To Study The Effect Of Temperature On Magnetic Strength

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PHYSICS PROJECT Submitted BY: SAURAV PANDEY CLASS: XII-A TO STUDY  THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON MAGNETIC STRENGTH -: Certifcate : Guided By :- Mrs. Arad!a G"#a$  Class :XII – A  Year :2012- 2013   Roll o :!1"##$%  S&'ool :%a$&a!tra# Meta 'id#a %a&a! Certi(ed to be t'e bo)a(de *or+ is do)e by ,aster Saura. /a)dey o &lass XIIA i) t'e /'ysi&s Lab duri) t'e year 2012-2013 ate :-20-01-2013 Submitted or Ce!tra$ %"ard "( Sec"!dar# Ed)cati"!. 45ami)atio) 'eld i) /'ysi&s lab at Bal*a)tray ,e'ta 6idya B'a*a) S&'ool E*AMINER ate :-  AC789L4G4,4   I *is' to e5;ress my dee; ratitude a)d si)&ere t'a)+s to t'e /ri)&i;al<,r A7  ri;at'i< Bal*a)tray ,e'ta 6idya B'a*a) S&'ool or 'is e)&ouraeme)t a)d or all t'e a&ilities t'at 'e ;ro.ided or t'is ;ro=e&t *or+ I si)&erely a;;re&iate t'is ma)a)imity by ta+i) me i)to 'is old or *'i&' I s'all remai) i)debted to 'im I e5te)d my 'earty t'a)+s to ,rsArad')a Goyal< /'ysi&s tea&'er<*'o uided me to t'e su&&essul &om;letio) o t'is ;ro=e&t I ta+e t'is o;;ortu)ity to e5;ress my dee; se)se o ratitude or 'er i).aluable uida)&e< &o)sta)t e)&ouraeme)t < imme)se moti.atio) < *'i&' 'as sustai)ed my e>orts at all t'e staes o t'is ;ro=e&t *or+? I &a)@t orot to o>er my si)&ere t'a)+s to ,rSu)ile&ts t'e mo.eme)t 'e 'i'er t'e 'eat< t'e reater t'e e)ery< a)d as su&' t'e mo.eme)t o t'e ;arti&les I) &o)trast< &old tem;erature slo*s t'e mo.eme)t ma)eti& Kield Stre)t' a)d Lo* em;eraturesJ Slo*er mo.eme)t leads to more (5ed dire&tio)s i) terms o t'e domai)s I) t'e 1"00@s< /ier%re Curie dis&o.ered t'at t'ere e5ists a tem;erature at *'i&' ob=e&ts t'at *ere ;re.iously ;erma)e)tly ma)eti& lose t'is &'ara&teristi&  'e tem;erature at *'i&' t'is dema)etiatio) o&&urs is &alled t'e MCurie ;oi)tN As t'e tem;erature o t'e ma)et a;;roa&'es  D48RY A +a,!et is a material or ob=e&t t'at ;rodu&es a ma)eti& (eld 'is ma)eti& (eld is i).isible but is res;o)sible or t'e most )otable ;ro;erty o a ma)et: a or&e t'at ;ulls o) ot'er erroma)eti& materials< su&' as iro)< a)d attra&ts or re;els ot'er ma)ets A er+a!e!t +a,!et  is a) ob=e&t made rom a material t'at is ma)etied a)d &reates its o*) ;ersiste)t ma)eti& (eld A) e.eryday e5am;le is a rerierator ma)et used to 'old )otes o) a rerierator door ,aterials t'at &a) be ma)etied< *'i&' are also t'e o)es t'at are stro)ly attra&ted to a ma)et< are &alled erroma)eti& or errima)eti&J 'ese i)&lude iro)< )i&+el< &obalt< some alloys o rare eart' metals< a)d some )aturally o&&urri) mi)erals su&' as lodesto)e Alt'ou' erroma)eti& a)d errima)eti&J materials are t'e o)ly o)es attra&ted to a ma)et stro)ly e)ou' to be &ommo)ly &o)sidered ma)eti&< all ot'er substa)&es res;o)d *ea+ly to a ma)eti& (eld< by o)e o se.eral ot'er ty;es o ma)etism Kerroma)eti& materials &a) be di.ided i)to ma)eti&ally OsotO materials li+e a))ealed iro)< *'i&' &a) be ma)etied but do )ot te)d to stay ma)etied< a)d ma)eti&ally O'ardO materials< *'i&' do /erma)e)t ma)ets are made rom O'ardO erroma)eti& materials su&' as al)i&o a)d errite t'at are sub=e&ted to s;e&ial ;ro&essi) i) a ;o*erul ma)eti& (eld duri) ma)ua&ture< to ali) t'eir i)ter)al mi&ro&rystalli)e stru&ture< ma+i) t'em .ery 'ard to dema)etie o dema)etie a saturated ma)et< a &ertai) ma)eti& (eld must be a;;lied< a)d t'is t'res'old de;e)ds o) &oer&i.ity o t'e res;e&ti.e material ODardO materials 'a.e 'i' &oer&i.ity< *'ereas OsotO materials 'a.e lo* &oer&i.ity /R8C4HR4 1 2 3 % /la&e ;a;er&li;s i) bo*l Situate s&ale )ear bo*l 9ei' ma)et a)d re&ord /la&e ma)et a)d reeer t'ermometer i) reeer set to lo*est tem;erature ;ossible # 9ait a;;ro5imately 20 mi)utes or t'e ma)et to rea&' t'e tem;erature o t'e reeer  Re&ord tem;erature read by reeer t'ermometer $ /la&e ma)et i) bo*l (lled *it' ;a;er&li;s " Remo.e ma)et a)d atta&'ed ;a;er&li;s a)d ;la&e o) s&ale ! Re&ord tem;erature o ma)et a)d rams attra&ted 10Subtra&t t'e *ei't o t'e ma)et rom t'e *ei't o t'e ma)et a)d t'e ;a;er&li;s &ombi)ed 11 Remo.e ;a;er&li;s a)d ;la&e ba&+ i) bo*l 12Set reeer to #-Celsius derees 'i'er t'a) ;re.ious tem;erature ote: reeer a&&ura&y is dubious Hse tem;erature read by reeer t'ermometerJ 13Re;eat ste;s %-12 u)til reeer a)d ma)et 'a.e rea&'ed ero derees   Celsius  1 /la&e ;a;er&li;s i) t'e bo*l 2 Situate s&ale )ear bo*l 3 9ei' ma)et a)d re&ord % /la&e ma)et i) o.e) set to 'i'est tem;erature ;ossible # 9ait a;;ro5imately 20 mi)utes or t'e ma)et to rea&' t'e tem;erature o t'e o.e)  /la&e ma)et i) bo*l (lled *it' ;a;er&li;s $ Remo.e ma)et a)d atta&'ed ;a;er&li;s a)d ;la&e o) s&ale " Re&ord tem;erature o ma)et a)d rams attra&ted ! Subtra&t t'e *ei't o t'e ma)et rom t'e *ei't o t'e ma)et a)d t'e ;a;er&li;s &ombi)ed 10 Remo.e ;a;er&li;s a)d ;la&e ba&+ i) bo*l 11 Allo* ma)et to rest or # mi)utes u)disturbed 12 Re;eat ste;s -11 u)til ma)et rea&'es room tem;erature 8BS4R6AI8  ,AG4S H4R 4XR4,4 D4A  ime ater remo.al rom o.e)   mi)utesJ 0 9ei't attra&ted i) ramsJ 200 # 200   10 2%0   20 210   2# 230   30 220   3# 20 %0 20% %# 200   #0 1"# ,AG4S H4R 4XR4,4 C8L  em;erature deree &elsiusJ 9ei't attra&ted i) ramsJ -213 2$# -1!% 2$# -1"1 2# -1#3 2$0 -13$ 20 -$ 2%# -% 220 -1$ 200 0 22# &o)&lusio) ,a)eti& materials s'ould mai)tai) a bala)&e bet*ee) tem;erature a)d ma)eti& domai)s t'e atoms@ i)&li)atio) to s;i) i) a &ertai) dire&tio)J 9'e) e5;osed to e5treme tem;eratures< 'o*e.er< t'is bala)&e is destabiliedF ma)eti& ;ro;erties are t'e) a>e&ted 9'ile &old stre)t'e)s ma)ets< 'eat &a) result i) t'e loss o ma)eti& ;ro;erties I) ot'er *ords< too mu&' 'eat &a) &om;letely rui) a ma)et 45&essi.e 'eat &auses atoms to mo.e more ra;idly< disturbi) t'e ma)eti& domai)s As t'e atoms are s;ed u;< t'e ;er&e)tae o ma)eti& domai)s s;i))i) i) t'e same dire&tio) de&reases 'is la&+ o &o'esio) *ea+e)s t'e ma)eti& or&e a)d e.e)tually dema)eties it e)tirely I) &o)trast< *'e) a ma)et is e5;osed to e5treme &old< t'e atoms slo* do*) so t'e ma)eti& domai)s are ali)ed a)d< i) tur)< stre)t'e)ed Ferr"+a,!etis+  'e *ay i) *'i&' s;e&i(& materials orm ;erma)e)t ma)ets or i)tera&t stro)ly *it' ma)ets ,ost e.eryday ma)ets are a ;rodu&t o erroma)etism Para+a,!etis+ A ty;e o ma)etism t'at o&&urs o)ly i) t'e ;rese)&e o a) e5ter)al ma)eti& (eld 'ey are attra&ted to ma)eti& (elds< but t'ey are )ot ma)etied *'e) t'e e5ter)al (eld is remo.ed 'atQs be&ause t'e atoms s;i) i) ra)dom dire&tio)sF t'e s;i)s are)@t ali)ed< a)d t'e total ma)etiatio) is ero Alumi)um a)d o5ye) are t*o e5am;les o materials t'at are ;arama)eti& at room tem;erature C)rie Te+erat)re amed or t'e Kre)&' ;'ysi&ist /ierre Curie< t'e Curie  em;erature is t'e tem;erature at *'i&' )o ma)eti& domai) &a) e5ist be&ause t'e atoms are too ra)ti& to mai)tai) ali)ed s;i)s At t'is tem;erature< t'e erroma)eti& material be&omes ;arama)eti& 4.e) i you &ool t'e ma )et o)&e it 'as be&ome dema )etied it *ill BIBLI8GRA/DY  ***i&bse&om   ***s&ie)&ebuddies&om   ***te&')o;edia&om   ****i+i;edia&om   C4R /'ysi&s boo+   ***'o*ma)ets*or+&om