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YIELD AT TRIB UTES, YIELD, QUAL ITY, WEED IN DEX, NU TRI ENT CON TENT AND UP TAKE OF PLANT AS IN FLU ENCED BY DIF FER ENT ROW SPAC ING AND WEED MAN AGE MENT PRAC TICES IN SUM MER SESAMUM ( Sesamum indicum L.) Deep Singh Rajpurohit* 1 , L.K. Arvadia 2 , V. M. Thumar 3 , Anil Kumar Mawalia 1 and Dinesh Kumar 1 1 De part ment of Agron omy N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari-396450, In dia 2 Department of Agronomy ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, NAU, Navsari- 396450, In dia 3 De part ment of Ag ri cul tural Eco nom ics ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, NAU, Navsari- 396450, In dia E-mail :
[email protected] ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2016 with fourteen treatment combinations consisting oftwo levels of row spacing and seven levels of weed management practices. The treatment S 2 registered significantlyhigher values of no. of capsules plant -1 (57.00), no. of seeds capsule -1 (62.45), Length of capsule (3.19 cm), seed yield(802 kg ha -1 ), straw yield (1731 kg ha -1 ) and oil yield (382 kg ha -1 ). Significantly higher nitrogen (81.15 kg ha -1 ),phosphorus (9.65 kg ha -1 ) and potassium (26.34 kg ha -1 ) uptake in sesamum were recorded under treatment S 2 .Application of treatment W 7 recorded significantly higher numbers of capsules plant -1 (68.20), no. of seeds capsule -1 (70.80), Length of capsule (3.47 cm), seed yield (972 kg ha -1 ), straw yield (1924 kg ha -1 ) and oil yield (467 kg ha -1 ) but itwas remaining statistically at par with treatments W 2 , W 4 and W 6 in case of straw yield as well as with treatment W 2 andW 4 in case of length of capsule. While, in case of no. of seeds capsule -1 it was found at par with treatment W 2 only. Invarious treatments of weed management treatment W 7 recorded maximum uptake of N (113.72 kg ha -1 ), P (11.64 kgha -1 ) and K (30.90 kg ha -1 ). Treatment W 7 recorded the lowest weed index and found most effective in controlling theweeds followed by W 2 and W 4 . Hence the crop sown with wider row spacing and weed management with integration of all methods showed favourable growth leads to higher yield of summer sesamum. Sesamum ( Sesamum indicum L.) which is variouslyknown as til, simsim, benised, gingelly, gergelim, etc . isone of the most important and extensively grown oilseedcrops in India. Sesamum plays an important role inagricultural and industrial economics of our country. Africa considered as the primary centre of srcin of the sesamum while India is the secondary centre of srcin. It belongs tothe order Tubiflorae, family Pedaliaceae which consists of16 genera and about 60 species. Sesamum aloneoccupies an area of 1.7 million hectare with the totalproduction of 0.7 million tonnes and productivity of 426 kgha -1 during 2013-14 among all the major oilseed crops(Anonymous, 2016b). Sesamum stands at third position in terms of total oilseed area and fourth in terms of totaloilseed production in India. The average yield of sesamum is very low (274 kg ha -1 )The sesamum seeds are useful in confectionary andin religious rites. Being rich in protein, calcium,phosphorus and vitamin E, the sesamum cake arevaluable cattle feed for farm and dairy animals. Sesamum“The queen of the oilseed crops” by virtue of the excellentquality of the oil, flavour, taste and softness. Its oil contentgenerally varies from 46 to 52 per cent. It is eaten as rawor either roasted or parched and mixed in many kitchenitems. Commercially sesamum oil is used directly inpharmaceutical industries in plastering and manufacturing of soaps. Moreover, it is also used as hair oil, body lotionand fixative in perfume industries in cosmetics andadulterant with olive oil and “vanaspati ghee”.The future of this crop is bright in India because theGovernment of India has provided, various support andincentive programs for oilseed growers through the“Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil