toxicity on rice and also increasedrice yields.

Ar-Riza.. AcidSulphate Soils. Balittra.G..Conservation Soil Tillage at Rice Culture teknologi padi. dan Mukhlis... Penggunaan herbisida purna tumbuh dalam penyiapan lahan untuk padi sawah di lahan sulfat masam. Bogor. R.22-36. The Netherlands. L. Subiksa. R. 15-17 Nopember 2007. XIII dan Seminar Ilmiah HIGI. Cisarua. Departemen Pertanian. Sarwani. International Institute for Land Reclamation Improvement/ILRI. S. 2007. 245-254. Hlm. a Baselinefor Researchand Development. I.. Indrayati. D. Penggunaan bahan amelioran untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman pangan di lahan pasang surut. p.. A. Badan Litbang Pertanian. Hlm. 1977. 1994. G. PERAGI. Dalam Pros. Marsudi. S. M. 185-194. Badan Litbang Pertanian.Teknologi sistem usahatani lahan sulfatmasam di Kalimantan Selatan. Hlm. Buku dua. Dalam Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pembangunan Pertanian Berkelanjutan Menyongsong Era Globalisasi. 37 Hlm. M.. 263-287. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Padi. Simatupang. Jakarta.. 2007. Hlm. 379-387.G Widjaya-Adhdi. 505-514.G. Hlm. R. Perhimpunan Agronomi Indonesia. Puslitbangtan. Konf. Dalam Prosiding Konferensi Nasional XVI HIGI. 1997. 74-77. Jumberi. Dalam Prosiding Simposium Nasional dan Kongres VI Peragi. Deptan.Suaidi Raihan. Badan Litbang Pertanian. Pengelolaan Tanaman terpadi Padi Lahan Rawa Pasang Surut. Badan Litbang. D. dan H. Bandung. 1992. Mannan. S. dan D. Padjadjaran... D. S. 1-13. I. Potensi. Ramli. 446-449. Fakultas Pertanian Univ. Risalah Pertemuan Nasional Pengembangan Pertanian Lahan Rawa Pasang Surut dan Lebak. Saragih. Seminar Nasional dan Kongres IX Perhimpunan Agronomi Indonesia. A.Bandar Lampung. Nas. Puslitbangtan. W. 1986. E. Hlm. PERAGI... 2007. D. 1996. Penggunaan herbisida purna tumbuh untuk persiapan lahan padi sawah pasang surut. BB Litbang Sumberdaya 297 . Hlm. kendala dan peluang lahan pasang surut dalam perspektif pengembangan tanaman pangan. 101-114. 1998. Nazemi. 201-211. dan I. Dalam Prosiding Simposium. Dalam prosiding Seminar Nasional Sumberdaya Lahan dan Lingkungan Pertanian. Praja.Agus Supriyo. Simatupang. Badan Litbang Pertanian. Pengelolaan bahan organik insitu pada penyiapan lahan sistem tepulikampar untuk mendukung pertanian ramah lingkungan di lahan sulfat masam. Puslitbangtan. dan R. Puslitbang Tanaman Pangan. Dalam Pros. Hlm.P. Dalam Pengelolaan Air dan Produktivitas Lahan Rawa Pasang Surut. HIGI-BIOTROP. Hlm. Cara penyiapan lahan dengan herbisida glyfosat mendukung pola tanam padi-padi di lahan bergambut. S. Badan Litbang. A. Dalam Pengembangan Terpadu pertanian Lahan Pasang surut dan Lebak. I. A.. 2003. 43-46.. Saragih.. Ismail. dan Masganti. Balittan Banjarbaru. Annisa. Lamid. Dent. Perkembangan dan hasil penelitian pemanfaatan lahan rawa pasang surut untuk produksi pertanian.A Wageningen. R. Simatupang. Banjarbaru. S.. Publication 39. Noor. Seminar Nasional Hasil Penelitian Menunjang Akselerasi Pengembangan Lahan Pasang Surut.M.Teknologi olah tanah konservasi mengendalikan keracunan besi pada padi sawah pasang surut di lahan sulfat masam. Adlis. Mannan.. Sukamandi. Z. Simatupang..

Departemen Pertanian... Solahuddin. Karama. S.910 Desember 1998. I. 2000. Jakarta.. 1994.. S. Buku I. HIGI. Dalam S. 27-29 Januari 1997. 223-24 Agustus. IARD Journal 7 (1 & 2): 25-30. Badan Litbang Pertanian. Widjaya-Adhi. UNILA. Cisarua. Banjarmasin.R. Indonesia.A. Dalam Prosiding Seminar Budidaya Pertanian Olah Tanah Konservasi VII F-OTK. Bogor. 1997. Hlm. Nasional PeningkatanProduksiPadi Nasional. Hlm. 2008.S. 298 . 1-9. Syam (Eds. Risalah Pertemuan Nasional Pengembangan Pertanian Lahan Pasang Surut dan Rawa.Sistem olah tanah hara terpadu padi di lahan rawa. Puslitbang Tanaman Pangan. danA.Kebijaksanaan produksi padi nasional. S. PERAGI. Dalam Padi. Ardi. Makalah pada Pertemuan Evaluasi dan Pemecahan Masalah Pasang Surut dan Lebak Tingkat Nasional. Olah tanah konservasi untuk mendukung pertanian berkelanjutan berwawasan agribisnis.G.G. keterbatasan dan pemanfaatan. Banjarmasin. Kedudukan padi dalam perokonomian Indonesia.1992. Hlm.K.. Bogor. Smith Simatupang and Nurita Lahan Pertanian. Partohardjono. and M.) Pengembangan Terpadu Pertanian Lahan Pasang Surut dan Lebak. Karyasa. Utomo. Wardana. Mardianto.10-24.Sem. Nugroho. Inovasi Teknologi dan Ketahanan Pangan. G. M. 7-33. Suryana.P. Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi. P.P. Kalimantan .. S.5364. Hlm. Widjaya-Adhi. Badan Litbang Pertanian. Bandar Lampung. dan I. Watson.D. Willis.. 1998. K. I.Sumberdaya lahan rawa.HIGI.Dalam Pros. dan M. Balittra. potensi. Farmer’s local and traditional rice crop protection techniques: some examples from coastal swamplands..

28 1Ani RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND EMISSION OF CO2 AND CH4 IN GULUDAN OF SURJAN SYSTEMS IN ACID SULPHATE SOIL *) Susilawati and 2Bambang Hendro Sunarminto 1IAARD Researcher at Indonesian Wetland Agriculture Research Institute (IWETRI). and C/N had a negative correlation with both emissions. CEC with emissions of CO2 and CH4 in Karang Indah and Tanjung Harapan villages while saturation of Al. extensification strategy is especially aimed to achieve a target of 4 (four) successes of agriculture. Diversification of agricultural commodities in swamplands can be done through a surjan system technology.nbl@gmail. Soil samples were originated from 0-30 cm depth while CO2 and CH4 emissions were collected directly in the field using close chamber technique. Kebun Karet. Loktabat Utara. In association with development of agriculture. Fe2+. There are two soil surfaces at the surjan system. Acid sulphate soil is a great potential land for agricultural development. Emissions of CO2 and CH4 INTRODUCTION Indonesia has about 33. exchangeable Al. Government has been encouraging development of marginal lands for agriculture such as swamplands because these land resources are not still used optimally. i. Kalimantan. and Papua islands (Subagyo 2006). and the second part is called as guludan/tembokan (raised beds) that can be planted with horticultural crops. to achieve and maintain self-sufficiency in food. The best relationship among soil chemical properties with emissions of CO2 and CH4 at both experiment sites was soil pH (positive correlation).com 2Soil Science Division.e. The study was conducted at two sites (Karang Indah and Tanjung Harapan villages) which had difference in soil productivity. E-mail :ani. Acid sulphate soil. Faculty of Agriculture. This research aimed to study the relationship between soil chemical properties and emission of CO2 and CH4 of guludan on surjan systems in acid sulphate soil.4 million hectares of swamplands covered particularly in Sumatra. The results showed that there were positive correlation between soil pH. *) This paper is also published in Special Edition of Indonesian Soil and Agroclimate Journal 299 . total N. The soil productivity may be increased with surjan system technology. The first part is called as tabukan/ledokan (sunken beds) which can be planted with rice. organic C. Jl. available P and K. Keywords: Soil chemical properties. fruits and plantation crops (Noor 2004). Banjarbaru-South Kalimantan. Gadjah Mada University-Yogyakarta Abstract.

9. were then analized in soil laboratory of Indonesian Wetland Agriculture Research Institute (IWETRI) Banjarbaru to determine several soil characteristists as follow: pH (pH meter method). The samples.900 types. with a dimension of 3 m wide and 100 m long. 18. There were a tendency of soil chemical properties at guludan 300 . and Redox potential (using HI 8424). The pattern was very popular among farmers in Batola District. such as: high soil acidity with pH range of 3-5. 6. EC (EC meter method). The Table 1 shows that there were differences in soil chemical properties at nearly all observed parameters. Both villages belong to Karang Buah Sub district Mandastana. high release of toxic elements (Fe. Disturbed soil samples were taken compositely using auger at a depth of 0-30 cm. Al). CEC (NH4OAc pH 7 method). Barito Kuala District. Available K (NH4OAc method). low fertility rates. MATERIAL AND METHOD The experiment was conducted in June to September 2011 at two sites of acid sulphate soil of B type in Karang Indah and Tanjung Harapan villages. 21. Greenhouse gas emission samples were collected using close chamber method at each the guludan part with time intervals of 3. South Kalimantan Province. and easily degraded soil fertility. Total N (Kjeldahl method). CH4. and N2O. and 24 seconds. Organic-C (Walkley and Black method). 15. These lands were arranged in rice-citrus crops pattern where citrus was planted on the guludan part while the tabukan part was planted with rice. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Soil Chemical Properties The results of soil analysis on some soil chemical properties are presented in Table 1. 12. 4. Available P (Bray I method).Susilawati dan Sunarminto Development of swamplands for agriculture faced several problems. The arrangement of surjan system in the study sites was the area (1 ha or 100 m x 100 m) was divided into 8 lines of guludan. The samples were then directly measured in the field using a Varian Micro GC Portable Field Case. Another important problem is production of greenhouse gas emissions such as CO2. C/N ratio. South Kalimantan because of high interest income to farmers. This study aimed to identify the relationship between soil chemical properties and emissions of CO2 and CH4 of guludan at surjan systems in acid sulphate soil of B type. Exchangable Al (KCl 1 N method). particularly from peat soil or from paddy rice field.

5255 and 0.7 473 ± 4.52 ± 0.92 ± 0.83 ± 2.64 179. Villages Parameter Tanjung Harapan Karang Indah -2 -1 6. This was presumably due to differences in land use patterns that resulted in differences of physical and chemical properties of soil (Schrier-Ujil et al.91 ± 1. Table 2. cultivation of vegetables and corn produce CH4 flux respectively 0. 3.47 5. 6.00 ± 2.02 -2 -1 8.05 ± 0.30 0.59 ± 4.34 13.00 ± 0.88 5.48 30.m . 10. populations.09 ± 0.13 Emissions of CO2 and CH4 Results of measurements of CO2 and CH4 emissions at both experiment sites are presented at Table 2.99 19. 2010. 7.74 513 ± 4.49 CO2 emission (mg.and microbial activity forming CH4 (methanogens) and its environment.d ) The observation of CO2 and CH4 emissions at the site showed that the emission in Karang Indah village was higher (about twice) than that of Tanjung Harapan village. Greene and Salt 1997).91 1. Table1.08 19.1824 mg CH4-Cm-2hr-1 this because cultivation techniques 301 . 9. No 1.03 ± 1.02 4.22 24.165.4605±0. Methane (CH4) was a green house gas emitted by the soil from biotic sources (Duxbury and Mosier 1997. Emissions of CO2 and CH4 at both experiment sites No 1.433.01 ± 0.d ) CH4 emission (mg.76 ± 0.12 ± 3.60 9.44 ± 0. 2.37 0.15 34. 4.48 51.Relationship Between Soil Chemical Properties and Emission of Co2 and CH4 Karang Indah village better in all parameters compared to those of Tanjung Harapan village. 2011).44 11.33 ± 0.41 0. 8. The gas produced by the bacteria methanogen in the anaerobic environment (Asakawa and Hayano 1995).5 5. On dry land cultivation. CH4 production was much lower than the field and limited site-site anaerobic. 2. 11 The Mean Result of Soil Chemical Properties at Both Experiment Sites Villages Tanjung Harapan Karang Indah Parameter H2O pH Total N (%) Organic-C (%) C/N ratio Available P (mg P2O5 kg -1) Available K (cmol (+) kg-1) CEC (cmol (+) kg-1) Al saturation (%) Exchangable Al (cmol (+) kg-1) Fe2+ (mg kg -1) Redox potential (mV) 4.60 ± 0.59 32.m . Accumulative CH4 formation rate was determined by the presence of base materials. Gao et al. 5.02 ± 0.1634±0.16 ± 4.22 ± 3.41 0.55 ± 0.96 9.

52 * -0.83 * 0.71 * 0.82 * 0.81 * 0. Table 3.51 * -0.60 * -0.46 * -0. Redox potential(mV) 0. 302 .87 * -0. 2006). Incorporation of resh organic matter causes an increase in CH4 flux on dry land and contribute significantly to the balance of global CH4 (Yang and Chang 1997.52 * -0.95 * 0. Rath et al. Available P (mg P2O5 kg -1) 0.70 * 0.50 * -0.71 * -0.62 * 5.80 * 0.80 * 0.79 * 8. Ernawanto et al.53 * 0. because the farmers in Karang Indah village used dolomite and organic material. Total N (%) 0.93 * 2.72 * 0. It indicated that soil pH held an important role in producing CO2 and CH4 emissions at both sites.005 g CH4-C ha-1 (Weier 1999).82 * 9.05 mg CH4 m-2 hr-1 in soybean cropping system.56 * 3.80 * 0.62 * 0. 1999).75 * 4. Relationship between Soil Chemical Properties and CO2 and CH4 Emissions The relationship between soil chemical properties and CO2 and CH4 emissions in both sites are presented at Table 3.75 * 11. (2003) reported that CH4 flux of upland rice cropping system was 1. CEC (cmol (+) kg-1) 0. H2O pH 0.75 * 0. Al saturation (%) -0. -1 Exchangable Al (cmol (+) kg ) 2+ -1 10. Relationship between Soil Chemical Properties and Emission of CO2 and CH4 at Experiment Sites No Villages Tanjung Harapan Karang Indah CO2 CH4 CO2 CH4 Soil Characteristic 1.82 * -0.72 * -0.Susilawati dan Sunarminto such as the addition of manure to the planting (Suprihati et al. CH4 emissions range from planting sugar cane in Australia is 297 to 1. Soil pH values in Karang Indah village were higher than those in Tanjung Harapan village.72 * 0. and were significant at α = 5%.64 * 7. Based on the above.65 * -0. C/N ratio -0.55 * 0.94 * 0. Available K (cmol (+) kg-1) 0.66* 0. Organic-C (%) 0.92 * 0.73 mg m-2 d-1. and sinks at 0.58 * 6.62 * -0.53 * 0.88 * N: * significant at α = 5 % : Table 3 shows that all observed parameters of soil chemical properties were fairly close relationship with emissions of CO2 and CH4. Fe (mg kg ) -0.54 * -0.77 * -0. it is shown by the variables Table 3 the strongest relationship between soil chemical properties and emissions of CO2 and CH4 in Karang Indah and Tanjung Harapan villages was soil pH.75 * -0.

This suggests that the magnitude of the effect of organic matter addition to fertilization depends on the type and amount. Saturation of Al. 303 .Relationship Between Soil Chemical Properties and Emission of Co2 and CH4 A positive correlation between soil pH with CO2 and CH4 emissions was also reported by Rumbang et al. Li (2007) stated that nutrient status was a main factor that affected production of methane. Various types of organic materials commonly used as green manure (fresh biomass). and amount of organic material that was added (Setyanto 2004) Soil CEC had a positive correlation with CO2 and CH4 emissions at both sites. Reduction in CO2 and CH4 gas emissions was in line with the increase of soil exchangeable Al. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a chemical property that is closely related to fertility. 2006). This was apparently related to soil pH. and Fe2+. The relationship between C/N ratio with CO2 and CH4 gas emissions showed the same pattern that indicated a negative correlation. The same pattern was shown by exchangeable Al. (2009) also stated that the presence of organic matter and high soil pH would lead to the formation of CO2. Sitaula et al. Jugsujinda et al. In line with this. and K) had a appositive correlation wih CO2 and CH4 emissions at both sites. As for fungi group requires soil pH of 4 to 6 (Luo and Zhou.0 produced 2 to 12 times lower CO2 compared with the soil pH of 4. It means that if the nutrients in the soil increase. Conrad (1989) also suggested that an increase in soil pH would increase the production of CH4 and degradation of organic materials. P. This was the effect of low soil microbial activity at low soil pH. Changes in soil toxicity or concentration of Al were inversely proportional to soil pH. Microbes required acertain soil pH range for optimal growth (Lou and Zhou 2006). Most of known bacterial species live and grow well at soil pH values of 4 to 9. chemical composition. Soil nutrients (N. Ground with higher CEC has organic material content so that the microorganisms activity is in greater quantities and at the end it also results more gas emissions.0. Soil CEC value of a soil is influenced by the content of organic matter and the amount of base cations in soil solution. Saturation of Al. Fe2+ which were negatively correlated with the emissions. The magnitude of the effect of giving organic matter to CH4 emission depends on the C/N ratio. Soil pH affects soil respiration rate as it is related to a suitability of soil microorganisms life. it would be followed by an increase in emissions of CO2 and CH4. Luo and Zhou (2006) stated that availability of soil nitrogen and addition of the substrate affected soil respiration. (2009). (1995) stated that soil pH of 3. manure or compost would each give a different effect on gas emissions. Reduction in CO2 and CH4 gas emissions was in line with the increased of C/N ratio. (1996) and Rumbang et al. Soil pH could affect the action of gas emissions production due to soil reaction (pH) level which was suitable with life condition and activity of soil microorganisms.

2011. In M. F.. in Nieder and Benbi (2008) added that the redox potential effected the formation and transport of methane through the plant. M. and A. A. X. Populations of methanogenic bacteria in paddy field soil under double cropping conditions (rice-wheat). exchangeable Al. varietas. Singapore.D. Conrad. At low Eh. According to Jugsujinda.S. Duxbury. total N. H.R. Number 2. John Wiley & Sons. Agricultural Dimensions of Global Climate Change. Exchange of Trace Gases between Terrestrial Ecosystem and the Atmosphere. S.Volume 15. Redox potential was a factor that directly affected formation of CH4 in the soil and negatively related to methane emissions (Yagi and Miami 1990. Zhang. Redox potential was positively correlated with CO2 emissions and negatively correlated with CH4 emission. Partohardjono. dan bahan organik yang berbeda. 1997. Kludze and Delaune. Christie. New estimates of direct N2O emissions from Chinese croplands from 1980 to 2007 using localized emission factors. CRC Press LLC. P. A. Biol. CO2 emissions increased with the increase of the redox potential while CH4 emissions were in line with the decrease of redox potential. 1989. J. Ju. M. 26 (3): 241-255 Gao. and F. 65-88. Bogor. available P and K. an aerenchyma formation increased while root size decreased. 1995. Sastiono. CONCLUSION There was positive correlation between soil pH.O.T. Zhang. Fe2+ and C/N had a negative correlation with both emissions. Brisbane. et al. In Kaiser. and K. 304 . R. organic C. Andreae and D.Susilawati dan Sunarminto Redox potential had different patterns with CO2 and CH4 emissions at both sites. Schimel (Eds. Biogeosciences.M. Control of methane production in terrestrial ecosystem. Forum Pascasarjana IPB. Ernawanto. p229-258.The best relationship among soil chemical properties with emissions of CO2 and CH4 in both experiment sites was soil pH (positive correlation). Bouwman. while saturation of Al. Dinamika metana pada lahan sawah tadah hujan dengan pengolahan tanah. CO2 production rate of respiration was affected by redox potential (Eh). and CEC with emissions of CO2 and CH4 in Karang Indah and Tanjung Harapan villages. Agronomic Aspects of Wetland Rice Cultivation Dan Associated Methane Emissions. E.. Drennen (Eds). and T. Mosier.). 2003. Status and issues concerning agricultural emissions of greenhouse gases. dan S. REFERENCE Asakawa. S. New York. Chichester. (1996). Q. Fertil. Hayano. 1991. Sri Saeni. Soils 20:113-117. B. 3011–3024. Q. Bouwmann 1991). Toronto. 8. Biogeochemistry.

Agricultural Dimensions of Global Climate Change. Springer Science + Business Media B. 241 hlm. Sifat dan Pengelolaan Tanah Bermasalah Sulfat Masam. and S. Departemen Pertanian.. Lahan Rawa. E. J. Anas. H. Radjagukguk. Y and X. 2008. Prajitno. Plant Soil 329:509– 520.R. Petra S. and J. Inc. 2 (2009) p: 95-102. In Kaiser. (34) (3) 181 – 187 305 . 2007. P.. CRC Press LLC. Veenendaal. Numbers 1-4. Noor. M. PT. Rumbang. Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. S. Methane production in unamanded and rice-straw amanded soil at different moisture levels. Hal. Li.K. 2004. Peter A. and D. Ramakrishnan. Abrahamsen. Luo. Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan Vol.V. S. Kroon. 2006. Murdiyarso. C. and verifivation. Agron. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition (2007) 53. B. E. Salt. 2399 Suprihati. Mishra. 2009. D. dan D. A. R. Zhou. and T. Fertil. dan G. and G... Factors Controlling Carbon Dioxide and Methane Production in Acid Sulfate Soils. B.W. Subagyo. R.. Pezeshki . Benbi. USA. Carbon and Nitrogen in the Terrestrial Environment. O. Quantifying Green House Gas Emission from Soils: Scientific Basis and Modeling Approach. L. Setyanto. 2004. Methane Emission and Its Mitigation in Rice Fields under Different Management Practices in Central Java. Academic Press. 1995. A. Mohanty. Drennen (Eds).R. N. Lahan Rawa Pasang Surut. 9 No. Jakarta. Kumaraswamy.Volume 87.1996. S. Soil Respiration and Environment. Agricultural emissions of greenhouse gases. Schrier-Uijl. Fluks Metana dan Karakteristik Tanah pada Beberapa Macam Sistem Budidaya. Delaune. A. Methane emissions in two drained peat agro-ecosystems with high and low agricultural intensities. Soil Biology and Biochemistry Vol.R. Nieder. 1999. Frank Berendse and Elmar M. B. P 259-277 Jugsujinda. Lindau. Soils 28:145-149. 2006. Sitaula. Bul. Sulaeman. PhD Dissertation. Bekker. 27. van Huissteden. Leffelaar. 2010. Emisi Karbon Dioksida (CO2) Dari Beberapa Tipe Penggunaan Lahan Gambut Di Kalimantan. & Soil Pollution . C. E. M. Air. Raja Grafindo Persada. I. 345-35. monitoring. Sabiham.K. Rath. N-fertilization and Soil Acidifications Effects on N2O and CO2 emission from Temperate Pine Forest Soil. Biol. Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian. 430 hal.. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. C. Universiti Putra Malaysia. S. Water. Elsevier. and N.K.Relationship Between Soil Chemical Properties and Emission of Co2 and CH4 Greene. 2006. 344-352.D. Djajakirana. Sethunathan. 1997.P. Dalam Karakteristik dan Pengelolaan Lahan Rawa.

S. 1990. Biochem. N2O and CH4 emission and CH4 consumption in a sugarcane soil after variation in Nitrogen and water application. Effect of fertilizer application on methane emission/production in the paddy soils of Taiwan. Fertil. K. Effect of Organic Matter Application on Methane Emission from Some Japanese Paddy Fields. Soil Biol. Minami. S. L. Plant Nutr. Soils 25:245-251. and K. 1999.Susilawati dan Sunarminto Weier. 1997. Chang. K. Soil Sci. 306 . 36 (4): 599-610. and E. 31:1931-1941. Yang. Yagi. Biol.H.

SOUTH SUMATRA PROVINCE. Animal husbandry activities used the area as grazing field of swamp buffalo (kerbau rawa).29 UTILIZATION OF LOWLANDS SWAMP FOR RICE FIELD IN ACCORDANCE WITH FISHERIES AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY (CASE STUDY IN PAMPANGAN. Susanto. 2Robiyanto H. INDONESIA) 1Dina Muthmainnah. IR-42.070 ha paddy field. and harvest.296. Integration of rice cultivation–fisheries . there were 1. Palembang-South Sumatra (e-mail: dina. some management schemes should be practiced by balancing rate of exploitation with conservation of the resources. and 2Dwi Putro Priadi 1Researchers at Research Institute for Inland Fisheries. About 13.1 million hectares non tidal lowlands swamp areas (Sumsel in Figure 2005). and INPARA-3. have a unique soils that differ from adjacent uplands. weed control. fisheries.This research was focused on the evaluation of functions of lowlands swamp ecosystem for food production. collection of plant litter. Therefore. In order to reach sustainable use of swamp ecosystem.and animal husbandry within swamp area can increase farmer’s income. paddy field. and support growth of vegetations adapted to the wet condition. Beringin no. Zinn and Copeland (1982) defined that although water is present for the least 307 . Mitsch & Gosselink (1986) described that lowlands are distinguished by the presence of water. conducted in Pampangan sub district of Ogan Komering Ilir. There were four varieties of rice cultivated in the area such as: Ciliwung.co.gofar@yahoo. Lowlands swamp is a half way world between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem and exhibits some of the characteristics of each (Smith 1980). Rice cultivation is only one time a year with sequence activities begin with land clearing.id) 2Lecturer of Environmental Doctoral Programme. Serang. growing rice seedling. which are still under utilized. 2Zulkifli Dahlan. Jln. In South Sumatra Province. During rainy season the area’s of aquatic environment is suitable for fishing ground while during dry season the area becomes rice field.770 hectares area (39. 1Abdul Karim Gaffar. South Sumatra Province. Sriwijaya University Abstract. integrated system.526 hectares of which has been developed into agricultural land (Ditjen Pengairan Departemen PU in Susanto 2010).8%) is categorized as non tidal swamp and only 341. 8 Mariana. Rice productivity was quite low (about 1 ton per ha per year) from the total areas of 11. animal husbandry INTRODUCTION Indonesia areas of lowlands swamp is about 33 million hectares which were grouped into tidal and non tidal swamps. Keywords: Lowlands. the swamplands have potentials to develop in order to produce food.

