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1. BY HARIOM GANGWAR MSC NURSING IstYEAR PSYCHIATRIC DEPART. 2. Introduction : Audio-visual (AV) aids, or instructional aids, or audio-visual media, communication technology, educational or instructional media, and learning resources are synonymous terms. Earlier, the term used was audio-visual aids; with the advancement in the means of communication and that of technology, educators coined these new terms. The use of newer terms “educational technology” or “instructional technology” is primarily due to the dynamic expansion of programmed learning, computer assisted instruction (CAI) and educational television. Research effectiveness of AV aids in teaching–learning has been researched extensively and findings suggest that learning is directly proportional to the number of senses which are stimulated with the help of AV aids during teaching–learning process. 3. If I hear I forget, I see I remember, I do I learn —Chinese proverb Once writing is equal to ten times reading; once teaching is equal to ten times writings — Unknown 4. 1. AV aids are “all material used in the classroom or in other teaching situations, to facilitate the understanding of the written or spoken words” —Dent 2. “Audio visual aids are those devices by the use of which communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is helped” —Edgar Dale 3. “Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make the learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic” —Kinder S. James 4. “Audio visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning” —Burton 5. Use of AV aids serves some important purposes in teaching–learning process which are as follows - Clear images: clear images are formed when we see, hear, touch, taste and smell as our experiences are direct, concrete and more or less permanent. Antidote to the disease of verbal instructions: they help to reduce verbalism.They help in giving clear concepts, and thus help to bring accuracy in learning. Vicarious experience: it has always been seen that the first-hand experience is the best type of educative experience. However, sometimess it is neither practicable nor desirable to provide such experience to pupils. Substituted experiences with the help of AV aids may be provided under such conditions. 6. Variety: more chalk or talk does not help. AV aids give variety and provide different tools to the teacher. Helpful in attracting attention: it helps the teacher in providing proper environment for teaching and learning. Conservation of energy and time: it saves a good deal of energy and time of both the teachers and students as most of the concepts and phenomena can be easily classified, understood and assimilated with the help of AV aids. Realism: it provides a touch of reality to the learning situation. 7. Encouragement to healthy classroom interaction: it encourages healthy classroom interaction for effective realization of teaching– learning objectives. Positive transfer of learning and training: it helps in the learning and solving of real-life problems by making possible and appropriate positive transfer of learning. Best motivators: they are best motivators.The students work with more interest and zeal and are more attentive. 8. While using AV aids in the classroom, certain principles should be kept in mind to enhance its effectiveness to facilitate learning- The teacher should be well prepared with the particular AV aid which he or she is supposed to use with a particular lesson. For example, if a teacher is supposed to use transparency as an AV aid then he should prepare it in advance, systematically arrange the transparencies in order and keep it ready to use in the classroom. Check in advance whether the slide/LCD/filmstrip projector is available in the classroom and is functioning. Make sure that technical support is available whenever required. Selection of the AV aid should be as per the requirement of the content to be presented to the students. Make sure that every student is able to see or hear the AV aid without any difficulty. 9. AV aid should be prepared as per the prevailing guidelines for that particular aid and it should be attractive enough to draw the students’ attention. As far as possible, students should be involved in preparation and preservation of AV aids. AV aid should be economical. Principle of stimulus variation and feedback reinforcement should also be considered while preparing and selecting an AV aid. 10. The teacher has to play a key role in storage, borrowing, retrieval and monitoring of the use of AV aids. At the college level, a nursing faculty can manage these aids in AV aids room which is an essential part of a college of nursing as per Indian nursing council norms. Models and charts can be permanently installed on the walls in the particular classroom in which they are supposed to be used; for example, anatomical models charts can be placed in first-year classroom. Similarly, models of pelvis and fetus can be placed in final-year B. Sc classroom. 11. AV aids can be borrowed or purchased from outside agencies, if available.The teacher has to be knowledgeable about these agencies and departments. Some of the sources of AV aids are as follows. Educational agencies (NCERT). Professional organizations. Non-governmental organizations. Voluntary organizations. Commercial producers (Pearson Publication, Lippincott's Ovid SP etc.). 12. AV aids can be categorized into three broad categories, that is, audio aids, visual aids and audio-visual aids.These categories can be further classified as listed inTable - 13. 1. Blackboard or Green Board- The blackboard or green board is the commonest and oldest visual aid used for teaching. It is so commonly used that it has become a compulsory part of a classroom.Guidelines for the effective use of blackboard in a classroom are as follows. Make sure that board is clean before starting the class; erase any material as it will distract the students. Divide the board into two equal halves and start writing from the first half of the board; when it is full, continue writing on the second half; when the second half of the board is full, then erase the first half and so on .This writing and erasing sequence will not interrupt the students from taking notes from the blackboard. Write only the key points that make the skeleton of your lesson. Don’t overcrowd the board with too much written content on it. Develop the concepts of your lesson on the board as you progress through your lesson. 