Palm, andMaize (ISOPOM)” and ‘‘National Mission on Oilseeds andOil Palm (NMOOP)”, introduced in the “Twelfth Five YearPlan,” aims to increase domestic production of edibleoilseeds or oil (Anonymous, 2013).Growth, development and final yield of sesamum are mainly affected by the space available to plants; however, the precise and exact response will be species andcultivar specific. So, it is imperative to adjust plantpopulation through row spacing which may help inavoiding excessive crowding and thereby enabling theplants to utilize these resources more effectively andefficiently resulting in increased production. Higher plantpopulation per unit area beyond an optimum limit resultsin competition among the plants for natural resources,resulting into weaker plant and may cause severe lodging. Linear increase in grain yield has been reported withincrease in plant density until other production factorsbecome limiting (Norsworthy and Emerson, 2005). While,low density population produce more branches that carryfertile pods, thus prolonging the seed development phase. Progressive Research – An International Journal Society for Scientific Development Print ISSN : 0973-6417, Online ISSN : 2454-6003 in Agriculture and Technology Volume 12 (Special-III) : 2087-2092 (2017) Meerut (U.P.) INDIA 2088 Deep Singh Rajpurohit et al., Weed is one of the serious bottlenecks in increasingthe yield. In modern agriculture, the costly inputs appliedfor raising the crop are robbed away by the weeds. Soil isthe storehouse of essential plants nutrients besides, it isalso a rich reservoier of weed seeds which are alwaysreplenished by natural agencies. High infestation ofweeds, especially at the early stage of crop growth posesconsiderable threat in achieving the desirable yield ofsesamum. Hence initial checking of the weeds and theirgrowth has significant importance in harvestingproduction potential of sesamum. Weed competition insesamum is maximum between 15 and 45 DAS (Duary,B. and Hazra, D., 2013). Prevalence of highertemperature and availability of adequate moisture due toirrigation and adequate preparatory tillage provide mostcongenial conditions for quick growth of weeds in summer season. Weeds are one of the major constraints for thepoor yield of sesamum crop as they compete with the crop plants for moisture, nutrients, light and space and 50-75% yield reduction cause by weeds in sesamum crop(Bhadauria et al. 2012b). The weeds in many fields arecapable of reducing yields by 79-80%, if left uncontrolled(Shaalan et al. 2014). Several effective measures areadopted for controlling the weeds. Hand weeding andinter-culturing though effective, but always associatedwith regeneration of weeds which require frequent cultural operations which are not only sometime costly, but alsonot feasible always due to physical conditions of the soil.The chemical control of weed is found to be effective andeconomical in initial stage of growth. However, herbicidesalone are unable to make full control of weeds because oftheir selectivity. Moreover, the continuous use ofherbicides alone at higher doses aggravated theproblems of residual toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS A field experiment entitled, “Summer sesamum( Sesamum indicum L.) growth and yield as influenced bydifferent row spacing and weed management under southGujarat condition”was conducted at College Farm, N. M.College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University,Navsari during summer season of 2016. The experimental site is geographically located at 20 0 -57’ N latitude and72 0 -54’ E longitude at an altitude of 10 meters above themean sea level. According to agro-climatic condition,Navsari is located in south Gujarat heavy rainfall zone-I(Agro-ecological situation-III). The climate of this zone istypically tropical, characterized by humid and warmmonsoon with heavy rain. The average annual rainfall ofthe tract is about 1500 mm. Monsoon commences by