Ulak Depati. Tapus. Manggeris. Ulak depati. part of the time. and often at the margins between deep water and terrestrial uplands. Direct observation was also done to find out data on water depth fluctuation. Pulau Layang. Kuro. Bangsal. and Pulau Layang (Figure 1). Kuro. As many as 439 respondents were randomly selected from the community of 10 villages i. Pampangan. The local people have been using swamp area for agricultural as well as fishery and livestock raising purposes. This research was focused on the evaluation of the functions of swamp ecosystem for food production in Pampangan sub district Ogan Komering Ilir of South Sumatra Province. fish and animal husbandry. Menggeris. Serdang. Pampangan sub district of Ogan Komering Ilir Regency has about 70% area as lowlands swamp. and Deling.e. RESULT AND DISCUSSION A. and are influenced by both systems. MATERIALS AND METHOD The research was conducted from July 2011 to June 2012 by distributing questioner to find out data on production of rice.Dina Muthmainnah et al. and 3) the swamp inundated by both waters (from Komering river and rain water from Lebak Deling) covers 3 villages: Bangsal. Serdang. those swamps were divided into three types: 1) the swamp inundated by flood water from Komering river covers 4 villages: Tapus. Pulau Betung. and pattern of fishery and livestock raising activities. the depth and duration of flooding vary considerably from wetland to wetland. and Pulau Betung. Bio-physical characters of Pampangan Swamp According to water sources. and Jungkal. 2) the swamp with peat soils inundated by rain water called Lebak Deling covers 3 villages: Jungkal. 308 .

7 mm gave water level in swamp of 169. In December with average precipitation of 308.3 cm.Utilization of Lowlands Swamp for Rice Field in Accordance with Fisheries Figure 1. Map of research location Figure 2 shows relationships of monthly precipitation with water level in swamp areas. and at that time water from river flew into the lateral plain covering large areas of flood plain swamp. High precipitation as found in January to April and October to December gave higher water level in subsequent month. Figure 2. Monthly average precipitation (2001–2011) (left) and water fluctuation (July 2011–June 2012) (right) 309 .

and only some water was found in small river channel. while during dry season. B.5). water level in river decreased and the water flowed back to river causing major part of swamp becoming dry land. Pattern of precipitation and water level has been used by local people to shift their activity from fishing to cultivating swamp rice and animal raising. During dry season. Figure 3. Water level fluctuated according to fluctuation of monthly precipitation. Swamp type 1 was the swamp area where water level was influenced by water level in the river. Deling and Jungkal) was covered by quite deep water as permanent waterbodies. the swamp water has slightly acidic reaction covering grasses and cultivated vegetations. The swamp was covered by grasses and aquatic weeds and became habitat of many species of fish collectively called black fish. Local people utilize swamp as their household During wet season. Utilization Pattern of Lowlands Swamp in Pampangan Data collected from 439 respondents from ten villages community showed that majority of the village people use the swamp as their household (Figure 3).Dina Muthmainnah et al. some deeper water areas become swampy pool and about 26% of respondents utilized the areas as fishing ground where many kinds of fishing gear used by local fishermen. Swamp type 2 as found in 3 villages (Serdang. The water was black in color influenced by peat soils with acidic reaction (pH=4. Part of the swamp area becomes dry lowlands where 32% of respondents utilized the land for plots of short crops. water level in river increased and made flooding into swamp. During dry season. and becomes habitat of many species of fish. During wet season. major part of swamp becomes dry land and about 44% of respondents utilized the areas as rice fields and the area with very shallow water body and grass vegetation becomes grazing fields of buffalos and cattles (Table 1). 20% of respondents utilized the land as buffalo 310 .

288 311 .0 1. water reaction wes acidic to circum neutral with grass vegetation. The Activities Rice cultivation Short crop Capture fisheries Fish culture Raising buffalo swamp Raising duck Collecting wood Collecting aquatic plant Total Swamp type 1 44 4 11 26 5 7 3 0 Percentage of people Swamp type 2 Swamp type 3 4 59 34 5 27 6 5 11 21 13 4 6 0 0 5 0 100 100 100 There were four varieties of rice cultivated in the area such as: Ciliwung. 7. Within this type of swamp.1 791.288 ton rice per year (Table 2). Data of rice field area and its production from 16 villages in Pampangan subdistrict No Village Rice Field (ha) Production (kg.Utilization of Lowlands Swamp for Rice Field in Accordance with Fisheries grazing pasture. Swamp type 3 gave water from both sources river and outflow of type 2 swamp. seeding.5 587. Table 1.070 hectares rice field has produced 9.251 915 815.0 1. the dry period was found only about 3 months. 59% of respondents using the area as rice field and 13% of respondents using the area as buffalo grazing pasture (Table 1). 8. Percentage of people utilizing the lowlands swamp as their household No. Serang.000. 1. IR-42.000. transplanting of rice seedling.015 937 375 788. 6.0 1.000.000. 5. during peak of dry season (Table 1).ha-1) Total (Ton) 1 2 3 4 5 Ulak Kemang Induk Ulak Kemang Baru Sepang Keman Keman Baru 1. and INPARI 13.0 1. Rice was cultivated only one time a year with sequence activities begin with land clearing. During wet season the swamp become a fishing ground but during dry season. The 11.000.0 225 9.062 550 1.000. 4. 3.000.251 915 11 12 13 14 15 Kuro Bangsal Menggeris Pulau Betung Serdang 675 450 425 619 150 1.0 837 435 708 922 250 6 7 8 9 10 Ulak Pianggu Kandis Ulak Depati Tapus Pulau Layang 525 1. and harvesting (Table 3). collecting plant litter. 2.0 487.157 739 1.0 1.0 697.070 1.000.0 1.0 667.5 984. Table 2.0 428 564 434 1.0 675 450 425 619 150 16 Serimenang Total 225 11. weed and pest controlling.

Fish prices were grouped into 3 categories: cheap (<Rp 15.67% of them raised buffalo. Besides sold as fresh fish. Animal raising was practised by about 18. C. The fish was grown out in bamboo cages with average production of 200 kg/cage/year.33% of the respondents. and the other 5. Fish culture was also practised in the areas with giant snakehead (Channa micropeltes) and catfish (Pangasius hypopthalmus) as the principal cultural species.67% raised duck. Time schedule of rice cultivation activities in Pampangan Swampland No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Activities 1 2 3 4 5 6 Month 7 8 9 10 11 12 Land clearing Seeding Straw collecting Seedling Transplanting Weed and pest controlling Harvesting During rainy season.000 to 30. Fresh fish is usually sold to collector in the village and then the collector sold their fish to an agent in Pampangan or Palembang markets. Table 3.220 ducks in Pampangan sub district (Pampangan Sub-district Office 2011). Animal raising activities used the area as grazing field of swamp buffalo.000 per kg). Fisheries activities are usually done by either individual or group of fishermen using many kinds of fishing gear. very early rainy season causes flood which makes the rice plant dead or harvested before fully ripe. The problems may be solved by introducing suitable rice variety which is adapted to fluctuating water level. (2004) also mentioned that time schedule of rice cultivation activities in swamp area of Sako village of Banyuasin Regency during dry season started 312 .306 units of fish cages. while during dry season the area became rice fields. and smoked fish. the area was aquatic environment and used as fishing ground. causes rice plant to be dry and dead before harvesting time. and expensive (> Rp 30. General Discussion Research findings showed that rice production in Pampangan swamp areas was quite low (<1 ton ha-1). On the other hand.000 per kg.000/kg). Susanto et al. medium (about Rp 15. Very long dry season . there were 1. some of fish was processed into salty fish. This phenomenon may be related to climate changes with unpredictable dry and wet seasons.Dina Muthmainnah et al. fermented fish.129 buffaloes and 5. The catfish was sold at quite low price of Rp 13. In Pampangan sub district. There were 5.000 per kg). 12.

Utilization of Lowlands Swamp for Rice Field in Accordance with Fisheries from March for land clearing and harvest in August. short crop. where rice production was less than 2 ton ha-1. 3. cropping patterns.070 ha paddy field which can still be improved by implementation of suggested technologies. animal raising. such as integration of rice cultivations with fish culture. the selection of commodities and agricultural technologies adapted to the characteristics of lowlands swamp. Achmadi and Las (2006) suggested innovation technology in lowlands swamp rice such as aspects of landscape and irrigation. horticulture. Integration of rice cultivation-fisheries-and animal raising within swamp area could increase farmer’s income. or shifting activity from fishing during rainy season to rice farming during dry season. rice-fish-duck integrated system. Waluyo et al. 313 . and fisheries. some alternative methods could be developed.6 ton. or rice and animal raising. The production can still be improved by implementation of suggested technology by which the production may reach 3. Deep swamps as habitats for fish and wild animal. In order to reach sustainable use of swamp ecosystem. (2001) also stated that in South Sumatra Province. Livestock can be raised as an extra income.5 ton ha-1 in deep swamp. and fish culture.ha-1 in shallow swamp. 2006). wide range of vegetation could not be developed into agricultural land. and 4. animal raising. and fish culture. animal raising. short crop. animal raising. Waluyo et al. This specific ecosystem should be conserved as natural as possible. and fish culture. but in that area water was available all year long. or rice.7 ton ha-1. Combination of activities can improve farmer’s income. Suggested technology was using rice variety which is adaptive to water fluctuation (Waluyo et al.8 ton ha-1 in medium swampland. (2006) also found same problem in Batu Ampar Village of Sirah Pulau Padang Sub district. some management scheme should be practised by balancing rate of exploitation with conservation of the resources. or rice. CONCLUSSION AND REMARKS Rice productivity was quite low (about 1 ton per hectare per year) from the total areas 11. To increase farmer income in that area. the average of rice production in swamp land was only about 2. Rice base farming system such as rice. Suparwoto & Waluyo (2009) stated that lowlands swamp has high potential to be developed as agricultural land.

and R. Banjarbaru. Vol. Jurnal Pembangunan Manusia. Wetlands. Congressional Research Service. Sumsel). W. Sumsel in Figure. 28-29 Juli 2006. Zinn. Pramono. OKI. 2005. Copeland. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa. Strategi Pengelolaan Rawa untuk Pembangunan Pertanian Berkelanjutan. Smith. Wetland Management. T. 1982. and C. Tahapan Identifikasi Rawa Lebak untuk Penentuan Skala Prioritas Usaha dan Pengembangan Kelembagaan sesuai dengan Profil Sosio-Ekonomi-Teknis-Hidrologi-Kelembagaan. 2010. 28-29 Juli 2006. Mitsch.A. 1. Washington D.B. 7 No. Suparwoto. Ecology and Field Biology. Suparwoto. Universitas Sriwijaya.G.J. Suparwoto and Waluyo. Las. Susanto. Arief. Banjarbaru. Inovasi Teknologi Pengembangan Pertanian Lahan Rawa Lebak. 1980.H. Prosiding Seminar Nasional PLTT dan Hasil-hasil Penelitian/Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Spesifik Lokasi. 2006. Jurusan Tanah Fakultas Pertanian. M. 314 . 2001. Supriyo. April 2009. Palembang. The Library of Congress. J. 1986.C. Indralaya. R. Kab. 149p. Laporan Hasil Pertemuan pada Lokakarya Penyusunan Rencana Kegiatan 2005 untuk Penumbuhan Kantong Penyangga Pangan di Rawa Lebak. New York. Gosselink.W. and J. Kerjasama Bappeda Sumatera Selatan dengan BPS Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Susanto. I. Jambi. 2009. Waluyo. Harper and Row.H.L.Dina Muthmainnah et al. Yazid. 539pp. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa. Pengkajian Lahan Rawa Lebak dengan Penerapan Teknologi Sistem Usahatani Terpadu di Sumatera Selatan. 2004. and Jumakir. 2006. 6-7 September 2004. 3rd ed. Jambi. van Nostrand Reinhold Company. New York. Supartha. R. and A. R. Waluyo. REFERENCES Achmadi and I. Peningkatan Pendapatan Petani di Rawa Lebak Melalui Penganekaragaman Komoditas. 2001.. Teknologi Usahatani Padi di Lahan Lebak (Studi Kasus: Desa Batu Ampar. 835p.

which include poverty reduction. National and global challenges. Bogor (umiharyati @yahoo. with 2 wet and 6 dry months. Jl. 61/2011 and Presidential Regulation No. The average rice yield at the site was 5-7 t ha-1 with 0. February. and the average annual rainfall was 1. the agricultural sector is required to raise awareness on global warming threat through efforts of adaptation and mitigation to reduce green house gas (GHG) emissions. The aims of this study were to determine efficiency of crop water use in lowland rice and to find out alternative irrigation techniques to improve water use efficiency. and 3) Field observations to calculate efficiency of water use.5 kg/m3 crop water use efficiency level under conventional irrigation systems.466 mm year-1. paddy.71/2011 on the Green House Gas Inventory. agricultural development in Indonesia faces several challenges of how to establish a sustainable national food security and improve farmers’ welfare. Meanwhile on a global scale. and March. The soil had medium bulk density (BD). To support these efforts. 2) Survey to farmers using semi structure interview. 12. Intermittent irrigation system increased crop water use efficiency of paddy by 34 up to 45%. Tentara Pelajar No. among others. unemployment and food insecurity. and slow soil permeability. The results showed that the climate in the Experimental Station was categorized into C2-C3 types. Cimanggu.9 up to 1. One criterion of carbon efficient farming (CEF) is water use efficiency without reducing crop production. Another challenge is to strive for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Green farming is part 315 . Water surplus occurred from May to October and deficit in December. as well as to keep resources continuity and sustainability. CEF INTRODUCTION In the future. This irrigation system was wasting water that caused low crop water use efficiency. can be answered through the development of Carbon Efficient Farming (CEF) or green farming. The soils were dominated by Ultisols with silty clay loam to clay texture. Keyword: Water use efficiency.30 1Umi WATER USE EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT OF LOWLAND RICE BASED ON CARBON EFFICIENT FARMING (CEF) IN SUKAMANDI Haryati and 1Yoyo Soelaeman 1IAARD Researchers at Indonesian Soil Research Institute. high total pore space and pore of available water.com) Abstract. Rice farming at Experimental Station of Sukamandi was managed by farmer groups using conventional irrigation by irrigating continuously. the government has issued Presidential Decree on the National Action Plan for Green House Gas Emission Reduction (RAN-GRK) No. The experiment was conducted at 2011/2012 planting season consisting of three activities: 1) Analysis of agroecosystem.

In the global scope. and energy efficiency and reduce green house gas emissions and improve environment” (Las et al. 2) High profit. Middleton 2005). 2002. it should take a real action to reduce the use of irrigation water to 65-70% by suppress in a water loss and improve the efficiency of irrigation (Partowijoto 2002). This study aims to determine the efficiency of crop water use at Experimental Station of Sukamandi lowland area and to find an alternative irrigation technique that can improve crop water use efficiency. but the water use efficiency is still low (<40%) (Pereira et al. 3) Clean run-off. 316 . So. MATERIALS AND METHODS Research site The research was conducted at Experimental Station of Sukamandi in 2011/2012 planting season. This site was located in Subang District. Experimental Station of Sukamandi and its surrounding is one of the largest rice field areas in PANTURA (northern part of Java) of Indonesia. agricultural water use reaches 76% (Sosiawan and Subagyono. with altitude of location is+15 m above sea level. So this area has the big contribution for national rice production. West Java Province at 6o 20’ South Latitude. 107o 39’ East Longitude. including the reduction of GHG emissions.Haryati and Soelaeman of the Green Economy that prioritize economic growth with due regard to the environment. farmers' income. Rice farming in the Experimental Station. largely managed by farmer groups who use conventional irrigation by continuous irrigation. These irrigation system wastes water and causes low crop water use efficiency. Indonesian Center for Rice Research Institute (ICRRI) Sukamandi is only technology innovator in the field of rice research to support national programs to increase rice production. 2010). there are many pillars in CEF. because of weaknesses in water management. Irrigated agriculture is the largest user of water with amount above 80% of total water use. The main problem is the low efficiency of water use (Sosiawan and Subagyono 2007). In general. 4) Zero waste and 5) Low emission and 6) High water used efficiency. 2007) and even reaches 80-90% of all water use (Partowijoto 2002). CEF can be defined as ”a system of agriculture that makes optimal use of carbon containing in organic matter of crop residues and animal waste so it provides added value in the form of increase productivity. such as: 1) High productivity. In Indonesia. Indonesia is one of among the countries that was predicted will take the experience water crisis by 2025 (World Water Forum II 2000).

Geographic position 3. Average monthly rainfall (January up to December. The results of soil physics analysis were used to calculate available soil water to determine how much water to be given for irrigation. quarter and warm chanel) were also measured to know how much and how long water should be flow to meet water requirement of rice field. c. fertilizers. climate. irrigation and production level of rice. Soil texture and water holding capacity at a certain soil depth 317 . many data were needed. temperature. which collected from this experimental station and ICRRI its self. To collect this data. water debit at every irrigation channel type (tertier. Conversion and tables (Thorntwaite and Mather 1957). field observation including ring soil sample for soil physics analysis and soil composite sample for soil chemical analysis were taken. Beside that. water surplus and deficit month along the year. Data Collection There were two types of data that was collected in this research such as secondary and primary data. during last 5-10 years) 2. altitude. planting system. many data were important to be owned such as: 1. These data were used to calculate water balance at research site to know rainfall distribution.Water Use Efficiency Improvement of Lowland Rice Research Procedure The research consisted of three steps: 1) Agro-ecosystem analysis. Field observation To calculate water use efficiency. latitude and soil type. The data to be collected including large of land holding. and present land-use. Farmers interviews Ten farmers were interviewed to know about existing farming system especially existing culture of rice. Agro-ecosystem analysis This stage was conducted to know characteristic of location including soil. paddy variety. The data source was from secondary data. For calculating monthly water balance. and 4. The secondary data were: rainfall. 2) A survey to farmers through semi structural questionnaires for interviews and 3) Field observations to collect data for calculating water use efficiency. a. b.

tertiary. Soil chemical properties that were analyzed included pH. potential and available phosphorus and potassium. Water balance calculating Monthly water balance was calculated by formula presented by Thornthwaite and Mater (1957).2. and the kind of plant. in mm unit P : Average of monthly rainfall (January up to December). ∆ ST : Changes of soil water content. debit of irrigation on different level of irrigation channel (secondary. farmers rice culture. base saturation. pF 2. and acidity saturation. soil moisture at pF 1. in mm unit P-PE : The difference between monthly rainfall and monthly potential evapotranspiration Acc Pot WL/ : Potential loss of water accumulation = the sum of negative value of the difference between P . Corr. They were different between soil moisture of present month and soil moisture of one month before 318 . irrigation water source. cation exchange capacity. particle density (PD). pF 2. multiplication between uncorrected PE with correction factor. for average air temperature > 26. and when potentially loss of water occurred. Data Analysis a. fact : Monthly correction factor (from table based on longitude position) PE : Monthly potential evapotranspiration. and rice productivity level. soil texture. pF 4.Haryati and Soelaeman The primary data to be collected were soil physical and chemical properties. This value comes from table.54.5oC). The soil physical properties were analyzed at Soil Physical and Soil Chemical Laboratories of Indonesian Soil Research Institute. and soil permeability. exchangeable cations. Analysis on soil physical properties included bulk density (BD). quarter). Many terminologies and abbreviations used in this formula were: ToC : Average of monthly air temperature I : Heat index (from table) Unadj PE = PE uncorrected : Daily potential evapotranspiration (from table.PE ST : Soil moisture/soil water content after irrigation. soil percolation. It depended on water holding capacity. pore space distribution. organic matter.0. soil aggregation.

but if P < PE (negative). According Doorenbos and Pruit (1977).Water Use Efficiency Improvement of Lowland Rice AE : Monthly potential evapotranspiration. potential evapotranspiration can be predicted by approaching to climate factors and plant characteristics. so AE = PE. The value become deficit/lack of water at that month S (Surplus) : After value of water holding capacity was reached. D (Deficit) : Sum of the differences between actual and potential evapotranspiration at a certain month. Water use efficiency (WUE) calculation Water use efficiency was calculated by this formula: WUE = Yield / ETp where: WUE = water use efficiency (kg/m3) Yield = crop yield (kg ha-1) ETp = maximum evapotranspiration (m3/ha) 319 . and surplus/ excess water will become run-off b. Calculating of crop water requirement Potential evapotranspiration is amount of water that can evapotranspirate by plant in a normal condition with enough available water content in soil to support optimum plant growth. when rainfall higher than water holding capacity. if P > PE (positive). This prediction can be reflected by equation: ETp = ETo*Kc where: ETp = maximum evapotranspiration (mm/day) ETo = reference crop evapotranspiration (mm/day) Kc = crop coefisient c. so AE = P + ∆ ST (without see the mark).

Table 1..563 1.. The average of monthly rainfall during 20 years was showed at Table 1 and the average of monthly temperature during 20 years at Table 2. the research site (Sukamandi Experimental Station) had C2–C3 climate type (can only plant one time of paddy.137 1.558 1.466 ...424 1.087 1.……… ……....560 970 1.. the second season/crop should be careful because of scarcity of water). mm ………………………………………….Haryati and Soelaeman RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Agro-ecosystem Characteristics a..033 1..278 1. Average monthly rainfall and air temperature during 20 years (1991-2010) was showed at Table 1....527 1..395 1. Based on the data had been collected during 20 years (1991 up to 2010).552 1...274 1...314 1... ICCRI during 20 years ( 1991-2010) Year Jan 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Average 320 Feb Mar Apr Mei Jun Month Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Des ...... so according Oldeman (1975). Table 1 showed that the highest average monthly rainfall occurred at February.670 2. there were 2 wet months (>200 mm) and 6 dry months (<100 mm)..698 1... The monthly rainfall at Experimental Station of Sukamandi.393 1...642 1. 139 260 223 220 4 5 52 0 0 0 134 358 134 222 157 234 91 26 13 26 66 115 49 144 359 306 208 109 106 84 29 6 25 4 81 111 332 189 290 170 113 58 0 0 0 0 252 296 290 273 180 69 22 73 133 0 0 155 261 104 360 262 110 51 168 46 5 19 78 86 98 280 371 127 179 96 19 0 0 0 0 0 48 131 152 230 188 147 164 75 44 56 25 178 221 85 206 227 241 53 102 37 32 0 6 117 333 174 435 189 104 223 104 31 2 10 10 70 293 83 209 194 181 140 132 130 2 72 16 94 279 157 452 579 132 105 25 22 88 0 2 0 103 136 150 339 180 55 51 0 0 0 92 70 103 98 238 537 368 75 89 57 9 0 0 0 144 119 279 154 201 137 70 13 24 4 3 163 48 183 341 170 232 93 30 10 37 0 0 2 16 157 147 185 150 198 59 154 6 0 36 61 111 210 286 530 137 48 45 13 0 3 0 73 150 112 374 366 203 179 72 8 0 0 10 6 208 244 198 375 144 134 116 63 82 54 125 183 261 298 272 285 190 127 79 45 28 12 25 69 159 174 Total 1..604 1.636 1.. Soil and Climate Dominant soil type in Sukamandi was Ultisols with loam up to clay soil texture.…….

.0 26.4 26..8 26..2 26. mm …….2 28. Rapid drainage pore was very low and slow permeability indicated that there was a very close relationship between soil physics properties and landuse (as rice field).3 27.2 27.5 27..8 27. 321 .2 25.6 27..3 27.9 27.6 27..2 26.8 26.8 26.0 27..4 26.6 27. rapid drainage pore (RDP=4.0 25.0 27.9 27.5 27.4 26..0 323..6 27.7 27..7 27.3 27.2 .5 27.9 30.3 27..9 26.7 27.3%).0 26.4 27..6 26.8 27.2 28..3 322..13%) was high.1 27..1 26..8 26.4 323..6 26.52%) was quite highand permeability (0.8 27.7 27.5 321..0 27..3 26.1 27.9 26..8 26.81%) was very low.4 26.1 27..0 26.12 cm/hour) was very slow. available water pore (21..8 26. total pore space (TPS=47.61%) was also very slow.6 26.5 26..0 26.8 26.0 27.1 26..6 27...... bulk density (BD=1.9 26..7 26.4 330.7 28.6 25.5 26. slow drainage pore (SDP=4.2 27...3 26.0 26.7 28....3 27.6 26.9 26.1 27.9 28.2 27.0 27.2 27......3 27.1 25...8 26..8 27...4 328.7 26..37g/cm3) were medium.5 28.6 27.4 27.1 26.5 27.1 27.1 27...5 27.9 26.7 26.91%) was high. therefore.3 27.4 27...3 26.1 26.2 27..6 27..1 27.1 24..3 27.5 30.8 29.8 26.. This situation was also related to the physical properties of the soil in the profile or deeper horizons (20-40) cm from the surface of the soil (Table 4).8 26. bulk density (BD=1.0 27.0 27...7 25.4 26.9 26.1 27.9 27. slow drainage pore(PDL=4.6 323.7 28.5 27.9 27..8 27.3 27.61%) was very slow.2 27.1 26...2 26.7 26..9 27.8 27.29 g/cm3) and particle density (PD=2. The monthly temperature at Sukamandi Experimental Station..3 329..1 27. rapid drainage pore (RDP=3.9 26.7 27.1 26.Water Use Efficiency Improvement of Lowland Rice Table 2.0 325..... total pore space (TPS=50.8 26.8 27.1 332.8 27.4 27..7 27..1 330.0 27.6 27..5 28.6 27.5 27.9 28..1 28.6 27.8 28...4 27.7 28..8 28.0 26.5 329.. ICCRI during 20 years ( 1991-2010) 7 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Month Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Average 318...5 25.0 27.4 29.4 26. At a depth of 20-40 cm.3 326..4 26...4 27.4 25.3 27..6 25.5 27.0 28.4 26.4 28.3 27..10%) was high and permeability (0.0 26.8 26..3 26...8 25.1 26.8 26. The results of soil physical properties analysis at the layer of 20-40 also showed that all parameters were analyzed and have a lower value than the surface layer (0–20 cm)..0 27.3 28.4 27.9 28..0 27..8 28.2 27.1 26.3 26...3 26.6 323.5 28...7 27.9 27.4 28.4 28.3 Soil physics properties Soil at Experimental Station of Sukamandi.9 26.2 28. available water pore (AWP=7.8 28...5 27..5 26.9 26..5 319.1 25...8 28. the physical properties of soil surface layer was crucial soil physical properties of soil parameters which was still able to be manipulated so that the movement of water in the soil will favorable for crops.0 26.8 27..1 27..0 27.6 27.1 28.1 26. 26.3 26.8 26.2 26.7 27.5 26..…..4 322. the soil has a high water content (43.0 25.0 26.1 28. at 0-20 cm depth had a high water content (48%).7 27.0 26.9 26.4 27.1 28.9 27..8 26.5 27.4 26.4 27...1 27..7 28...9 27.9 27.2 27.2 27.6 27.8 25.7 28.3 25.4 27.5 27.4 27.4 28.43 g/cm3) was medium.9 26.1 26.7 27.3 27.4 27.43cm/hour) was very slow (Table 3)..2 28.6 27.7 330.64%) and was very low.5 26. 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Average b..9 27..1 28.5 26..1 27.5 27..1 26.16 g/cm3) and particle density (PD=2.8 27..9 27.2 26..3 26..3 27..4 27..0 326.4 26..8 26.8 27..0 27..4 26.5 29.8 26.3 27. All these soil physical properties affected water movement in the soil profile.0 27.6 333...4 26..3 28.8 26.8 329.7 28.5 27.2 27.6 27..8 26.3 27..2 27.8 27.6 26.2 27.7 27.3 26.