14. The size of the written letters on the blackboard should be large enough so that every student can read it. Ensure their legibility from the last row before the lecture. Use white or yellow colour chalk for writing on the board as other colors may not be clearly visible to the back-row students. It is better to write in bold letters because thin letters are difficult to read. Use sufficient pressure while writing on board. Avoid writing on those areas of the board which may not be visible to all students, such as the sides and the bottom of the board. Switch on the light above the board to ensure good visibility of the board. Avoid direct glare on the board. Avoid speaking while writing on the board. Use coloured chalks to highlight or differentiate. Stand clear of the written word. Don’t show your back for a prolonged time while writing on the blackboard. Clean it completely after the class is over. 15. Advantages of the Blackboard 1. Easy to use. 2. Electricity is not a necessity for its usage. 3. Cheap and readily available in most of the classrooms. Disadvantages of the Blackboard 1. Requires good calligraphy skills to use it effectively. 2. The written material cannot be stored and reused. 3. If good quality chalk is not used it may make your clothes and hands dirty 16. A flannel board is simply a board covered with flannel which is a soft cloth that is made of cotton or wool. Flannel board can be used as a visual aid as it facilitates placement of shapes, symbols, and cut outs on it. It helps the students in comprehension by its attractiveness and stimulating material presented on it, also it brings out creativity and interest among students. It can serve as an effective visual aid for smaller group of students. The board is covered with felt or heavy flannel that will provide a background base for cut outs or shapes. Black and light-blue colours are considered to be better for flannel board. 17. Advantages 1. Provides a scope for creativity and originality. 2. Students are more attracted and learn the content on the board with interest. 3. Contents of the board can be preserved for a long time and can be reused. Disadvantages 1. It is time consuming to prepare the content to be displayed on the flannel board. 2. Materials have to be adapted to make it useful for flannel board. 18. It is the board on which current news, study material and quizzes etc., can be displayed by the students .It is a visual aid which stimulates the students to prepare and display interesting learning material for the class. It provides a unique teaching–learning experience to the students and results in active learning as students are responsible for preparing and displaying the learning material on the board.The teacher must delegate the responsibility to the head student to regularly check and maintain the bulletin board. A teacher can also use it in a classroom to display illustration, steps of a process, photographs, newspaper cuttings relevant to the lesson content and any other creative work to enhance student learning. 19. Guidelines for Effective Use of Bulletin Board I. A bulletin board should be installed at a well-lit place. II. Neutral colour should be used as background color of the bulletin board. III. It should not be over crowded, else it will lose its attractiveness. IV. Items should be displayed creatively, systematically and logically which will create an appeal and attract attention of the students. V. A suitable title should be given to each group of items placed on the board. VI. Replace the items after a period of time with newer ones. 20. Advantages 1. Cheap and effective visual aid, if used properly. 2. Material displayed on the board can be stored in files and reused whenever required. 3. Stimulates the student to search for or prepare creative work to display on board. 4. Useful aid to display various announcements and classroom rules. 21. Flash card, as the name indicates, is a card which is made of hard or compact paper of varying size on which brief content or illustration is displayed. A series of cards are sequentially arranged and flashed one by one for a few seconds in front of a small group of students to depict a concept or step of process or list of clinical manifestations of a disease, which attracts the students’ attention and enriches their learning experience. The teacher should hold the card on the chest or use a folding case to show the card one by one to the students while making sure that each student is able to see the card.The teacher should provide running commentary of the content while showing the card.Ten to twelve cards for one talk can be used.The messages on the card should be simple and brief line drawings or photographs, etc.. 22. .... In nursing education flash cards are frequently used in the clinical setting during case presentation, drug presentation or during planned health teaching. However, it can also be used in classroom teaching, provided that the size of the group is small. Advantages of Flash Cards 1. Easy to prepare and use. 2. Portable, so can be used whenever required. 3. Effective aid to teach a complex process. Disadvantages 1. Cannot be used for larger group of students because the size of card is not large enough to be seen by all students. 2. Time consuming to prepare the cards. 23. It is made of compact sheets or large pads of papers which may include picture maps, cartoons, handmade diagrams and photographs, etc. A flip chart is used as a visual aid in which information is provided in sequence with the help of clipped compact sheets which are arranged in sequence, and each paper sheet is flipped up after it has been shown to students. 6. Poster Posters are a widely used visual aid to communicate messages to the mass.A poster should be dramatic to attract attention of the target group with any prominent or central feature standing out sharply. 24. You might have seen posters of pulse polio program; can you recall what the message in that poster was?Was it too long or too short? It was a short easily communicable message “do boond zindagi ki”. It is noteworthy that many students wrongly consider poster and chart as synonyms. Posters are usually used for communication with very large groups and the message on it is short and crisp while charts rare used for small groups with slightly more content written in technically complex language on it. A poster is usually prepared on a very large size tuff sheet and is displayed at a well- lit place where most of the students or the target group can see it. A lot of creativity and imagination is required to prepare a good poster. One picture is worth a thousand words: Chinese Proverb 25. Advantages 1. Effective mean to communicate with large groups of people. 