thesecond fortnight of June and ceases by the end ofSeptember. The soil of south Gujarat is locally known as“Deep Black Soil”. The soil of the experimental field was Sr. No.ParticularProcedure usedReference 1.Nitrogen (%)Modified Kjeldahl’s MethodJackson (1967)2.Phosphorus (%)Vanadomolybdophosphoric acidyellow colour methodJackson (1967)3.Potash (%)Flame photometric methodJackson (1967) Table-1 : Effect ofdifferent row spacing and weed management treatments on yield and yield attributes of summer sesamum. TreatmentsNo. ofcapsulesplant -1 No. ofseedscapsule -1 Length ofcapsule(cm)1000 seed weight (g)Seed yield(kg ha -1 )Strawyield(kg ha -1 )Harvestindex (%)Oilcontent(%)Oilyield(kgha -1 ) Row spacing (S) S 1 51.7056.803.002.99735152232.5847.34349S 2 57.0062.453.193.01802173131.7447.57382S.Em. +1.200.990.050.0416.7844.960.450.218.0C.D. at 5%3.472.880.13NS48.79130.72NSNS23.3 Weed management practices (W) W 1 43.4052.252.612.89504104932.3846.46234W 2 61.1366.883.383.06874189431.6348.00419W 3 49.4855.702.892.97703149432.0647.00331W 4 58.4660.173.343.05834181131.5947.92400W 5 47.7353.472.832.91681152831.1046.89320W 6 52.0358.123.153.02812168332.7247.80388W 7 68.2070.803.473.10972192433.6348.10467S.Em. +2.241.850.090.0831.3984.110.850.4015.0C.D. at 5%6.505.380.25NS91.28244.55NS1.1543.6C.V. %10.077.606.846.2910.0112.676.442.0410.0InteractionNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNS clayey in texture and showed low, medium and high ratingfor available nitrogen (197.26 kg ha -1 ), phosphorus (30.93kg ha -1 ) and potassium (369.80 kg ha -1 ), respectively. Thesoil was found slightly alkaline (pH 7.8) with normalelectrical conductivity (0.36 dsm -1 ).The soil ischaracterized by medium to poor drainage and goodwater holding capacity. The predominant clay mineral ismontmorillonite. Representative soil sample was collected from 0-30 cm depth covering entire area of experimentalfield before sowing.The experiment was conducted with total fourteentreatment combinations consisting of two levels of rowspacing viz ., S 1 : 30 cm x 10 cm, S 2 : 45 cm x10 cm andseven levels of weed management practices viz ., W 1 :Weedy control, W 2 : I. C. at 20 DAS fb H. W. at 40 DAS(Farmers practice), W 3 : Pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha -1 as PEapplication, W 4 : Pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha -1 as PE fb quizalofop-P-ethyl 40 g ha -1 at 20 DAS, W 5 : Oxadiargyl 90 g ha -1 as PE application, W 6 : Oxadiargyl 90 g ha -1 as PE fb quizalofop-P- ethyl 40 g ha -1 at 20 DAS and W 7 :Pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha -1 as PE fb quizalofop-P-ethyl 40g ha -1 at 20 DAS and H. W. at 40 DAS, were evaluatedwith factorial randomized block design with threereplications. The investigation was carried out with thesesamum variety GT-3. Spraying of herbicidepre-emergence pendimethalin and post emergencequizalofop-P-ethyl was done at 2 DAS and 20 DASrespectively as per treatment. The recommended dose of 50:25:00 kg N: P: K ha -1 for sesamum was appliedthrough urea and SSP.Five plants were selected at random from each netplot and tagged for recording biometric observations. Thetotal number of capsules from each plant was countedfrom five tagged plants. Ten capsules were randomlyselected from the five sample plants to measure theirnumber of seed capsule -1 and length in centimeter andaverage values were recorded for each treatment at thetime of harvest. Representative seed samples werecollected randomly from the bulk produce of each net plotand 1000 seeds were counted from the sample and thenweight in gram and were noted for each treatmentseparately.The harvest index (%) was computed by using theformula suggested by Donald (1963) and recordedseparately for each treatment. HI (%) = Economical yield (kg ha)Biological yield (kg ha 1 1 ) x 100To assess the oil content representative 2 gmsamples of seeds were taken from each treatment andgrind by mortar and pestle. Then oil content of seed wasdetermined