322 . This suggested that this horizon (20-40 cm) was denser because the tread plow layer begins to form. This means that the soil had a capacity of holding water (water holding capacity=WHC) was good. Such a situation was good for paddy because water did not quickly pass to deeper layer/profile and expected the usage of water by plant scan be more efficient. both at surface layer (0-20) cm and deeper layers (20-40) cm. An important point of the soil physical properties at this Experimental Station was having total pore space and available water pore were high. so the water did note asily percolate in to the deeper soil layers (percolation).Haryati and Soelaeman except for BD and PD had a higher value than those at 0-20 cm layer.

99 43.01 47.2 CT .9 50.42 22.5 50.03 40.24 1.25 1.39 2.43 (cm/jam) category high Mrdium medium high very low very low high slow 323 Explanation: WC=water content.66 4.96 44.24 2.97 43.75 4.60 4.45 4.90 4.35 2.1 47.86 4. Soil physical properties at 0-20 cm depth of each observation block in Experimental Station of Sukamandi rice field area.70 50.28 4.25 52.60 44.42 2.92 16.93 3.20 0.56 0.69 52. Subang Regency.02 0.32 2.3 C1 .30 2.14 46.1 E2 .63 1.18 1.06 0.54 18.07 2.90 47.1 MK .13 49.00 4.30 1.44 52.22 22.88 17.1 46.06 22.11 4.71 6.03 1.22 2.09 1.91 48.41 2.27 0.55 45.42 47.0 pF 2.10 1.54 18.79 43.19 1.91 20.2 INPARI .36 2.73 4.85 21.16 7.88 45.16 1.16 50.88 3.2 D2 .93 19.07 1.23 4.2 E2 .61 45.40 37.74 4.47 22.95 3.1 INPARI .35 47.83 19.2 51.69 51.00 1.43 19.27 47.21 24.53 44.58 5.55 22.53 4.62 3.10 1.90 4.03 53.59 22.57 24.22 1.80 20.39 2.00 1. West Java No Observations Blok BD PD RPT pF 1.9 52.16 25.87 46.1 C1 .58 55.41 48.47 21.10 1.24 10.07 54.0 1.68 19.70 49.54 21.54 49.11 1.02 0.00 47.02 47.16 45.47 40.56 46.94 54.35 50.93 24.07 48.95 21.32 3.42 51.2 48.31 2.53 2.3 46.12 20.02 2.19 0.50 20.02 2.86 49.34 3.66 6.37 2.23 39.86 49.12 1.56 52.08 50.20 1.94 4.69 20.28 54.28 48.96 21.02 0.2 F2 .42 49.64 5.99 3.28 39.20 38.55 2.0 pF 2.41 2.60 3.3 E2 .28 18.59 0.86 45.25 17.51 2.99 49.34 1.60 0.16 49.1 B2/C2 .9 39.64 19. SDP =slow drainage pore.38 20.52 44.2 52.70 52.89 5.70 21.53 2. RDP=rapid drainage pore.29 43.47 46.99 20. PD=particle density.51 4.99 3.89 4.88 51.11 4.4 48.02 1.44 2.07 48.69 52.47 41.4 48.94 47.58 4.3 2 HA Average 50.84 44.25 40.26 2.03 0.21 1.3 45.08 0.33 2.02 0.17 1.72 39.54 44.7 44.1 CH .89 5.4 46.96 44.54 pF 4.55 26.47 18.98 42.39 3.82 3.27 39.14 1.91 20.2 CH .45 3.99 54.02 1.32 3.13 3.02 0.93 44.13 4.08 18.3 51.11 22.7 44.52 47.09 1.06 53.6 51.06 16.52 0.46 39.3 F2 .19 38.60 4.65 26.02 0.02 1.50 51.58 4.23 39.5 48.2 C1 .Table 3.79 14.30 45.33 42.9 45.46 51.56 45.09 2.24 49.56 52.62 49.3 B2/C2 .16 44.55 3.39 24.41 2.69 21.2 MK .1 D2 .60 49.19 41.02 0.54 20.58 53.05 5.31 41.47 2.08 44.83 5.18 1.50 4.84 43.1 F2 .80 20.31 4.82 6.51 47.14 43.26 4.48 2.12 4.09 22.67 23.2 48.16 50.3 50.69 4.24 2.3 CH .57 46.24 2.3 D2 . TPS=total pore space.89 40.14 55.37 55.48 53.35 2.4 48.11 3.2 B2/C2 .49 48.90 44.56 15.22 46.63 48.96 54.49 0.36 2.38 47.34 41.12 17. AW = available water Water Use Efficiency Improvement of Lowland Rice 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 WC .04 1.2 RDP SDP AW Permeability (% vol) (g/cm3) (g/cm3) (% vol) (% vol) (% vol) (% vol) (% vol) (% vol) (% vol) (% vol) CT .35 19.02 0.30 46.42 4.27 42.84 3.3 MK .35 1.7 44.71 36.5 48.95 17.1 CT .3 INPARI .84 42.79 42.28 1.51 21.02 0.25 1.95 5.72 25.8 48.58 49.60 45.06 47.02 0.68 19.96 20.2 50.1 41.03 48.12 20.16 2. BD=bulk density.63 20.04 0.03 0.

1 B2/C2 .87 16.98 25.69 20.93 17.35 42.85 14.07 38.52 2.49 2.31 1.43 47. Subang Regency.04 4.00 37.03 0.89 22.45 2.2 B2/C2 .48 41.23 42.44 4.23 1.9 41.79 19.45 22.67 38.82 45.63 47.92 45.36 15. TPS=total pore space.23 1.02 0.34 41.24 10.98 43.02 0.27 1.36 4.2 D2 .74 4.02 0.2 INPARI .32 43.03 3.05 41.36 3.3 44.21 47.73 5.86 4.93 44. AW = available water Haryati and Soelaeman 324 Table 4.23 1.2 C1 .32 46.06 39.3 44.48 46.20 40.82 18.96 45.43 49.50 2.09 27.78 4.75 21.44 43.05 4.63 47.1 CH .32 17.3 E2 .17 3.75 41.4 46.53 41.5 44.08 19.56 37.20 24.34 17.02 0.16 0.38 2.35 49. West Java .3 CH .41 48.32 36.72 43.1 45.2 E2 .57 34.24 38.47 7.90 22.85 3.46 41.4 37.72 42.64 44.0 40.2 43.72 41. BD=bulk density.13 4.11 14.08 46.43 40.02 0.29 4.88 40.99 18.22 4.3 F2 .42 2.68 22.30 44.80 13.33 4.56 16.21 1.71 37.24 47.21 1.29 0.08 0.03 50.28 54.80 2.47 43.36 2.5 49.02 0.79 23.15 47.18 42.02 50.74 41.5 40.68 4.74 4.37 1.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Observations Blok WC BD PD TPS pF 1.81 45.02 0.01 43.30 40.34 43.86 4.45 2.93 38.46 4.0 pF 2.5 42.2 CT .0 pF 2.28 18.60 43.31 1. Soil physical properties of 20-40 cm depth at each observation block of Experimental Station of Sukamandi rice field area.02 0.24 2.38 1.01 3.52 3.03 0.52 2.59 0.59 44.39 2.82 42.85 3.72 49.8 44.21 35.49 50.2 53.66 4.35 1.3 D2 .02 0.02 0.33 4.14 36.1 F2 .49 2.3 MK .28 4.76 4.13 41.1 CT .62 4.74 21.41 1.2 45.85 47.02 0.48 2.46 50.21 1.1 C1 .04 1.1 MK .14 44.41 2.54 pF 4.76 51.26 24.44 13.29 27.66 44.06 44.91 44.91 47.57 0.68 46.33 2.49 2.12 Category High medium medium High very low very low high very slow Explanation: WC=water content.70 45.94 47.63 15.8 40.20 41.09 24.90 3.13 42.47 47.11 2.71 19. SDP =slow drainage pore.78 14.52 45.72 44.54 2. PD=particle density.8 39.3 1.13 24.5 41.97 39.02 0.1 INPARI .01 44.85 22.02 0.31 52.17 47.58 46.2 RDP SDP AW Permeability (% vol) (g/cm3) (g/cm3) (% vol) (% vol) (% vol) (% vol) (% vol) (% vol) (% vol) (% vol) (cm/jam) CT .95 49.0 45.54 19.07 1.27 1.1 E2 .06 3.7 41.57 2.63 3.51 4.10 44.7 39.02 0.38 1.26 1.37 1.30 2.80 3.99 38.29 1.50 45.9 44.41 2.29 1.3 43.40 3.17 1.45 2.02 14.59 3.3 B2/C2 .57 45.3 C1 .69 36.29 2.49 20.81 3.29 2.69 22.17 43.77 4.02 19.05 0.02 0.90 45.61 41.37 1.78 20.54 22.48 2.9 43.7 43.96 39.38 4.54 22.46 3.82 41.29 35.95 24.02 1.2 37.00 49.02 0.75 36.36 1.79 4.30 4.39 2.10 0.33 38.73 12.85 15.52 45.38 1.1 D2 .42 18.02 0.12 36.5 43.93 4.79 25.8 43.12 40.36 4.00 16.39 4.13 16.50 4.69 3.67 42.68 21.3 2 HA Average 45.46 42.10 48.49 2.50 35.62 3.73 17.2 F2 .61 5.49 48.40 46.63 4.33 1.02 46.3 INPARI .47 45.45 2.41 1.76 4.59 46.62 5.24 0.2 MK .11 17.48 22.38 16.87 3.62 3.82 4.30 1.80 46.62 39.91 43.02 0.40 2.56 45.63 17.37 4.54 2.40 41. RDP=rapid drainage pore.88 5.2 CH .61 19.

4 cmol+/100 g). So it belongs to the category of siltyclay loam to clay soil texture (Table 5). low Na-exch. and high base saturation (77%). Subang Regency.% --------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 c. which consisted of about 67 ha under cooperation management with objective for seed production and 33 ha for consumtion under Experimental Station management (Figure 1).7 ppm). silt content ranging from 34-59% with an average of 51% and aclay content ranging from 39-63% with an average of 44% . very low K2O (4.2). high P potential (41.9 mg/100 g).66 ha (BB Padi 2011). low cation exchange capasity (14 cmol+/100 g). CT MK INPARI B2/C2 CH C D E F 2HA Average 0 – 20 0 – 20 0 – 20 0 – 20 0 – 20 0 – 20 0 – 20 0 – 20 0 – 20 0 – 20 0 – 20 10 6 3 2 3 7 5 7 5 7 6 44 54 54 59 34 54 55 53 47 53 51 46 40 43 39 63 39 40 40 48 40 44 Silty clay Silty clay Silty clay Silty clayloam clay Silty clayloam Silty clay . By knowing nutrient status in the soil.5 mg/100 g). (0.1 cmol+/100 g). medium C/N ratio (11.Silty clayloam Silty clay Soil chemical properties Table 6 shows that soil in rice field area of the Experimental Station is acidic (pH5.7 ppm). low organic matter content (C and N).Silty clayloam Silty clay Silty clay . West Java. Chemical properties has a strong relationship with nutrient availability of the soil. Number ObservatNo ions block Depth of soil (cm) Content Sand Silt Clay Soil Texture ----------. medium Ca-exch (8.Silty clayloam Silty clay . Rice field area that arange with CEF model was 100 ha large.5). very high available P2O5 (26. medium Mg-exch (2. Land-use and rice culture Land at Experimental Station of Sukamandi had been sertified with large about 520. Table5. nutrient requirement and amount of nutrient needto be added to soil will be known so fertilizers efficiency can be reached d.10 cmol+/100 g). Results of soil texture analysis on ten observations block at Experimental Station of Sukamandi rice field area.Water Use Efficiency Improvement of Lowland Rice Soil at Experimental Station of Sukamandi hads and content of between 2-20% with an average of 6%. high K2O (31. 325 .

3 Haryati and Soelaeman Number of sample .09 0.27 10.85 0.3 4.4 3.63 0.63 14.92 1.4 12.99 7.83 12.56 14.60 0.44 12.3 5.09 0.31 0.2 4.88 2.9 6 8 7 7 4 4 4 4 3 7 3 4 2 3 3 3 3 5 4 4 5 4 7 4 6 4 4 4 Olsen Bray 1 Morgan P2O5 P2O5 K2O ---.93 2.8 4.84 1.3 4.08 0.21 13.72 8.13 9.10 1.47 8.1 B2/C2 .45 8.03 0.91 1.10 0.6 3.9 4.01 1.07 0.2 4.06 0.61 8.62 11.8 3.7 5.51 2.10 0.12 0.5 26.39 2.92 0.26 9.06 16.03 0.04 0.4 5.2 F2 .27 1.1 CT .1 CH .03 0.08 11. pH7) pH 5.53 0.61 20.42 0.03 0.47 12.2 4.5 3.16 0.03 9.3 B2/C2 .3 3.73 12.05 0.96 15.30 0.12 0.38 13.2 MK .78 14.03 0.02 11.08 0.17 11.76 1.07 0.% -----1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 CT .06 0.8 4.16 15.1 4.07 0.8 BS * % >100 84 79 75 >100 83 62 66 85 93 79 58 87 94 85 78 69 73 >100 66 82 57 80 60 81 >100 97 83 77.29 0.03 0.31 0.55 12.14 2.1 4.3 4.53 14.9 4.43 6.4 4.72 10.03 0.07 0.17 0.77 1.92 8.06 0.0 11.50 2.1 C1 .33 2.5 6.04 0.73 11.9 5.09 0.05 8.54 11.06 0.54 9.03 0.35 0.2 E2 .2 3.29 0.9 6.94 1.0 4.05 2.85 0.13 1.65 13.07 0.41 0.34 0.3 4.01 13.14 9.3 C1 .91 1.40 11.43 13.40 13.63 0.09 0.1 5.1 P2O5 K2O .7 6.32 6.3 E2 .50 2.41 0.07 0.4 32 33 24 21 30 45 31 14 31 52 47 76 28 27 34 41 24 36 85 49 59 39 64 51 47 52 73 32 41.93 1.1 MK .32 8.79 9.68 0.39 0.02 2.3 MK .06 0.8 4.70 8.10 0.1 3.4 2.22 10.2 4.09 7.3 3.3 F2 .7 5.06 0.3 Inpari .06 0.81 0.33 0.5 4.09 0.09 0.7 Mg K Na Sum CEC -------------------------.21 0.2 Inpari .7 5.9 3.78 10.55 8.2 D2 .62 11.09 0.94 0.96 8.09 2.39 11.2 CT .6 4.2 CH .9 3.2 5.69 10.6 6.1 D2 .9 5.09 0.48 10.6 5.34 0.1 4.94 12.0 5.21 1.9 5.03 0.19 15.22 1.53 15.50 11.10 0.54 0.mg/100 g 10 13 11 10 11 12 12 12 11 12 11 13 13 12 12 12 12 13 13 10 9 14 11 10 10 9 10 13 11.64 0.3 5.3 2 Ha Average Cation exchanger (NH4-Acetat 1N.1 0.89 1.93 9.0 3.8 2.00 8.9 2.05 0.3 D2 .4 5.06 7.06 0.66 11.2 0.03 0.4 2.326 To dry sample105 oC Ekstract 1:5 Organic matter HCl 25% Observation Block H2O KCl Walkley & Black Kjeldahl C N C/N ------.1 E2 .6 5.64 10.49 11.07 2.28 0.1 5.71 8.86 1.93 11.16 2.7 4.7 4.51 0.02 8.65 9.74 0.0 5.80 1.10 13.47 0.1 5.7 2.07 0.3 4.18 15.98 10.47 0.64 11.25 0.5 4.8 4.36 0.34 0.08 0.54 13.9 5.2 B2/C2 .15 9.28 11.19 0.29 2.5 5.09 0.82 2.13 0.2 5.92 2.08 0.1 4.90 1.29 0.26 7.49 10.63 6.13 8.7 4.ppm ---24 13 34 22 40 4.03 0.88 0.65 8.9 3.03 8.27 0.1 4.3 CH .9 4.1 Inpari .62 9.6 3.cmolo/kg -----------------------9.32 0.31 2.7 2.59 2.44 0.87 14.7 2.35 0.97 0.5 5.17 1.1 0.0o 0.03 0.07 0.1 4.1 F2 .7 3.2 C1 .88 2.8 3.9 4.40 15.08 0.7 4.0 3.06 0.11 1.47 0.15 0.2 3.0 Ca --ppm-47 78 63 47 17 31 18 30 17 47 16 17 16 17 16 17 16 16 16 31 47 31 63 31 47 31 33 31 31.03 0.

Most of rice straw was left in rice field area and only small part of rice straw and panicle stalk were cut and procesed by thresher. The rice field soil tillage at every planting season was perfectly done by tractor or hand tractor which used non reneweble fosil fuel to operate agriculture mechinery.Water Use Efficiency Improvement of Lowland Rice Figure 1. Bondoyudo and Sarinah (Blok E2). 15 kg P2O5/ha and 15 K2O/ha (source from Phonska). variety display and Galur (Block D2) and research of paddy hybrid (Block C1). Inpari 1. Map of rice field and cowshedwith CEF model at Experimental Station of Sukamandi Cropping pattern in the Experimental Station rice field area was paddy-paddy–idle (bera) with legowo 1:4 planting system with 20 cm x 20 cm planting distance. Situ Bagendit.5 N/ha (source from Urea and Phonska). Mekongga and Ciherang (Block F2). but the straw that left in the field was incorporated in to soil at soil tillage (Figure 2). 327 . Inpari 13. The organic matter that left by thresher was burned before soil tillage. Water management for the most part of the Experimental Station was done with intermitten system and fertilizer dosage were 60-83. While in research site managed by Experimental Station. Paddy varieties planted in first planting season year 2011 at land managed by cooperation were Inpari I. Inpari 6. Inpari 13. many variety were planted according to its objective of research such as Inpari 10. Ciherang and Mekongga. Inpari 7. Sinta Nur.

Preparing process of planting at irrigation rice field at Experimental Station of Sukamandi Water management at rice farming in Sukamandi for most part was done by intermitten that can decreased CH4 emission. emission of CO2 and N2O increased. Water balance was calculated in every month along the year. Dooberman and Fairhurst (2000) reported that for reaching unhulled rice 6 t ha-1. 30 kg P2O5/ha and 30 kg K2O/ha without added organic fertilizer or livestock manure. So the nitrogen fertilizer used at the Experimental Station met with nutrient rice requirement. soil moisture parameter. Inorganic fertilizer to be used was relatively as same as prepared by cooperation with dosage 200-300 kg urea ha-1 and 200 kg Phonska/ha equal with 120-155 kg N/ha.Umi Haryati and Yoyo Soelaeman Burning of rice straw left by thresher Soil tillage process Figure 2. At fooding irrigation system. 43 kg P2O5/ha and 135 kg K2O/ha. rainfall and the evapotranspiration were related so that surplus and deficit of water can be predicted. Water balance at the Experimental Station showed that monthly potential evapotranspiration (PE) from January up to December ranging from 130 up to 154 mm or 1. more water to be needed and flooding (anaerobic) at rice field created CH4 emission. Water balance Water balance mean a balance between water inflow to the land through precipitation (rainfall) and outflow from the land through evapotranspiration. In this water balance. Cycles and Water Balance a. while actual monthly evapotranspiration (AE) ranging from 42 mm 328 .5 kg N/ha. rice cultivation needs 350 kg urea/ha.726 mm per year. but at dry condition (aerobic). 120 kg SP-36/ha and 225 kg KCl/ha which equal with 157. The rainfall and evapotranspiration were the active factors in climate.

water surplus or deficit of water was not occurred. the rainfall was lower than PE or AE.5 137 28 -109 30.8 30.4 135 45 -90 30. 329 . PE P P-PE 31. Oct. so lack of water/deficit of water in the soil was occurred. If on that month start to plant without giving irrigation water . Des.2 27. Monthly water balance (mm) at Experimental Station of Sukamandi. The PE and AE can be in the same value when soil was saturated or in wet month such as January. Parameter T (oC) I Jan. Jul.7 Corr fact.07 155.8 4.2 147 190 43 30.36 13.43 12. The existence of embung (ponds) in this area was very useful to harvest water or to collect rainfall and run-off when rainy season.9 148 159 11 32. February and March. While when deficit of water. Soil moisture was finished by evapotranspiration need (Figure 3). Low AE were occurred on month when soil moisture were low such as on July-September. Aug.4 27. On November.0 26. Apr.7 27.7 4.21 13. the plant will wilt even die because of drought. Subang Regency.4 27. Feb. Sep. Total 26. Daily loss of water from plantation through evapotranspiration was ranging from 1. ST 181 250 250 233 175 122 79 46 29 20 31 53 D ST AE D S 128 144 0 0 69 130 0 86 0 147 0 43 -17 144 0 0 -58 137 13 0 -53 98 37 0 -43 71 66 0 -33 45 97 0 -17 42 102 0 -9 78 76 0 11 148 0 0 22 151 0 1 1726 1465 -261 1335 391 130 Table 7.63 13.0 142 144 12 25 -130 -119 31. The maximum water holding capacity (ST) in a month with clay loam soil texture was predicted 250 mm (Thornthwaite and Mater1957).2 151 174 23 -17 -88 -178 -287 -417 -536 -621 Acc Pot Wl.8 27.8 130 285 155 31.Water Use Efficiency Improvement of Lowland Rice to 151 mm. January and April.49 13.8 4.85 12.9 144 272 128 28.50 13.9 mm (Table 5 and Figure 3).4 up to 4.6 4.5 4.58 Unadj PE 4.6 4.0 144 127 -17 30.February.5 4.42 12. Mei Jun.7 27.9 27.9 4.5 26.5 26.6 150 79 -71 29.49 12. Surplus of water was occurred on December.3 12.5 27. Mar.5 154 69 -85 30. Nop.5 4.99 13. surface water (in ponds) and or water from irrigation channel can be used for irrigation.14 13. West Java Province On May-October.9 4.8 4.

11 m2 with average of flow velocity was 0. then to quarter channel. Sep.590 m3/sec in the morning. 0.562 m3/sec at 330 .44 m3/sec at tertiary channel and 0.30 am was about + 40 cm. Feb. Average of surface section water flow at tertiary channel was ranging from 1.Haryati and Soelaeman Gambar 1. planting schedule of paddy at rainy season (first planting season) was done on November and harvesting was predicted about March. Average water level in secondary channel at Patok Beusi at 11. the land was let to bera for 2 months up to the next rainfall season at the next year. water flowed to the testier channel at Sukamandi. Jawa Barat 300 250 200 150 ( mm) 100 50 0 Jan. West Province b. From this channel. This caused an occurrence of debit differ in volume.24 m3/sec at the quarterly channel (Table 6).17–0.463 m3/sec in the morning 0. The debit at tertiary channel 0. In general. Base on large of rice field and volume or debit of irrigation water flowed to the rice field in Sukamandi (Figure 4). the rice field can be planted twice a year with the paddy–paddy–bera cropping pattern. Okt. Monthly water balance at Experimental Station of Sukamandi. Apr. Mar. warm channel and finally to rice field area. Ags. The water requirement for rice can be met or rainfall was enough.42 – 0. Neraca Air Bulanan di KP Sukamandi (BB Padi Sukamandi) Subang. After the second rice harvesting.11–1.111. Jul. (Bulan) CH PE AE Figure 3. Mei Jun. The availability of water was defended on water supply from Jatiluhur Reservoir because at that time soil condition was water deficit (drought).31 m2 and at the quarterly channel was ranging from 0. Nop. After harvesting of the first season. then followed by paddy in second season on April (dry season) and harvesting was predicted on August. There was a difference of dimension debit component including large of surface section water flow and flow velocity at each channel type for every point and time of observations. Des. Jatiluhur reservoir role Rice field in Sukamandi is technically irrigation rice field with the irrigation water source comes from Jatiluhur Reservoir. Subang Regency.

