Transcript
1. SAT II Biology Review 2003 2. The Science of Biology <ul><li>Biology – The science of life </li></ul><ul><li>Characteristics of Living Things </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Organization </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Cellular </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Metabolism </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Homeostasis </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Growth </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Reproduction </li></ul></ul> 3. <ul><li>The Scientific Method </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Observation </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Hypothesis </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Experimentation </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Controlled group </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Experimental group </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Variables </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Independent </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>dependent </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Analysis/Results </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Conclusion </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Theory and Law </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Acceptable hypothesis theory </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Continued support law </li></ul></ul></ul> 4. <ul><li>Microscopes </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Light </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Magnification </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Resolution </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Electron Microscopes </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>200,000 x </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>100,000 X </li></ul></ul></ul></ul> 5. Chemical Basis of Life <ul><li>Elements </li></ul><ul><li>Atoms </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Proton </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Electron </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Neutron </li></ul></ul> 6. <ul><li>Molecule – H 2 </li></ul><ul><li>Mixture </li></ul><ul><li>Compound – CCl 4 </li></ul><ul><li>Reactants and Products </li></ul><ul><li>Bonds </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Ionic Covalent Hydrogen </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li> </li></ul></ul> 7. <ul><li>Acids and Base </li></ul><ul><li>Dissociation of Water </li></ul><ul><ul><li>H 2 O H+ and OH- </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>H+ OH- </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Acid </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>hydrogen ion > hydroxide ion 0-6.9 </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Base or Alkaline </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>hydrogen ion < hydroxide ion 7.1-14 </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Neutral </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>equal amounts 7 </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>-Log scale </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Buffers </li></ul></ul> 8. Water <ul><li>Key factors to life </li></ul><ul><li>Polar molecule </li></ul><ul><li>Hydrogen bonds </li></ul><ul><li>Cohesion and adhesion properties </li></ul><ul><li>Solid, gas and liquid forms </li></ul><ul><li>Powerful solvent </li></ul> 9. Organic Chemistry <ul><li>Chemistry of Molecules containing Carbon </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Exception – CO 2 </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Macromolecules </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Carbohydrates </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>C:H:O ration 1:2:1 </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Monosaccharide </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Glucose </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Fructose </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Galactose </li></ul></ul></ul></ul> 10. <ul><ul><li>Disaccharide </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Maltose (glu + glu) </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Sucrose (glu + fru) </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Lactose (glu + gal) </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Dehydration Synthesis reaction (water removed) </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Polysaccharides </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Starches – plant storage </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Glycogen - animal storage </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Cellulose – plant structure </li></ul></ul></ul> 11. <ul><ul><li>Lipids </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Fats </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Hydrocarbon monomer (fatty acid) </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>12 to 24 carbons in length </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Saturated fats </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Unsaturated </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Hydrophobic (nonpolar) </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Examples </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Triclycerides (3 f.a. + glycerol) </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Phospholipid (2 f.a. + phosphate group) </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Cholesterol ( hydrocarbon rings) </li></ul></ul></ul></ul> 12. <ul><ul><li>Proteins </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Amino acids </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Backbone Structure </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>20 different kinds </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Peptide bonds </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Dehydration Synthesis to join amino acids </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Hydrolysis breaks the peptide bonds with the addition of water </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Functions </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Enzymes, hormones, channels, carriers </li></ul></ul></ul></ul> 13. <ul><li>Protein Structure </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Primary level – linear polypeptide </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Secondary level – regular repeating elements of folding (alpha and beta pleats) </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Tertiary level – folding due to bonding between side chain of amino acids </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Quaternary level – interactions between different polypeptides to form a single functional unit </li></ul></ul> 14. <ul><li>Enzyme Action </li></ul> 15. <ul><ul><li>Nucleic Acid </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Nucleotide units </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Double stranded </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Deoxyribose sugar </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Phosphate group </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Nitrogen bases </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Purine – A and G </li></ul></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Pyrimidine T and C </li></ul></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Ribonucleic acid (RNA) </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Single stranded </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Several different types </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Ribose sugar </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>A-U-G-C </li></ul></ul></ul></ul> 16. The Biology of Cells <ul><li>Robert Hooke </li></ul><ul><li>Anton van Leeuwenhoek </li></ul><ul><li>The Modern Cell Theory </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>All living things are composed of cells </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Cells are the basic unit of structure and function </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Cells come from preexisting cells </li></ul></ul></ul> 17. <ul><li>Types of Cells </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Prokaryotic </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Eukaryotic </li></ul></ul> 18. <ul><li>Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Animal Plant </li></ul></ul> 19. <ul><li>Nucleus </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Nuclear membrane </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>DNA </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Nucleolus </li></ul></ul> 20. <ul><li>Organelles </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Rough Endoplasmic reticulum </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Ribosome </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Golgi complex </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Lysosome </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Mitochondria </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Chloroplasts* </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Vacuoles* </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Cytoskeleton </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Centrioles </li></ul></ul> 21. <ul><li>Cell Wall </li></ul><ul><ul><li>plants – cellulose </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Eubacteria – peptidoglycan </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Fungi - chitin </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Cell membrane </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Fluid Mosaic Model </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Bilipid </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>proteins </li></ul></ul></ul> 22. Cellular Organization <ul><li>Cells </li></ul><ul><li>Tissues </li></ul><ul><li>Organs </li></ul><ul><li>Organ System </li></ul><ul><li>Multicellular Organism </li></ul> 23. Cell Transportation <ul><li>Passive </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Diffusion </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Concentration gradient </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>equilibrium </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Osmosis - WATER </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Hypertonic </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Hyp o tonic </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>isotonic </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Facilitated Transport </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Molecules are not hydrophobic </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>“ pull” </li></ul></ul></ul> 24. <ul><li>Active Transport </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Doesn’t matter is hydrophobic or hydrophilic </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Bulk Transport </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Endocytosis - IN </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Vesicle formation </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Phagocytes </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Pinocytosis </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Exocytosis - OUT </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Golgi </li></ul></ul></ul> 25. Cells and Energy <ul><li>Lock & Key Model or Induced Fit </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Enzyme </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>“ ase” </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Not used up! </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Coenzymes help </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><ul><li>vitamins </li></ul></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Active site </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Substrate specific </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Catalyst </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Factors influencing Enzyme action </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>pH </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Temperature </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Enzyme concentration </li></ul></ul></ul> 26. <ul><li>Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Energy stored in bonds </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Chemiosmosis </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Mitochondria </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Think </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>ATP:Cash </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Glucose:Check </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Glycogen:Bank </li></ul></ul></ul> 27. Photosynthesis <ul><li>Biochemical Pathway </li></ul><ul><li>light </li></ul><ul><li>6CO 2 + 6 H 2 O ------- > glucose + 6 O 2 </li></ul><ul><li>Chlorophyll </li></ul> 28. <ul><li>The Visible Spectrum </li></ul> 29. <ul><li>Chloroplast </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Grana </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Thylakoid </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>photosystems </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Stroma </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Light Dependent Reaction(PII and PI) </li></ul><ul><li>Light Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle) </li></ul> 30. <ul><li>Light-Dependent Reactions </li></ul><ul><li>Thylakoid - > Water, NADPH, ATP </li></ul> 31. <ul><li>Light-Independent Reactions </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Dark Reaction </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Stroma </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Calvin Cycle </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Carbon fixation </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Products from light reaction are used – NADPH, ATP </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>RuBP <