2. Attracts attention of the audience. 3. Does not require detailed study of the topic to prepare a good poster. 4. Relatively cheap and easy to use. Disadvantages 1. It does not communicate enough information. 2. May become ineffective when it becomes part of the routine environment. 3. Time consuming and requires a lot of creative work and imagination to prepare a good poster. 26. Charts are an effective and simple visual aid frequently used by nursing students and teachers to explain steps of a process, a concept or for comparison of two contrasting ideas that are too complex to explain in words alone . Similarly, a teacher can draw some pictorial on a chart to facilitate learning of a difficult concept.The one difference between a chart and a poster is that while using the chart, the teacher has to explain the content which is written or drawn on it in technical language; in contrast, in the poster the message is clear and concise and self explanatory. Guideline to Prepare Charts Select a good quality chart of appropriate size (20″ × 30″ or 30″ × 40″) and type (table chart, wall chart, flow chart) as per the requirement. Do not use a number of different color shades unless it is a must. 27. Give a clear and concise heading to the chart which describes what the chart is meant to depict. For example, “Clinical manifestations of congestive heart failure”, “Pathophysiology of MI”.The heading should be written in sufficiently large size letters that is eye- catching. Prepare a dark or light background as per your requirement and accordingly select the colour of text and other material which will be presented on the chart. Use imagination and creativity to provide good color combinations in the chart while depicting contents or pictorial material. Contents should be arranged systematically. Enhance the esthetic look of the chart by systematically presenting information on it. Display the chart at a well-lit place and at appropriate height and distance from where students can see it easily. 28. Advantages Easy to prepare and handle. It is portable, therefore can be used in any setting for a small group of students. It is not costly, hence can be used widely to explain comparison, process, and sequence of events. Can be reused when required. Easy to store. Disadvantages Useful to teach only small group of students, not for large groups. May not attract students’ attention if it is not carefully planned, designed and is jumbled with information. 29. Graphs are visual aids that are most commonly used to present statistical data as well as the trends of certain characteristics. Undergraduate and postgraduate nursing students use this aid to present their research findings before research committees. There are certain types of graphs that can be used to depict a group of data. Pie Graph It is also known as circle diagram.The data are presented thorough the sections of a circle.The total frequencies or value is equated to 360 degrees and then the angles for the corresponding components are calculated. After determining their angle, the required sectors are drawn in the circle (Figure next). 30. A cartoon is humorous caricature which gives an obvious message indirectly. It involves the features of objects and people which are embroidered along with some general symbols. The drawing in a cartoon should be simple and easily understandable. The symbols used should be familiar and represent a concept or idea to which students can react intellectually. 31. 1. Objects An object is a three-dimensional visual aid. It is a sample of a real thing, which is visible and tangible to the students. For example, a syringe, thermometer, Swan– Ganz catheter and stethoscope are objects. The object can be used as a real visual teaching aid to explain the various parts or the structure and its proper use. Students become excited and attentive when they see the sample of a real thing, which leads to permanent learning about the focused instrument, item or material. Sometimes, it is difficult to present the real object in the classroom because of some constraining factors, for example, the object is costly, inaccessible and fragile. In this situation it is better to use a replica instead of the real object. Replica: It is the exact copy of the real object.The size, shape and feel of the replica are the same as the real object. For example, fetus dummy, pelvis, skeleton system, etc. Facsimile: It is the same as a fax. It is the true copy or duplicate of the written or printed document. 32. A diorama is a three-dimensional arrangement of an object, like cut outs or models, to illustrate a central idea, theme or concept.These objects and models are arranged in a show case which is like a big box with a glass covering and background printed with a shade or a scene. It is an effective AV aid to teach the appearance of actual things which are impossible to bring to the class room. It also provides opportunity to show live things in the classroom, e.g., an aquarium.The major disadvantage of dioramas is that it is costly to prepare and sometimes it may communicate false information to the students if it is not a replica of the actual thing. 33. A specimen is a three-dimensional visual aid which is most commonly used in teaching of anatomy, zoology and botany. It is a representative of the whole thing. For example, a specimen of human lung or heart is representative of all human lungs or hearts in terms of structure and function, hence can be used for the study of the human lung or heart. Likewise, a handful of black gram or rice or wheat is representative of their grain species and can be used for the study of the same. Advantages Specimens provide first-hand information to the students, hence they are an effective visual aid widely used in study of anatomy. Disadvantages Very costly teaching aid as it requires organ donation to get a specimen in an anatomy lab. Difficult and costly to preserve and store the specimen 34. Models are three-dimensional (height, width and depth) visual aids which are not same in size, shape or function of t