23 0.44 0.00 06.239 m3/sec at noon (Table 8).23 0.44 0.16 0.36 0.31 0.20 0. in the morning.55 0.590 0.17 0.40 0. Component of debit 4th of April 2012 5th of April 2012 16.37 0.50– 19.17 0.21 0.239 0.12 0.46 0. West Java.17 0. it could be done by managing irrigation (water supply) and by optimizing water use through effective and efficient irrigating system.42 0. Table 8.31 0.06 0.17 1.028–0.24 0.20 0.034 0.081 0.37 0.15 0.16 0.44 0.2 and 3.17 V-4 0. especially at deficit months.97 0.17 V-5 0.51 0.019–0.23 0.026 0.42 0. water flow velocity and average water debit at every channel type at Experimental Station of Sukamandi.46 0.14 0.45 .24 0.45 0. Subang District.Water Use Efficiency Improvement of Lowland Rice noon.019 Explanation: L -1.22 0.34 0. V-1 up to 5 = flow velocity of observation 1 up to 5 The differences of debit volume at a difference of time caused supply of water to the field differed so it was needed optimal water management in order to be water use as efficient as possible.09 0. 331 .98 0.08.24 0.45 Surface section water flow (m2) Tersier Tersier Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Tersier Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 L-1 1. it was ranging from 0. Surface section water flow.35 0.20 0.86 1.48 0.081 m3/sec.17 1.30 12.17 0.47 0.16 V-2 0.17 0.98 0.2 and 3= surface section flow of observation 1.028 0.00 0.11 Water flow velocity (m/sec) 1.12 L-3 1.42 0.00 . This was as same as at quarterly channel.17 V-3 0.45 0.20 1.14.21 0.20 1.29 0.17 Debit (m3/sec) 0.40 0.19 0.10 L-2 1. and 0.48 0.18 0.17 0.20 0.11 V-1 0.46 1.24 0.12 Average 1.20 0.16 0.18 0.25 0.23 0.17 0. To overcome the scarcity of water when deficit water months.14 0.562 0.29 1.47 0.13 0.24 0.16 0.17 Average 0.463 0.23 0. This system was known by intermittent irrigation system where the irrigation water was given occasionally (discontinu) and met with crops water requirement.21 0.17 0.

grow without the stagnant of soil water and fertility. West Java Aspect Crop Planting period ETo (mm) Kc (crop factor)* ETp (mm) Rainfall (mm) Irrigation (mm) Deficit/surplus (mm) Water source Crop yield (kg. So at that period the water surplus occurrence as big as 280. and the stagnant of environment on its surrounding. the capacity of ponds was not enough and was not optimal yet so it was needed to add the ponds in order to be able to gather/collect water surplus. This water surplus was flowed and collected in to the ponds at its surrounding. Condition of cultivation area such as soil type and soil characteristics.August 291 1.ha-1 ) Crop water use efficiency (kg/m3) * Source of reference: Doorenbos and Kasam (1986) 332 Planting season-I Paddy November .(m3. In other words. On the other hand. and plant growth phase. Subang District. the irrigation water should be needed to meet evapotranspiration minus by effective rainfall (Dastane 1974).2 1080 0 280.2 mm and can fulfill by rainfall (1. Evapotranspiration is crops water requirement. This can be declared in volume per large unit such as m3/ha or in a water depth such as millimeter.ha-1) Crop water req. Table 9. Arsyad (2000) defined evapotranspiration (consumptive water use) as the amount of water (on cultivation area) that be used for transpiration. topography and large of cultivation area were also affected the plant growth (Doorenbos and Pruit 1977). kind of plant or plant type. Potential evapotranspiration was the amount of evapotranspiration that can be occurred in enough available soil water condition for plant growth.March 720 1. evaporate from soil and water surface.11 799. and interception by plant. The prediction of rice evapotranspiration on crop pattern paddy-paddy at the Experimental Station showed that crop water requirement (ETp) at first planting season as big as 799.01 rainfall.0 279 44 -44.5 .9 Planting season-II Paddy April . According to Doorenbos dan Pruit (1977).8 mm (Table 9).8 rainfall 7000 7992 0. defined as the depth of water needed for optimal plant growth without plant diseases.11 323.080 mm). Crop water requirement and crop water use efficiency at Experimental Station at Sukamandi. potential evapotranspiration can be predicted through the approach to climate factors and plant characteristics. irrigation water 5000 3230 1.Haryati and Soelaeman Crops Water Requirement and Crop Water Use Efficiency Crops water requirement is an amount of water to fulfill the consumptive water of plant (evapotranspiration) in order to grow normally/optimally. The amount of evapotranspiration is affected by climate factor.

2 kg/m3. The crop water use efficiency at planting season I was 0.127 m3/sec.21 kg/m3 (the increase 34. According to several research results. On the period of planting season I. That calculation results met with results of Setiobudi et al. the intermittent system was done.14 kg/m3 at planting season II (the increase 42.7–1. There was a water use efficiency difference between planting season I and planting season II. 333 . so water requirement decreased became 671. so for irrigated rice field as large of 100 ha at planting season II (water deficit 44 mm).4 %) at planting season I and became 2.2 mm at planting season I and 271.9 kg/m3 and at planting season II was 1. but the water requirement was also higher than planting season II. because even though the yield at planting season I is higher than planting season II. With decreasing of water requirement and increasing rice yield. The calculation result of average of debit at quarterly channel as big as 0. 2003). Crop water use efficiency is the amount of water that is needed to product per unit crop yield or crop yield per unit water use and it can be expressed by kg/m3.3 mm at planting season II with rice yield (dry harvest) became 8.5%). was needed irrigation operation time as long as 96 hour during planting season II. so the water use efficiency increased became 1.120 kg ha-1 at planting season I and 5. That operational time needs to be managed in order to met crop water requirement so that water use efficiency can be increased. (2003) who reported that water use efficiency at rice field in Subang was ranging from 0.Water Use Efficiency Improvement of Lowland Rice Crop water requirement at panting season II can not be fulfilled by rainfall because crop water requirement was 323 mm while rainfall was only 2 79 mm. the decreasing of water requirement and increasing crop yield as big as 16%. This water use efficiency is still able to increase by changing irrigation flooding system to intermittent system. which its debit showed at Table 6.800 kg/ha at planting season II. This water deficit can be fulfilled by irrigation water from Jatiluhur Reservoir through secondary channel at Patok Beusi water gate.5 kg/m3 (Table 9). If in the Experimental Station. so on that period the water deficit was occurred as big as 44 mm (Table 9). So. intermittent system (once every 3 days) could decrease irrigation water use 13-19% and even the yield increased 14-18% (Setiobudi et al. the water use efficiency was lower than planting season II.

West Java.466 mm year-1. The climate at Experimental Station of Sukamandi was C2-C3 types. The soils were dominated by Ultisols with silty clay loam to clay soil texture. CONCLUSION 1. Water surplus occurred from May to October and water deficit was in December. February. quarterly channel and rice field area at Experimental Station of Sukamandi. Secondary channel. 2. and March. 334 . Subang District. and slow soil permeability. with 2 wet and 6 dry months and average annual rainfall was 1. The soil had medium bulk density (BD).Haryati and Soelaeman The secondary chanel at Patok Beusi watergate The quartery chanel The rice field at Sukamandi Figure 4. high total pore space and pore of available water.

Pereira. 1975. Indonesia. Vol 24. Guideline for Predicting Crop Water Requirement. J. Rice. Agroclimatic Map of Java and Madura. S. Oweis. Penelitian Kebutuhan air lahan dan Tanaman di Beberapa Daerah Irigasi. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper. 2000. and Fairhurst. Oldeman. 2003. http://www.H.5 kg/m3 by conventional irrigation systems. Doorenbos. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Air. 1977. (eds).html. 16 No. Inst. Irrigation and drainage paper 33. 57: 175-206. 49 Desember 2002.O. D. UN. 2007. Water Manage. A. Kassam. No. Dalam Suprihatno et al. Syahroni. 335 . Vol. FAO. FAO Irrigated and Drainage Paper. Kedutaan Besar Amerika Serikat. REFERENCES Arsyad.. and W.. Tanggap Tanaman Padi Sawah terhadap Pemupukan Nitrogen dan Selang Pemberian Air. Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations.usembassy jakarta. Subagyono. 2005.S. International Rice Research Instutute-Potash and Phosphate Instutute (PPI)-Potash and Phosphate Instutute oc Canada (PPIC). Bagpro Litbang Tanaman Padi Sukamandi. Badan Litbang Permukiman dan Prasarana Wilayah. A. Yield response to water. N. 15 Juni 2005. Middleton. 2000. Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 1 no 4 hlm 15 – 24. Air Bersih: Sumber Daya yang Rawan. Setiobudi. R.G. L. Efective Rainfall in Irrigated Agriculture. The average yield of rice at farm level was 5-7 t ha-1 with crop water use efficiency level of 0. Penerbit IPB (IPB Press). Irrigation management under water scarcity. H. Cent. and O. dan K. Contr. Intermittent irrigation system increased crop water use efficiency of paddy by 34 up to 45%.Water Use Efficiency Improvement of Lowland Rice 3. Agric. 2002.org/ ptp/airbrsi. 1974. Kebijakan Perberasan dan Inovasi Teknologi Padi: Buku II. 17. Partowijoto. For Agric. Pruit. 2002. Jakarta. and A.9 up to 1. Departemen Permukiman dan Prasarana Wilayah. ISSN 02-1111. Rome. Balai Besar Litbang Padi Sukamandi Sosiawan. Konservasi Tanah dan Air. 1986.R. Zairi. Pembagian Air Secara proporsional untuk Keberlanjutan Pemanfaatan Air. J. L. Makalah Hijau. Doberman. Dastane. 4. Nutrient Disorder and Nutrient Management. and A. T. Rome. Rome. Rest. Suprijadi. Doorenboos. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pengairan.

Number 3. New Jersey. Departemen Pertanian. Mather. 336 . 1957. Centerton. Instruction and tables for computing potential evapotranspiration and the water balance.Haryati and Soelaeman Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian. and J. C.R. Publication in Climatology Volume X. Badan Litbang Pertanian. Drexel Institute of Technology Laboratory of Climatology. Thornthwaite.W.

and 2Salni Candidate of Environmental Sciences Program. Peat water quality was relatively different between rainy and dry seasons. Fe0. Warna 23-1065.29-524.Padang Selasa No. Air gambut di daerah ini digunakan masyarakat untuk pertanian.429-5. Email: m. The samples were collected compositely. Fe.90. organic matter.53-6. The purpose of this research was to determine quality peat water scattered in swamps of Jambi.00221.08 Pt. organic matter and nitrate contents. The values were good while in the wet season and in dry season.08 Pt. while the peat water contains organic matter.282 mg/L. Mn. zat organik dan nitrat. the water was not feasible as a source of clean water for the community because they were still far below the water quality standard. Sriwijaya University-Palembang. pengumpulan sampel menggunakan metode composit sampling.31 1Muhammad 1Doctoral THE REGIONAL OF WATER QUALITY DISTRIBUTION OF PEAT SWAMP LOWLAND IN JAMBI *) Naswir . The results showed that the parameter values during wet season varied widely. 0. rice field.pH 3. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pada musim hujan kandungan parameter air gambut yang tersebar di daerah Jambi sangat bervariasi.932 mg/L. and <0. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kualitas air gambut yang tersebar di daerah rawa Jambi dengan parameter uji adalah TDS. 0. TDS 17 – 277 mg/L. Mn. and color and pH values were 15. 2Susila Arita.80 to 7. and acids.53 – 6. Mn.932. Bukit Besar-Palembang Abstract. organic matter.382 – 4.29-208.91. however.5436 mg/L.77 to 205. peat water is distributed in lowland region of West Tanjung Jabung. Keywords: Peat water.282. and Muaro Jambi Regencies. there were no extremely high and very low values. and as a source of clean water for people. zat *) This paper is also published in Special Edition of Indonesian Soil and Agroclimate Journal 337 . respectively. In Jambi province. the values of TDS. The total number of samples was 15. 23. 29. +081366282753. 2Marsi.003-0. Corresponding author: Telp. The parameters tested were TDS. Fe. and -0. 524. and color and pH values were 17-1065. Fe. color. <0.Co and 3. and nitrate values were 0. pH. Tanjung Jabung Timur dan Muaro Jambi.71 Pt. clean water. During dry season. Mn<0.90).17-277. where TDS.naswir@yahoo. it can be concluded that the quality of the swamp peat water of Jambi Province varied widely. Metode sampling yang digunakan non probability dengan teknik purposive sampling. Jumlah total sampel yang ditetapkan 15 titik sampling. Sampling method used was non probability with purposive sampling technique.com 2 Lecturer of Pascasarjana Sriwijaya University.70. Fe. Sebaran air gambut di daerah rawa Jambi terdapat di daerah Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat.382-4.57. The average values of peat water quality in the dry season were better than that in rainy season. persawahan dan sumber air bersih sehari hari.0006-0. dan masing-masing daerah terdiri dari 5 titik sampling. and nitrate were 0. lowland Abstrak.003 – 0. and each region had five sampling points. respectively. East Tanjung Jabung. Peat water is used for agriculture. Mn.3888 mg/L. From the research results. -0. warna.Co and 3. Fe.Co. pH.800.

9 mg/L dan Nitrat (mg/L) 0. masih jauh dibawah baku mutu air bersih. pH 3. The average monthly rainfall is 179-279 mm Jambi in wet and dry in 68-106 mm (PBS 2000). 2007). one of provinces in Indonesia that located in Sumatra.3888 mg/L. air bersih.77 – 205. while the West in general is the mainland (dry land) with topography varying from flat.56%. Jambi Province. Mn 0.29 – 524 mg/L.00–0. equivalent to 5.71 mg/L. Partly the temperate regions of Jambi B-type climate classification Schmidt and Ferguson with wet months between 810 months and 2-4 months dry season.Dari hasil telitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa kualitas air gambut di daerah rawa Jambi sangat bervariasi ada yang ekstrim tinggi dan yang sangat rendah.29 – 208. Fe 0.0006 – 0.Naswir et al. organik23.429 -5.74% Humus and Gley. Conditions peat water and houses on the edge of the village ditch Peat Gambut Raya in the Muaro Jambi 338 .000 km2. Other soil types are included Regosol Latosol 18. et al.80 – 7. including Jambi region (Susanto 2010). The type of soil potential for agriculture in general dominated by Podsolic Red Yellow (PMK) that is equal to 44. 1997. with an area of 51. The topography of the eastern province of Jambi is generally a swamp (lowland). sedangkan pada musim kemarau kandungan TDS 0. Zat organik29.800 mg/L. Peat swamp in Indonesia is approximately 16-27 million hectares (Rieley et al.00–0.57 mg/L.2 million hectares or 35% are located on the island of Sumatra. is geographically located between 20 45̍ s/d 00 45̍ LS 1010 0̍ between the LS and BT s/d 1040 55̍ BT or between 00 45̍ 20 45̍ LS and 1010 0̍-1040 55̍ East. Kualitas air gambut relatif berbeda antara musim hujan dan musim kemarau. lahan rawa INTRODUCTION Indonesia is one country in the world that has the largest peat swamp. namun demikian baik pada musim hujan maupun musim kemarau air gambut belum layak untuk dikonsumi sebagai sumber air bersih masyarakat. Of the area about 7.00 – 221 mg/L dan Nitrat <0. Figure 1. rata rata pada musim kemarau kualitas air gambut lebih baik dibanding dengan musim hujan. Sulistiyanto Y. warna 15.70.1 million hectares.67% 10. Kata kunci: Air gambut. undulating to hilly.543 mg/L.

8. Organic content in the water to form potentially carcinogenic compounds peat include: THM (trihalomethane) in the process of disinfection with chlorine. organic matter 332 mg/L (Naswir 2009). This study aims to determine the water quality of spread peat in Jambi province and is expected to be a material consideration and guidelines to make the process of water treatment peat for water resources community. 339 . rice and as a source of public water. Water quality peat differ from one region to another.34 to 5. OH-phenolic and alcoholic OH and is no biodegradable.405 ha Tebo regency (Bambang 2011). color. Peat water is abundant surface water tidal areas. This trait also causes most of the water Organic peat decomposes naturally difficult.983 hectares (Tanjung Jabung western area of 52. have the potential to form organochlorines such as THM and HAA (haloacetic acids) is relatively higher than non humus compounds (Zouboulis 2004). Naswir 2003). ha Sarolangun 4. E.20.Co color. the acid are the main constituents of the dissolved organic carbon pool in surface waters.000 hectares. That can be characterized as being generally be yellow-brown color. organic matter 246. The total area of peatlands or wetlands contained in Jambi is 684. Humic acid having a molecular weight 2.8 mg/L (Rustanti 2009). Of the land area has been successfully opened and developed as agricultural land until it reaches an area 252. brownish red. 1990. 804 Pt.000-100. Yusnimar 2010.000 daltons. Batanghari 14. do not meet water quality requirements set by the Ministry of Health through Permenkes No.475 ha. commonly imparting a yellowish-brown to the water system (Macarty 2011 in Andayani 2011).210 ha Tanjung Jabung East and District area of 10. 149. East and partly Tanjung Jabung the district Muaro Jambi. water grounds. Data dissemination water quality peat can be used as consideration to provide proper treatment in accordance with such designation for the treatment of water for agriculture.416 / MENKES/PER/IX/1990 (Iva Rustanti. Merangin 436 ha and 2. Land non tidal swamp located in the district covering Muaro jambi 17. Kerinci 1684 ha.7000 hectares Muaro Jambi. having a high content of organic matter. pH 4.Co. Peat is an organic material that is formed from the incomplete decomposition of plants in wet areas is very moist and anaerobic conditions. The acid has acidic character due to carboxylic and phenolic groups. acidic.The Regional of Water Quality Distribution Three of the ten districts in Jambi provinsi lowland. such as water quality peat West Kalimantan has a turbidity of 60 NTU.900 ha. peat swamp and lowland. Organic content in the water is dominated by peat humic compounds which possess aromatic bond complex with functional groups such as-COOH.052 ha.121. depending on the condition and age of peat soil. namely Tanjung Jabung district of West. pH 3. while the water content of the peat area of Jambi has 952 Pt.

106’’ S 01o16.637’’ Remark Tidal Pengabuan River and Tidal pengabuan River and Tidal Tidal Batara River and Tidal Peat Swamp Swamp Peat Batanghari River Swamp Peat Batanghari River and Tidal Peat Peat Batanghari River Batanghari River Batanghari River .128’’ S 01o43’.903’’ S 00o 58’.951’’ S 01o36’.877’’ E 103o43’. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Sampling peat water have taken from 5 points each region (Tanjung Jabung West. Table 1.871’’ E 103o21’.664’’ E 103o45’.261’’ S 101o22’.470’’ E 01o045’.667’’ E 103o21’.649’’ S 01o05’.883” E 103o21’. 245’’ S 01o 37’.165’’ E 103o47’. the village there is a river or a ditch that drained peat water all the time. and the collection of composite sampling is done. Sampling locations are centered in the area of human settlements.168’’ S 01o16’.795’’ S 01o24’.873’’ S 00o52’. so the total sampling points is 15 pieces.796’’ E 103o47’.765’’ E 103o21’. 2 and 3.406’’ S 01o 36’.Naswir et al.765’’ E 103o42’.805’’ E 103o22’. Sampling was carried out based on the theory of finite non probability with purposive sampling techniques.157’’ S 01o13’. The sampling locations are presented in Table 1 and figure 1.925” S 00o 49’.117’’ E 103o52’.883’’ E 103o53’. Eastern Jabung and Muaro Jambi district).764’’ S 00o 55’.445’’ E 103o30’. Location of sampling points Area West Tanjung Jabung District District Eastern Tanjung Jabung District Muaro Jambi 340 No Location of Sample 1 Bramitam/Bramitam Kiri 2 Sinyerang/Lumahan 3 Teluk Nilau/Pengabuan 4 Betara/Mekar sari 5 Betara/Serdang jaya 1 Garagai/Pandan Lagan 2 Sabak Barat/Parit Culum 3 Dendang/Sido Mukti 4 Mendahara/Desa lagan Tengah 5 Rantau Rasau/Rantau Rasau II 1 Sungai Gelam/Tangkit Baru 2 3 Sungai Gelam/Gambut Raya Petaling Kumpeh/Arang Arang 4 Kumpeh/Arang-Arang PKS 5 Teluk raya/Pematang Raman Coordinate o S 00 52’.205’’ E 103o42.

Sirindit village.The Regional of Water Quality Distribution Map of sampling locations of West Jabung 1 2 3 4 5 Note: 1 Senyerang village. Bramitam village. Gambut Raya Petaling village.Serdang village Map of sampling points at Muaro Jambi district 4 5 1 3 2 Note: 1 Tangkit Baru village. 3. 3. Arang-arang PT. Arang Arang village. Teluk Raya/Pematang Raman village 341 . Mekar Sari village and 5. 4. 2. 2. 4.Makin and 5.

Mn. Lagan tangah village and 5. Although peat water in the same area or the district but the content of the material has a striking content of each others. parit Culum village. Test parameter measurements performed using PH meter instrument. Fe. 2. Fe. and each region has different characteristics from each other. organic matter and nitrate. UV-V is spectrophotometer and AAS. Rantau Rasau II village Test parameters were used as indicator in this study is the content of TDS. Mn. 4. organic matter in peat water spread area of Jambi obtained results are very diverse and varied. Sido Mukti village. Water quality peat between one location to another quite different. Data detailed measurement results are listed in table 2 and 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Based on laboratory tests on the parameters TDS. All examination conducted water quality peat refers to the Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waswater.Naswir et al. pH. 342 . Map of peat water sampling points at East Tanjung Jabung 4 3 5 2 1 Note: 1. 3. gravimteri. Pandan Lagan village. pH. Color. color.

751 1.800.4 Fe mg/L 4.25 3.9 5.671 0.52 7.1824 0. TDS (mg/L) 17 to 277.70 4.946 ttd 4.0969 L M N Sungai Gelam/Gambut Raya Kumpeh/Arang Arang Kumpeh/Arang Arang Ujung Teluk raya/Pematang Raman 59 30 36 69.26 6.60 4.645 0. Mn (mg/L) Signed-0.473 4.382-4.75 0.0507 0.42 3.58 Ttd 0.5436 34 142.0651 Ttd 0.01 96.10 3.80 ttd Matter organik mg/L 126.03 <0. Area No West Tanjung Jabung District A B C D E Bramitam/Bramitam Kiri Sinyerang/lumahan Teluk Nilau/ pengabuan Betara/Mekar Sari Betara/Serdang jaya 524 63 67 345 85 16.27 45.23 78.21 117.4 5.23 309 pH 4.71.03 <0.0558 0.382 3.86 74.237 0.03 <0.473 0.03 <0.71 3.03 <0.33 7.80 to 7.23 24.72 102.62 102.70 3.04 4.32 0.3888.282.00 3.17 112.80 0.877 Mn mg/L 0.2537 0.00 167.03 <0.209 180.36 125.58 55. Color (Pt.53 3.88 1.311 605.43 186. while in the dry season TDS content (mg/L) 29 to 524. Rasau II Sungai Gelam/Tangkit Baru Sungai Gelam/Gambut Raya Kumpeh/Arang Arang Kumpeh/Arang Arang Kumpeh/Teluk Raya District Tanjung Jabung Eastern District Muaro Jambi TDS mg/L 40 69 46 193 23 32 60 35 75 94 29 277 18 17 21 Color Pt.1349 <0. The rainy season usually occurs from October to early June.64 4.0442 0.725 1.52 150.04 ttd ttd ttd 0.502 200.90 5.03 <0.57 102.10 6.25 5. Mn (mg/L) <0.429 ttd 1.07 63.71 ttd 92.359 1.56 77.1886 0.03 <0.0917 0.1009 0.77 to 205.0779 0.03 <0.29 to 208.0 85. Fe (mg/L) 0.03 <0.07 65.26 400.003 to 0.5436 mg/L 343 .77 205.23 196.46 29.Co pH Fe mg/L Mn mg/L Nitrat mg/L 0.932 0. Organic matter (mg/L) 29.53 to 6.03 3.7 23.02 5.65 2.0188 0.22 0.2714 Muaro Jambi District K Sungai Gelam/Tangkit Baru 46 121.84 116.69 70.939 1.04 Eastt Tanjung Jabung Distric F G H I J Garagai/Pandan Lagan Sabak Barat/Parit Culum Dendang/Sido Mukti Mendahara/Lagan Tengah Rantau Rasau/R.23 5.277 29.277 to 1065.84 80.50 4.42 80.24 0.282 <0.31 93.Co 326. pH 3.12 2.40 908.60 3.932.0383 0.91 and Nitrate (mg/L) Signed -0. organic matter (mg/L) 23.03 <0.21 3.76 96.0006 0. pH 3.20 Nitrat mg/L 0.08 41.77 191.73 ttd 68.2161 <0.57 0.23 30.Co) 0.03 matter organic mg/L 221.03 <0.27 38. The results of measurements of water parameters Jambi season turf areas.429 -5.0597 O Parameters Location of sample TDS mg/L Color Pt.91 0.87 7. The results showed that the content of the wet season parameters.70.02 196.816 1.0006 Table 3.57. The results of measurements of water parameters Jambi rainy season turf areas Area No Parameters Location of sample District Tanjung Jabung West A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Bramitam/Bramitam Kiri Sinyerang/lumahan Teluk nilau/ pengabuan Betara/Mekar Sari Betara/Serdang jaya Garagai/Pandan Lagan Sabak Barat/Parit Culum Dendang/Sido Mukti Mendahara/ lagan Tengah Rantau Rasau/R.80 23.29 52.0370 0.03 <0.45 0.66 4.0417 0.1469 0.82 6.24 1. Fe (mg/L) 0.00 to 221 and Nitrate (mg/L) <0.52 6.0885 0.0301 0.The Regional of Water Quality Distribution Table 2.45 4.39 1065. and the dry season which usually occurs in mid-June to late September.56 3.13 3. but because climate change is happening is that the world today is no longer stable.1080 0.85 33.71 5.29 801.759 0.28 3. color (Pt. both season and dry season.1182 Water quality peat in each region are very varied and unique.Co) 15.07 67.1531 0.78 0.90.493 ttd 208.80 6. Rasau II 183 36 382 289 28 15.53 ttd 29.08.80 3.0006 to 0.3888 0.765 0.