by Automatic Soxhlet Extractor. The oilcontent in seeds is expressed as percentage. The oil yield was computed for each treatment by using the followingformula : Deep Singh Rajpurohit et al., 2089 Table-2 : Effect of different row spacing and weed management treatments on nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content (%), uptake byplants (kg ha -1 ) and weed index (%). TreatmentsN, P & K content in plant (%)N, P & K uptake by plants (kg ha -1 )Weed index (%)NPKNPK Row spacing (S) S 1 2.9840.3741.02070.408.4823.13-S 2 3.0700.3791.03581.159.6526.34-S.Em. +0.030.010.011.910.220.63-C.D. at 5%0.08NSNS5.560.651.83- Weed management practices (W) W 1 1.4830.3520.96723.025.4515.0248.25W 2 3.5950.3841.05299.5210.6429.1210.07W 3 2.7900.3741.02661.398.2222.5227.61W 4 3.8370.3821.047101.4810.0827.5514.13W 5 2.7580.3691.01361.338.1122.4630.32W 6 2.8000.3721.02569.979.3025.5816.39W 7 3.9270.4021.064113.7211.6430.900.00S.Em. +0.050.010.023.580.421.18-C.D. at 5%0.14NSNS10.411.223.43-C.V. %4.016.485.2811.5711.3411.67-InteractionNSNSNSNSNSNS-S 1 : 30 cm x 10 cm, S 2 : 45 cm x10 cm, W 1 : Weedy control, W 2 : I. C. at 20 DAS fb H. W. at 40 DAS (Farmers practice), W 3 : Pendimethalin1.0 kg ha -1 as PE application, W 4 : Pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha -1 as PE fbquizalofop-P-ethyl 40 g ha -1 at 20 DAS, W 5 : Oxadiargyl 90 g ha -1 as PE application, W 6 : Oxadiargyl 90 g ha -1 as PE fbquizalofop-P- ethyl 40 g ha -1 at 20 DAS and W 7 : Pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha -1 as PEfbquizalofop-P-ethyl 40 g ha -1 at 20 DAS and H. W. at 40 DAS. 2090 Deep Singh Rajpurohit et al., Oil yield (kg ha -1 ) = Oil content in seed (%) seed yield (kg ha)100 1 Representative samples of crop from each plot forestimation of N, P and K content. The samples were ovendried at 60ºC for 24 hrs, powdered by mechanical grinderand analyzed for respective nutrient content usingfollowing procedures.The uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) andpotassium (K) by sesamum crop were worked out byusing the following formula:Nutrient uptake by crop plant (kg ha -1 ) = % Nutrient content Yield (GrainStover) (kg ha 1 )100 Weed index (%) was estimated by using the formulasuggested by Kumar and Gill (1969) and expressed as. WI (%) = XYX100 Where, WI = Weed index (%) X = Maximum yield from the treatment or weed freeplotY = Yield from the treatment for which weedcompetition index is to be estimated or treated plot RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Yield and Yield attributes : Significantly higher values for the yield attributing characters, viz., number of capsulesplant -1 (57), number of seeds capsule -1 (62.45), and length of capsule (3.19 cm) were recorded under treatment S 2 (45 cm x 10 cm). The better development of various yieldattributes might be due to low degree of inter plantcompetition for moisture, nutrients, solar energy and more availability of resources for development of individualplant, reflecting in higher vegetative growth. As a result ofbetter partitioning of photosynthates from source to sink,development of yield attributes was better under wide rowspacing. This result was consistent with the resultsobserved by Hemalatha et al. (1999) at Tirupati (A. P.);Tahir et al. (2012) at Faisalabad (Pakistan) and Shekh et al. (2014) at Junagadh (Gujarat). Non significant difference was observed in 1000seed weight of sesamum due to different row spacing.That may be due to the fact that grains act as strongphysiological reservoirs and rarely respond to thetreatments like row spacing. The present result is in closeconformation with Ghungarde et al. (1992) at Parbhaniand Ali et al. (2005) at Faisalabad, Pakistan. While,Hemalatha et al. (1999) Tirupati (A.P.); Shekh et al. (2014) at Junagadh (Gujarat) and Monpara and Vaghasia(2016) at Amreli (Gujarat) reported contradictory resultswith respect to the 1000 seed weight which wassignificantly influenced by different row spacing. Significantly