27 mg/L. the higher the organic matter and pyrite the rate the higher the acidity.23 0. as well as the level of acidity (pH) iron content and other parameters.Naswir et al. The quality of water color cast Jambi peat areas can be described as follows: Figure 2. and produces hydronium ions and sulphate ions as one indication of the acidity of peat water. rainfall. and the village of Pandan Lagan peat water content Garagai color and TDS Pt. Peat water pH is influenced by the amount of pyrite and organic substances contained in the soil. However.Co 908.32 mg/L. Content of suspended substances and extreme colors of the region. In the dry season the average peat water quality 344 . This means that water peat and brown colors are not necessarily concentrated solute contained therein is higher. the average is acidic with a pH of 5. because the substance dissolved in water is influenced by the presence of particles derived from organic matter. and the peat water village Bramitam TDS 40 mg/L. while the TDS content in other villages under the average of 0.9 to 3.1 and 6.90 mg/L. The distribution of the color content of peat water area of Jambi Peat acidity (pH) in the rainy season varies.23 mg/L. the village of Gambut Raya Petaling District of Muara Jambi River District Gelam has a TDS content of 277 mg/L and the color of 1065 mg/L. except in Tangkit baru and Gambut Raya village to Gelam River district near neutral pH content of the pH 6. the water in the peat charcoal is charcoal color 605. up there on the surface of pyrite oxidation. and the peat water from the village of Tanjung Jabung Mekar Sari West has a TDS content of 193 mg/L and the color of 400.7 mg/L. as much pyrite are silent on the surface will rise up and out. Peat that has been processed and will have good drainage resulted in increased acidity of the peat water. etc. TDS is not always correlated with color.. Co.17.22 Pt content of color . water color is more brown peat but small TDS. the more concentrated the higher TDS water peat 326. while TDS 0. then the village of Middle Lagan 801.9 .53. while TDS 0.32 mg/L. soil erosion. Judging from the physical properties of high TDS content was positively correlated with peat water color.

Mg.0 (peat water from village Gambut Raya pH 7. because pristine forests its soil still contains many cations cations such as Ca. Figure 3. the level of acidity (pH) TDS. Distribution of water acidity of peat area of Jambi According Sulistiyanto et al.The Regional of Water Quality Distribution is relatively better than the dry season. 1990 in Sulistiyanto 2007) 345 . and K which can increased alkalinity of soil and water properties (Veneklaas et al. that the pH in forested areas is higher than the pH of the water in the peat. Water conditions in the residential community Gambut Raya village and New Tangkit village In Muaro Jambi District The improvement in water quality in the dry season turf caused by the absence of organic substances seepage and other materials that are dissolved from the peat soil around the trench or the forest peat drift and go ke badan river in peat areas. pH peat water in the dry season is quite good even relatively neutral pH values above 7. organic substances and materials dissolved in peat and peat forest much carried away or seeps into streams and ditches around it. (2007).9). Figure 4. while in the rainy season. organic matter and other parameters tends improved.

90 mg/L. Figure 5. And the difference in the acidity of peat water also caused by the structure of the soil.86 mg/L and in the dry season in the village Tangkit the new organic substances 208. the two ions to form sulfuric acid.50 mg/L and in the village of Tanjung Jabung Bramitam its western Fe 4.5 H2O Fe(OH)3 +2(SO4-2) + 4H+ Pirit oksigen water Feroi (III) sulfation hidronium (acid) In addition to sulfuric acid. FeS2+ 2O2 + 3. generally near neutral pH water. Oxidation of pyrite produces sulfate ions (SO4-2) and a hydronium ion (H+). so did not form sulfuric acid. there is also another type of acid that may exist in the peat water is carbonic acid (2HCO3-).Naswir et al. Distribution of iron (Fe) content in the peat water area of Jambi Content of iron (Fe) in the area of Jambi peat water well in the wet season and the dry season are relatively high average and far above the water quality standard set. 346 . yet reclaimed its pirit not oxidized. Oxidation of pyrite and the formation of sulfuric acid in the peat water (Achmad. In the peat soil drainage does not exist. calcareous soil acidity is usually lower than the calcareous soils Content of organic matter in peat water spread area of Jambi differ from one location to the other location. Acidity and increased Fe ions on peat water are the result of compound pyrite (FeS2) is oxidized in an aerobic atmosphere.93 mg/L. 2004). or peat. there are extreme high organic matter content of the rainy season as the village Bramitam with organic substances 221. which has not been processed. even in the seacoast village of Rasau its Fe concentration up to 5. and can cause acidity in the peat water. Carbonic acid in water from exposed soils containing CaCO3 fogginess then reacts with CO2 gas from the reaction of photosynthesis in aquatic biota to form H2CO3. Increased acidity of peat water alongside the elevated levels of iron.

Lots of organic matter and peat water acidity is a picture of many organic acids or acid content of peat water. 2004). Humic acid is formed from the decomposition of organic material by aerobic organisms. Figure 1 shows the model structure of humic acid. In addition to organic matter that forms peat are also inorganic substances in small quantities. Conditions peat water used by the people in the Jambi quite alarming. Humic Acid Structure Model (Stevenson 1982) 347 . which is the result of oxidation of lignin compounds (phenolic group). has aromatic bond length and no biodegradable (can not be degraded by microorganisms). This acid has a molecular weight of 10.000 to 100. This acid is not soluble in water under conditions pH <2 but soluble in the higher pH.000 g/mol (Toshiyuki et al. Figure 7. Distribution of organic matter content of peat water area of Jambi Peat is an accumulation remnant vegetation that has died and then broken down by anaerobic and aerobic bacteria into components that are more stable. 1995). heavy rainfall led to many matter to dissolved organic matter in the soil and washed away to river. In the environment of deposition of peat more than 90% under water-saturated conditions (Sukandarrumidi. Figure 2 shows the peat water used for domestic needs and places of worship/musholla Tangkit area Muaro Jambi regency. have a variety of colors ranging from brown black to gray. the humic acid and fulvic. so the water is brown and peat over the higher acidity.The Regional of Water Quality Distribution Figure 6. Water quality is also affected by peat rainfall. Humic acid is an organic compound that is very complex aromatic macromolecules.

Its color varies from yellow to brownish yellow. Model structure of fulvic acid by buffle Acid water is formed in the environment from carbon dioxide (CO2) derived from the degradation of organic compounds by bacteria and of algae. CONCLUSION From the research it can be concluded that the peat water quality of the swamps spreaded in Jambi Province varied widely and no value was extremely high and very low.Naswir et al. It is soluble in water at all pH conditions and will be in the solution after the removal of humic acid by acidification process. Figure 8. Fulvic acid model structure can be seen in Figure 8. often found in surface water with low molecular weight that is between the range of 1. With the inclusion of peatland water inundation occurs and water-saturated peat. The wet season values were 348 . 2004).000 to 10. Bourbonniere and Creed (2006). and nitrate of the peat water in Jambi region were relatively different between the rainy and dry seasons. Solid compounds and solutions of fulvic acid with Al3+ or Fe2+ form chelates can reduce environmental pollution caused by the solubility of the ions. states that humic and fulvic acids that exist in water peat soil can donate a negative charge and acts as an organic colloids.000 (Toshiyuki. organic matter. Fulvic acid is an organic acid naturally occurring compounds derived from humus. peat long submerged will experience the process of weathering and leaching of organic materials. Humic acid and fulvic acid into the peat water is through rain water that flows into the pores of the peat soil. Humus humus that exist in plants and organic materials in long enough to form humic acid and amino fulfat that ended up being the component that causes the water acidic peat. color. Fulvic acid is more complex plays an important role as a chelating agent. 2004 and Sarah D et al. CO2 produced by the process of photosynthesis with the help of sunlight. Fe. Mn. et al. Contents of TDS. pH. Cluster of phenolic and carboxylic fulvic acid forming a claw that has a very strong affinity for trivalent metal ions such as Al3+ and Fe3+. insoluble in water.

Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. Indo J. 0. Hadi. The water qualities were good in the wet season and it was not feasible as a source of clean water for the community in the dry season. and I.77 to 205. dan W.go. Humic Water Treatment by Combination of Uplow Andaerobic Filter and Slow Sand Filter. F. pH of 3.I. Penurunan Warna dan Kandungan Zat Organic Air Gambut dengan Cara Two Stage Coagulation.80 to 7.003-0. 2011. Creed. 2009. dan Notodarmojo. W. Journal Teknik Lingkungan ITB .Co color. 2004.I. Diakses Tanggal 8 September 2011. Jurusan Teknik Lingkungan FISPITS.429 -5. R. Molecular Weight Characterization of Humic Substances by MALDI-TOF-MS. S. 2007. TiO2 Beads For Photocataliytic Degradation of Humic Acid in Peat Water.id/balitbang/pusair/air. Thesis pada Universitas Diponegoro Naswir. Mn (mg/L) Signed . District Tanjung Jabung Barat Dalam Angka. <0. 2006.kimpraswil. 2010. Instalasi Pengolahan Air Gambut untuk Penyediaan Air Bersih. 2001. 13(1) :17-26 Toshiyuki. Surabaya Iswono. REFERENCES Andayani. 169:101-107 Dewi. http://www. Teknik Lingkungan FTSP-ITS Surabaya. Kajian Pengolahan Air Gambut Menjadi Air Bersih dengan Kombinasi Proses Upflow Anaerobik Filter (UAF) dan Slow Sand Filter (SSF). pH 3. and Y.4.08 Pt. Mitsuhiro.71. Fe (mg/L) 0. 2003. Bentonit usage to decrease colour concentration and Fe metal in Peat Moss water. J.932 mg/L Fe . color (Pt. the average water quality in the dry season turf better than the rainy season. S. Mass Spectrom. Tesis. and N.90. 2008. R. The values were still far below the water quality standard. Soc. While in the dry season TDS content (mg/L) 0. Proceeding :National Seminar XI Chemical Industry and Environment of Yogyakarta 349 . 2011 (3) 253-257 Achmad.29 to 208. dan W.. Agustin.A.. Eri. Puslit. 52 ( 1 ): 2932 Eri. R. Biodegradability of dissolved organic matter extracted from a chronosequence of forest-floor materials.F.The Regional of Water Quality Distribution 17-277 mg/L TDS.0.70.57. R.29 to 524. Efektivitas Poly Aluminium Chloride Terhadap Penurunan Intensitas Warna Air Gambut di Siantan Hulu kota Pontianak.91 mg/L. Badan Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Daerah. Jpn. and 23. Tatsuaki. Chem.282 mg/L Mn ).382.. 2004. 17-065. Bagyo.Co) 15.53-6. Jambi Bourbonniere.M. Hadi. Penerbit Andi Yogyakarta Badan Pusat Statistik. M.800 and Organic matter is 29. 2004. Kimia Lingkungan.00-221 mg/L organic matter..

78: 974-992 350 . Study of Peat Moss water for consume water with CCBNRO Technology. and I. Sarah. Naswir. S.A. and S. Gajah Mada Press. 1990. Kreidenweis Water uptake byparticles containing humic materials and mixtures of humic materials with ammonium sulfate.O. 2009.J. Atmospheric Environment 38 (2004) 1859–1868 Susanto.Naswir et al. Y.H. J. Zouboulis. Limin.. M. Makalah disampaikan pada seminar pada kegiatan sosialisasi dan roadmap hari lahan basah dan Ramsar site. 2004. 2005. Rekayasa Gambut Briket Batubara dan Sampah Organik. Mineral Nutrient Content of Water at Different Depths In Peatland In Central Kalimantan. Riely. 2011. DeMott. The peatland resources of Indonesia and Kalimantan Peat Swamp Forest Research Project. 1982. Jauhainen.I. In Biodiversity and Sustanaibility of Tropical Peatlands of Southeast Asia. Colombia. Composition. 35-41 Veneklaas. 1997.H. Enviromental Management Journal 70. S. X... 28-29 September 2011 Stevenson. R. John Wiley & Son New York Yusnimar.H. F. Vasandar. 2007. J. Page. 2010. Palembang Sumsel. Cha. Journal of Ecology. Winarti. Nutrient fluxes in bulk precipitation and throughfall in two montane tropical rain forest.E. Katsoyiannis.J. J. 77-81 Sulistiyanto. The Application of Biofloculant for the Removal of Humic Acid from Stabilized Landfill Leachate.L. H. Reaction. Indonesia. Paul J. Seminar International to UNSOED Jawa Tengah Rieley. Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Fakultas Teknik 9 (2) Universitas Riau. IUCN pp 17-53 Sukandararrumidi. D. Limin.O. and S. Pengembangan konsep pengelolaan lahan basah yang multidimensi di wilayah Indonesia. Brooks. Sonia M. Pengolahan air gambut dengan Bentonit. Aima. Humus Chemistry Genesis. A. University of Helsinky. E. and H.

01) crude protein.32 1Ali THE NUTRIENTS QUALITY OF FIBER PALM WITH AMMONIATION-FERMENTATION A. Sriwijaya University. has potential as a source of ruminant feed because its availability is abundant throughout the year. Muhakka. and Riswandi 1Research Center for Sub-Optimal Lands. Sandi. and lignin contents. sofiasandi_nasir@yahoo. cellulose. which is by product of oil palm industry. Ammonia used can be gas. (Email: indranutrisi@yahoo. aqueous solution or ammonia solution of urea. NDF. Ammoniation is one form chemical treatment (using urea) that many have done to improve nutritional value and digestibility of plantation by product with high in fiber content. The descent crystalinity cellulose will facilitate penetration of enzyme cellulose of rumen microbe (Van Soest 2006). palm fiber.M. In addition. saponification acid uronat and esters acetic acid. and lignin contents from cellulose were relatively similar to the control. Improved quality of palm-fiber technology is most likely applied with ammoniation-fermentation techniques. The results showed that ammoniation-fermentation treatment significantly increased (P<0. The molecular formula of 351 . The experiment was arranged using Randomized Complete Design with 5 treatments and 3 replications. lignin and silica. However.co. Conclusion of this research was the ammoniation-fermentation treatment of 2% urea + 4% starbio increased crude protein and ash contents and lowered fat content.co.id. palm fiber only reaches 35-45% digestibility level and contains 5% crude protein. Keyword: Nutrients quality.I. crude fat. Optimizing utilization of palm fiber as ruminant feed can be improved through chemical. ADF. Treatments consisted of control (R0). and ash contents of palm fibers. NDF. Based on the characteristics of palm fiber with low protein and digestibility. Ammoniation is both chemical and alkalis treatment which is can dissolve hemiselulosa. neutralize nitric acid free and provide content lignin cell wall. The research was carried out concerning the nutrition quality of Palm fiber through ammoniation-fermentation process. Ruminant feed requires at least 50-55% digestibility level and 8% crude protein content. but it did not significantly increased ADF. physical. 2% urea + 2% starbio (R2).riswandi_dya@yahoo. Treatment provided must be able to increase the protein content and digestibility palm fiber. 2% urea (R1). and biological treatments. ammoniation-fermentation INTRODUCTION Palm fiber. S. Palembang-South Sumatra. [email protected]) Abstract.id . 2% urea + 4% starbio (R3). The inoculum was starbio and molasses in 1:1 ratio with 21 days fermentation. the treatment should be reduced both of these constraints. and 2% urea + 6% starbio (R4).com.

Starbio is a collection of microorganisms (probiotic microbes. The manufacture of fermented Palm fiber for 21 days is done with a mixture of Palm fiber material. Methods The process of Palm fibers ammoniation with urea levels 2% was held for 21 days as instructed. Based on the above research needs to be done influences the quality of nutrition through the Palm fiber technology ammoniationfermentation. hygroscopic.Ali et al. The process of ammoniasi a influenced materials by a number of factors among others a dose of ammonia. a knife. Fermentation is a process that happens through the work of microorganisms or enzymes to convert the organic complex material as protein. cellulolytic. environmental temperature. Riswandi et al. spatula. fat and carbohydrate that are difficult to digest becomes easy to digest and produce aroma and flavor that is typical. Added Winarno (1980) States that fermented feed materials change containing protein. lipolitic. Instrument The equipment consists of a bucket. ammoniation and inoculum solution. (2009). and moisture content of materials. crystalline-shaped solid and easily soluble in water. a plastic bag. lignolitic. scales. glass bowls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials Materials used in this research are Palm fiber obtained from PT. etc. urea [CO (NH2) 2] as a source of ammonia to process ammoniation. molasses and inoculum solution for starbio for fermentation process as well as chemicals for analysis of proksimat and van soest. Urea is used as a source of ammonia because it is alkaline and do not cause environmental pollution due to missing and can easily evaporate fixation by plants and microbial. beaker oven. Sampurna Agro. furnace. fat and carbohydrate molecules into simple ones. a pair of scissors. Manufacture of inoculum is starbio: molasses: a comparison of water 352 . glass paper filter and G3. analytical laboratory equipment such as porcelain. Fermentation using starbio can increase the digestability involved in the degradation of crude fiber content on the Palm fiber. aminolitic) that are able to metabolize the complex organic material into simple organic material (Anonimous 2009). which is a cheap source of nitrogen. long storage. Urea is CO (NH2)2. among others.

Table 1.34 81. (1994).23ab 5.11a 7.39b 6.96 30.01) Crude Protein Content The result analysis showed that treatment of ammoniation and ammoniationfermentation using urea and starbio significantly different (P< 0.72b 8.26 35. Superscript in different columns of the same shows significantly different(P<0. Measurement of proksimat based on the AOAC (1990) and fiber based on Van Soet (1983) Designs The design used in this study is a Randomized Design with Complete with 5 treatments and 4 replications. and lignin.95a Crudefat d 8.65 6. 2% Urea 3. crude protein. 2%urea dan 4 % starbio 5.26 80.75 5.52 37.84b NDF ADF cellulosa Lignin 76.93a 8.13 68.57 62. Influence ammoniation and ammoniation-fermentation with urea and starbio in chemical composition palm fibers Treatment R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 Crude Protein 5. NDF.22 69. Control 2.19b 7. R4 (2% urea + 6% starbio).65 33. ADF. Treatment consisted of: 1. crude fiber.The Nutrients Quality of Fiber Palm i. Variables Variables observed in this study is. R3 (2% urea + 4% starbio). 1:1:20 in accordance with directive Zainuddin et al.32 24. R1(2% urea).e.39 69.84 79. cellulose.93 77.85 Description: R0 (No treament/control). ash.31 69.55 21.12 31.52 32.12b 6. crude fat.84c 6. 2%urea dan 6 % starbio Based on analysis of a range of Data processed in accordance with the draft which used multiple range test and continued Duncan (Steel and Torrie 1983).93bc 7.67 42.17 28.17a 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Influence ammoniation and ammoniation fermentation by using urea and Starbio the nutritional quality palm fibers are presented in Table 1. R2 (2% urea + 2% Starbio). 2%urea dan 2 % starbio 4.01) of crude protein 353 .63a Ash a 4.

38. Ammoniation with urea can increase the digestion after 21 days fermentation. the on treatment ammoniation 2 % urea + 6 % starbio (R4) as that of 5. Ammonia can cause changes in the composition and structure of cell wall. and symbiotic nitrogen fixation bacteria non protein-containing 10.8%) of dry substances. This shows that treatment with ammoniation and ammoniation-fermentation can increase crude protein and fiber content. Starbio is a group of microorganisms lignolitik. It showed that with treatment ammoniation-fermentation capable of lowering a fat content of fiber palm. R2 (2% urea+ 2% starbio). Next Nining (2011) declaring that the level of granting ammonia optimal for ammoniation is 3-5% (equivalent to urea 5.42% (Anonimous 2009). (2011) suggests the use of fermentation and urea can increase crude protein content sugarcane. R2 (2%urea+ 2% starbio). The provision of ammonia less than 3 %. N and H (Sandi et al.01) crude fat content of fiber palm. although in relatively equal treatment on R4 with treatment but there is a trend of increasing R0 protein content of Palm fiber. It is caused by microbial activities during fermentation with additional starbio. A new Protein in feed by fermentation forage preservation is composed of a merger between N free of bacteria and the rest of the carcass fatty acid volatile who had lost ion O. The provision of ammonia more than 5 % will be wasted because of a not capable of absorbing ammonia. ammonium acetate to form salts that are ultimately accounting as protein ingredients (Anonimous 2012). A fat content the highest on treatment control ( R0 ) as that of 8. as well as R1 and R2 with R4 treatment. makes it easier digestion by cellulase rumen microorganisms. The research Himawan (2006) indicating that ammoniation with dose urea different decreased a crude fat content of Waste brown. R3 (2% urea + 4% starbio). Added Nelson and Suparjo (2011) reported that fermentation process might lower a fat content of pod cocoa. The fat contained in fiber palms relegation suffered by bacteria lipolitik derived from starbio (Gunawan and Sundari 2007). selulolitik. The next Harfiah (2010) report that the addition of urea can also increase total N feed on material so that support an increase in crude protein in feed materials.63%. dilute the bonds between lignin and cellulose and hemicellulose. R4 (2% +6% starbio). did not influence his digestibility so only serves as a preservative. content in fiber palm. R1 treatment no different with R2as well as between R3 treatment withR4 and R1with R3 treatment.Ali et al. Research results-Gomez vazquez et al. Ammonia will be absorbed and bound with a methyl group from the feed material. but treatment differs markedly R0 and R4 treatment R1 (2% Urea). 2010). R0 treatment (control) is not different with treatment R4 (2% Urea+ 6% Starbio). lipolitik. R0 treatment (control) different with R1 treatment (2% urea). 354 . Crude Fat Content The result analysis shows that treatment ammoniation and ammoniationfermentation by the use of urea and starbio significantly different (P< 0. It is influenced by the donation of crude proteins from microbes used in fermentation starbio fiber palm and N from ammoniation. R3 (2% + 4% of starbio).65 %.

and lowered crude fat content.01) ash content of palm fiber. and R2 (2% urea + 4% starbio) were different with R3 (2% urea+ 4% starbio) and R4 (2% urea + 6% starbio). The addition of urea and ammoniation-starbio through fermentation lowered the levels of ADF and lignin. cellulose. Treatments of R0 (control). R1 (2% Urea). Declined and increased levels of these fibers were affected by problem solving as a result of the addition of urea lingo selulosa and activity microorganisms found in starbio containing bacteria and cellulolitic lignolitic (Anon 1994). while the lowest in treatment R0 of 4. Republic of Indonesia. ADF cellulose. It showed that with the increase the addition of starbio in the process of ammoniation-fermentation increase ash content of palm fiber. Pitriyani (2006) reported that ammoniation withurea and the length of different storage on the pod soybean can increase the levels of ashes. which serves to liberate the bonds between lignin and cellulose and hemicellulose. 355 . and lignin contents of palm fiber.The Nutrients Quality of Fiber Palm Ash Content The analysis result shows that treatment ammoniation and ammoniationfermentation by the use of urea and starbio significantly different (P< 0. ADF. The chemical reaction that occurs (by undercuts liaison hydrogen) network expansion and increase flexibility to facilitate the penetration of cell wall (tunneling) by the enzyme cellulose produced by microorganisms (Van Soest 2006) CONCLUSION This research concludes that ammoniation of palm fiber with 2 % urea + 4 % starbio increased crude protein and ash contents. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Financial support of this research was provided by research incentive for national innovation system. and increased levels of NDF and cellulose of palm fiber. Ministry for Research and Technology (RISTEK). The content of the ashes of the highest treatment R3 of 7.75 %. The ammonia produced in the process of ammoniation caused a change the composition and structure of cell wall. NDF. 2009). Crude Fiber The result analysis shows that ammoniation treatment and ammoniationfermentation by the use of urea and starbio were not significantly different to NDF. and lignin contents were relatively stable. In addition. fiscal year 2012.12 %. It is caused by during the process ammonia-fermentation there are changes in organic matter (Haddadin et al.

Health Prod. [Skripsi].awardspace. Anonimous. 1983. Balai Penelitian Ternak Ciawi. 1-10 Nining. J. J. Wiryawan. E. 2006.J.M. 356 .K. economic value. Semarang Sandi. Faculty of Animal Science IPB.B. 2011. 1(1). Bandung. Gunawan dan Sundari. 2010. Rice straw the role of silica and treatment to improve quality. Y. 2006. Dwiyanto. and environmental ammonia levels. urea. [access September 2012)] Himawan. S. Official Method of Analysis of the Association of official Analytical Chemist. 130:167-171. 1994. Anim. Robertson. Optimization of high-fiber feed through the system release in improving the quality of bonding lignocellulosic agricultural waste as poultry feed. Diponegoro University. REFERENCES AOAC. 1980. J. Angkasa. D. Bogor Anonimous. 1214 March. Fardiaz. P.. Effect of the use of probiotics in chicken rations on productivity. Media Peternakan. A.G. http:// nutrisi.J. D. National Seminar on Livestock and Veterinary Technology. Diponegoro Univesity. Amoniasi. Proceeding of Workshop Standardization of Analytical Metodology for Feeds. 2006. 2011. Anim. Garcia-Lopez. 43:215-220. Making Rice Straw Ammoniation.pdf.html.. 1990. Pinos-runguet. Bogor.com/ttg/ ammoniationjermai. Use of Probiotics starbio (starter microbes) in broiler ration on productivity. CV Lembah Hijau Indonesia. http://teknopakan. J. De La Cruz-Lzora. dan Suharto. 2007. Feed Sci. Agrinak. 1 (1). Laconi. R.C.Ali et al. Trop. and K. 2009. Determination of fermentation of cocoa pods with Phanerochaeta chrysosporium: evaluation of nutritional chemical quality. J. 2010. Proximate components of soybean pods ammoniation with doses urea and different storage time. P. and minerals for feed supplements on growth performance of beef strers grazing. Ottawa: Canada.blogspot.. Bogor.123-130 Gomez-Vazquet. Winarno and S. Semarang Harfiah. Van Soest. Nutritional value of sugarcane silage enriched with corn grain. Influence the process by urea ammoniation differently to proximate components pod brown. Luna-Palomera. A. Biofermentation and protein biosynthesis. and Tech. [skripsi].H. Economical to feed starbio. 23-30 Van Soest. Association of Official Analysis Chemist. 2011. Washington. System analysis for evaluating fibrous feeds. 2012. Sudarman. and J. Zainuddin. [acces September 2012)] Pitriyani. and C. E. Nutritional quality of raw material of cassava silage.com/2011/11/amoniasi-perlakuandengan-alkali. Nelson and Suparjo.

in June 2012. Akan tetapi dalam pemanfaatannya dihadapkan pada beberapa masalah teknis.id) Abstract. Net Present Value positif dan Internal Rate of Return lebih besar dari tingkat bunga. In South Kalimantan.33 1 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF CITRUS FARMING ON SORJAN SYSTEM AT TIDAL SWAMPLAND Yanti Rina D. Lok Tabat Banjarbaru-Kalimantan Selatan (email: tuha_13@yahoo. 357 . Barito Kuala Regency. dan 18% per tahun diperoleh nilai B/C >1. Interest rates of 12. Keywords: Farming. 1992). lahan pasang surut INTRODUCTION Tidal swampland area in Indonesia is 20.1 million ha. 15%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem sorjan dengan pola padi + jeruk + sayuran di Desa Karang Buah adalah layak untuk dikembangkan karena dengan tingkat bunga 12%. Belawang Sub-District. faces several technical and socio . The research was conducted at Karang Buah village. The result showed that sorjan system with rice+citrus+vegetables pattern at Karang Buah Village was suitable to be developed. The main problems of sorjan system in this area were capital and diseases. Kebun Karet. The amount of sample was determined by purposive method. tidal swampland reaches 190. however. Masalah utama dalam usahatani jeruk sistem sorjan adalah modal dan hama penyakit Kata kunci: usahatani.1 million ha has been reclaimed (Nugroho et al.513 ha that has been planted (Agricultural Department. Makalah ini menyampaikan informasi kelayakan pola tanam padi + jeruk + sayuran pada sistem sorjan di lahan pasang surut. citrus. Farmer usually uses sorjan system to develop citrus cultivation at tidal swampland area.206 ha. Jl. and 18% per annum resulted in B/C value > 1. Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Karang Buah Kecamatan Belawang Kabupaten Barito Kuala pada bulan Juni 2012. 2009). positive Net Present and Internal Rate of Return values were greater than interest rate. Tidal swampland has a high potential for rice-base agricultural production. South Kalimantan Province. and Dedi Nursyamsi 1IAARD Researchers at Indonesian Wetland Research Institute (IWETRI). tidal swampland Abstrak. jeruk.economic constraints. 15. It is estimated that 9. Its utilization. Lahan pasang surut memiliki potensi yang cukup besar untuk peningkatan produksi pertanian berbasis padi.5 million ha area is potential for agriculture where approximately 4. Jumlah sampel ditentukan secara purposive.co. including 155. sosial dan ekonomis. This paper reported feasibility study of sorjan system for rice+citrus+vegetables pattern.

000 ha of citrus. Benefits of sorjan system according to Anwarhan (1986) are among others (1) crop diversification. and (7) the increase of farmers’ income . so it is necessary to make cost and benefit calculation in order to know the feasibility of investment. Development of citrus requires costly investment as citrus is long-term plant. According to Johnson (1970). Siam Banjar Citrus in terms of fruit flesh flavor and aroma is quite sweet which produced at several plantation locations and citrus peel contained black spots that need to be repaired. The research result of SWAMP II Project in 1993 showed that the system can be done with land forming sorjan system gradually in acid sulphate or shallow peat on overflow type B and C. each investment is expected to (a) rapidly generate profits. and Dedi Nursyamsi The agricultural development on tidal swampland is faced with land bio-physical constraints so its management should be done carefully and holistically with appropriate and correct implementation of technology. The increase in production of rice and citrus can be done through the proper cultivation technology. Therefore. the size of the harvested fruit should be uniform in accordance with the needs of consumers. (3) reduction of drought risk . The edible part of the fruit is more and the number of seeds tends to slightly less. since 2004 the Government of Barito Kuala District had programmed the development of citrus until 2009. This paper presents information on the financial feasibility of citrus farming on sorjan systems in tidal swampland and problems in citrus farming development. (2006) showed that consumers of Siam Banjar citrus fruit favored D class which contains 14 pieces/kg and tastes sweeter than A and B classes. (2) no soil acidification. This long-term investment will produce a little cash at the beginning of the implementation. and (c) the risk of marketing the product must be as little as possible. The research results by Supriyanto et al. Siam Banjar citrus was cultivated on raised bed system while rice was planted on sunken bed. (4) toxicity reduction due to inundation. Similarly.5 tons/ha and production of citrus is 111. The average rice production in the South Kalimantan is 3. According to Soekartawi et al. (5) minimizing failure risk . (6) more equitable widely used labor distribution. Despite the benefits of the sorjan system has been well known by farmers. (b) profusely endeavored profitability. Citrus is a plant that has long been cultivated by local farmers in the tidal swampland area since 1930s and is a prime commodity of South Kalimantan. But the citrus sold outside Kalimantan was generally A and B classes. 358 . 2010).Yanti Rina D. (1984) in conducting an assessment of the economic development program activities. The success keys in the utilization of tidal swampland for agriculture depend on land and soil management.4 kg/tree (BPS Tk I. development of the system in tidal land is still slow due to capital constraint to make the sorjan. it is necessary to know whether the investment plan is financially feasible. and targeted to reach 5.

Samples of farmers were purposively set as many as 40 households. citrus and vegetables and citrus farming problems. Net Present Value (NPV) n NPV = ∑ t =1 2. Benefit Cost Ratio (B/C) n BC= Bt ∑ (1 + i ) t =1 n t Ct ∑ (1 + i ) t =1 t Where: NPV’ = First Net Present Value NPV’’ = Second Net Present Value IRR = Internal Rate of Return B/C ratio= Ratio of benefits to costs Bt = Benefit on t-year Ct = Cost on t-year t = Year i’ = First bank interest i’’ = Second bank interest Criteria for decision-making if the system sorjan is feasible: (1) NPV > 0. land forming. 1976). as type B tidal swampland area. (2) IRR > discount level. The feasibility model was mathematically formulated as follows: 1. Data were collected through interviewing farmers using questionnaire that had been prepared. and (3) Gross B/C ratio > 1. 359 . Financial feasibility analysis is used to calculate the investment feasibility of sorjan farming systems using three performance indicators (Rianto 1984.Financial Analysis of Citrus Farming on Sorjan System RESEARCH METHOD Research was conducted with survey method in 2012. Data collection included planting area. rice farming. Barito Kuala District. Belawang Sub-district. Kadariah et al. Bt − Ct (1 + i )t Internal Rate of Return (IRR) NPV '   IRR = i '+ (i ' '−i ')  NPV '− NPV ' '  3. Location was purposively determined based on production center at Karang Buah Village.

and Dedi Nursyamsi RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Characteristic of Farmers The ability of farmers to participate in the application of technology related to their characteristics such as age. The level of education was dominated by elementary school to junior high school graduates. According to Raymon as quoted by Depari and Mac Addrew (1988) that there are different tendencies in a person receiving the information and how he searches for information. experience. Individual response speed affects perception of innovation. the family labor supply is insufficient. According to Azahri (1988) the longer the experience in farming will cause the easier to understand innovation and the higher participation in agricultural development program. level of education. The determining factor is education. The results showed that the average age of farmers was 49 years old. The low level of education of farmers is very influential on the absorption of innovation in agriculture. The farming experience of farmers in tidal swampland ranged from 16 to 23 years. while resource mastery including land ownership and availability of labor (Table 1). The experiences of farmers are very significant in determining the success of farming.49 ha. Therefore.43 years and it can be said quite long.18 years. The experience of farmers in farming the tidal swampland area was 18.Yanti Rina D. When compared with the available land area of 2. which is recommended by the field agricultural extension or delivered by other mass media. Older farmers with relatively low education showed a slower response to the new innovations (Abunawan et al. and it was categorized as productive age since productive age ranges from 15 to 55 years. which means that farmers have a good enough education to accept the introduction of technology. The average of farmers labor availability per household was 515.12 man days/year. and it was an asset for farming because of the conditions of tidal swampland were different from the region of origin (transmigrant). 1988). Formal and non-formal educations are means to improve knowledge and skills. 360 . farmers need the availability of sufficient agricultural machinery to cover the labor shortage. Average education level of farmers was 8.

Indonesian Swampland Agriculture Research Institute (ISARI) directly involved in the farmer development.0 to 3. i. 1.0 ha second field area to be used as farmland to support life.5 – 942.00 50. as seen today at the site. land preparation. Characteristics of farmers at Karang Buah Village.62 Farming System Karang BuahVillage is one of villages. water management system with one-way flow and dam overflow systems.60 1. In the beginning. Belawang Sub-district Barito Kuala District.25 ha of land that consisted of 0. 7.5 ton ha-1. In its development. Age (year) Formal education (year) Farming experiences (year) Occupation (%) -Main -Side The number of family members per head of family (people) Availability of labor (man days/household/year) Area of land ownership (ha). The sorjan area was planted with citrus. In 1984/1985 through project of SWAMP-II and APBN.18 18. Barito Kuala District.25 – 7.14 0. and other seasonal plants so that it looked like diversification of agricultural commodities. Tarantang now has been developing landscaping’s sorjan system and planting with variety of Siam Banjar citrus with variety of ages.Financial Analysis of Citrus Farming on Sorjan System Table 1.35 2.43 29 –70 6–8 16 – 23 100. Every family acquired 2.25 – 1. which is located at Belawang Sub-district. rice farming developed by farmers in the village was done in their yards and first field area to apply the cropping pattern once a year using a rice variety adaptive to acid sulphate field and longevity. nutrient management. ISARI introduced some technologies of tidal swampland management such as raised bed (sorjan) system.0 ha first field area.25 ha yard. coconut. To support the achievement of agricultural diversification in tidal wetlands. local rice with productivity level of 2. The settlement was occupied in 1983 with 106 heads of household that came from East Java.12 357. These efforts were quite successful in increasing land productivity and farmers’ income and welfare. and utilization of tolerant varieties. this area was part of the transmigration settlement unit (UPT)-Tarantang.00 3. Before becoming a village. and 1. 2012 Resource of Farmers 1 2 3 4 5 6. Yard Field area Average Range 49 8. landscaping sorjan system is very necessary. 361 .5 0.45 2–5 515. in the venture field I and II in the UPT area.e.

The types of fertilizer used by farmers were Urea. Harvest was conducted by using sickle and shedding or thresher. but some farmers conducted slashing with herbicide. The size of beds is 10 cm height. Siam Kuning. Siam Ganal. High yielding rice variety seedlings are planted on 21 days old and local variety seedlings on 60 days in field that ready to be planted. and Dedi Nursyamsi Rice Cultivation Technology The developed planting pattern was twice rice planting . The difference of cultivation technology between high yielding variety and local rice variety is only on its seedbed. Cleaning was conducted by using “Gumbaan”. SP-36. The major pests attacking rice plants were rats. Then the rice seed. Belawang Sub-district Barito Kuala District are presented in Table 2. Farmers used rodenticide and insecticide in accordance with attacks level magnitude. The high yielding-rice variety planting is only through one-time wet seedbed. Seedlings were transplanted after 21 days old. were uniformly broadcasted and fertilized with dosages of 6 kg Urea and 6 kg NPK per 400 m2. For some farmers. Margasari. the rice was dried. High yielding-rice varieties planted by farmers are Ciherang. and rice bugs.a year. and Ponska with various dosages. Land is left in wet and loose conditions till dried. Slashing was conducted manually by hands or using short machete. Citrus Cultivation Technology Citrus farming characteristics in Karang Buah Village. The first fertilizer application on high yielding rice variety was on planting day and the second one was at 15 . After shedding. and local rice varieties are Siam Unus.Yanti Rina D. whereas for local rice variety is 25 cm X 30 cm. which had been soaked for one night. For making rice seedbed. 110 cm width and length as needed. Planting space on high yielding rice is 20 cm X 20 cm or 25 cm X 25 cm. the land preparation was conducted using rotary tractor (called glebek). etc. soil is plowed. Transplanting is conducted on 1-2 weeks after planting. birds. Land preparation was conducted by spraying the land with herbicide or by slashing. while local rice variety is planted on dry seedbed (called: teradak and ampak). either high yielding variety–high yielding variety or high yielding variety-local rice variety. and Inpara.30 DAP (Days After Planting). once or twice per crop season. 362 . whereas fertilizer for local rice variety was given once depending on rice plant condition.

peliburan (maintenance of sorjan system conducted by farmer every year by spreading rice straw on raised bed and then covered with muddy soils taken from rice field or sunken bed). 1.65 ha sunken bed (local rice) and 0.42 ha of raised bed (195 trees). fruit thinning and pest eradication.25 ha of raised bed (133 trees). fertilizing. and left for a week. However. Usually farmers make gradual raised bed and then from the first to the fifth year. lime. Topsoil mixed with manure. and Sungai Tandipah Village was 55%: 45% with 0. The development of sorjan system took long time. Citrus farming charateristics at Karang Buah village. Form of seed planted is grafting (Table 2). Sungai Kambat. Farmers generally provide manure.27 ha of raised bed (156 trees). The dose of fertilizer increases with increasing age of the plant. 3. The production process begins with the preparation of land with 5 m spacing between plants and digging citrus planting hole one month before planted.35 ha raised bed (citrus). Fertilizer is applied in1-2 times per year by putting it surrounding the plant. 2005) in some tidal swamplands showed that the ratio of sunken beds and raised bed as in Simpang Arja Village was 60%: 40% with 0. meaning 0. 6.Financial Analysis of Citrus Farming on Sorjan System Table 2. Fertilization is applied after citrus crops harvest. 2012 No.31 ha of raised bed (113 trees). Citrus plant spacing and seed variety in Karang Buah Village were more uniform compared to other sites since there was an expansion program from related institutions. constructing supporting poles. and the occupational area was 65%: 35%. Plant cultivation on sorjan system was as follows: citrus on raised bed and rice on sunken bed. 5. Description Average Range Planting area (ha) Sunken bed : raised bed Seed type of citrus Plant spacing (m) Population (tree) Production (kg/tree) 1. Variations in plant ages on the research area of Sungai Tandipah. The whole size used by farmers varies. depending on soil type and soil layers beneath. 363 . Belawang Sub district. there were only 170 productive trees/ha. and then newly seeds were planted by digging back to a size slightly larger than the media polybag. urea. farmers gradually construct raised beds into raised bed. weeding is done 1-2 times per year depending on the thickness of the weeds. 2. The research results (Antarlina et al. Barito Kuala District. especially for farmers who did not have capital.5 80–20 4–6 96 – 650 20 – 70 Table 2 shows that the average area of land planted with citrus area were 1. Similarly.46 65 : 35 Grafting 5 267 37 0. and Gudang Hirang villages were due to rejuvenation. and Ponska with varying doses. The weeding is commonly used by using herbicides. Maintenance activities range from gradual raised bed widening. Sungai Kambat Village was 59%: 41% with 0.46 ha with 267 or 183 trees/ha. Gudang Hirang Village was 55%: 45% with 0. weeding. Widening gradual raised bed is conducted every year since the tree is two-year-old. then inserted into the holes. 4.75 – 3.

yards and so on. is different on tidal field type A and C.125 man-days per household/year or around 357.8 months after its flower bloom.Yanti Rina D. which is required for constructing sorjan.6 cm. fertilization in plants is conducted before fruiting twice a year which is applied at the beginning and the end of the rainy season. Constructing 1 ha of sorjan system at Karang Buah Village on overflow of type B field with sorjan area of 0.5 man-days.9 cm. approximately 6 fruits/kg Class B : diameter 6. Fruit thinning have been only conducted by some farmers because the income from thinning the Siam Banjar citrus was almost the same without thinning. approximately 8 fruits/kg Class C : diameter 5.7 cm. the family labor is still available.5 man days/household/year The labors number. Farmers generally work with hired labor as much as 75% or equivalent to 120. When compared with available labor. The first fertilization is applied before flowers appear. fertilizing is conducted three times a year. Pests and diseases that attack citrus are generally wet Diplodia and dry Diplodia .7 cm.Thinning activity on citrus tree with plenty fruit as 60% while maintaining Siam Banjar citrus with slightly fruit maintained at 33%. (1979). Siam citrus is grouped based on the standard as follow: Class A : citrus with diameter of 7. this is very depending on the width and height of rice bed of sorjan. Whereas on the plants that had been bear fruit. For farmers who have the capital. and Dedi Nursyamsi Organic fertilizers are needed to increase the humus content of the soil becomes moist around the roots.5 – 942. that someone is considered working full time based on the following criterias: (a) adult male age > 15 years = 35 hours/week and (b) young male < 15 years and female > 15 years = 20 hours/week. these diseases could cause plant death.The way of harvesting citrus by cutting the fruit stalk with prune shears approximetly 1-2 cm from its fruit. Based on that concept. Citrus harvesting is 6 . approximately 12-14 fruits/kg The Cost of Making Sorjan According to Leknas concept (1977) in Gunawan et al. Gathering time is conducted after the sun has shone around 9 am till afternoon. the second one during fruit ripening and the third one after the harvest.35 ha requires160. then farmer labor which available at Karang Buah Village Belawang Sub-district was about 515. However. approximately 10 fruits/kg Class D : diameter 5. Citrus blossoming is conducted every year by spreading rice straw on raised bed and then covered with muddy soils derived from rice field (sunken bed) on the side raised bed. 364 . farmers use family labor for other productive activities such as cultivate the sawit-dupa cropping pattern (rice-rice) in the business land I.7 man days.

maintenance and the state of the water system. etc.600.000/ha (0. This cost benefits analyses use an area of 1 hectare consisting of 0. To obtain the result of cost-benefit analysis.-/kg GKG (unhusky rice). At the age of 8 years old of citrus plants. If farmers plant citrus only on gradual raised bed for 200 pieces. Input includes means of production such as seeds.. Vegetable was planted by farmers on sorjan between citrus plants of 1-3 years of age because after 3 years old the citrus plant has started to grow high. tomatoes. Planted vegetables were. The analysis of citrus plant in the Karang Buah Village was only at the age of 8 years old. The production is the result of human effort to produce output using the existing input. 2006). The cost of making raised bed and gradual raised bed in the Karang Buah Village on type B tidal swampland is IDR 9.000/unit. the highest one was IDR 5. chili pepper. but it cultivated on a small scale. revenues.2 kg/tree and fruit size is smaller than citrus production from younger tree (Rina et al.-/kg GKG and the lowest one was IDR 4. The average rice price was IDR 4. expenses and income of the farming system sorjan are assessed beforehand (Table 3).35 ha) with a width of 2 meters sorjan size by 8 pieces along the field size of 120 m. While the average citrus price was 365 .000. Area of citrus is averagely 1. -/kg GKG. among others eggplant. vegetables and citrus are determined based on farmer’s price on selling time.7 ton ha-1. fertilizers.000.46 ha/household with a population of 267 trees. At 4 years old. then it requires cost as much as IDR 3.Financial Analysis of Citrus Farming on Sorjan System Likewise. while the first field cultivated with rice .rice. The selling price of rice. Rice production ranged 2-3 ton ha-1. namely 14. the cost of constructing sorjan is greatly affected by the type of land. the average citrus production was 1500 kg ha-1 (183 trees). Analysis of Rice + Citrus + Vegetable Farming Farmers was originally encouraged to plant citrus on the second field with rice + orange pattern.35 ha raised bed (sorjan) with a citrus population of 183 trees/ha.000. which has been harvested 83%. Citrus production was calculated from plant age 4-8 years old. Farmers usually make sorjan gradually and within 3 years it has become sorjan with width of 4 m. Production rate depends on plant age. population density. Revenue per hectare in year the tth (Rt) was calculated from the production per hectare in year t multiplied by the unit price of the product. These costs consist of wage of sorjan making IDR 5000/m2 and gradual raised bed making IDR 15.25 ton ha-1. pesticides and fixed costs such as equipment depreciation.. Average citrus production at the age of 25 years old as many as 170 fruits/tree equivalent to 24. local rice yield was 2. and at 15 years old the citrus production was assumed stable. this yield was still high because citrus plants were still young or <5 years old. then at 16 years old the citrus production begin to decrease. and at 8 years old was 9000 kg ha1 . property tax and religion tax or zakat of rice yield.500. beans.65 ha sunken bed (paddy field) and 0. the production. According to the results of research on tidal land showed that the highest citrus production was at the age of 10 years old.500.

-/kg and the lowest one was IDR 3.14 1. the highest one was IDR 4. and 18% on financial analysis of 1 hectare rice + vegetables + citrus fruit pattern at Karang village. positive NPV and IRR > interest rate.21 1.000. Obtained IRR value was greater than the interest rates used in this calculation.16 19.32 25.10 14.22 14. 2012 Investment criteria Df 12% Benefit Cost Analysis Df 15% Df 18% 1. The highest revenue of rice + orange + vegetable obtained at the age of 8 years old was IDR 38. Belawang Sub district. The results of financial analysis per hectare of the rice + citrus + vegetables pattern are presented in Table 3.72 10.963 34. B /C.25 1. In these circumstances the investment of constructing sorjan on planting pattern of rice + siam citrus + vegetables in Karang Buah Village was declared feasible because the value of B/C> 1. land tax and religion tax of paddy (zakat).-/kg.96 1.225 32.500/kg GKG.000.15 11. In this study.19 14.10 1. if the price used was 10 % lower than the current price of rice (IDR 4.97 1.367 39.27 19. because the planting pattern which conducted by farmers was rice + citrus + vegetables. The production cost is the sum of input materials costs.10%) and 18% (36. From the analysis using prices prevailing at the farmers’ level values obtained greater IRR was on the interest rate of 12% (37.587 37. 15%.78 Citrus price at IDR 4000/kg B/C NPV (IDR million) IRR(%) Citrus price at`IDR 3600 /kg B/C NPV (IDR million) IRR(%) Citrus price at IDR 4500/kg B/C NPV (IDR million) IRR(%) Cost benefit analysis carried out in Karang Buah Village with used average price of citrus IDR 4.992 36.371 38.and this value will grow higher in accordance with citrus age up to 15 years old. 366 .400. Even.07 1. From this circumstance rice + citrus + vegetables farming was financially worth effort. it obtained B/C> 1. Table 3. then the investment cost was only the cost of making sorjan and rice farming (zero citrus plant age). depreciation costs.864 38. and 18% (Table 3). positive NPV and IRR > the interest rate.401 36. NPV and IRR at interest rate (Df) of 12%.82 1. labor costs.273. In the calculations of fixed costs (such as depreciation of equipment and taxes) and variable costs (such as the cost of fertilizer and labors) is expense cost.Yanti Rina D.000/kg and rice IDR 4. 15%.500/kg GKG) and citrus (IDR 3..11 7. namely 12%.094 34. and Dedi Nursyamsi IDR 4./kg.600/kg). Barito Kuala District.500.07%).

and 18%.200. Paper pada acara Coaching PetugasPetugas Pengelola Usahatani Pasang Surut dan Lebak Banjarbaru. Peningkatan Pendapatan.38 ha). Noor. Antarlina. T. Agro Ekonomi. Anwarhan. H. Achmadi. M. Guludan (raised bed)was planted with citrus and vegetable meanwhile wet rice field (sunken bed) was planted with rice. For the analysis of 1 ha. The average age of farmers was 49 years old.S. 19. Laporan Hasil Penelitian Balittra. The main problems in citrus farming faced by farmers were disease and capital. Kalimantan Selatan (in Indonesia). rice+citrus. dan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat di Pedesaan Kalimantan Selatan.. according to farmers was easy because there are buyers from East Java who buy the oranges directly to farmers. 1986. Banjarbaru (in Indonesia). REFERENCE Abunawan. 2005. 5.43 year. Sorjan system with rice+citrus+vegetables pattern was financially feasible due to the interest rates of 12. Noor. Santoso. and rice–rice patterns.44 ha. it showed that 40% of farmers stated that Diplodia disease was a major problem. 1988. Y. dan Noorginayuwati.. Rina. it was obtained a B/C ratio > 1. Mengenal Masalah Pasang Surut dan Cara Penanggulangannya untuk Pengembangan Usahatani Pasang Surut. the farming experience was 18. S. Sudaryanto. the positive net present and the Internal rate of Return were greater than the interest rate. 2. Wet rice field was planted with rice+citrus+vegetables.00 (0. Puslit. 3. Farming system developed on yard field had been managed with paddy and citrus. Purwanto. Teknologi Peningkatan Produktivitas Lahan dan Kualitas Tanaman Jeruk di Lahan Rawa. CONCLUSION 1. 4. SUGGESTION The cultivation of citrus on tidal swampland requires substantial capital therefore it is suggested to government to provide a part or all of financial for making sorjan system. and landownership was 2. and 30% of farmers stated that capital was a major problem. S. Dj. 6. Dampak Program Pembangunan Terhadap Tenaga Kerja. The cost of manufacturing sorjan with the dimension of 4 m wide and 120 m long for 8 sorjans was Rp. I. Citrus marketing.Financial Analysis of Citrus Farming on Sorjan System Citrus farming problems Based on interview with farmers. Raihan. dan A. Citrus had been planted with sorjan system. 367 . 15. B. Bogor (in Indonesia).000.

2006.. Gadjah Mada University Press. Prosiding Ekspose Nasional Agribisnis Jeruk Siam. Ibrahim (Penyunting). Yayasan Badan Penerbit Gadjah Mada. Prabawati. Dasar-Dasar Pembelanjaan Perusahaan.S. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Antarlina. Belmont California. A. A. 1992. Jogyakarta (in Indonesia). Supriyanto. BPS Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan (in Indonesia). S. Kal Sel. and C. Bogor AMDCDepartemen Pertanian (in Indonesia) Biro Pusat Statistik Tingkat I. Wahdini. Dalam M. and Dedi Nursyamsi Azahri.. Sawit. dan S. Analisis Finansial Usahatani Jeruk Pada Sistem Sorjan di Lahan Pasang Surut. Pengantar Evaluasi Proyek (Jilid I). Petunjuk Teknis (in Indonesia). Pemerintah Provinsi Kalimantan barat dan Pemerintah Kabupaten Sambas (in Indonesia).M. Peta Areal Potensial untuk Pengembangan Pertanian Lahan Rawa Pasang Surut. BB Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pascapanen Pertanian. 368 . Laporan Tahunan Dinas Pertanian Tahun 2008. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hortikultura Badan litbang Pertanian (in Indonesia). Yogjakarta (in Indonesia). Soeharjo. M.Yanti Rina D. John L. Survei Agro Ekonomi bekerjasama dengan Biro Perencanaan Departemen Pertanian (in Indonesia). Kalimantan Selatan Dalam Angka. Preferensi Pasar Terhadap kelas Buah Jeruk Siam Banjar. dan Setiono. Alkasuma. Addrew (Eds. K. Winarno. 1979. Widjaya-Adhi. Laporan Proyek Studi Dinamika Pedesaan. Dwiastuti. Pemerintah Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Badan Litbang Pertanian (in Indonesia). Pusat Penelitian Tanah dan Agroklimat. Noorginayuwati. dan M. A. dan T. Dinas Pertanian Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura Prov. Pengelolaan Sistem Usahatani di Lahan Pasang Surut.G. Kerjasama BPTP Kalimantan Barat.W. Dillon. 1988. Abdurrahman. Liem Karina. (in Indonesia). Edward. A. Johnson. 2010. R.H. Penerbit Universitas Indonesia (UI Press) (in Indonesia). Dinas Pertanian Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura. Supriyanto. Rawa. Paidi. 2006. Gunawan. 1984. Lembaga Penerbit Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia.1976. M. Kadariah.). 1988. Wadworth Public Inc.. Jakarta. Capital Budgeting.R. M. 1970. B. Ilmu Usahatani dan Penelitian untuk Pengembangan Petani Kecil. Setyobudi (Penyunting). Depari. Yulianingsih. Brian Hardaker.E. dan I P. 1984. Nurmanaf. Suhardjo. 1993.M. Soekartawi. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Jeruk Tropika Indonesia. dan Clive Gray. W. 2009.. H. A. dan L. Y. Rianto. SWAMP II. J. Nugroho. Peranan Komunikasi Massa dalam Pembangunan. Proyek Penelitian Sumberdaya Lahan. dan Pantai. BanjarBaru (in Indonesia). Dalam Setiadjit. Penyediaan dan Kebutuhan Kerja di Sektor Pertanian. Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Adopsi Petani Padi. Winarno. Rina.