higher grain yield (802 kg ha -1 ) andstraw yield (1731 kg ha -1 ) obtained under treatment S 2 (45 cm x 10 cm). It was due to the overall better growthperformance and higher values of most of the yieldattributes under wider row spacing resulted intosignificantly higher grain yield with treatment S 2 . Betterdevelopment of various growth parameters such as plantheight, number of branches plant -1 and dry matteraccumulation ultimately reflected into significantly higherstraw yield under treatment S 2 . It was probably due tooptimum plant population per unit area which gaveoptimum yield per plant and lower plant competition. Thewider row spacing improved individual plant yield andyield per unit area is the resultant of cumulative yield fromindividual plants per unit area. A narrow row spacing sown crops have more number of plants per unit area andreduction in yield per plant might not to be compensatedwith yield from more number of plants per unit area.These results are in agreement with those of Ali et al. (2005) at Faisalabad, Pakistan. While, Hemalatha et al. (1999) at Tirupati (A.P.); Shekh et al. (2014) at Junagadh(Gujarat) and Prasannakumara et al. (2014) at Dharwadreported contradictory results in this regard. Harvest index remained unaffected due to differentrow spacing (Table-1).The treatment W 7 recorded significantly highervalues of yield attributing characters viz., number ofcapsules plant -1 (68.20), number of seeds capsule -1 (70.80) and length of capsule (3.47 cm) of aboveparameters but it remained statistically at par with W 2 fornumbers of seeds capsule -1 . While, in case of length ofcapsule it remained at par with treatment W 2 and W 4 .However, the lowest values of above yield attributes wereobserved under the treatment W 1 . This trend of resultsindicating least competition offered by weeds for nutrientsand moisture at crucial growth stages under thesetreatments ultimately improved all yield attributes besidesincreased rate of N, P and K absorption as evident fromnutrient uptake studies cumulatively helped the cropplants to produce more surface area for highphotosynthetic rate as well as maximum translocation ofphotosynthates from source to sink, subsequentlyresulted in improvement of above yield attributes.Because of synergist effect among the yield attributesthey benefited each other. However, significantly higher seed and straw yield(972 and 1924 kg ha -1 , respectively) recorded undertreatment W 7 but remained at par with the treatments W 2 , W 4 and W 6 in case of straw yield only. The remarkableincrease in seed and straw yield under these treatmentsmight be due to effective control of weeds, lower dryweight of weeds and higher weed control efficiency aswell as lower weed index which cumulatively facilitatedthe crop to utilize more nutrients and water for bettergrowth and development in terms of various growthattributing characters such as plant height, number ofbranches plant -1 and yield attributing characters. All theparameters showed positive and highly significantinfluence on seed and straw yield of sesamum. Thesefindings are in accordance with those of Mathukia et al. (2015) at Junagadh; Mruthul et al. (2015) at Raichur. There was no significant effect of weed management treatments with respect to 1000 seed weight and harvestindex. The contradictory result was recorded in this regard by Mathukia et al. (2015) at Junagadh (Gujarat) in case of1000 seed weight and Mruthul et al. (2015) at Raichur. Effect on quality : Oil content in sesamum seed did notdiffer significantly due to different row spacing. But highest oil yield was recorded with the treatment S 2 (382 kg ha -1 ).This was mainly owing to higher seed yield undertreatment S 2 . The results lend support to the reports ofKadam et al. (1989); Mandal et al. (1990); Ali et al. (2005);Patel(2012); Tahir et.al. (2012) and Prasannakumara et al. (2014). In weed management treatment W 7 recordedsignificantly higher oil yield (467 kg ha -1 ). The higher oilcontent received under this treatment might be due toeffectively weed control which facilitate to crop utilizemore nutrient and grain yield recorded under thistreatment, which directly responsible for higher oil yield.Almost similar findings were also reported by Shaalan et.al. (2014) at El-Nubaria and Dhaka et al . (2015) atJobner, Rajasthan. Effect on nutrient content and uptake of plant : Rowspacing did not exert their significant effect on phosphorus and potassium content (%) in sesamum. While, significanteffect on nitrogen content (%) in sesamum andsignificantly higher nitrogen content was found withtreatment S 2 (3.070%). Significant effects of row spacingshowed on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptakeby sesamum crop (Table 2). The maximum N (81.15 kgha -1 ), P (9.65kg ha -1 ) and K (26.34 kg ha -1 ) uptake by plantwas recorded with treatment S 2 . The nutrient uptake is thefunction of dry matter and nutrient content in plant parts.The higher uptake under wider row spacing might be dueto more biomass (yield of seed and straw) per unit area soit needs more nutrients, ultimately this reflex on nutrientuptake in wider row spacing. The present findings are inagreement with those reported by Shekh (1982) andBhardwaj et al. (2014).Response of different weed management treatmenton the P and K content (%) in sesamum were found to benon significant but N content (%) was found to besignificant. Significantly higher N content (3.927%)recorded in treatment W 7 but it was statistically at par withtreatment W 4 . However, different weed managementtreatments showed significant influence on uptake ofmajor nutrients (N, P and K) by sesamum. The maximumN (113.72 kg ha -1 ), P (11.64 kg ha -1 ) and K (30.90 kg ha -1 )uptake by sesamum were recorded with treatment W 7 butuptake of P remained statistically at par with treatment W 2 while, uptake of K with treatment W 2 and W 4 . The uptakeof nutrients is largely dependent on the total dry matterproduction and nutrient content in plant parts. Betterdevelopment of crop and less crop weed competition,might have resulted in higher uptake of nutrients. Thelower uptake of nutrients in weedy control (W 1 ) could beaccounted with the fact that, weeds not only deprive thecrop of the valuable nutrients but they also compete withcrops for light, moisture and space causing physicalimpedance both with regard to aerial and subterraneanenvironments. These findings are in line with thosereported by Bhadauria et al. (2012a) at Gwalior (M.P.) and Dhaka et al . (2015) at Jobner, Rajasthan. Effect on weed index : In case of weed index, which isdirectly related to the reduction in yield due to weedpopulation and weed dry weight, the response of differentweed management treatments in term of weed index wasfound in order of W 7 (0.00%) < W 2 (10.07%) < W 4 (14.13%) < W 6 (16.39%) < W 3 (27.61%) < W 5 (30.32%) < W 1 (48.25%). This might be due to effective weed controlachieved under efficient method of weed management interms of lower weed population per unit area, reducedbiomass production of weeds and higher weed controlefficiency. Ultimately, this treatment gave more yield ofcrops and recorded lower weed index. The results haveconfirmed the findings of Mathukia et al. (2015) andMruthul et al. (2015). REFERENCES 1.Ali, A.; Asif, T.; Nadeem, M. A. and Bajwa, A. L. (2005).Effect of sowing dates and row spacing’s on growth andyield of sesame. Journal of Agriculture Research (Lahore) , 43(1): 19-26.2.Anonymous (2013). Retrieved from indiatimes.com:http://times ofindia.indiatime.com/economic survey2013/budge tarticle list/11871902.cms3.Anonymous (2016b). Agricultural Statistics at a glance.Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department ofAgriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt.of India, New Delhi.4.Bhadauria, N.; Arora, A. and Yadav, K. S. (2012a). Effect ofweed management practices on seed yield and nutrient Deep Singh Rajpurohit et al., 2091