Martapura. plant growth. Phosphate fertilizer at a dosage 90 kg ha-1 P2O5 and potassium fertilizer at a dosage 100-125 kg ha-1 K2O which was combined with seed treatment using CaO 75% of seed weight before planting decreased iron toxicity up to 21% than application of 90 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 75 kg ha-1 K2O. Tentara Pelajar No.34 1 Izhar 1 TECHNOLOGY OF IRON TOXICITY CONTROL ON RICE AT ACID SULFATE SOILS OF TIDAL SWAMPLANDS Khairullah and 2Muhrizal Sarwani IAARD Researcher at Indonesian Wetland Research Institute. Amelioration with application of straw and purun tikus (Eleocharis dulcis) aerobically composted of organic matter with a dosage 5 t ha-1 of straw and 5 t ha-1 of purun tikus increased rice yields compared to controls. but efficient and effective control ways are still rare. which was higher than water management by continuously flooded (water in and out freely) and without delayed of planting time. Mendawak. This phenomenon occurs especially at actual acid sulfate soils that flooded by rain or high tide (Widjaja-Adhi et al. so that Fe2+ concentration increase to thousands mg L-1 in soil solution. Inpara-1. 1992). Bogor Abstract. Jl. soil pH and Fe concentration. amelioration. especially at acid sulfate soils of tidal swamplands. Lok Tabat Banjarbaru-South Kalimantan 2 IAARD Researcher at Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development. acid sulfate soils. iron toxicity. The results showed that iron toxicity could be controlled by using high yielding varieties that tolerant to iron toxicity such as Margasari. At acid sulfate soils of tidal swamplands with heavy stress levels or newly opened land were grown local varieties such as Siam Unus Putih and Lemo Kwatik. iron toxicity symptom. A study to control iron toxicity on rice at acid sulfate soils of tidal swamplands had been carried out covering aspects of varieties. Some ways of controlling iron toxicity on rice have been known. and Fe content in plant. water management. Lambur. tidal swamplands INTRODUCTION Acid sulfate soils is one type of land at tidal swamplands which has an area about 6. Keywords: Agricultural technology. In waterlogged conditions. or approximately 33% of total area of tidal swamplands (Nugroho et al. It produced about 3. Kebun Karet. Jl. rice. seed treatment. and time of planting. soil pH increase causes reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+. Intermittent water management (flooded and drained 1 week later) and delayed planting time between 14 days to 21 days after arrival of water controlled iron toxicity based on grain yield.61 million hectares.51 t ha-1 grain yield. 2000). and Inpara-2. 12 Cimanggu. fertilization. The soils problem of acid sulfate soils is a layer of pyrite (FeS2). Iron toxicity is one of the major problems in increasing rice production at acid sulfate soils of tidal swamplands. Each technology component had contributed to decrease of iron toxicity on rice at acid sulfate soils of tidal swamplands. 369 .

1981. 1989. Iron toxicity also reduces root oxidation power (Dobermann and Fairhurst 2000. 1973). The decrease due to iron toxicity among 30-100% depends on resistance of varieties (Virmani. poor root oxidizing power. nutrients stress and low pH (Benckiser et al. Sumatra. 2000).Khairullah dan Sarwani Concentration of 300-400 mg kg-1 Fe2+ can cause toxicity to rice plants (Ikehashi and Ponnamperuma 1978). namely by using of tolerant varieties to iron toxicity. Africa. reached 52% lower than healthy plants (Ismunadji et al. fertilization. Van Breemen and Moormann 1978). Benckiser et al. nutrient deficiency and nutrient imbalance (Tanaka and Tadano 1969. 1977). 2003. and water management. 2002). low bases (Ikehashi and Ponnamperuma 1978). Since the first reported (Ponnamperuma et al. Decreased in yield of rice grown in Fe toxicity wetland in Cihea. iron toxicity to be one of the main problems of rice production in several countries in Asia. intensity of Fe toxicity (Cai et al. amelioration. low soil pH (Ponnamperuma 1977b. and tidal swamplands in Sumatera. salinity. There are several factors in soil which could lead to iron toxicity such as high soil Fe concentration. In conditions of heavy Fe toxicity in Belawang in South Kalimantan. and South America (Van Breemen and Moormann 1978. Iron toxicity is a nutrients physiological disease on rice plant associated with an excess of dissolved Fe (Tanaka and Yoshida 1970). Excessive Fe uptake increased polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity resulting production of high-oxidized polyphenols that caused bronzing. De Datta et al. and plant physiological conditions (Ottow et al. fertilization and water management combined with time of planting. THE RESEARCH RESULTS The research results showed that iron toxicity at acid sulfate soils of tidal swamplands can be controlled in several ways. Yamauchi and Peng 1993). 1955). poor drainage. 370 . P deficiency. 1982). Growth and yield of rice at acid sulfate soils is strongly influenced by iron toxicity. Iron toxicity in Indonesia occurs at rice fields in West Java. Puslitbangtan 1991. West Java. Van Breemen and Moormann 1978). 1982. environmental conditions such as water condition in rice fields and location of region (Ponnamperuma 1977b. Yoshida. 1994). Ottow et al. Fairhurst et al. Kalimantan and Irian Jaya (Ismunadji et al. 1989). Yamauchi 1989). and application of organic matter that is not easily decomposed (Dobermann and Fairhurst 2000. and soil fertility status (Audebert and Sahrawat. amelioration. Kalimantan. 2007). Iron toxicity can be controlled by planting varieties which resistant or tolerant to Fe toxicity. 2005). Majerus et al. rice plant can only produce 160 kg ha-1 (Noorsyamsi and Sarwani 1989). This paper discusses how to control iron toxicity in rice at acid sulfate soils of tidal swampland based on the previous research results.

high yielding varieties Inpara-1 and Inpara-2 were capable to well adaptation at acid sulfate soils of tidal swamplands (Khairullah et al.80 (soil pH) and 869. At acid sulfate soil of recently opened can be grown local rice varieties. Soil pH and Fe concentration were 4.17 t ha-1 and higher than susceptible variety to iron toxicity IR-64 that its yield 1.8 15. while at Palingkau 3.1 Yield (t ha-1) 3.36 and 569.89bc Fe toxicity symptom 2-3 2-3 3 3 2-3 3 3 5-7 2-3 3-5 Palingkau Tiller number 15.69ab 3.8 14. 2004 dry season Genotypes GH47 GH137 GH173 GH460 Tox3118b-E-2-3-2 IR58511-4B-4 IR66233-234-2-1-2 B10277b-Mr-1-4-3 Margasari Mendawak Fe toxicity symptom 2-3 2-3 3 3 2-3 3-5 2-3 5-7 2-3 3-5 KP Belandean Tiller number 15.24a 2.8c 16. Similarly. South Kalimantan was able to provide yield 3.14bc 3.36c 2. although grain yield in Palingkau was lower than in Belandean.3ab 14.0 16. Widjaja-Adhi et al. 3 tolerant.2 16. Table 1.66 and Fe concentration 1064.83bc 3.01 3.0ab Yield (t ha-1) 3.45 t ha-1 (Khairullah et al.87 Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different (DMRT 5%) Fe toxicity score :1-2 very tolerant. 9 very susceptible Sources: * Khairullah et al. South Kalimantan and Palingkau village.8 15.12bc 2.91 3.7 14. (2006a).00 t ha-1 and 2.74 2.94 t ha-1 (Khairullah and Sutami 2005). The results at acid sulfate soils of tidal swamplands at Belandean Experimental Installation (South Kalimantan) and Palingkau village (Central Kalimantan) in 2004 dry season showed that varieties Margasari and Mendawak were able to grow and provide grain yield about 3.8 ppm Fe (Fe concentration).9 ppm in Belandean. growth and yield of rice in Belandean Experimental Installation.4bc 18.7 15.06bc 2.63 was able to provide yield 3.93 2.8bc 15. 5 moderate.89 t ha-1 (Belandean Experimental Installation) and 3. ** Khairullah and Imberan (2006) High yielding variety (HYV) of Lambur at acid sulfate soils with soil Fe concentration 866.0ab 16. Tolerant rice varieties to iron toxicity Tolerant varieties of rice to iron toxicity can be taken from tidal swampland specific HYV’s and local varieties of rice. Fe2+ concentration of 300400 ppm is very toxic to rice plants and resulting low plant nutrient availability (Ikehashi and Ponnamperuma 1978.0a 15.23bc 3.01 2.06 t ha-1 and 2. 2006b).29 2. Symptoms of iron toxicity. Central Kalimantan.14 3.00 2.7 14. 2000). respectively.4 ppm at Belandean Experimental Installation.3ab 16.19bc 3. Iron toxicity symptom.5ab 17.3 13. 2011).5 ppm and soil pH 3.6ab 15. 7 susceptible.87 t ha-1 (Palingkau). The soil pH and Fe concentration can cause toxicity to rice plant. and grain yield in both testes sites (Table 1) showed a similarity. Variety Martapura on soil pH conditions 4. Field observation of local rice varieties grown at the rice field did not show any symptoms of 371 .Technology of Iron Toxicity Control on Rice 1.11 2.

Ameliorant such as straw and purun tikus (Eleocharis dulcis) could be used to control iron toxicity. Purun tikus was the dominant in situ weed that grown at acid sulfate soils of tidal swamplands. Based on the results of Khairullah et al. Although the average grain yield per hill of variety Inpara-1 was the highest. Optimum dosage of purun tikus compost added to straw compost of 5 t ha-1 for Inpara-1. while seedling old of 3 weeks there were only 20 varieties that tolerant to iron toxicity (Khairullah et al. (2005) there was avoid or prevention mechanism of iron toxicity tolerance in local rice varieties.Khairullah dan Sarwani iron toxicity.0 t ha-1 (Khairullah et al. concentration of Fe-leaves and roots. Some local varieties showed a recovery effort to grow at an older age of plant. 372 . whereas at the seedling old of 2 weeks there were 29 tolerant varieties. respectively. and Lemo Kwatik and Lakatan Hirang relatively more tolerant than Pandak Arjuna. and IR-64 were 5. the field conditions may also have started down level of dissolved iron in soils so the seedlings protected from iron toxicity. Response of seedling old of local rice varieties was not consistent with iron toxicity. but the highest increasing percentage on grain yield was showed by IR-64. plant growth.14. 5.31 t ha-1. composted aerobically could control iron toxicity and increase rice growth and yield. 2. 2006). Local rice variety Siam Unus Putih relatively more tolerant than Lemo Kwatik and Lakatan Hirang. Amelioration Application of ameliorant at acid sulfate soils of tidal swamplands could control iron toxicity and increase growth and yield of rice. Bayar Palas. Iron toxicity tolerance levels of local varieties varied based on iron toxicity symptoms.44 me L-1 Fe soluble in water. and Raden Rata. there were 35 local rice varieties that tolerant to iron toxicity at seedling old of 1 week. iron toxicity symptoms tended to increase. Decreased of iron toxicity symptoms and increased of growth and yield of rice due to application of purun tikus compost on straw compost showed quadratic regression pattern.0 to 3. In addition. but the others were getting older varieties of plants.29. This means that IR-64 was more responsive to straw and purun tikus compost at acid sulfate soils of tidal swamplands. Inpara-2. This may be due to the old age of seedling (about 4 months) so that the seedlings performed large and strong when planted. and decreased relative plant growth. Its grain yield varied from 2. The addition of purun tikus compost up to 10 t ha-1 combined with straw compost of 5 t ha-1 decreased rice growth and yield (Table 2 and Figure 1). Screening to iron toxicity of 130 local varieties from tidal swamplands in South Kalimantan and South Sumatera showed different variations of Fe toxicity tolerant. and 5. On soil condition with 156 ppm Fe concentration and 0. 2005). Application of straw and purun tikus at dosage of 5 t ha-1.

Technology of Iron Toxicity Control on Rice

This was understandable because IR-64 is one of the HYV’s that also responsive to
fertilizer. Thus, application of straw and purun tikus compost could more increase grain
yield of IR-64, although its grain yield was still lower than Inpara-1 that resistant and
Inpara-2 that avoidant to iron toxicity.
Table 2. Growth and yield of three rice varieties on straw and purun tikus compost
treatments, greenhouse Balittra, Banjarbaru, 2010 wet season
Treatment
Organic matter
Control
Control fresh water
5 t ha-1 J + 0 t ha-1 PT
5 t ha-1 J + 2.5 t ha-1 PT
5 t ha-1 J + 5.0 t ha-1 PT
5 t ha-1 J + 10.0 t ha-1 PT
Varieties
Inpara-1
Inpara-2
IR-64

Tillers
number

13.4
14.8
17.0
19.0
20.4
17.4
18.1
17.4
15.6

e
d
c
b
a
c

x
x
y

Root dry
weight
(g)
2.22
3.11
3.82
4.61
5.22
3.99
4.33
4.07
3.08

Root
tolerance
index

e
d
c
b
a
c

x
x
y

0.18
0.23
0.30
0.40
0.46
0.33
0.35
0.33
0.27

e
d
c
b
a
c

x
x
y

Fe toxicity
symptom*

6.11
5.55
5.00
3.56
2.33
4.33
4.11
4.50
4.83

a
ab
bc
d
e
c

y
xy
x

Yield
(g/hill)

8.25
13.25
18.50
22.94
27.17
19.35
21.59
19.56
13.57

e
d
c
b
a
c

x
y
z

y tolerant, 3 tolerant, 5 moderate, 7 susceptible, 9 very susceptible

(Source: Khairullah et al. 2011)

Figure 1. Relationship between purun tikus compost and grain yield on three varieties of
rice, greenhouse Balittra, Banjarbaru, 2010 wet season
3.

Fertilization and seed treatment

P and K fertilization combined with seed treatment using lime could control iron
toxicity and improve growth and grain yield of rice at acid sulfate soils. Characteristics of
acid sulfate soils (Table 3) showed that soil with low pH and high Fe concentrations.
Combination of CaO 75% of seed weight, 90 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 100-125 kg ha-1 K2O
373

Khairullah dan Sarwani

treatments showed better response than other treatments. Soil pH increased, especially at
9 WAT, where P fertilizer was relatively increased soil pH higher than K fertilizer and
seed treatment (Figure 2). Increased seed treatment showed no decreased soil Fe. P
Fertilizer with dosage of 60 kg ha-1 P2O5 and K fertilizer with dosage of 100 kg K2O ha-1
showed the lowest soil dissolved Fe content compared to other dosages of P and K
(Khairullah et al. 2008).
At 3 WAT, dosage of CaO increased to 75% by seed weight and fertilizer P and
120 kg ha-1 P2O5 could reduce Fe in plant. Similarly, the increasing in K fertilizer and 75
kg ha-1 K2O will decrease Fe in plant. P fertilizer was more effective to decrease Fe in
plant than seed treatment and K fertilizer. Dosage of 120 kg ha-1 P2O5 showed the lowest
Fe in plant (0.257% Fe), followed by seed treatment of 75% CaO (0.282% Fe) and K
fertilizer at dosage of 75 kg ha-1 K2O (0.282% Fe) (Khairullah et al. 2008).
Table 3. Characteristics of acid sulfate soil of tidal swampland in Belandean Barito
Kuala District, 2007 dry season
Soil Characteristics
pH (H2O)
C-organic (%)
N-total (%)
KTK (me/100gr)
Ca-dd (me/100gr)
Mg-dd (me/100gr)
K-dd (me/100gr)
P-Bray I (mg kg-1)
Fe (mg kg-1)
SO4 (mg kg-1)

Value

Criteria

4.11
6.78
0.392
37.0
4.45
1.62
0.34
18.81
1248.9
321.4

very acid
moderate
moderate
high
low
moderate
moderate
moderate
very high
-

Growth and grain yield of rice variety Batanghari (susceptible to Fe toxicity)
showed increased as seed treatment and fertilizer of P and K increased. Treatment 75-90125 indicated that more number of tillers but no significantly different from 75-90-100
treatment, that enhancement of dosage K fertilizer 50 kg ha-1 to 125 kg ha-1 was not
efficient to increase tillers number of rice.
Increasing P and K fertilizer dosages up to 150 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 125 kg ha-1 K2O
showed vigor growth and phenotypic acceptability of plant were better, but for seed
treatment the most effective dosage was 75% of seed weight. Increased fertilizer dosage K
up to 125 kg ha-1 was also able to decrease iron toxicity symptom, while P fertilizer
dosage of 100 kg ha-1 has shown its efficiency in decreasing its symptoms. For seed
treatment, dosage up to 75% of seed weight was also effective in decreasing symptoms of
iron toxicity.
The highest grain yield showed by treatment of 75-90-125 (3.65 t ha-1) was not
significantly different from all other dosages of K fertilizer from 25-100 kg ha-1 at dosage
374

Technology of Iron Toxicity Control on Rice

75% of seed treatment and P fertilizer 90 kg ha-1. Increased dosage fertilizer P up to 150
kg ha-1 showed grain yield was not significantly different from treatment of K fertilizer.
Combination of seed treatment 75% and 90 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 100 kg ha-1 K2O were
efficient and effective combination for all characters of grain yield.
Table 4. Scoring, growth, and yield of Batanghari rice variety at acid sulfate soil of tidal
swampland, Belandean, 2007 dry season
Treatment
%CaO-P-K
kgha-1

Vigor
(score)

Fe toxicity
symptom
(score)

Phenotypic
acceptability
(score)

Tillers number

25-90-75
50-90-75
75-90-75
100-90-75
125-90-75
75-30-75
75-60-75
75-120-75
75-150-75
75-90-25
75-90-50
75-90-100
75-90-125
0-90-75
0-0-0

3-5
3-5
3
3
3-5
3-5
3-5
3
1-3
3-5
3-5
3
1-3
3-5
5

3-5
3-5
3
3
3
3-5
3-5
1-3
3
3-5
3-5
3
1-3
3-5
5-6

3-5
3-5
3
3
3
3-5
3-5
3
1-3
3-5
3-5
3
1-3
3-5
3-5

19.7 bcd
21.0 cde
21.1 cde
20.5 cde
18.7 abc
20.1 b-e
20.4 cde
21.0 cde
20.9cde
19.0 abc
21.8 def
22.6 ef
23.8 f
17.8 ab
16.6 a

Yield
(tha-1)
3.10 abc
3.24 bcd
3.32 b-e
3.18 bc
3.06 ab
3.20 bc
3.24 bcd
3.40 b-e
3.47 cde
3.26 b-e
3.29 b-e
3.63 de
3.65 e
3.01 ab
2.76 a

Source: Susilawati and Khairullah 2011
Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different (DMRT 5%)
Vigor score: 1. Strong vigor, 3. vigorous, 5. normal
Fe toxicity score :1-2 very tolerant, 3 tolerant, 5 moderate, 7 susceptible, 9 very susceptible
Phenotypic aaceptability score: 1. excellent, 3. good, 5. normal

Water managemant and planting time

Water management is one of the main keys to success in increasing rice production
at acid sulfate soils of tidal swamplands. The dynamics of natural tide in the soil cause
soil in reductive and oxidative conditions. This is important in controlling iron toxicity,
especially to decrease ferro in reductive conditions. Nonetheless, the reductive and
oxidative condition needs to be managed so that rice did not have deficit water, especially
during dry season.
Water management treatment (continuous, intermittent, and flushing) combined
with planting time (0, 7, 14, 21 days after water management application) at acid sulfate
soils at Belandean Experimental Installation in dry season showed in Table 5. The soil
characteristic was low pH and high soil Fe concentration. Such soils conditions could
cause great potential to iron toxicity in rice plants.

375

Khairullah dan Sarwani

Intermittent water management showed its dominance in increasing soil pH at
planting time 0, 7, and 14 days after application of water management. Planting time of 14
days showed that soil pH was low. Intermittent water management and time of planting 14
days and 21 days after application of water management showed the lowest soil Fe
concentration. This means that delay planting 14 days to 21 days after initial flooding at
tidal swamplands was a safe time to rice varieties. Similarly, intermittent water
management (flooding and drying with interval a week) will be able to suppress solubility
of soil Fe making it safe for growth of HYVs, especially those sensitive varieties to iron
toxicity.
Table 5. Characteristics of acid sulfate soils of tidal swampland in Belandean (Barito
Kuala District), 2006 dry season
Karakteristik
pH (H2O)
C-organik (%)
N-total (%)
KTK (me/100gr)
Ca (me/100gr)
Mg (me/100gr)
K (me/100gr)
P-Bray (ppm P)
Fe (ppm)
SO4 (ppm)

Nilai
4.36
14.22
0.59
52.0
5.17
1.38
0.29
11.94
1678.3
330.0

Kriteria
acid
very high
moderate
moderate
high
high
very high
very low
very high
-

Source: Khairullah et al. (2011).

The most of tillers number was obtained from intermittent water management
(flooded-dried) and time of planting 14 and 21 days after application of water
management. Tiller number was a main variable that was directly related to grain yield.
Intermittent water management combined with delayed planting 14-21 days after flooding
was an effective treatment in increasing number of tillers (Table 6). Treatment of
intermittent water management and time of planting 14 and 21 days after application of
water showed score of vigor, iron toxicity symptoms, and phenotypic acceptability were
small. This treatment was able to improve vigor of plants, control iron toxicity, and show
better plant performance (Table 6).
The most number of grain and filled grain, longest panicle and weights grain weigh
were shown by intermittent water management (flooded and drained). Number of grains
and filled grains was observed, as much as 168.7 grains and 140.2 grains, panicle length
was 25.3 cm and 1000 grain weight was 25.4 grams. Although not significantly different
from time of planting, but planting time 14 and 21 days showed a tendency to increase
number of grains, filled grains, panicle length and grain weight (Table 7).

376

Technology of Iron Toxicity Control on Rice

Soil Fe (9 wat)

Soil pH (9 wat)
continuous

flushing

continuous

intermitten

flushing

intermitten

ppm Fe
40

4,5
pH

3,5

3
1

Planting time

Plant Fe (9wat)
continuous
% Fe

flushing

intermitten

0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
1

Planting time

(Source : Khairullah et al. 2011)

Figure 2. Soil pH and Fe, and Fe in plant at water management and planting time (0, 7,
14, and 21 days after water management application)
Water management of flooded and dried interval a week (intermittent) showed the
highest grain yield around 3.51 t ha-1. The continuously flooded treatment (continuous)
and water freely in and out (flushing) showed no difference in grain yield, about 3.09 51 t
ha-1 and 3.10 51 t ha-1, respectively. The planting time treatment of 14 days and 21 days
after application of water management showed a higher yield, while early planting time (0
day) and 7 days after the application did not show significantly different. The highest
grain yield at planting time of 14 days followed by 21 days after water management
application were 3.37 t ha-1 and 3, 28 t ha-1, respectively. While for planting time 0 day
and 7 days after water management application only gave yield 3.15 t ha-1 and 3.14 t ha-1.
Thus, to obtain high yield at acid sulfate soil of tidal swampland needed water
management that flooded and dried interval a week (intermittent) along with a delay time
of planting 14 days to 21 days after flooding.

377

Khairullah dan Sarwani

Table 6. Scoring, growth, and yield of Batanghari rice variety at acid sulfate soil of tidal
swampland, Belandean, 2007 dry season
Treatment
Water management:
Flooding
Intermittent
Flushing
Time of planting:
0 day
7 days
14 days
21 days
after application
water management

Vigor
(score)

Fe toxicity
symptom (score)

Phenotypic
acceptability (score)

Tillers
number

3-5
1-3
3-5

3-5
3
3-6

3-5
1-3
1-3

11.4 a
15.4 b
12.3 ab

3
3-5
1-3
3

3-4
4-6
3
3

3-5
3-5
1-3
1-3

11.7 a
12.2 a
13.9 b
14.2 b

Source : Khairullah et al. (2011)
Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different (DMRT 5%)
Vigor score: 1. Strong vigor, 3. vigorous, 5. normal
Fe toxicity score :1-2 very tolerant, 3 tolerant, 5 moderate, 7 susceptible, 9 very susceptible
Phenotypic acceptability score : 1. excellent, 3. good, 5. normal

Table 7. Yield and its components of rice variety Batanghari at acid sulfate soil of tidal
swampland, Belandean, 2007 dry season
Treatment
Water management:
Flooding
Intermittent
Flushing
Time of planting :
0 day
7 days
14 days
21 days
after application
water management

Grain
number

Filled grain
number

Panicle length
(cm)

1,000 grain
wieght (g)

Yield
(t ha-1)

131.2 a
168.7 b
128.8 a

106.2 a
140.2 b
105.9 a

21.6 a
25.3 b
21.1 a

23.5 a
25.4 b
23.7 a

3.09 a
3.51 b
3.10 a

134.3
136.3
146.5
154.5

111.8
117.8
121.3
118.9

22.3
22.8
22.5
23.0

24.2
24.4
23.6
23.0

3.15 a
3.14 a
3.37 b
3.28 ab

Source : Khairullah et al. (2011)
Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different (DMRT 5%)

CONCLUSION
From a series of studies in controlling iron toxicity on rice conducted at acid sulfate soils
of tidal swamplands, it can be concluded as follows:
1. Rice varieties of Margasari, Martapura, Lambur, Mendawak, Inpara-1, and Inpara-2
grew well at acid sulfate soils of tidal swampland that potential to iron toxicity. Acid
sulfate soils with levels of severe stress or newly opened lands were planted with local
rice varieties such as Siam Unus Putih and Lemo Kwatik.

378

Technology of Iron Toxicity Control on Rice

2. Amelioration by application of 5 t ha-1 straw compost and 5 t ha-1 purun tikus compost
increased rice yields about twice compared to control.
3. Application of P and K fertilizers with dosages of 90 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 100-125 kg ha-1
K2O in combination with soaking seeds using CaO 75% of seed weight before planting
controlled Fe toxicity up to 21% compared to application of 90 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 75 kg
ha-1 K2O.
4. Intermittent water management (a week flooded and drained intervals) and delay
planting time until 14 to 21 days after flooding controlled iron toxicity based on grain
yield, plant growth, iron toxicity symptoms, soil pH, soil Fe, and Fe in plant. It
produced about 3.51 t ha-1 grain yield, which was higher than continuous or flooded
(in and out freely) water managements and without delay planting time.

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Keywords: Conservation. and 2. lacak. and Dewi Fitriyanti Plant Pest and Disease Department.232. Rice farmers in back swampland usually use a cropping/planting system based on the water tidal.119 for taradak.737. Local wisdom in rice plant cropping hasn’t yet been learnt before. The research was begun with a field survey of the major pest intensity of rice plant in back swampland. Telp & Fax. Generally. Collection of natural enemies was done three times on each research location i. respectively. 0511-4777392 *Corresponding Author (e-mail: helda_hptunlam@yahoo. 1. respectively. indigenous cropping system. either from indigenous or conventional cropping systems. This condition may have produced the good plant growth 383 . with values of 1.552. and planting in the field. Yani.573. it could be concluded that the indigenous cropping system had the potency to conserve the natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) that rolled as control agents. so that a special care is needed to solve it.559. natural enemies. Similarly for species richness values of parasitoid on the indigenous cropping system were 2. and planting time. lacak.569. 2. respectively compared with the conventional as 0.5%. especially in the implementation of Integrated Pest Management program in rice field. However. Biological control is then considered to be the best solution. including the management of pest attacking rice plant. Lambung Mangkurat University. such as a site-specific solution. known as three planting time system. Various technological invasion in rice cropping and pest control such as the use of high yielding varieties that require high inputs of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides was known harmful to the environment and our next generation. back swampland INTRODUCTION The swampland is an agro ecosystem which is very typical and unstable. Species richness of predators on indigenous cropping system tended to be higher. There are always problems that are faced in managing this land. The objective of this research was to study potency of indigenous rice cropping system in conserving natural enemies of pests (predators and parasitoids) in back swampland of South Kalimantan.674. and 2. at the time of taradak. Result showed that the major pest of rice plant on back swampland was brown plant hopper with attack intensity of 42. A.736. SOUTH KALIMANTAN Orbani Rosa.069.com) Abstract. Kotak Pos 1028. and 3. respectively. compared with the conventional one of 1. Mariana.597. 1. the application of this technology must be integrated with the swamp land agro ecosystem as stated in the principles of IPM. and 3. Banjarbaru.35 1 Helda THE POTENCY OF INDIGENOUS RICE CROPPING SYSTEM IN CONSERVING THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF PEST (PREDATORS AND PARASITOIDS) IN BACK SWAMPLAND. Jl. Jend.e. Agriculture Faculty. 2.275.

The condition of high organic matter content is an alternative feed source for neutral insect populations that can be used as a preyfor predators. 384 . They've been on the field since very early planting and preyed pest just before the population increased to the destructive level. Based on the facts and analysis. and also will empower the natural enemies. The identification of its natural enemies was done in Biological Control Laboratory of Plant Pest and Diseases Department. the rolled-weeds can also serve as shelter or hiding place for predators. Lycosa likes moving and colonizing the wet rice field or the newly-prepared dry rice field. 2010). Tabalang Regency. the formula proposed by Townsend and Heuberger (1943) was used (in Adria. South Kalimantan. soil tillage for weed sanitation will produce green manure. so as to achieve a balance between pests and their natural enemies. it was necessary to investigate the potency of the indigenous rice cropping system in conserving the natural enemies of pest (predators and parasitoids) in back swampland of South Kalimantan. In addition. so that the pest management can be naturally occurred. Lambung Mangkurat University. Main Pest Survey The survey of the main pest was done in rice field using indigenous and conventional cropping systems.Rosa et al. such as spider nymphs and adults of spider cannibalism which is common in populations of Lycosa. Faculty of Agriculture. The intensity of the pest was calculated by taking the sampling plant in each field diagonally as many as ten clumps. MATERIAL AND METHODS Time and Place The main pest field survey and the collection of the natural enemies took place in back swampland area of Banua Rantau village. This condition may affect the existence of the local insects. The intensity calculations was based on Abbot’s formula (in Hamed et al. Likewise. Banua Lawas subdistrict. Pest intensity was counted by taking each of sampling plant on each field. 2012). This research had been done since April to September 2012. either from pest group or their natural enemies like predators or parasitoids. For non-systemic attacking plant pest. These natural enemies as natural control agents must be optimized among others by the conservation of these natural enemies in order to maintain these populations so that they could be sustainably used.

For the conventional rice cropping system. and when the rice was grown in the field. insect species and parasitoid. traps. The observations on diversity and abundance of predator and parasitoid species were done every two weeks. Identification was done to level of family referred to Borror et al. It was done at high place of land. It began with teradak (nursery). The rolled weeds were left to rot and then chopped (sliced small) and applied in the field. 1978 in Soegianto(1994). a descriptive method was used to directly observe the research objects. and yellow light trap. Weeds were cut using a type of sickle trowel (tajak) applied in water.5% (medium category). Ludwig and Reynolds. nursery (teradak).e. While waiting for rice to become a bit high and strong (vigor). field planted with indigenous cropping system and conventional system. 1988). Rice variety used in the conventional system was Ciherang and for the indigenous was Siam Unus variety which was commonly planted by local farmers.e. The caught-insects were then kept in collection bottles filled with 70% alcohol for further identification at laboratory. The indigenous rice cropping was done based on customs of the local farmers that was three shifting seedlings. lacak. soil tillage was prepared. The collection of insect natural enemies was using nets. except for tillage using herbicides. beginning from nursery (teradak) until generative phase (16 weeks after planting). Results and Discussion The result of survey showed that the main pest found in back swampland was brown plant hopper with the attack intensity as much as 42. (1992) and then counted. Data obtained from the observation were then analyzed by using formula of Species Richness (R) proposed by Margalef (Ludwig and Reynolds. 385 . The cut-weeds were then rolled and brought up to embankment.The Potency of Indigenous Rice Cropping System Planting Preparation This research was performed in back swampland using two rice cropping systems i. Observation In this research. 1988) and Dominance Index (C) by Simpson (Southwood. lacak. After that the lacak seedlings were ready for planting. and planting in the field were the same as the indigenous cropping systems. Seeds were then transferred to low part of the place (lacak). Collection and Identification of Predators and Parasitoids Collection of the natural enemies was conducted in three stages of each rice cropping system: at the time of taradak. Both lands were separated by 500 m distance. i.

Rosa et al. the natural enemies identified during the study were as many as 17 kinds of predators belonging to Formicidae.219 0. These higher values were probably caused by the tillage method that was using a trowel to remove weeds at the time water flooded and produced weeds that could be used as green manure. whereas for the parasitoid the values are shown in Table 2.709 0.124 Species Richness Index of predators/parasitoids is an indicator of the wide variety of predators/parasitoids in an ecosystem.569 2. Species Richness and Dominance Indices of Predators in the Indigenous and conventional cropping system Transplanting stages Taradak Lacak Planting Species richness(R) Conventional Indigenous 1. Species Richness (R) and Dominance (C) Indices of Predator and Parasitoid The values of Species Richness (R) and Dominance (C) Indices of predators in each planting time and cropping system are shown in Table 1. Pipunculidae. Cucujidae.125 0. Eulopidae. In addition.119 Dominance index (C) conventional Indigenous 0.552 2. This index values in the indigenous cropping system were higher than those in all phases of conventional planting. and Lygaeidae families. Platygastroidea. and Tettigoniidae families.275 3. Microphysidae.573 1. Oxyopidae. Vespidae. Bethylidae.597 Dominance index (C) conventional Indigenous 0.171 Table 2. Ichneumonidae. Data analysis can be seen at Table 1 and 2. Miridae.232 1.222 0. The condition of high organic matter content was analternative feed source for neutral insect populations that could be used as a prey for predators.737 2. Pteromalidae.069 3.254 0.184 0.674 2.469 0.185 0. Thomisidae.278 0.300 0. the rolled-weeds could also serve as shelter or hiding place for predators from their enemies or even cannibalism 386 . Staphylinidae. Table 1.559 1.736 2. Araneidae. Species Richness and Dominance Indices of Parasitoids in the Indigenous and conventional cropping system Transplanting stages Taradak Lacak Tanam Species richness(R) conventional Indigenous 0. Whereas. Coccinellidae. Lycosidae. Tetragnathidae. The diversity of predators and parasitoids in rice produced values of species richness (R) and dominance (C) indices that also varied among each stage of planting and cropping systems. Coenagrionidae. and 13 kinds of parasitoids belonging to Chalcidoidea. Gryllidae. Diapriidaae.

387 . rice brown plant hopper. namely Goniozusnr. According to Odum (1983) in Son (2012). Pipunculus javanensis.triangulifer (in taradak stage).. It showed that there was one dominant species. The dominance index of parasitoid in the indigenous cropping system ranged from 0. were important and also had the potential in managing pest in rice ecosystems. Whereas. The dominance index of predator/parasitoid describes the type of predator/ parasitoid that prevailed in a community of each habitat. each planting stage took a longer time compared with the conventional. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to thank to Directorate General of Higher Education. The criteria of the dominance value of indigenous system were included to low category. Beside that in the indigenous cropping system.171 to 0. so that the presence of the predators and parasitoids was able to suppress the attack of pests. it could be concluded that the presence of both natural enemies.75. because the values were below 0. it was because it was on the range 0.The Potency of Indigenous Rice Cropping System of their own kinds. in conventional. This suggested that each species in it had nearly the same amount. Goniozus nr. among others were Cyrtorhinus lividipennis. allowing their natural enemies associated significantly longer in rice ecosystems. Most of the predators and parasitoids found in rice field were predators and parasitoids of rice pests (including brown plant hoppers). triangulifer. whereas for the conventional it was included to medium category.709 (Table 2). the criteria of the dominance values in both cropping systems were included to low category.125 to 0.124–0. CONCLUSSION Generally.50. including the main pest. herbicide was generally used in soil tillage practices. This index in the indigenous cropping systems ranged from 0.222 and in the conventional it ranged from 0.469 and in the conventional cropping it ranged from 0. The values of species richness and dominance indices showed that the indigenous cropping system was capable of conserving the natural enemies in rice ecosystems in the back swampland. although still in the medium rate. Micraspis sp. either predators or parasitoids.254 (Table 1). Ministry of National Education. Agriocnemis femina.5.278-0. Republic of Indonesia for funding this research via Fundamental grant research program so that all activities in this research were well-accomplished.

Norman. Sci. El Sawaf.. Statistical Ecology. J. New York. Donald. dan F.A. Putra. 1994. http://www.W. Acad. 2010.M. A. Pengenalan Pelajaran Serangga. 1988. J.com/doc/88357110/20/Indeks-DominansiC. Struktur komunitas Echinodermata di Padang Lamun Pantai Krapyak. 2012.A. REFERENCES Adria. Ahmed. 2012. S. Populasi dan Intensitas Serangan Hama Attacus atlas (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) dan Aspidomorpha miliaris (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) pada Tanaman Ylang-Ylang. and Reynold. John Wiley and Sons.O. Ludwig. Charles.Rosa et al. Efficacy of Certain Plant Oils as Grain Protectants Against the Rice Weevil. 1992. 5(2):49-53. Biolog.M. Abotaleb.. Borror.B. Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on wheat. Honson. A. Surabaya – Indonesia. Triplehorn. Jawa Barat. Penerbit Usaha Nasional. K. A. Egypt.xdocs. 388 . Ekologi Kuantitatif. R. Metode Analisis Populasi dan Komunitas. Hamed.S. Ciamis. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta. J. Soegianto. Jurnal LITTRI 16(2):77-82. Edisi keenam.K. and B.

acclimatization INTRODUCTION Giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) are a freshwater shrimp that has a fairly high economic value and potential for propagation. osmotic level. 50 mg.Republic of Indonesia.com 3 Research Center for Sub-optimal Lands (PUS-PLSO). survival rate. 75 mg. Palembang-South Sumatra.l-1 sodium in swamp water. giant freshwater prawns post larvae. Email: ferdinand_unsri@yahoo. Email: [email protected] (C).2. Email: brppu_brkp@yahoo. Beringin 308.l-1. and 1. The results indicated that the survival rate of giant freshwater prawns post larvae did not significantly different among the treatments (84-91. adm_bppu@yahoo. Jl. that 84.Sriwijaya University.l-1 (D). and water quality.id. The addition of sodium treatments were 0 mg. 1. Keywords: Sodium.id *Corresponding author: Telp.co.3*Ferdinand Amiro Hitosi 1Aquaculture VULNERABILITY THE QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF GIANT FRESHWATER PRAWNS POSTLARVAE (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) IN SWAMP MEDIA WITH SODIUM ADDITION DURING THE ACCLIMATIZATION Hukama Taqwa.l-1 (A). e-mail : perikanan_unsri@yahoo. Experiment parameters included survival rate.co. This research used Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatments and 3 replications. it was required to add 75 mg. This is due to the characteristics of the waters in the South Sumatra match the 389 .h-1.id 2Research Institute of Inland Fisheries (BP3U)-Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries. swamp water. Palembang-South Sumatra. oxygen consumption. Jl.K.co.3 Yuri Program Study.g-1. whereas to improve osmoregulation (level of osmotic work) and metabolism mechanism (oxygen consumption).68 mOsm. oxygen consumption rate. and 100 mg l-1 (E) by using swamp water as diluent.l H2O-1. (2001).65% of the waters in the South Sumatera has the potential to clear land for cultivation. According Hadie et al. Agriculture Faculty-Sriwijaya University.3 A.l-1 (B). Ogan Ilir. Mariana. Gaffar.7%). +6281367088484.id Abstract.36 1. Jl.Raya PalembangPrabumulih KM 32.co. Bukit Besar Palembang-South Sumatra. The osmotic level was significantly different with treatment D and produced lower osmotic work level of post larvae with a value of 185. 25 mg. Padang Selasa No.3 Ade Dwi Sasanti. Oxygen consumption rates were also the best on treatment D that showed 1. Indralaya. Water quality during acclimatization was still in appropriate range to survival rate of giant freshwater prawns post larvae. The purpose of this study was to improve the quality of giant freshwater prawns post larvae with the addition of sodium during the acclimatization medium from 12 until 0 g. 524. These results showed that the addition or without sodium did not significantly affect the survival rate of giant freshwater prawns post larvae.378 mg O2. level of osmotic work.

while the other 390 . next the 2nd day decreased salinity of 8 g l-1and 6 g l-1salinity reduction done on 3rd. Decreased salinity are from 12. This is due to the larval stage is critical stadium affected by water quality. Next on the salinity of 1 g l-1 done water changes as much as 25% of the total volume.l-1 salinity water as much as 4 liters. The acclimatization of giant freshwater post larvae used 15 pieces aquarium of 40 x 40 x 40 cm3. The aquariums were placed randomly according to treatment.l-1 by adding swamp water that has been mixed with sodium (NaCO3) done gradually by arrangement through the faucet drip.5 g l-1 change of water for 24 hours by 50% and gained 0 g l-1. Decreased salinity of 1. Stocking densities prawns are 200 individuals per aquarium at 12 g. The research results by Charryani (2007) stated that when the salinity reduction made at the prawn larvae 29 to 49 days of age. Then turn the water followed by 25% and 50% of the total volume to obtain salinity of 0 g l-1periodically 24 hours. 8. Increased vitality prawns could measure from oxygen consumption rate and the level of osmotic work. 6. natural habitat of giant freshwater prawns.12. Each aquarium was aerated for 24 hours by using aerators to make the dissolved oxygen content was ideal for larvae (5-7 mg l-1). 4.Hukama et al. Decrease in salinity of 12 to 0 g. 10 . it is necessary to advance acclimatization to minimize mortality rate and increase survival rate.5 and 1 g l-1. Decreased salinity dilution method for 10 days gradually.l-1 salinity and fed with Artemiasalina naupli. Decreased in salinity to 0. Therefore. salinity of 12 to 0 g. At the turn of the 10th day of water that was done gradually 12 liters for 24 hours and salinity gained 0.5 g l-1 performed on 9th day. The parameters of survival rate and osmotic level were analyzed using One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple comparison of the means by using SAS 6. The addition of sodium is expected to increase the survival rate of prawns at post larvae phase. 1. MATERIALS AND METHOD Giant freshwater prawn larvae used was 30 days old (stadium 11th) at 12 g. One of water quality affecting the survival and growth of prawn is changes in salinity at the migration time. Sodium is used in the form NaCO3.67%. The 1st day decreases to 10 g l-1 salinity. Faculty of Agriculture. The main problems in aquaculture are the low rate of survival and growth in the larval stage.5 g l-1 on 7th day and 1 g l-1on 8th day.3. Giant freshwater prawns post larvae had used passed initial preservation in the laboratory. Acclimatization was obtained by the addition of sodium during the salinity reduction.l-1 resulted in best survival value of 20.The 4th day decreased salinity 4 g l-1. Water swamps sodium was treated as medium salinity diluent into the swamp water from the swamp water flood in the area of the hatchery of Aquaculture Program Study. 2. further after reaching 3 g l-1on 5th day done drop back to 2 g l-1salinity on 6th day.

The activity rate regulates osmolarity osmotic haemolymph of the prawns. 2003). The lowest osmotic was on treatment D with the value of 185.l-1) D (75 mg.l-1) The treatmeants (sodium addition) *different superscript behind data value on same color of chart show significant differences Figure 1.l-1) B (25 mg. Dersjant-Li et al.l-1) C (50 mg.5 a 91. The highest survival rate was found in the D treatment with the addition of 75 mg l-1 of sodium.05.68 a 193.68 mOsm.L H2 O-1 ) The osmotic rate shows the activity rate. Based on the results by Abidin (2011).l H2O-1).15 b 192. Ca.l-1) E (100 mg.7 a 84 b 50 0 A (0 mg. 250 200 192.08 b survival rate 150 osmotic rate 100 91 a 86. Significant differences were indicated at p < 0. low levels of osmotic work associated with the level of oxygen consumption.3 a 86. Survival rate and osmotic work of giant freshwater prawn post larvae 391 . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The osmotic work level is the result of osmotic difference of osmolarity prawns post larvae with medium osmolarity. Survival Rate (%) and Osmotic Rate (mOsm.08 mOsm. Survival rates were higher during the acclimatization period allegedly can cause decreased salinity less of energy use for setting the concentration of K+ in haemolymph. and Cl absorbed by the body through the gills. (2001) stated that ratio value of Na+/K+ containing in the water functions to maintain the balance between the K+ and Na+ ions in appropriate liquid intracellular. while the highest level of osmotic rate was on treatment E (193.Vulnerability the Quality Improvement of Giant Freshwater Prawns Postlarvae parameters (oxygen consumption rate and water quality) descriptively analyzed. The water ions such as Na. Ion settings generally require a lower the energy that is close to isoosmotic environment.78 b 185.l H2O-1.27 b 192. The addition of sodium on different treatments caused the osmotic work of post larvae prawns were significantly different during the 10 days of acclimatization period of reducing salinity (based on Anova and Duncan’s Test). Figure 1 shows that the survival rate of giant freshwater prawns post larvae during the acclimatization period was not significantly different to the levels of prawns survival rate. the lower of osmotic energy use osmoregulation in prawns post larvae can be utilized for the growth process. so that the energy can be used for growth enhancement (Imsland et al.

4-6. Value for ammonia contents decreased during the study. Abidin (2011) stated the lower of oxygen consumption level. o At the beginning period of acclimatization. B. Temperature affects the rate of metabolism in water animal.4. temperature on all treatments during the study ranged from 2630 C. 94 Oxygen consumtion rate mg O2. it is alleged by the addition of swamp water diluents to cause a decrease in pH during acclimatization period of prawns post larvae.2-8. 44. so growth energy of giant freshwater prawn post larvae was much higher than the other treatments. Oxygen consumption rates affect energy use. alkalinity value on all treatments was 82 mg l-1. while the values in treatment D and E were 108 and 130 mg l-1. Wynne (2000) and Cheyada et al. The lowest oxygen consumption rate on treatment D (1.8. the alkalinity values in treatments A. At the end period. while based on this study under optimal pH range for prawns.l-1) The treatments (sodium addition) Figure 2.7 91 90 88 86.l-1) E (100 mg. (2001) stated that the optimal conditions for breeding prawns are: water temperature between 28-32oC.l-1.0-8.3 86. and 80 mg l-1. Ahmad (2005) stated that giant freshwater prawns will be able to grow well if it is cared in medium 392 .5.5 86 84 84 82 80 A (0 mg.g-1. The high ammonia value can cause death in prawns (Syafe'i 2006). Rate of oxygen consumption on Figure 2 can be used as a parameter to determine metabolic rate aquatic organisms. According Syafe'i (2006). the energy needs of growth are greater than the energy use for the metabolism of shrimp. Dissolved oxygen during the study was still in the range of optimal care of giant freshwater prawn. pH 7. the optimal pH is in the range of 7.l-1) B (25 mg. Syafe'i (2006) stated that the optimal level of dissolved oxygen for prawns rearing ranges from 5-8 mg l-1. The degree of acidity (pH) during the study ranged from 6.l-1) C (50 mg. and C were 26. Oxygen consumption rate of giant freshwater prawn post larvae Based on Table 1. According Hirono (1982) in Abidin (2011). the optimal temperature for growth of freshwater prawn between 28-32oC.h-1 92 91.l-1) D (75 mg.378 mg O2 g-1 h-1) showed that addition of 75 mg l-1 of sodium reduced energy using to metabolism.Hukama et al. and dissolved oxygen at least 3 mg.

l-1) E (100 mg.l-1) 6. Tesis.l-1) 26-30 C (50 mg.l-1) Alkalinity (mg. The first author would also like to thank Faculty of Agriculture.l-1) 0-12 0-12 0-12 0-12 0-12 Dissolved Oxygen (mg. Malaysian Technical Cooperating Programme.01-6.11-6. J. the osmotic work level. Malaysia.l-1. Biology and ecology of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. 25 Abidin. Macrobrachium rosenbergii aquaculture management.8.4 6.7-7.364-0. dissolved oxygen above 3 mg. p.364-0.Vulnerability the Quality Improvement of Giant Freshwater Prawns Postlarvae temperature of 28-31oC. REFERENCES Ahmad.l-1) 26-30 26-30 B (25 mg. and ammonia content below 1 mg. pH 6.243 0. Sekolah Pascasarjana.5 to 8.70 6. The better quality of post larvae based on measurements.4 6. Table 1.97 6.l-1) 6. Sriwijaya University for the infrastructure of swamp area to eliminate this study. Bogor. Institut Pertanian Bogor.7-7.364-0. and oxygen consumption rate was the more efficient sodium addition of 75 mg l-1 on swamp water diluent. National Prawn Fry Production and Research Centre.066 26-82 44-82 80-82 82-108 82-130 CONCLUSION The addition of sodium did not significantly affect the survival rate of giant freshwater prawns post larvae.06-6.l-1) 26-30 D (75 mg.033 0. The measurements of water quality on acclimatization media Treatment Temperatur e (Sodium (oC) Addition) A (0 mg.l-1.061 0. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was funded by Research Incentive for National Innovation System.7-7. Ministry for Research and Technology FY 2012.364-0. 393 .06-6.7-7. but it produced the best performance of post larvae on swamp water media.07-6-98 pH (unit pH) Amonnia (mg. 2005.74 6.l-1) 26-30 Salinity (g.4 6.73 0. Y.364-0. 2011.69 6.5 6.5 0. Penambahan Kalsium untuk meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup dan pertumbuhan juvenile udang galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) pada media bersalinitas. Research Center for Sub-optimal Lands (PUS-PLSO)-Sriwijaya University and Research Institute of Inland Fisheries (BP3U) for the supports on this experiment.7-7.

Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor. A. Tingkah laku makan dan molting pada udang. Jakarta 26 Juli 2001. Verreth. Pp 84-92. Charryani. S. Graves Country Cooperative Extension Paper. Orachunwong. I.S. Kentucky State Universty Cooperative Extension Program. Grow-out culture of freshwater prawn in Kentucky. Wynne. and J. Foss. Syafe’i.S. Fakultas Pertanian. Universitas Sriwijaya. Gunarsson. J.9 pp. M.E. and Stefansson.. E. Hadie. 198:293-305 Hadie. Chitmon.O.J. Skripsi.) (D21 . 394 .A. Prosiding Workshop Hasil Penelitian Budidaya Udang Galah. A. K+/ATPase activity. 2001. Schrama. 2001. Aquaculture. 2003. Cheyada. L. dan Murniyati. lama waktu perkembangan larva udang galah. C. 2001. Aquaculture 218:671683.D49) pada berbagai tingkat penurunan salinitas. and osmolality in juvenile turbot (Schopthalmus maximus) reared at different temperature and salinities. The impact of changing dietary Na/K ratios on growth and nutrient utilization in juvenile African catfish. Imsland.. 2007. J. Verstegen.K. Clarias gariepinus. 2006.A. dan potensi tumbuh pascalarva udang galah. Gill Na+. Internal Extension Paper. and C. plasma chloride.W. Bangkok. 2000. 9 pp Dersjant-Li. Wu. L. Kelangsungan hidup dan Pertumbuhan udang galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man. F. Pengaruh beban kerja osmotik terhadap kelangsungan hidup.. W. D. Muljanah. Thesis S2.Hukama et al. Charoen Pokphand Foods Ltd.W. S. Hatchery of giant freshwater prawn in Thailand.

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